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01.introduction and Types of Channels

This document provides an introduction to open channel flow, including: 1) Types of open channel flows and channels including prismatic vs non-prismatic and rigid vs mobile boundaries. Common channel shapes include rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, and circular. 2) Concepts of uniform and critical flow, including specific energy, critical depth, and the computation of critical flow. 3) The dynamic equation for gradually varied flow and characteristics of mild, critical, steep, horizontal and adverse slopes. 4) Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jumps, and energy dissipation.

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1K views24 pages

01.introduction and Types of Channels

This document provides an introduction to open channel flow, including: 1) Types of open channel flows and channels including prismatic vs non-prismatic and rigid vs mobile boundaries. Common channel shapes include rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, and circular. 2) Concepts of uniform and critical flow, including specific energy, critical depth, and the computation of critical flow. 3) The dynamic equation for gradually varied flow and characteristics of mild, critical, steep, horizontal and adverse slopes. 4) Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jumps, and energy dissipation.

Uploaded by

Phanindra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT – I

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW:


• Introduction : Types of flows - Type of channels – Velocity
distribution – Energy and momentum correction factors
• Uniform flow : Chezy’s, Manning’s; and Bazin formulae – Most
Economical sections.
• Critical flow: Specific energy-critical depth – computation of critical
depth – critical sub-critical and super critical flows.
• Non uniform flow G.V.F -Dynamic equation for G.V.F., Mild, Critical,
Steep, horizontal and adverse slopes-surface profiles-direct step
method-
• Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, energy dissipation.
UNIT – I
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW:
• Types of flows - Type of channels – Velocity distribution –
Energy and momentum correction factors – Chezy’s,
Manning’s; and Bazin’s formulae for uniform flow – Most
Economical sections.
Open channel Hydraulics INTRODUCTION
• An open channel is a conduit in which a liquid flows with a FREE
surface.
• The free surface is actually an interface b/w the moving liquid and an
overlying fluid.
• In Civil Engineering applications water is the most common liquid with
air at atmospheric pressure as the overlying fluid.
Fig . Free Surface
• Flow of water takes place with a free surface
• The prime motivating force for open channel flow is that due
to gravity.

• A channel may be defined as a passage through which water


flows under atmospheric pressure.

• Free surface is subjected to atmospheric pressure in open


channels.
• In pipe flow, the flow is under pressure which can be
known by inserting a piezometer.

• The line joining the water levels in the piezometer tube


installed at different sections is known as the HYDRAULIC
GRADIENT LINE (HGL)

• In open channel flow, the free surface itself acts as the


HYDRAULIC GRADIENT.
Fig. Difference in pipe flow and open channel flow
Fig. TEL and HGL
V2
•Total Gradient = Hydraulic gradient +
2g

•Slope in bottom of channel to have flow.


TYPES OF CHANNELS:
1) Prismatic & Non – Prismatic Channels:

A Channel in which the cross–sectional area, shape, size and also the
bottom slope are constant is termed as “ PRISMATIC CHANNEL”.

Eg:-Rectangular, circular, triangular trapezoidal etc

• Non prismatic channels : A Channel in which the cross–sectional


area, shape, size and also the bottom slope are not constant is
termed as “ NON-PRISMATIC CHANNEL”.
•Natural and artificial channels. All natural channels generally have
varying cross sections and bottom slope.

•Flow in rivers, streams

•Flow in canals – to supply water


2. Rigid and Mobile boundary channels:

On the basis of nature of boundary

Rigid boundary channels

Mobile boundary channels

Rigid channels are those in which the boundary is not deformable in the
sense that the shape, plainform and roughness magnitudes are not
functions of flow parameters.
• Eg:- Lined canals, Sewers, Non – erodible
canals
• No erosion takes place

• Channel geometry and roughness are constant w.r.t time.

• Only one degree of freedom – depth of flow

• We have many unlined channels in alluvium – both manmade


channels and natural rivers – in which boundaries undergo
deformation due to the continuous process of erosion and deposition
due to flow.
Mobile boundary channels
The boundary of the channel is mobile, in such cases the flow carries
considerable amounts of sediment through suspension and in contact
with bed.

Four degrees of freedom


Depth of flow, bed width, longitude slope and plan form (layout)

Study is confined only to Rigid boundary channels.


3) Based on c/s form: Natural channel, Artificial channel.

•A natural channel is the one which has irregular sections of varying


shapes, which is developed in a natural way.

• Eg:- Rivers, strecmretic.

•An artificial channel is the one which is built artificially for carrying
water for various purposes.
4) Based on Regular geometrical shapes.

• Rectangular, Trapezoidal, Triangular circular, parabolic channels.


OPEN CHANNELS and CLOSED channels.

• The channels may also be classified as OPEN CHANNELS and CLOSED


channels.

• The channels having cover at top are known as closed channels. They
are the channels Running partly full.

• Eg:- Conduits or pipes with partly full of water, underground drains,


tunnels, not running full.

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