THEOLOGY III FINALS REVIEWER wage, workers’

associations.
I. SOCIAL ENCYCLICALS
2. QUADRAGESIMO ANNO (On
WHAT IS AN ENCYCLICAL? the Fortieth Year)
- A letter (teaching document) from - Pope Pius XI
the Holy Father (Pope) addressed to - On the Reconstructing the
all bishops for the guidance of all Social Order
believers and people of ‘good will’. - 1931
- An exposition of Christian belief and - Context: Fortieth anniversary
practice of Rerum Novarum; Great
- Its audience is every Catholic and Depression underway;
all people of good will. dictatorships growing in
- A “social encyclical” applies the Europe.
consistent, traditional moral - Message
teachings of the Church to the social • States need to reform
and economic challenges of the greedy capitalist
current day. systems to which they
- Catholic social thought does not have become slaves.
merely consider the economics and • Communism
justice of life, but includes issues dangerous because
involving the family, religious, condones violence
social, political, technological, and abolishes private
recreational and cultural aspects of property.
life. • Labor and capital
need each other.
1. RERUM NOVARUM (Of New • Workers need just
Things) wage to acquire
- Pope Leo XIII private property.
- On the Condition of Labor • International
- 1891 economic cooperation
- Context: Industrial urged.
Revolution leads to • Principle of
exploiting workers. “subsidiarity”
- Message introduced.
• First comprehensive
document of social 3. MATER ET MAGISTRA (Mother
justice. and Teacher)
• Defends workers’ - Pope John XXIII
rights based on - Christianity and Social
natural law. Progress
• Rights include work, - 1961
private property, just

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 - Context: Science and • Arms race goes
technology advance in against justice, reason
developed nations, while and human dignity.
millions live in poverty in • United Nations needs
Third World. to be strengthened
- Message
• Disparity between 5. GAUDIUM ET SPES (The Joys
rich and poor nations and Hopes)
must be addressed. - Vatican Council II
• Arms race contributes - The Church in the Modern
to poverty. World
• Economic imbalances - 1965
cause threat to peace. - Context: Continuing Cold
• Rich nations must War and arms race.
help poor ones while - Message
respecting culture. • Church is not separate
• Nations are from the world, but
interdependent and intimately intertwined
need to cooperate. with it.
• Catholics should • Assesses the rapid
know social teaching cultural changes and
and be active. technological
advances in the light
4. PACEM IN TERRIS (Peace on of the Gospel.
Earth) • Overall warm and
- Pope John XXIII optimistic tone, but
- 1963 reflects pastoral
- Context: Cold War, erection concern for faith,
of Berlin Wall (1961), Cuban family, transcendent
Missile Crisis (1962). destiny of man.
- Message:
• Peace ensured 6. DIGNITATIS HUMANAE
through social rights (Human Dignity)
and responsibilities-- - Vatican Council II
between people; - 1965
between citizens and - Context: Declaration on
public authorities; Religious Freedom Secular
between states; authorities encroaching on
among nations. the rights of religious
• World needs to freedom among people.
recognize rights of - Call for all Christians to
women. respect religious freedom

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 - compulsion or force must movements see civil rights
Have no part in a person’s and women’s, Vietnam war
response to God. protests.
- Criticized extreme secularism - Message:
• Urbanization has
7. POPULORUM PROGRESSIO presented problems,
(The Progress of Peoples) especially the “new
- Pope Paul VI poor” – cities’ elderly,
- On the Development of handicapped and
Peoples marginalized.
- 1967 • Discrimination
- CONTEXT: Growing continues based on
inequality of First world race, color, sex,
countries vis a vis third world religion.
country; Result of Paul VI • Christians called to
visits to developing nations. engage political
- Message: process to address
• ‘development ‘- new injustices, applying
name for peace gospel principles.
• Condemns the
situation that gives 9. EVANGELI NUNTIANDI
rise to global poverty (Evangelization in the Modern
and inequality World)
• international - Pope Paul VI
organizations and - 1975
agreements that - Context: Rising atheistic
promote justice and secularism, consumerism,
peace growing consciousness of
• World Fund to direct evil of oppression.
funds for poor NOT - Message:
FOR WEAPONS • Evangelization crucial
• Private property NOT in a de-Christianized
an absolute right world.
• Multinationals work • Witness of
for social justice evangelization should
permeate judgment,
8. OCTOGESIMA ADVENIENS values, interests,
(On the Eightieth Year) thought, lifestyle.
- Pope Paul VI • Evangelization
- A Call to Action includes challenging
- 1971 injustice and
- Context: World verging on preaching liberation.
recession. In U.S.,

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 10. JUSTINE IN THE WORLD communist systems
- 1971 Synod of Bishops exploiting the worker.
- Context: Political upheavals - Message:
of 60’s. Increased focus on • Work is part of man’s
“liberation” especially in vocation and dignity,
Latin America. participation in God’s
- Message: creative work. Has
• Structural injustices spiritual dimension.
and oppression must • Decent wages, rights
be met by liberation and benefits of
rooted in justice. God worker must be
is “liberator of the assured.
oppressed.” • Work must serve the
• Church must speak on family, with special
behalf of the consideration for
oppressed, be a working mothers.
witness for justice. • Steps must be taken to
assure that disabled
11. REDEMPTOR HOMINIS can participate in
- Pope John Paul II dignity of work.
- Redeemer of Mankind
- 1979 13. SOLLICITUDO REI SOCIALIS
- Message: - Pope John Paul II
• Human rights as the - The Social Concerns of the
fundamental Church
principles for all - 1987
programs, systems - Context: World economy in
and regimes; flux – debt, unemployment
• Investments for and recession hitting both
armaments into rich and poor nations.
investments for food - Message:
at the service of life; • Critiques economic
• Avoid exploitation of gap between northern
the earth; and southern
hemispheres and
12. LABOREM EXERCENS global debt. Should
- Pope John Paul II be one united world.
- On Human Work • East-West tensions
- 1981 and competition block
- Context: Great numbers of world cooperation and
people are unemployed, solidarity.
migrant workers exploited. • Critiques
Both capitalist and consumerism and

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 waste, as well as • Raise voices on
international trade behalf of the poor of
practices that hurt the world;
developing nations. • Reduce substantially
or cancel outright the
14. CENTESIMUS ANNUS International Debt;
- Pope John Paul II • dialogue between
- The 100th Anniversary of cultures;
Rerum Novarum • Women's rights.
- 1991
- Context: 100th anniversary of 16. EVANGELIUM VITAE
Rerum Novarum. Collapse of - Pope John Paul II
communism in Eastern - Gospel Life
Europe. - 1995
- Message: - Context: Prevalence of
• Critiques fundamental “culture of death” – abortion,
error of communism – euthanasia, death penalty.
atheistic view of - Message:
humanity. • Gives overview of
• Gives qualified threats to human life
support to free market both past and present,
as most efficient and brief history of
system for utilizing the many Biblical
resources and prohibitions against
responding to needs. killing.
Free market also • Speaks out against
recognizes freedom of abortion, euthanasia
human person. and the death penalty.
• Warns against • Calls for a “culture of
consumerism, as well life” embracing truth,
as making capitalist life and love.
system an all-
encompassing COMPENDIUM OF THE SOCIAL
ideology. DOCTRINE OF THE CHURCH
(Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace-
15. TERTIO MILLENNIO 2004)
ADVENIENTE - Foundations of Catholic
- Pope John Paul II Social Teaching—based on
- The Jubilee Year 2000 the natural law and confirmed
- 1994 and strengthened in the faith
- Message: of the Church, by the Gospel
• Commitment to of Christ.
justice and peace;

5
 - Vision of the human person - Context: Worldwide
and society that reflects economic crisis centered on
God’s Kingdom. weakness in financial
- God’s Plan of Love for institutions and the collapse
Humanity. of the housing market.
- Family, Human Work, - Message:
Economic Life, The Political • True human
Community, the International development requires
Community, the charity lived out in
Environment, and Peace. truth, including
- Social Doctrine and Ecclesial respect for the
Action. common good,
religious freedom,
17. DEUS CARITAS EST and the sanctity of
- Pope Benedict XVI human life.
- On Christian Love – God is • Only an economy of
Love communion, a
- January 25, 2006 business ethic
- Context: First Encyclical of centered in persons
Benedict XVI. Comes in the and not in profit, will
midst of a culture of be a sufficient
relativism. response to the
- Message: present economic and
• Encyclical divided financial crisis.
into two parts - Respect for life linked with
• (PART ONE): development
Explains the true - Spread of an anti-birth
meaning of love and mentality
shows how human - Exportation of this mentality
love is raised up, not to other States: “cultural
destroyed, by divine progress”??
love. - Poor are not a “burden, but a
• (PART TWO): resource, even from the
Affirms the Church’s purely economic point of
irreplaceable vocation view.
to carry the charity of - Cultural struggle: supremacy
Christ into a world in of technology and human
need. moral responsibility in
bioethics.
18. CARITAS IN VERITATE
- Pope Benedict XVI 19. LUMEN FIDEI
- Charity in Truth - Pope Francis
- June 29, 2009 - The Light of Faith

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 - June 29, 2013 different situations-
- Message: social justice
• Faith is a Journey, • ‘CRISIS OF
need to be Professed, COMMUNAL
Build COMMITMENT’
• Community • In the markets: the
• relevance and economy of
importance of faith in exclusion, inner city
the modern world: life, spiritual
relativism, worldliness and
secularism, consumerism.
subjectivism and
reductionism. 21. LAUDATO SI
• Faith is the light that - Pope Francis
illumines our journey - Praise be to you: One Care of
in life and provides our Common Home
clarity to all aspects - May 24, 2015
of human existence - Wake up call to help
• Faith unites society in humanity understand the
a common destruction that man is
brotherhood in ways rendering to the environment
that nothing else can and his fellow man.
• “It is impossible to - Man-made causes of
believe alone.” Faith environmental disaster:
is always communal: consumerism: (interests of
requires the Church. business)
- Environmental problems
20. EVANGELII GAUDIUM cannot be separated from the
- Pope Francis analysis of human, family,
- The Joy of the Gospel work related and urban
- November 24, 2013 contexts, nor from how
- Message: individuals relate to
• In commemoration of themselves, which leads in
the end of the Year of turn to how they relate to
Faith others and to the
• Particular attention to environment”
the ‘social dimension - Humanity is called to
of Evangelization’. recognize the need for
changes of lifestyle,
• Context for sharing
production and consumption,
the Joy of the Gospel
in order to combat this
IN a huge amount of
warming or at least the
social problems:

7
 human causes which produce II. PRINCIPLES OF THE
or aggravate it.” CATHOLIC SOCIAL
- The intimate relationship TEACHINGS
between the poor and the
fragility of the planet, MAJOR THEMES
- The conviction that 1. Dignity of the Human Person
everything in the world is 2. Common Good and the Community
connected, 3. Preferential Option for the Poor
- The critique of new 4. Rights and Responsibilities
paradigms and forms of 5. Role of Government and Subsidiarity
power derived from 6. Economic Justice
technology, 7. Stewardship of God’s Creation
- The call to seek other ways of 8. Promotion of Peace and
understanding the economy Disarmaments
and progress 9. Participation
- The value proper to each 10. Global Solidarity and Development
creature
- The human meaning of DIGNITY OF THE HUMAN PERSON
ecology - Foundation of all Catholic
- The serious responsibility of social teaching.
international and local - Human life is sacred: the
policies starting point for a moral
- The throwaway culture and vision for society.
the proposal of a new - Grounded on: MADE IN
lifestyle THE IMAGE OF GOD.
- “Economic powers continue - The person is the clearest
to justify the current global reflection of God among us.
system where priority tends - HUMAN DIGNITY
to be given to speculation • The human person is
and the pursuit of financial at the center of our
gain. As a result, whatever is talk about social,
fragile, like the environment, political and
is defenseless before the economic progress.
interests of the deified • In his original
market, which become the vocation, man, placed
only rule.” at the center of God’s
creation, is ordered
towards serving the
whole of creation
instead of abusing
them.
- Practical Principles

8
 • Every person is a ISSUES/REALITIES
treasure. 1. Contradictions: Culture of Death
• Every life is a sacred - VIOLENCE AGAINST LIFE
gift. • Children forced into
• Every person is a poverty, malnutrition
unity of body, mind, and hunger because of
spirit. unjust distribution of
• Persons are more wealth and goods
important than things. • Wars and scandalous
• A Human Being is an arms trade
END IN HIMSELF, • Reckless tampering
NEVER A MEANS with world’s
toward an end. ecological balance
• Each human being is • Trafficking
a child of God and - War of the powerful over the
special in His eyes weak, defenseless
• Each one has rights 2. Eclipse of the Sense of God
and responsibilities - To lose the sense of God is to
• We are social beings lose the sense of humanity
• God made us co- - Replaced by:
creators with him • Materialism
• We are wounded by • Individualism
sin and inclined to • Utilitarianism
evil and error • Hedonism
- Every political, economic, • Reduction of
social, scientific and cultural sexuality to pure
programme must be inspired materiality
by the awareness of the - Idolatry
primacy of each human being 3. CHANGING DEFINITIONS due
over society [248]. to Media Influence
(Compendium 132) - LOVE
- It is the task of everyone, and • Self-giving to Self-
in a special way of those who seeking
hold various forms of - SEX
political, judicial or • Cooperation with God
professional responsibility to Means of
with regard to others, to be gratification
the watchful conscience of - CHILDREN
society and the first to bear • Fruit of love to A
witness to civil social bother
conditions that are worthy of
human beings.
(Compendium 134)

9
 - Christians are called to be for antidote to unbridled
human life and to help others individualism, which,
live to the fullest. like unrestrained
4. The Seamless Garment selfishness in personal
- PRO-LIFE relations, can destroy
• Protect human life balance, harmony and
• Pursue social justice peace within and
• Promote family life among groups,
neighborhoods,
COMMON GOOD AND COMMUNITY regions and nations.
- Dignity and Rights: • Today, the principle
• Realized with in of the common good
community points to the need for
- Human dignity realized and international
protected in the context of structures that can
relationships with wider promote the just
society. development of
- Social Organization (How) persons and families
• Affected by social across regional and
institutions and national lines.
structures
- “Love of neighbor" requires a GLOBAL COMMON GOOD
broader social commitment. - Sanctify and Dignity of
- Responsibility of all Human Person
- COMMON GOOD - Social Anthropology: Person
• It is the “sum total of is sacred and social
social conditions - Universal Destination of
which allow people Private Property
either as groups or as - Rights and Duties
individuals to reach - 3 Kinds of Justice
their fulfillment more - Preferential Option for the
fully and more easily” Poor
(GS, 26 and CSDC, - Institutions and Systems
164)
• It is the Church’s
response to both the
extremes of any form
of totalitarianism and
of a kind of
individualism.
• A proper
communitarian
concern is the

10
 - Presuppose "respect for the - Have the MOST URGENT
person," "the social well- MORAL CLAIM on the
being and development of the conscience of the nation.
group" and the public - The MORAL TEST OF
authority's maintenance of SOCIETY: how most
"peace and security." vulnerable members are
- Today, the principle of the treated.
common good points to the - public policy: how they affect
need for international the poor.
structures that can promote - A healthy community:
the just development of special attention to those with
persons and families across special needs, poor and
regional and national lines. marginals.
- “We must move forward - We believe that we touch
together, as one, in a renewed Christ when we touch the
spirit of fraternity and needy. We will be judged by
solidarity, cooperating what we choose to do or not
generously for the common to do in regard to the hungry,
good.” (Pope Francis) the thirsty, the sick, the
- To desire the common and homeless, the prisoner.
strive towards it is a - National Conference of
requirement of justice and Catholic Bishops, Economic
charity. (Caritas in Veritate Justice for All, 88
#7) • “NOT AN
ADVERSARIAL
SLOGAN THAT
PITS ONE GROUP
OR CLASS
AGAINST
ANOTHER. “
• The extent of their
suffering is a measure
of how far we are
from being a true
community of
persons.
• These wounds will be
healed only by greater
OPTION FOR THE POOR solidarity with the
- The "option for the poor, “: poor and among the
NOT AGAINST ONE poor themselves,”
GROUP OR CLASS - “In protecting the rights of
private individuals… special

11
 consideration must be given - On December 10, 1948 the
to the weak and the poor. For General Assembly
the nation, as it were, of the of the United Nations
rich, is guarded by its own adopted and proclaimed
defenses and is in less need the Universal Declaration of
of governmental Human Rights (UDHR).
protection…” (Pope Leo
XIII, On the Condition of
Workers (Rerum Novarum),
54)

RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

- Essential for protection of
human dignity and communal
development
- Fundamental right to life and
decency – food, shelter and
clothing, employment, health
care, and education.
- With corresponding rights
and responsibilities: one
another, families, and larger
society. - "These rights apply to every
- The movement towards the stage of life and to every
identification and political, social, economic
proclamation of human rights and cultural situation.
is one of the most significant Together they form a single
attempts to respond whole, directed
effectively to the inescapable unambiguously towards the
demands of human dignity. promotion of every aspect of
(Compendium 152) the good of both the person
- HUMAN RIGHTS and society ... The integral
• Universal legal promotion of every category
guarantees against of human rights is the true
actions and omissions guarantee of full respect for
that interfere with each individual right “.
fundamental (Compendium 154)
freedoms,
entitlements and
human dignity.
• Obliges governments
and other duty-bearers
Declaration of Human Rights

12
Core Principles of Human Rights • The good of the
- UNIVERSAL whole society
• All individuals are - We are responsible for the
equal as human well-being of our neighbor.
beings Rights lead to duties
- INALIENABLE - UDHR, Article 29, states
• Cannot voluntarily be that:
given up Cannot be • “Everyone has duties
taken away from any to the community in
one which alone the free
- INDIVISIBLE AND and full development
INTERRELATED of his or her
• completely personality is
interdependent and possible.”
depend on each other - Help carry one another’s
for their effectiveness. burdens; in that way you will
- NON-DISCRIMINATION fulfill the law of Christ.
• Everyone is entitled (Galatians 6:2)
to human rights - In the world where some
without speak mostly of “rights” and
discrimination. others mostly of
- EMPOWERMENT/ “responsibilities” the
PARTICIPATION Catholic tradition teaches that
• Endow people the human dignity can be
power to claim them protected and a healthy
from their community can be achieved
governments (not only if human rights are
through charity) protected and responsibilities
- ACCOUNTABILITY are met. (Sharing Catholic
• Governments have Social Teaching)
certain duties and
obligations to respect, Building Blocks for Human Rights
protect and fulfill CONSCIOUSNESS
human rights. 1. BLCK 1: THINKING
(Individuals and non- - Know your human rights
state actors also have 2. BLCK 2: FEELING
duties to others) - Value your human rights
3. BLCK 3: EQUIPPING
Rights are not unlimited - Learn new human rights
- We have the responsibility skills
for: 4. BLCK 4: ACTING
• The good of others - Practice human rights

13
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AND - Opposes collectivist and
SUBSIDIARITY statist economic approaches.
- State: instrument to promote - Free market does not
human dignity, protect automatically produce
human rights, and build the justice.
common good. - Competition must be kept
- RIGHT AND within limits.
RESPONSIBILITY TO
PARTICIPATE: achieve its STEWARDS OF GOD’S CREATION
proper goals. - Goods of the earth: gifts from
- Principle of Subsidiarity: God - intended for everyone.
Authorities allow freedom - SOCIAL MORTGAGE:
/independence at the lowest guides use and a
level possible. responsibility to care for
- GOVRMNENT ONLY these goods as stewards and
INTERVENES WHEN trustees, not as mere
NECESSARY. consumers and users.
- SUBSIDIARITY - Manner we treat the
• The Superior order environment is a measure of
must adopt attitudes stewardship, a sign of our
of help (support, respect for the creator.
promotion, - Universal Destination of
development) with Goods
respect to lower-order • Calls to facilitate the
societies. conditions necessary
• This is the Church’s for integral human
alternative to development
imperialism, • Reminds us of our
totalitarianism, and responsibility to look
managerialism. after the decency of
ECONOMIC JUSTICE life of other people
- Economy is for people and the provision of
- Right to productive work, their basic needs
decent and fair wages, and • Reminds us of the
safe working conditions, right legitimacy of our
to organize and join unions. private properties but
- Right to economic initiative only as a means
and private property with
limits.
- Morally questionable to
amass excessive WEALTH
when others lack the basic
necessities of life.

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PROMOTION OF PEACE AND - Authentic development:
DISARMAMENT integral human development:
- Peace as a positive, action- respect and promote personal,
oriented concept. social, economic, and
- Pope John Paul II, "Peace is political rights, including the
not just absence of war: but rights of nations and of
mutual respect and peoples.
confidence between peoples - Extremes of
and nations. It involves ‘underdevelopment’ and
collaboration and binding “super development"
agreements.” - Material goods, and technical
- Peace is the fruit of justice resources unsatisfactory and
and is dependent upon right debasing: if no respect for
order among human beings. moral, cultural, and spiritual
dimensions of the person.
PARTICIPATION - SOLIDARITY
- All people have a right to • Firm and persevering
participate in the economic, determination to
political, and cultural life of commit oneself to the
society. common good, not a
- Fundamental demand of mere feeling of vague
justice and a requirement for compassion of
human dignity: all people be shallow distress
assured a minimum level of (CSDC, 193)
participation in the • Church’s response to
community. growing culture of
- It is wrong for a person or a apathy and
group to be excluded unfairly indifference.
or to be unable to participate - Solidarity is determination to
in society. commit oneself to the
- It is a direct consequence of common good
the principle of subsidiarity • Because we are all
and the practice of social one family and we
inclusion. are responsible for
each other
GLOBAL SOLIDARITY AND • Solidarity
DEVELOPMENT prevents rich
- One human family: nation from being
Responsibilities cross indifferent to the
national, racial, economic poverty and
and ideological differences. human rights
- Work for global justice violations
experienced by

15
 people living in best approach to immigration
other nations. or to health care reform,
solidarity helps us remember
EXAMPLES OF SOLIDARITY that these political issues
1. Treating people equally, regardless affect real people, people
of their gender, race or national who are our brothers and
origin sisters. When we remember
- For instance, if our this, we are more likely to
employment practices arrive at a truly just solution.
discriminate unfairly against - We are called to work for
a group of people, we can both local and global peace
practice solidarity by and justice.
reforming the practices
2. Striving for a more just society that
respects the rights of all people
- For example, we are in
solidarity with the unborn
when we work to reduce the
number of abortions. We are
in solidarity with people who
are homeless or hungry when
we meet their immediate
needs and work to overcome
the underlying causes.
3. Donating or volunteering to help
people in need, even if they live far
away
- For instance, when we donate
to help people we'll never
meet, whether as part of a
missionary effort or in
response to a natural disaster,
we are affirming the truth
that we are one, human
family.

SOLIDARITY AND POLITICS

- Solidarity can affect our
attitudes towards several
current political issues
- Example: Although well-
informed people may
disagree strongly about the

16