Volume 4, Issue 12, December – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Dynamic Optimization in Manets

Using Queue Scheduling Techniques
1 2
Onyemaobi Bethram Chibuzo Okafor Eric C
Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Engineering
Salem University, Lokoja Enugu State University of Science and Technology
Kogi State, Nigeria Enugu State, Nigeria

Abstract:- This research aimed at creating robust and mobile devices. In the middle of the last decade the number
efficient operation in mobile ad-hoc networks of connected devices surpassed the number of people on the
(MANETs) by incorporating energy efficient routing planet: about 12.5 Billion devices for 6.8 Billion people
technique. MANETs are energy constrained. The (Ericsson Mobility Report, 2016). All these are proofs that
Energy Skilled Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector mobile communication has recently increased in usage and
(ESAODV) with Priority-Based Weighted Fair Queue popularity. MANET is an autonomous system of mobile
(PBWFQ) routing scheme was developed and routers connected by wireless links – the union of which
compared with Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector forms an arbitrary graph (Mukherjee et al., 2007). Problems
(DSDV) with First-In-First-Out (FIFO) routing of the Study are as follow:
techniques using NS-3 (Network-simulator). WireShark
Network Analyzer was used for file tracing and analysis  Energy Saving
of the simulation results in NS-3. The optimized  Limited Power Supply
technique significantly reduced the control traffic and  Low range of wireless transmission
packets congestions by lowering the end-to-end delay to  Continuous packet Broadcast
an average of 25 X 10-3s in a 50-100 nodes MANET.  High level of errors in transmission
ESAODV-with-PBWFQ maintained throughput of 78.8  Constant change of route
X 103 pps. The technique met target Packet Delivery  Packet losses
Ratio with 98.7% accuracy. ESAODV-with-PBWFQ
saved 80-90% energy compared to DSDV-with-FIFO in The purpose of this study is to develop a robust and
80-100 nodes dense MANET. In 50-70 nodes sparse optimized energy efficient routing technique for MANETs.
MANET 70-75% less consumption of energy in The objectives of the study are to:
ESAODV-with-PBWFQ compared to DSDV-with-
FIFO.  Model an Ad hoc wireless network environment.
 Model the Energy Skilled Ad-hoc on Demand Vector
Keywords:- Mobile Ad Hoc Networks; Manets; Routing (ESAODV) route discovery protocol for the MANET.
Techniques, Priority-Based Weighted Fair Queue;  Develop appropriate Priority-Based Weighted Fair
PBWFQ; Mobile Devices; First in First Out; FIFO. Queue (PBWFQ) packet classification and scheduling
scheme to work with ESAODV route discovery
I. INTRODUCTION protocol for energy efficient route discovery.
 Determine and set up entities of simulation in NS-3
The continuous increase in the use of mobile devices environment, as well as input variables, active route
is a defining development for businesses and the society. time-out, route reply lifetime, mobility model speed and
Organizations and individuals now access important node energy threshold value.
information and interact with customers, service providers,  Conduct simulation runs for ESAODV-with-PBWFQ
suppliers and friends wherever they are. The gap in and an existing technique, Destination-Sequenced
communication has been reduces through Mobility. Poor Distance-Vector with First-In-First-Out (DSDV-with-
citizens that cannot afford complex computing devices now FIFO) and compare performance.
use Smartphone to browse the Internet and download
mobile applications. Traditional firms need to pursue This paper developed the Energy Skilled Ad-hoc On-
mobile delivery channels that “meet people where they are” Demand Distance Vector (E2AODV) routing protocol with
to promote their businesses. Mobile devices have become Priority-Based Weighted Fair Queue (PBWFQ) Scheduling
more rampant and powerful. These digital devices are mechanism for energy efficient operation. The scheme
replacing traditional means of accessing data, Internet and incorporated the techniques of AODV and DSR.
content like Sports news and fashion. Continuous use of
mobile devices has changed how information and ideas are
used. At the end of 2008 about 1% of the world’s Internet
traffic was on mobile devices; whereas, at the end of 2012,
more than 12% of the world’s Internet traffic occurred on

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II. RELATED WORKS Sun et al. (2014) designed a modified proportional
fairness model with multi-hop queue scheduling for
The whole existence of mobile ad hoc network from cognitive radio-based MANETs. The model is cross layer-
origin to present time can be categorized into first, second based model that restricts QoS for end users in MANETs.
and third generation. Present ad hoc network are considered The model is MAC layer-based service distributor that
the third generation (Gang and Guodong, 2010). Earliest ensures that QoS is not affected during transmission. It
MANETs were called “packet radio” networks, sponsored computes the availability of channels and buffer. Then, it
by the Defence Advanced Research Project Agency uses MAC analyzer to compute packet priority and packet
(DARPA) in 1970. These first generation of ad hoc scheduling before selecting the transmission strategy.
network are called Packet Radio Network (PRNET). These Along with it, performance measurement is also carried out
packet radio systems predated the Internet and were part of during the end to end transmission. The major drawback in
motivation of the original IP suite (Gang and Guodong, the model is that no estimation is carried out during
2010). DARPA initiated research of using packet- switched transmission, also in the case of addition of intermediate
radio communication to provide reliable communication nodes, it requires regular updating of channel list that
between computers and urbanized PRNET. Basically causes increased overhead. Wen et al. (2012) derived a
PRNET uses the combination of Areal Location of queuing theory-based approach for service discovery in
Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) and Carrier Sense MANETs. The approach includes a model for service
Multiple Access (CSMA) for multiple access and distance discovery on MANETs nodes. The model uses control
vector routing (Ankur et al., 2013). variables that predict the system through-put to analyze the
system behaviour. The approach is adaptive to variations in
The PRNET is then evolved into the Survivable MANETs. The whole MANET is divided into zones
Adaptive Radio Network (SURAN) in the early1980’s. comprising backbone and mobile nodes with mobile nodes
SURAN, the second generation of MANETs provides some operating on queuing theory. Thus, it was analyzed that
benefits by improving the radio performance (making them performance depends on admission control algorithm as
smaller, cheaper and power thrifty). This SURAN also well as scheduling technique for a network that encounters
provides resilience to electronic attacks. Around the same congestion. Also, the QoS scheduler should be efficient
time, United State Department of Defence (DOD) enough to be incorporated into system model without
continued funding for programs such Globe Mobile causing any additional overheads. A cross-layer approach
Information System (GloMo) and Near Term Digital Radio to offer multimedia services over MANETs was
(NTDR) (Humayun, 2005). GloMo make use of CSMA/CA implemented by Kuo et al. (2013). It is link to link
and TDMA molds, and provides self-organizing and self- connectivity-based implementation. The model integrated
healing network (i.e. ATM over wireless, Satellite dynamic hash table and IPV6 to provide multimedia
Communication Network). The NTDR make use of transmission over a network that has frequent topology
clustering and link state routing and organized an ad hoc changes and unreliable wireless links. Furthermore, Bouk et
network. NTDR is worn by US Army. This is the only al. (2012) emphasized on the selection of appropriate
“real” ad hoc network in use. By the growing interest in the gateway node to provide seamless QoS to end users over
ad hoc networks, various other great developments took MANETs. Taking into account the path dynamics, a
place in 1990’s. In the 1990s we had the advent of feedback system is incorporated into the network that is
inexpensive IEEE 802.11 radio cards for personal computer capable enough to handle end to end delays. The model
(Humayun, 2005). focused on link expiration time i.e. time to live (TTL) to
evaluate the gateway during path planning on basis of
The third generation known as the functioning group system dynamics in MANETs.
of MANET was born in Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) who worked to standardized routing protocols for Unlike, Priority Based Weighted Fair Queue
MANET. These gave rise to the development of various (PBWFQ) with Energy Skilled AODV (ESAODV) routing
mobile devices like PDA’s, palmtops, notebooks, etc. protocol, these reviewed models used absolute differential
Meanwhile the Development of Standard IEEE 802.11 (i.e. service-based methods of data transmission for real-time
WLAN’s) benefited the ad hoc network. Some other packets. The differential service-based models cannot be
standards are also developed that provide benefits to the relied upon in terms of optimal performance under
MANET like Bluetooth and HIPERLAN (Ankur et al., intensive conditions such as dynamic topology and
2013). Current MANETs are designed primarily for congestions. The developed model uses both differential
military utility; examples include JTRS (Joint Tactical service-based models and computed-time schedule for real-
Radio System) and NTDR (Near-Term Digital Radio). time packets transmission. The proposed technique handles
Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is widely applicable in large traffic congestions through packets classification and
various areas like military services, civilian environments scheduling using PBWFQ scheme. This ensures optimal
and emergency operations. energy performance.

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III. MATERIALS AND METHOD of ESAODV-with-PBWFQ as the routing technique. We
compared the performance of the techniques in terms of the
The methodology adopted in this research is average energy consumption, average end-to-end delay,
graphically presented in Figure 1 and the processes therein packet delivery ratio and throughput. These four
are subsequently described. performance metrics were used to evaluate the energy
efficient schemes. Secondly, the performance comparison
Modeling of the Mobile Ad-hoc Network determines of DSDV-with-FIFO and ESAODV-with-PBWFQ was
the mobile routing devices that will form the MANET and done for dense and sparse MANET testbed such as 50, 60,
the nature of the MANET using C++, while modeling the 70, 80, 90 and 100 nodes respectively by varying the node
Energy Skilled Routing Protocol ensures the development speed from 0 m/s to 10 m/s. Rendered simulation results of
of ESAODV route discovery protocol in the MANET both routing techniques (ESAODV-with -PBWFQ and
(Onyemaobi and Ajah, 2017). The PBWFQ is subsequently DSDV-with-FIFO) were analysed using WireShark
developed Model, the Queue Mechanism process to work Network Protocol Analyzer and Network Animator
with ESAODV for packet classification and scheduling. (NetAnim) in NS-3 Environment. Further testing of the
The modeled MANET entities are set up in NS-3 developed optimized energy efficient routing technique
Simulation environment. Then, the simulation input scheme was done at this stage in comparison with other
variable such as: active time-out, route reply lifetime, known energy efficient routing technique (DSDV-with-
mobility model speed and node threshold energy are FIFO). WireShark was used in comparative analysis of
determined and set up in the NS-3 environment. Several captured simulation packets, while NetAnim was used in
simulation runs are carried out varying the MANET entities animation of the simulation runs for further analysis. The
and simulation variables. captured packets of data were used in plotting the graphs,
which enhanced good understanding of the parameters used
All the earlier mentioned processes are repeated using in comparing both routing techniques (ESAODV-with-
DSDV-with-FIFO as the routing technique. The PBWFQ and DSDV-with-FIFO).
simulations run results are compared with the initial results

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Fig 1:- Flow Chart of the Research Process

IV. MODELING THE OPTIMIZED ROUTING TECHNIQUE

The data traffic design concentrated on the transmission and reception of packets. The model of the optimized technique is
shown in Figure 2.

Fig 2:- Program Flowchart of the Optimized Energy Efficient

Routing Technique

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The routing model was designed to send and receive model design portrays numerous real-time military and
packets along the link with the greatest energy and signal disaster rescue missions applications (such as voice, video
strength. It routes packets through the path that emerge and multimedia).
unwavering for a long time. The model is designed to
choose the best link based on some metrics, mostly energy  Modeling the Energy Skilled Routing Protocol
efficient path. Energy is utilized each time packets are (ESAODV)
transmitted within the nodes. Whenever packets are The fact that the available bandwidth on a wireless
transmitted, the different power arrangement of link currently is orders of magnitude smaller than that
neighbouring nodes is affected. Nodes with diminishing available in wired networks, requires that a protocol be
energy appear self-centered in MANET. This self-centered carefully designed to reduce the amount of control traffic
in MANET attracts routing operating cost (Jung et al., generated and conserve energy. In the design of the
2005). The Energy Skilled AODV (ESAODV) was research ad hoc network, nodes are not familiar with the
designed to improve energy efficiency of the MANET by topology of their networks. Instead, they have to discover it
dropping control messages using supporting nodes. It as shown in figures 3 and 4: typically, a new node
performs inherent path revitalization process as shown in announces its presence and listens for announcements
Figure 2. We use PBWFQ scheduling mechanism as the broadcast by its neighbors. Each node learns about others
fair queue scheduler assurance, in order that the packets nearby and how to reach them, and may announce that it
waiting in queue do not wait for a long time. The PBWFQ too can reach them. The algorithm for energy efficient route
scheduling mechanism takes into cognizance issues like discovery is presented in figure 3 below and the pseudo
using the distance metric, fairness and appropriate dual code of RREQ handling at the intermediate and destination
roles of nodes as both routers and data sources. This routing nodes are presented in figure 4.

Fig 3:- Algorithm for the Optimized Energy Efficient Route Discovery

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Fig 4:- Algorithm on how Intermediate Nodes and Destination Nodes Process RREQ in the Optimized Energy Efficient Route
Discovery

V. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS  Comparing Simulation Results of the two Routing
Schemes (ESAODV-with-PBWFQ and DSDV-with-
In our MANET testbed simulation, we have a simple FIFO).
topology with 50 to 100 nodes. The nodes are We compared the performance of the techniques in
interconnected wirelessly. The MANET is modeled from a terms of the average energy utilization, average end-to-end
script in ns-3, which was modified and used as a base delay, packet delivery ratio and throughput. These four
script. Mobility of The nodes are produced by the mobility performance metrics were used to assess the energy
model in the script. Each node assumes a random position efficient schemes. Secondly, the performance comparison
at the beginning of every simulation and navigates toward of DSDV-with-FIFO and ESAODV-with-PBWFQ was
arbitrary destination with indiscriminate velocity as done for dense and sparse MANET testbed such as 50, 60,
programmed in the random waypoint mobility model. NS-3 70, 80, 90 and 100 nodes respectively by changing the node
Implemented Energy Model as an attribute, which is we speed from 0 m/s to 10 m/s.
configured in the simulation environment. The energy
model signifies the level of energy in a mobile device A. Average Energy Consumption:
(Woonkang and Minseok, 2008). At the beginning of the Energy Consumption is the total energy consumed for
simulation, every node has an initial energy value given to transmitting and receiving packets by all the nodes in the
it by the energy model in NS-3. The nodes also have given MANET (Mukherjee et al., 2008). The Energy Skilled Ad
energy usage for every packet they transmit and receive. Hoc on Demand Distance Vector with Priority-Based
Each node consumes energy in receiving and transmitting Weighted Fair Queue (ESAODV-with-PBWFQ) is a hybrid
packets of data. The Energy Skilled Ad Hoc on Demand routing technique. The technique integrates the on-demand
Distance Vector with Priority-Based Weighted Fair Queue path detection from DSR and the node to node sequence
(ESAODV-with-PBWFQ) technique maintains a routing jumping from OLSR. Table 1 gives the ESAODV-with-
table. Each node has a routing table. A node sends a route PBWFQ simulation factors used in the MANET testbed
reply (RREP) to a source node, if it knows the route to the simulation. The scalability of the schemes is calculated by
destination. Neighbouring Nodes can communicate directly the escalation in the energy utilization for dense MANET.
with one other. They keep track of their neighbours by
paying attention to “HELLO” messages that new nodes
broadcast.

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Entity Simulation
Parameter
Active link time-out 50s
Allowed Hello packet loss 3
Time before broken path is removed from routing table
Time to hold packets awaiting routes 3s
MAC splintering detection 30s
Hello Interval Yes
RREP lifetime 1s
RREQ retries 60s
3
Table 1:- ESAODV-with-PBWFQ Simulation Parameters

Energy utilization is habitually high in the dense the number of nodes in ESAODV-with-PBWFQ MANET
MANET. However, through making some nodes inactive, does not raise energy utilization compared to DSDV-with-
the ESAODV-with-PBWFQ saves 80- 90% of energy FIFO. ESAODV-with-PBWFQ permits lofty optimization
compared to DSDV-with-FIFO in the MANET. When we by dropping the intermittent path update communication in
reduced the number of nodes, we had 70-75% energy the dense MANET (see Table 2 and Figure 5). Invariably,
utilization in ESAODV-with-PBWFQ, compared to the energy utilization due to the path update flooding is
DSDV-with-FIFO. We considered cases where nodes are circumvented. Under the same mobility and interchange
dispersed across the simulation environment. These rate, varying the MANET nodes from 50 to 100, the raise in
different cases indicated changeable node densities, energy utilization using ESAODV-with-PBWFQ is about
connection alterations, and mobility disparities. Escalating 15% of energy utilization using DSDV-with-FIFO.

Nodes ESAODV-with-PBWFQ Average Energy Consumption (J) DSDV-with-FIFO Average Energy Consumption (J)
50 1 9.4
60 0.9 3.8
70 0.8 4.1
80 1 10.2
90 0.9 5.8
100 0.92 4.8
Table 2:- Nodes Vs Average Energy Consumption using ESAODV-with-PBWFQ and DSDV-with-FIFO as Routing Schemes

Energy
(j)

DSDV-with-FIFO

ESAODV-with-
PBWFQ

Nodes
Fig 5:- Average Energy Consumption

Table 2 and Figure 5 demonstrate the simulation ESAODV-with-PBWFQ. Spatial constraint forced more
outcome obtained in ESAODV-with-PBWFQ as compared hops to be used in the DSDV-with-FIFO than ESAODV-
with DSDV-with-FIFO. Varying the number of nodes, the with PBWFQ in the random waypoint mobility model.
developed routing technique utilizes less energy compared Thus, ESAOD-with-PBWFQ achieves lower delay in
to the other routing technique. random waypoint mobility model than DSDV-with-FIFO,
even with more hops needed. While the delay of ESAODV-
B. Average End-to-End Delay: with-PBWFQ was due to buffering of undeliverable
This gives us the normal delay in communication packets, the large number of node tot node skips plays a
between two nodes. Table 3 and Figure 7 depict that the vital role in DSDV-with-FIFO. The large number of nodes
normal packet delay of DSDV-with-FIFO in the random raises the chances of ESAODV-with-PBWFQ locating
waypoint mobility model used is more than that of the intermediate nodes to transmit packets.

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Table 3:- Nodes Vs Average End-to-End Delay using ESAODV-with-PBWFQ and DSDV-with-FIFO as a routing schemes

Delay (10- Nodes Vs Average End-to-End

3 s)
Delay X 10-3 (s)

DSDV-with FIFO

ESAODV-with-
PBWFQ

Node
s
Fig 6:- Average End-to-End Delay

Figure 6 and table 3 show the simulation results This estimate gives us an idea about how successful
achieved for ESAODV-with-PBWFQ as compared to the technique is in delivering packets to the application
DSDV-with-FIFO. Results show that, the developed layer. A high value of PDR indicates that most of the
routing technique has reduced end-to-end delay than the packets are being delivered to the higher layers and is a
other routing scheme. good indicator of the technique performance. For
ESAODV-with-PBWFQ, the packet delivery ratio grows
C. Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR): exponentially for the transmission ranges up to 80m.
This is the ratio of total number of packets ESAODV-with-PBWFQ has higher delivery ratios
successfully received by the destination nodes to the compared to DSDV-with-PBWFQ. The lowest delivery
number of packets sent by the source nodes throughout the ratios are observed in the random waypoint scenario of
simulation: DSDV-with-FIFO. ESAODV-with-PBWFQ in the random
waypoint mobility scenario achieved highest delivery ratio.
PDR= number of received packets/number of sent packets. PDR for ESAODV-with-PBWFQ technique was evidently
different and higher in the random waypoint model
compared to DSDV-with-FIFO.

Table 4:- Nodes Vs Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) using E2AODV-with-PBWFQ and DSDV-with-FIFO as Routing Schemes

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PDR
(pps) Nodes Vs PDR

DSDV-with FIFO

ESAODV-with-
PBWFQ

Nodes
Fig 7:- Packet Delivery Ratio

Figure 7 and table 4 present the packet delivery ratio within the simulated data transfer time. In energy terms, the
achieved by varying the number of nodes in the simulation higher the throughput, the better performing the technique.
environment. Results show that, the developed technique This metric gives an estimate of how efficient the routing
achieves better packet delivery ratio than the other routing technique is since the number of routing packets sent per
process. data packet gives an idea of how well the technique
maintains the routing information updated. Nodes ensuring
D. Throughput: high network throughput are considered optimum with their
Network throughput is the amount of data successfully energy sources, meaning that the underlying scheme
sent and received (without errors) by the entire network algorithm is running efficiently.

Table 5:- Nodes Vs Throughput using ESAODV-with-PBWFQ and DSDV-with-FIFO as Routing Schemes

Throughput (103 pps) Nodes Vs Throughput X 103 (pps)

DSDV-with FIFO

ESAODV-with-PBWFQ

Nodes

Fig 8:- Average Throughput

Table 5 and figure 8 show the simulation results VI. CONCLUSION

achieved for ESAODV-with-PBWFQ as compared to
DSDV-with-FIFO. The total number of packets that arrived In this research simulation, we varied the number of
the destination in the developed routing technique showed nodes in the MANET between 50 and 100. When the
that it is a better techniques compared to DSDV-with-FIFO. number of nodes is increased, figure 5 shows ESAODV-
with-PBQFQ, consumed less energy compared to DSDV-
with-FIFO. Figure 6 depicts that delay occurred in
ESAODV-with-PBWFQ and DSDV-with-FIFO. As we can

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see from the figure, the delay is less for ESAODV-with- routing protocols. Proceedings of 6th Int. Conf.on
PBWFQ, compared to DSDV-with-FIFO. Figure 7 shows Software Eng., AI, Networking and Parallel/
the packet delivery ratio for both ESAODV-with-PBWFQ Distributed Computing, and First ACIS Int. Workshop
and DSDV-with-FIFO. From the figure, the packet delivery on Self-Assembling Wireless Networks, 15: 476 – 483.
ratio was high for ESAODV-with-PBWFQ, compared to [7]. Kuo, L., Shih, H., Ho, C. Y., and Chen, C. (2013). A
DSDV-with-FIFO. Figure 8 shows the throughput that cross-layer approach for real-time multimedia
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