Q.

describe radial, ring main, and resin main system of power distribution in urban areas with the
help of neat sketches. What is bus bar, step down transformer and feeder time in this context?
Ans: RADIAL:

 It is not that the independent feeders branch out to several distribution centres without
intermediate connections between feeders.
 The most frequently used systems are the radial distribution system because it is the
simplest and least expensive system to build.
 Operation and expansion are simple. It is not as reliable as most system unless quality
components are used.
 The fault or loss of a cable, primary supply, or transformer will result in an outage on all
loads served by the feeder.
 Furthermore electrical services are interrupted when any piece of service equipment must be
de-energised to perform routine maintenance and services.
 Service on this type of feeder can be improved by installing automatic circuit breakers that
will reclose the service at predetermined intervals.
 If the fault continues after a predetermined number of closures, the breakers will lock out
until the fault is cleared and services are restored by hand reset.

RING MAIN/ LOOP MAIN:

 The loop, or ring, system of distribution starts at the substation and is connected to or
encircles an area serving one or more distribution transformers or load centres.
 The conductors of the systems return to the same substation. The ring system is more
expansive to build than the radial type, but it is more reliable.
 It may be justified in an area where continuity of services is of considerable importance. In
the loop systems, circuit breakers sectionalised the ring on both sides of each distribution
transformers connected to the ring.
 The two primary feeder breaks and the sectionalizing breakers associated with the ring
feeder are ordinarily controlled by pilot wire relaying on directional over current relays.
 Pilot wire relaying is used when there are too many secondary substations to obtain selective
timing with directional over current relays.

BUS BAR:

 In electrical power distribution bus bar is a strip of bar of copper, brass or aluminium that
conducts electricity within a switch board, distribution board, substation, battery bank, or
other electrical appliances.
 Its main purpose is to conduct a substantial current of electricity, and not to function as a
structural member.
 The cross sectional size of the bus bar determines the maximum amount of current that can
be safely carried. Bus bars are typically contained inside switchgear, panel boards, or bus
way enclosures.
 Distribution Board splits the electrical supply into separate circuits at one location.

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  Bus ways, or bus ducts, are long bus bars with a protective cover. Rather than branching
from the main supply at one location, they allow new circuits to branch off anywhere along
the route of the bus way.
 A bus bar may either be supported on insulator, or else insulation may completely surround
it.

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER:

 A transformer is a device that changes or transforms alternating current of one voltage to

alternating current of another voltage.
 Transformers cannot be used on direct currents (d.c).
 There are two types of transformers mainly step up and step down. A step down
transformer would typically be used to step down a voltage of 4160V service to 480V for
distribution within a building; another transformer would be used in a local electric closet to
step down the 480V to 120V for use on receptacle circuits.
 It is well to remember that ordinarily 120, 208, 240, 277, and 480, are called secondary
voltages and 2400, 4160, 7200, 12470, and 13200V are primary voltages.
 We can notice that the secondary voltages is approximately ten times less than the primary
voltages, while the secondary current is ten times greater.
 This is how the step down transformer steps the voltage down by a factor of ten and
currents up by a factor of ten.

Q. prepare a detailed note on generators invertors, and UPS, as a means of backup power supply
and discuss advantages and disadvantages of each system.
Ans:
In general terms the backup power supply can be described as an electric generator, invertors, UPS,
or a bank of batteries, that can provide adequate power to operate critically important equipment
until commercial power is restored.

GENERATORS:

 A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy for use in an
external circuit.
 The source of mechanical energy may widely from a hand crank to an internal combusting
engine. Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric power grids.
 The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by an electric,
motor and generators have many similarities.
 Many motors can be mechanically driven to generate electricity and frequently make
acceptable generators.

ADVANTAGES:

 One of the most necessary advantages include, the fuel efficiency for diesel engines, as they
use a lot less fuel than generators that just use up half the amount of fuel that others use
even whereas they are functioning at the same capacity as the others generators. This shows
that it is a trustworthy nonstop power.

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 DISADVANTAGES:

 It is calculated as being more expensive and time consuming when setting up the generators
in comparison to others. This is recognised as start up cost, and is more than one fourth of
the actual amount of generators.
 Diesel generators consist of big and weighty parts which results in a higher cost and
therefore the after sales service of diesel en sets can be quite dear in amount.

INVERTORS:

 A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current
(d.c) to alternating current (a.c).
 The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and overall power handling depends on the
designs of the specific device or circuitry.
 The inverter does not produce any power, the power is provided by the DC source.
 A power inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a combination of mechanical effects
(such as a rotary apparatus) and electronic circuitry.
 Static inverters do not use any moving parts in the conversion process.

ADVANTAGES:

 It provides quality power output. It is lighter and smaller in size and hence can be easily
transported.
 It is noise free in functioning when compared to the traditional generators. It requires less
maintenance.
 It comes with parallel capacity in which two of the invertors can be clubbed together and
functions as a large inverter.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Expensive when compared to traditional generators.

 There are no large capacity invertors in the markets.
 The invertors can power a few appliances for a short period of time.

U.P.S (UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY):

 UPS is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input
power source, typically mains power, fails.
 A UPS differs from auxiliary or emergency power interruptions, by supplying energy stored
in batteries, supercapicators, or flywheels.
 The on-battery runtime of most uninterruptible power source is relatively short but
sufficient to start a standby power source or properly shut down the protected equipment.
 A UPS is typically used to protect hardware such as computers, data centres,
telecommunication equipment or other electrical equipment where an unexpected power
disruption or data loss.

ADVANTAGES:

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  The most obvious and important advantages of having an ups power supply is the
maintenance of power to all computers and electric systems in the event of a power outage.
 The most basic features that one UPS power supply can offer are continuity of operations.
 When the UPS systems are plugged into an AC wall outlet, maintains a power on its
batteries during normal operations.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Installing a UPS power supply requires a huge start-up investment.

 The home UPS devices do not requires more setup than the standard surge protector, but
the large corporate UPS devices brings more additional considerations.
 Attaching numerous UPS batteries to the existing wiring systems must be done by a
professional electrician.

Q. Make a list of electrical protection devices and briefly mention the working principle of each of
them with neat sketches.
Ans: fuses, MCBs, RCDs, and RCBOs are all devices to protect users and equipment from faults
conditions in an electric circuit by isolating the electrical supply. With fuses and MCBs only the live
feed is isolated: with RCDs and RCBOs both the live and neutral feeds are isolated.

Fuses:

 A fuse is a very basic protection device which is destroyed and breaks the circuit should the
current exceed the rating of the fuse. Once the fuse has blown, it needs to be replaced.
 In older equipments, the fuse may be just being a length of appropriate fuse wire fixed
between two terminals (normally screw terminals) these are becoming rarer as electrical
installations are updated – the presence of such fuses usually indicates that it is about times
that the installation is updated.
 Modern fuses are generally incorporated within sealed ceramic cylindrical body (or
cartridge) and the whole cartridge needs to be replaced.
 Cartridge fuses are used in older type consumer units, fused sockets, fused plugs etc.

Miniature circuit breakers (MCBs):

 An MCB is a modern alternative to fuses used in consumer units (fuse boxes). They are just
like switched which switch off when an overload is detected in the circuit.
 The advantage of MCBs over fuses is that if they trip, they can be reset – they also offer a
more precise tripping value.
 Residual current device (RCD):
 Modern alternative (better) to earth leakages circuit breakers and fuses in the consumer
unit.
 RCDs are tripped if they detect a small current imbalance between the live and neutral wires
above the trip value – this is typically 30 mA.
 RCDs can be wired to protect a single or a number of circuits – the advantages of
protecting individual circuits are that if one circuit trips, it will not shut down the whole
house, just the protected circuit.

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Residual current breaker with overload protection (RCBO):

 RCBOs combine the functions of a MCB and RCD in one unit.

 They are used to protect a particular circuit, instead of having a single RCD for the whole
building.
 Generally these are used more often in commercial building than domestic ones.

Q. Compare a traction elevator with a hydraulic elevator, with the help of plan and sections of each
system.
Ans: TRACTION ELEVATORS;
There are two types of traction elevators: geared and gearless traction elevator.
Geared traction elevator:

 Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors. Geared machines use
worm gears to control mechanical movements of elevators cars by “ rolling” steel hoist ropes
over a drive sheave which is attached to a gear box driven by a high speed motors.
 These machines are generally the best options for basement or overhead traction use for
speeds up to 500 feet per minute (3m/s).
 The widespread availability of variable frequency AC drives has allowed AC motors to be
used universally, bringing with it the advantages of the older motor – generator, DC – based
systems, without the penalties in terms of efficiency and complexity.
 The older MG – based installations are gradually being replaced in older buildings due to
their poor energy efficiency.

Gearless traction elevator:

 Gearless traction machines are low-speed, high-torque electric motors powered either by AC
or DC. In this case, the drive sheave is directly attached to the end of the motor.
 Gearless traction elevators can reach speeds of up to 2000 feet per minute (10m/s), or even
higher.
 A brake is mounted between the motor and drive sheave or gearbox to hold the elevators
stationary at a floor. This brake is usually an external drum type and is actuated by spring
force and held open electrically; a power failure will cause the brake to engage and prevent
the elevator from falling.
 In case, cables are attached to a hitch plate on top of the cab or may be “under slung” below
a cab, and then looped over the drive sheave to a counterweight attached to the opposite
end of the cables which reduces the cab.
 The counterweight is located in the hoist-way and rides a separate railway system; as the car
goes up, the counterweight goes down, and vice versa.
 This action is powered by the traction machine which is directed by the controller, typically
a relay logic or computerised device that directs starting, acceleration, deceleration and
stopping of the elevator cab.
 The weight of the counterweight is typically equal to the weight of the elevator cab plus 40-
50% of the capacity of the elevator.
 The groove in the drive sheave is specially designed to prevent the cables from slipping.

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  Traction is provided to the ropes by the grip of the grooves in the sheaves, thereby the
name. As the ropes age and the traction is lost and the ropes must be replaced and the
sheaves repaired or replaced.

HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS:

 Conventionally hydraulic elevators. They use an underground cylinder, are quite common for
low level buildings with 2-5 floors and have speeds up to 1m/s.
 Hole less hydraulic elevators were developed in the 1970s, and use a pair of above ground
cylinders, which makes it practical for environment or cost sensitive with 2, 3 or 4 floors.
 Roped hydraulic elevators use both above ground cylinders and a rope system, allowing the
elevators to travel further then the piston has to move.
 The low mechanical complexity of hydraulic elevators in comparison to traction elevators
makes them ideal for low rise, low traffic installations.
 They are less energy efficient as the pump works against gravity to push the car and its
passenger upwards; this energy is lost when the car descends on its own weight.
 The high current draw of the pump when starting up also environment concerns should
either the lifting cylinder leak fluid into the ground.
 The modern generation of the low cost, machine room-less traction elevators made possible
by advances in miniaturization of the traction motor and controls systems challenges the
supremacy of the hydraulic elevators in their traditional market niche.

Q. Explain the working principle of escalators and meaning ramps with the help of neat sketches.
Give a list of safety devices used in such systems.
Ans: an escalator is a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying people between
floors of a building. The device consist of a motor – driven chain of individual, linked steps that
move up or down on tracks, allowing the steps tread to remain horizontal.

Operation and layout:

 Escalators, like moving walkways, are often powered by constant – speed alternating current
motors and move at approximately 0.3-0.6 m/s.
 The typical angle of inclination of an escalator to the horizontal floor level is 30 degrees with
a standard rise up to about 18m.
 Modern escalators have single-piece aluminium or stainless steps that move on systems of
tracks in a continuous loop.

Working principle according components wise:

Landing platforms:

 These two platforms house the curved sections of the tracks, as well as the gears and motors
that drive the stairs.
 The top platform contains the motor assembly and the main drive gear, while the bottom
holds the step return idler sprockets.
 These sections also anchor the ends of the escalator truss. In addition, the platforms contain
a floor plate and a comb plate.

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  The floor plate provides a place for the passenger to stand before they step onto the moving
stairs. This plate is flush with the finished floor and is either hinged or removable to allow
easy access to the machinery below.
 The comb plate is the piece between the stationary floor plate and the moving steps. It is so
named because its edge has a series of cleats that resemble the teeth of a comb.
 These teeth mesh with matching cleats on the edge of the steps. This design is necessary to
minimize the gap between the stair and the landing, which helps prevents objects from
getting caught in the gap.

Truss:

 The truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper landings. It is
composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom and just
below the top.
 The end of the truss is attached to the top and bottom landings platforms via steel or
concrete supports. The truss carries all the straight track sections connecting the upper and
the lower sections.

Tracks:

 The track system is built into the truss to guide the steps chain, which continuously pulls
the steps from the bottom platform and back to the top in an endless loop.
 There are actually two tracks: one for the front wheels of the steps called the trailer-wheel
track.
 The relative positions of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as they move out
from under the comb plate. Along the straight sections of the truss the tracks are at their
maximum distance apart.
 This configuration forces the back of one step to be a 90 degree angle relative to the step
behind it. This right angle bends the steps into a shape resembling staircase.
 At the top and bottom of the escalator, the two tracks converge so that the front and the
back wheels of the steps are almost in a straight line.
 This cause the stair to lie in a flat sheet like arrangement, one after another, so they can
easily travel around the bend in the curved section of track.
 The tracks carry the steps down along the underside of the truss until they reach the
bottom landing, where they pass through another curved section of track before exiting the
bottom landing.
 At this point the tracks separate and the steps once again assume a staircase configuration.
 This cycle is repeated continuously as the steps are pulled from bottom to top and back to
the bottom again.

Handrail:

 The handrail provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are riding the
escalator.
 In an escalator, the handrail is pulled along its track by a chain that is connected to the
main drive gear by a series of pulleys.

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  It is constructed of four distinct sections. At the centre of the handrail is a slider, also
known as a glider ply, which is a layer of a cotton or synthetic textile.
 The purpose of the slider layer is to allow the handrail to move smoothly along its track.
 The next layer known as the tension member, consist of either steel cable or flat steel tape,
and provides the handrail with tensile strength and flexibility.
 On top of the tension member is the inner construction components, which are made of
chemically treated rubber designed to prevent the layers from separating.
 Finally the outer layer the only part that passengers actually see – is the cover, which is a
blend of synthetic polymers and rubber.

Safety:

 Safety is also a major concern in escalator design.

 Fire protection of an escalator may be provided by adding automatic fire detection and
suppression systems inside the dust collection and engineer pit, in addition to any water
sprinkler systems installed in the ceiling
 To limit the danger caused by overheating ventilation for the spaces that contain the motors
and gears must be provided, and small targeted clean agent automatic extinguishing systems
can be installed in these areas.
 Fire protection of an escalator floor opening may be provided by adding automatic
sprinklers or fireproof shutters to the openings, or by installing the escalator in an enclosed
fire protected hall.
 According to various cultures the dressing of the people changes, which includes long gowns
and saaris wearied by women’s, there are heavy chances of getting such type of long dresses
to get entangled in the escalator.
 As a result cloth guard is built into most escalators to avoid such incidence.

Q. define RTT, contract load, traction pulley and over speed governor and explain the procedure of
calculating the cabin capacity and number of elevators for a given population and building type,
assume data wherever necessary.
Ans: RTT:

 The design of vertical transportation systems still heavily relies on the calculation of the
round trip time (T).
 The round trip time (T) is defined as the average time taken by an elevator to complete a
full trip around a building.
 There are currently two methods for calculating the round trip time: the conventional
analytical calculation method and the Monte Carlo simulation method.
 The conventional analytical method is based on calculation the expected number of stops
and the expected highest reversal floor and then substituting the values in the main formula
for the round trip time.
 The simplest round trip time equation makes the following assumptions: equal floor height,
a single entrance, equal floor population and that the rated speed is attained in one floor
jump.

Contract load:

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  A contract load test under the supervision of the state elevator inspector shall be made of
every hydraulic elevator or dumbwaiter before the equipment is placed in regular service.
 The test shall be made with no load and a test with full rated load on the car in order to
determine the car speed under each specified condition of loading in both up and down
directions.
 A test check of the working pressure including. In case of pressure tanks, a check of the
accuracy of the tank pressure gauge.
 A test of the relief valve by-pass pressure shall be made in accordance 524 CMR.
 After the test of the relief valve setting and system pressure test, the following teat shall be
performed and witnessed by a Massachusetts licensed elevator inspector employed by the
department of public safety. Cylinders that are not exposed shall be tested as follows:
 Note the amount of oil in the pit and seal leak collection container.
 Park the elevator at a convenient location and open the main line disconnect.
 Mark the level of the oil in the tank.
 Wait at least 15 minutes and measure the amount that the car has moved down.

Traction pulley:

 Traction machines are low-speed, high torque electric motors powered either by AC or DC.
 In this case, the drive sheave is directly attached to the end of the motor. Traction elevators
can reach speed up to 10 m/s, or even higher.
 A brake is mounted between the motor and drive sheave to hold the elevator stationary at a
floor.
 This brake is usually an external drum type and is actuated by spring force and held open
electrically, a power failure will cause the brake to engage and prevent the elevator from
falling.
 In case, cables are attached to a hitch plate on top of the cab or may be under slung below
a cab, and then looped over a drive sheave to a counterweight attached to the opposite end
of the cables which reduces the amount of power needed to move the cab.
 The counter weight is located in the hoist-way and rides a separate railway system; as the
car goes up the counterweight goes down, and vice versa.

Over speed governor:

 An over speed governor is an elevator device which act as a stop device in case the elevator
runs beyond the rated speed.
 This device must be installed in the traction elevators and roped hydraulic elevators.
 Conventional elevator safety equipment includes an over speed governor for impending
elevator car movement when a predetermined speed is exceeded.
 Over speed governors include a switch that opens when the elevator reaches a
predetermined over speed such as 110% of rated speed.
 When the switch opens, power is removed from the machine motors and brake. A breaking
mechanism, actuated in response to movement of the elevator car by motion transmission
means, impedes the elevator car.
 The switch remains open, and the elevator remains inoperable, until the switch is manually
re-set.

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  If the elevator car continues to increase in speed, a tripping assembly is triggered by fly
weights.
 The tripping assembly actuates a mechanism to brake the governor rope.
 Braking of the governor rope causes the safeties to be engaged and thereby stop the car.

Procedure for calculating the cabin capacity and number of elevators for the given population and
building type:

 The following system will corresponds to the demand by distinguishing the peak hours such
as early of working hours and lunch time from the non-peak hours.
 The latest elevators group control system allows multiple elevators to work together
systematically and optimally while providing maximum convinces to the passengers.

(1.) Determining number of cars:

 Decide sufficient number of cars to maintain the transportation capacity and waiting time
within the service standards during peak hours which has large numbers of passengers.

(2.) Deciding passenger’s capacity:

 Decision of passengers capacity must be planned with the consideration of peak hours,
characteristics of building and make allowance for leeway.
 Generally the following plans are recommended:
 For a small or mid-sized building, passengers capacity of 15 (load capacity of 1000kg) or
higher.
 For a hotel or large office building, passenger capacity of 24 (load capacity of 1600kg) or
higher.
 Doors should open from the centre, and the car entrance should be as wide as possible.
 The car should be with in relation to its depth.

(3.) Deciding the layout:

 Elevator layout has great influences on building’s functionality. Thus, the elevator must be
installed in such a way that it is easy to use without affecting the performances.
 Position the elevator so that any part of the floor can be reached with little walking, with a
focus on line of movement for traffic.
 When installing elevators in a row, keep the numbers of elevators to no more than 4, with
at most 8m in between the elevators on each end.
 If more than 4 elevators are installed, place them on facing side of a halfway, 3.5 to 4.5 m
between them.
 It must be possible to see all elevators from anywhere in the hall. Avoid constructions with
pillars in the elevator hall, and layout with recessed elevator car entrances.
 The elevator hall must be large enough that the passengers do not spill out even during
peak hours.
 In general, plan the elevator hall large enough to hold about ½ the combined maximum
capacity of the cars (about 0.5 to 0.8 sqm are required per passengers).

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Q. What are the different methods of laying communication and data cables from one building to
another? Explain the importance of equipment room, backbone closet and satellite closet in case of
intra building systems.
Ans: Telephone system:

 As in small residences, the telephone service normally follows the same entrance path and
method of entrance as the electric power service.
 For the sake of economy in underground construction, the two services often share the same
trench, though in different raceways, and utilize twin manholes whether re such are
required.
 Typical entrance arrangements for any large building, residential or other.
 The service entrance space requirements vary with the size of the building and telephone
capacity.
 Apartment buildings and dormitories differ from commercial structures in that the floor
plans of al floors are similar, so that the arrangement of riser is relatively simple.
 It is common practise to utilize cables only, in risers that extend through the floor between
closets is necessary.
 If a riser is located in a shaft other than a closet, conduits is normally utilize to allow for
easy installation, protection, and repair.
 If the location is accessible, as in a niche, only a case is provided.
 When the riser is located outside the apartment, each dwelling unit is connected to the rise
by a conduit with a junction box at either end.
 Beyond the apartment service point, the individual rooms can normally be prewired entirely
without conduit, or with only a few short case.

Importance of equipment room:

 An equipment room is a room or space within a building for the storage or installation of
mechanical or electrical/electronic devices.
 An equipment room can house telecommunication installations that serve the occupants of
the building or multiple building in a campus environment.
 An equipment room is considered distinct from a telecommunication room because it is
considered to be a building or campus serving facility and because of the nature or
complexity of the equipment that it contains.

Importance of back bone closet/cabling:

 Back bone cabling is the inter-building and intra-building cable connections in structured
cabling between entrances facilities, equipment rooms and telecommunications closets.
 Back bone cabling consists of the transmission media, main and intermediate cross-connects
and terminations at these locations.
 This system is mostly used in data centres.

Q. writes down the advantages and disadvantages of building automation systems. Prepare a note on
components and functions of BAS in the field of fire safety and security in buildings.
Ans: advantages and disadvantages of BAS:

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Advantages:

 Increased throughput or productivity.

 Improved quality or increased predictability of quality.
 Improved robustness (consistency).
 Increased consistency of output.
 Reduced direct human labour costs and expenses.
 The following method are often employed to improve productivity, quality, or robustness.
 Install automation in operation to reduce cycle time.
 Install automation where a high degree of accuracy is required.
 Replacing human operators in tasks that involve hard physical or monotonous work.
 Replacing humans in tasks done in dangerous environment (i.e. fire, space, volcanoes,
nuclear facilities, under water, etc.)
 Performing tasks that are beyond human capabilities of size, weight, speed, endurance, etc.
 Economic improvement: automation may improve in economy of enterprises, society or most
of humanity.
 For example, when an enterprise invests in automation, technology recovers its investment.
 Reduces operation time and work handling time significantly.
 Frees up workers to take on other roles.
 Provide higher level jobs in the development, maintenance and running of the automated
processes.

Disadvantages:

 Causing unemployment and poverty by replacing human labour.

 Security threats / vulnerability: an automated system may have a limited level of intelligence,
and is therefore more susceptible to committing errors outside of its immediate scope of
knowledge.
 Unpredictable / excessive development costs: the research and development cost of
automating a process may exceed the cost saved by the automation itself.
 High initial cost: the automation of a new product or plant typically requires a new large
initial investment in comparison with the unit cost of the product, although the cost of
automation may be spread among many products and over time.
 In manufacturing, the purpose of automation has shifted to issues broader than productivity,
cost and time.

Components and functions of BAS in the field of fir safety and security in buildings:
Fire safety:

 Active fire protection is an integral part of fire protection. AFP is characterised by items and
systems, which are require a certain amount of motion and response in order to work,
contrary to passive fire protection.
 AFP means include a fire sprinkler system, a gaseous clean agent, or fire fighting foam
system. Automatic suppression systems would usually be found in large commercial kitchens
or other high-risk areas.

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  Fire sprinkler systems are installed in all types of buildings, commercial and residential.
 They are usually located at ceiling level and are connected to a reliable water source, most
commonly city water.
 A typical sprinkler system operates when heat at the site of fire causes a glass component in
the sprinkler head at the site of a fire causes a glass component in the sprinkler head to fail,
thereby releasing the water from the sprinkler head to fail, thereby releasing the water from
the sprinkle head.
 This means that only the sprinklers head at the fire location operates – not at all sprinklers
on a floor building.
 Sprinkler system helps to reduce the growth of a fire, thereby increasing life safety and
limiting structural damage.

Security system:

 A house hold security systems integrated with a home automation system can provide
additional services such as remote surveillance of security cameras over the internet, or
central locking of all perimeter door and windows.
 With home automation, the user can select and watch cameras live from an internet source
to their home or business.
 Security systems can include motion sensors that will detect any kind of unauthorized
movement and notify the user through the security system or via cell phone.
 The automation system can simulate the appearance of an occupied home by automatically
adjusting lighting or windows coverings.

Q. explain architectural considerations in locating elevators in building.

Ans: The selection of elevators for any but the simplest building requires the simultaneous
consideration of several factors:

 adequate elevators service for the intended building usage, the economics of elevator
selection, and the architectural integration of spaces assigned to elevators, including lobbies,
shafts, and machine rooms.
 As must be obvious, these factors are independent; therefore, in large complex buildings
many combinations are possible.
 The selection of a single optimum system for such cases is most practical with the aid of a
computer, or simulator.
 For most building, however, certain guidelines can yield entirely satisfactory results with
hand computation.

These guidelines will be developed and explained below:

Interval and average waiting time:

Interval or lobby dispatch time is the average time between departures of cars from the lobby.
Average lobby time or average waiting time is the average time spent by a passenger between
arriving in the lobby and leaving the lobby in a car.

Handling capacity:

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Handling capacity is a figure of merit for an elevator system, indicating the maximum number of
passengers that can be handled in a given period, usually 5 min; handling capacity. It is expressed as
a percentage of the building population.

Travel time:
Travel time or average trip time is the average time spent by passengers from the moment they
arrive in the lobby to leaving the car at an upper floor.

Q. compares overhead and underground distribution system.

 Ans: The distribution system can be overhead or underground. Overhead lines are generally
mounted on wooden, concrete or steel poles which are arranged to carry distribution
transformers in addition to the conductors.
 The underground system use conduits, Cables and manhole under the surface of streets and
sidewalls.
 The choice between overhead and underground system depends upon a number of widely
differing factors.

Therefore, it is desirable to make a comparison between the two:

 Public safety: the underground system is safer than overhead system because all distribution
system wiring is placed underground and there is little chance of any hazard.
 Initial cost: the underground system is more expensive due to the high cost of trenching,
conduits cables, manholes and other special equipment. The initial cost of an underground
system may be five to ten times than that of an overhead system.
 Flexibility: the overhead system is much more flexible than the underground system. In the
later case, manholes, duct lines etc. Are permanently placed once installed and the load
expansion can only be met by laying new lines. However, on an overhead system, poles,
wires, transformer etc. Can be easily shifted to meet the changes in load conditions.
 Faults: the chances of faults in underground system are very rare as the cables are laid
underground and are generally provided with better insulation.
 Appearance: the general appearance of an underground system is better as all distribution
lines are invisible. This factor is existing considerable public pressure on electric supply
companies to switch over to underground system.
 Fault location and repairs: in general, there are little chances of faults in an underground
system. However, if a fault does occur, it is difficult to locate and repair on this system. On
an overhead system the conductors are visible and easily accessible so that fault location and
repair can be easily made.
 Current carrying capacity and voltage drop: an overhead distribution conductor has a
considerably higher current carrying capacity than an underground cable conductor of the
same material and cross-section. On the other hand, underground cable conductor has much
lower inductive reactance than that of an overhead conductor because of closer spacing of
conductors.

Q. draw typical section through elevator shaft and label all the essential component. Explain in detail
machine room and lift pit.
Ans:

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(a.) machine room:

 Panels or doors for the purpose of accessing non-elevator equipment are not permitted in
elevator machine rooms. Passage through the machine room may not be used to gain access
to other parts of the building that do not contain elevator equipment.
 The lighting control switch must be located inside the machine room within 60cm of the
lock jamb side of the machine room door.
 Cooling or venting of the elevator machine room shall be to the present building code
adopted by the state.
 machinery spaces, machine rooms, control spaces, and control rooms that contain solid state
equipment for elevator operation shall be provided with an independent ventilation or air-
conditioning system to protect against the overheating of the electrical equipment.
 All elevators that are provided with remote elevator machine and/or control rooms must be
provided with a permanent means of communication between the elevator car and the
remote machine room and control room.

A lift machine room has the following features:

 A concrete base incorporating a vibration-isolating cork slab to separate its upper and lower
parts.
 Motor and brake equipment bolted to the upper, vibration-isolated, concrete slab.
 Flexible armoured electrical connections to the motor.
 The lift motor main isolator switch close to the plant room door.
 An access hatch into the lift shaft.
 The electrical control panel.
 A lifting beam built into the structure. Adequate artificial illumination.
 Natural ventilation.
 Locked door.
 Light colour walls and ceiling.

(b.) lift pit:

 A lift pit is not required except in the case of a service lift where the lowest serving level is
at or near floor level.
 When a lift pit is provided, the bottom of the pit shall be smooth and approximately level
and the pit shall be adequately drained.
 If the pit depth exceeds 1m a permanent mean of access with suitable hand hold at an
appropriate height above the sill shall be provided inside the well, easily accessible from the
landing door, to permit maintenance personal to descend safely to the floor of the pit.
 Such means of access shall not project into the clear running space of any lift equipment.
 A well shall be exclusively for a lift, it shall not contain cables or device, etc, other than for
the lift nor shall it be fitted with fire sprinklers.

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Q. draw typical section through escalators and label all the important components of the same.
Explain any two components in details.
Ans: steps:

 The steps themselves are solids, one piece, die-cast aluminium or steel.
 Yellow demarcation lines may be added to clearly indicate their edges.
 The steps are linked by a continuous metal chain that forms a closed loop.
 The front and back edges of the steps are each connected to two wheels.
 The rear wheels are set further apart to fit into the back track and the front wheels have
shorter axels to fit into the narrow front track.

Q. explains where escalator is used. Also explain scope and limitations of the same.
Ans: Escalator:

 A number of factors affect escalator design, including physical requirements, location, traffic
patterns, safety considerations and aesthetic preferences.
 Foremost, physical factors like the vertical and horizontal distance to be spanned must be
considered.
 These factors will determine the length and pitch of the escalator. The building
infrastructure must be able to support the heavy components.
 escalators is primarily used where large numbers of passengers from surges at discharge
time, from offices, railways underground stations and airport terminals.
 Crowd flow, in plan, is similar to two-dimensional turbulent fluid behaviour and design for
passengers routes can be regarded in a similar manner.
 Escalator provides suitable transport for all ages, laden or un laden. Their operating
direction is reversible to correspond to peak travel times.
 Tread widths are from 0.60m to 1.05m. For a given quality of service, they require less
horizontal floor space than a lift.
 The angle of inclination is normally 300, but 350 can be used for a vertical rise of less than
6m and a speed of less than 0.5m/s.
 Speeds up to 0.7m/s are permissible as this is the maximum safe entry and exit velocity.
 Because escalators are constantly moving and are generally part of a horizontal and vertical
trip, they must be placed directly in the main line of circulation.
 Escalators must therefore be placed in the area served, and with a total and even dominating
view of it.
 Sufficient lobby space must be provided at the base for quenching where anticipated, and
most particularly at discharge points.
 A restricted or poorly marked area here will cause passengers hesitation and traffic backups.
 Since the escalators discharges continuously, backup of traffic is dangerous and therefore
intolerable.
 At the landing, an escalator should discharge into an open area with no turns or choice of
directions necessary.

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  Landing space in front of an escalator terminal should be 1.5m to 2m minimum for a 90-fpm
unit, and 3m to 4m for a 120-fpm unit.
 Escalator have three typical configuration options: parallel (up and down escalator side by
side or separated by a distance, seem often in metro stations and multilevel motion picture
theatres), crisscross (minimize space requirements by stacking escalators that go in one
direction.
 The direction of escalator movement can be permanently set, or be controlled by personal
according to the predominant flow of the crowd, or be controlled by personal according to
the predominant flow of the crowd, or be controlled automatically.
 In some setups, directions is controlled automatically by whoever arrives first, whether at the
bottom or at the top.

Q. what precautions should be taken while laying the network cables and data cables?
Ans: precautions:

 The cables drum shall be handled with utmost care. The drum shall not be subjected to
shocks by dropping etc.
 They shall not be normally rolled along the ground for long distance and when rolled, shall
be in the direction indicated by the arrow on the drum.
 The battens shall be removed only at the time of actual laying.
 Before starting the cables laying, the pipes shall be checked for obstacles or damages.
 Always blow downhill wherever possible.
 Care must be taken not to violate the minimum bending radius applicable for the cables.
 Tension in the cable during laying shall not exceed tension limit of the particular cable.
 Where the routes of any such services are not definitely known or where services can be
damaged by machines carrying out excavation work, the services must be uncovered by hand
and supported, if necessary.
 Where the service is not in the direct line of the excavation, adequate protection must be
provided where necessary.
 In residential and urban areas, private land near to substations, waterway footpaths, railway
property, etc, the presence of live cables must be assumed, particularly where there are no
live electric cables.
 In most cases, there will be no permanent surface marker posts or other visible indication of
the presence of a buried cable. Even if no cable is shown on plans or detected, a close watch
should be kept for any signs which could indicate the presence of a cable.
 Hand tools used incorrectly are common source of accidents but their cautious use can
normally provide a satisfactory way of exposing buried cables once the approximate
positions have been determined using plans cables locators.
 Spades and shovels should be used in preference to other tools; they should not be thrown
or spiked into the ground, but eased in with gentle foot pressure.
 Picks pins or forks may be used with care to free lumps of stone, etc. And break up hard
layers of chalk or sandstone. Picks should not be used in soft clay or other soft soils near to
cables.

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Q. list out the purpose for which the electrical power is used in building. Explain any three uses in
details.
Ans: uses:

 Electricity is a very convenient way to transfer energy, and it has been adapted to a huge
and growing number of uses.
 The invention of a practical incandescent light bulb in the 1870s led to lighting becoming
one of the first publicly available applications of electrical power.
 Although electrification brought with its own dangers, replacing the naked flames of gas
lighting greatly reduced fire hazards within homes and factories.
 The joule heating effect employed in the light bulb also sees more direct use in electric
heating. While this is versatile and controllable, it can be seen as wasteful, since most
electrical generation has already required the production of heat at a power station.
 Electricity is however a highly practical energy source for refrigeration, with air conditioning
representing a growing sector for electricity demand, the effects of which electricity utilities
are increasingly obliged to accommodate.
 Electricity is used within telecommunications, and indeed the electrical telegraph, electricity
had enabled communications in minutes across the globe.
 Optical fibre and satellite communications have taken a share of the market for
communications systems, but electricity can be expected to remain an essential part of the
process.
 The effects of electromagnetism are most visibly employed in the electric motor, which
provides a clean and efficient means of motive power.
 A stationary motor such as a winch is easily provided with a supply of power, but a motor
that moves with its application, such as an electric vehicle, is obliged to either carry along a
power source such as a battery, or to collect current from a sliding contact such as a
pantograph.
 Electronic device makes use of the transistor, perhaps one of the most important inventions
of the twentieth century, and a fundamental building block of all modern circuitry.
 A modern integrated circuit may contain several billion miniaturised transistor in a region
only a few centimetres square.

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