A.
MICROBIOLOGICAL Techniques
Are methods used for the study of
microbes, including bacteria and
microscopic fungi and protists. They
include methods to survey, culture, stain,
identify, engineer and manipulate
microbes.
B. CHEMICAL Techniques
Chemical techniques (or Analytical Chemistry) studies and uses
instruments and methods used to separate, identify, and quantify matter.
a. Spectrometry
Spectrophotometry is a method to measure how much a chemical
substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light
passes through sample solution. The basic principle is that each compound
absorbs or transmits light over a certain range of wavelength. This measurement
can also be used to measure the amount of a known chemical substance.
Spectrophotometry is one of the most useful methods of quantitative analysis in
various fields such as chemistry, physics, biochemistry, material and chemical
engineering and clinical applications.
b. Extraction
Extractions are a way to separate a desired substance when it is mixed
with others. The mixture is brought into contact with a solvent in which the
substance of interest is soluble, but the other substances present are insoluble.
Extractions use two immiscible phases (these are phases that do not mix, like oil
and water) to separate the substance from one phase into the other.
c. Titration
Titration is a common laboratory method of
quantitative chemical analysis to determine the
concentration of an identified analyte (a substance to
be analyzed). A reagent, termed the titrant or titrator,
is prepared as a standard solution of known
concentration and volume.
C. PHYSICAL Techniques
Techniques and procedures that are performed on patient or specimens to
detect biomarkers and diagnose diseases. Bodily fluids or tissue samples can be
analyzed using biochemical, microbiological and cytological methods.
a. Weighing
Weighing is the process of measuring a matter’s mass using
instruments. Older balances should be calibrated periodically with a standard
weight. Modern balances have built-in calibration weights to maintain
accuracy.
b. Grinding
Grinding is the process of breaking up particles. Grinding is used to
turn the solid blend into a granular form.
c. Drying
Drying is the process of using evaporation to remove water from a
solution, suspension, or other solid-liquid mixture. In addition to solids, the
process can also be used to remove water from liquids or gases.
d. Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a technique which involves the application of
centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size,
shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed.
e. Distillation
Distillation is the technique of heating a liquid to create vapor which is
collected when cooled separate from the original liquid. It's based on the
different boiling point or
volatility values of the
components. The
technique may be used
to separate components
of a mixture or to aid in
purification.
f. Filtration
Filtration is a process used to separate solids from liquids or gases
using a filter medium that allows the fluid to pass through but not the solid.
The term "filtration" applies whether the filter is mechanical, biological, or
physical. The fluid that passes through the filter is called the filtrate. The filter
medium may be a surface filter, which is a solid that traps solid particles, or a
depth filter, which is
