1. Let P(x) denote the statement “x ≤ 4.” What are these truth values?

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a) P(0)
P(x) denotes the statement “x ≤ 4.”
We obtain the statement P(0) by setting x=0 in the statement “x ≤ 4.” Hence, P(0) which
is the statement “0≤ 4.” Is true
b) P(4)
We obtain the statement P(4) by setting x=4 in the statement “x ≤ 4.” Hence, P(4) which
is the statement “4≤ 4.” Is true
c) P(6)
We obtain the statement P(6) by setting x=6 in the statement “x ≤ 4.” Hence, P(6) which
is the statement “6≤ 4.” Is FALSE
2. Let P(x) be the statement “the word x contains the letter a.” What are these truth
values?
a) P(orange)
This statement is true because the word “orange” contains the letter a.
b) P(lemon)
This statement is false because the word “lemon” contains the letter a.
c) P(true)
This statement is false because the word “true” contains the letter a.
d) P(false)
This statement is true because the word “false” contains the letter a.
3. Let Q(x, y) denote the statement “x is the capital of y.” What are these truth values?
a) Q(Denver, Colorado)
Q(Denver,Colorado) means “Denver is the capital of Colorado”. And the capital of Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Bold, Underline
Colorado is Denver, this statement is true.
b) Q(Detroit, Michigan) Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt

“Detroit is the capital of Michigan.” Since the Capital of Michigan is Lansing (not
Detroit). The statement is false. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Bold, Underline

c) Q(Massachusetts, Boston) Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt

“Massachusetts is the capital of Boston”. Since the capital of Massachusetts is

Boston hence the statement is false because Boston is the capital of Massacu Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Bold, Underline

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d) Q(NewYork, NewYork)
“New York is the capital of NEwyork. Since the capital of New York is Albany not New
York hence the statement is false.
4. State the value of x after the statement ifP(x) then x := 1 is executed, where P(x) is
the statement “x > 1,” if the value of x when this statement is reached is
a) x = 0.
The statement x>1 when x=0 P(x) is false Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Bold, Underline

X remains at 0 and is not assigned to 1

x>1 does not hold
p(x) is true
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x:=1is not executed
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x=0 remains unchanged Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt

b) x = 1. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Not Bold, No

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x>1 does not hold Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt

p(x) is not true Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Not Bold, No
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x:=1 is not executed Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Not Bold, No underline

x=1 remains unchanged Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Not Bold, No
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c) x = 2. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Not Bold, No
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x>1 holds
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p(x) is true Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Not Bold, No
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x:=is executed
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We get x=1 after executed Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Not Bold, No
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5. Let P(x) be the statement “x spends more than five hours every weekday in class,”
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where the domain for x consists of all students. Express each of these quantifications in
English. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Not Bold, No
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a) ∃xP(x) there exist a student who spends more than 5 hours every weekday in class Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt

b) ∀xP(x) all students spend more than 5 hours everyweekday in class. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Not Bold, No
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c) ∃x ￢P(x) there exist a student who does not spend more than 5 hours every Formatted ...
weekday in class
d) ∀x ￢P(x all of the student do not spend five hours every week day in class. Formatted ...

6. Let N(x) be the statement “x has visited North Dakota,” where the domain consists of
the students in your school. Express each of these quantifications in English.
a) ∃xN(x) There exist a student in your school who has visited North Dakota Formatted ...

b) ∀xN(x) All students in your school visited North Dakota Formatted ...

c) ￢∃xN(x) There does not exist a student in your school who has visited North Formatted ...
Dakota.
d) ∃x￢N(x) There exists a student in your school who has not visited North Formatted ...
Dakota

e) ￢∀xN(x) Not all students in your school have visited North Dakota Formatted ...

f ) ∀x￢N(x) All of the students in your school have not visited North Dakota Formatted ...

7. Translate these statements into English, where C(x) is “x is a comedian” and F(x) is
“x is funny” and the domain consists of all people.
a) ∀x(C(x) → F(x)) For all people, if the person is a comedian, then the person is Formatted ...
funny. ALL COMEDIANS ARE FUNNY.
b) ∀x(C(x) F(x)) ∧ For all people, if the person is a comedian and the person is Formatted ...
funny. EVERY PERSON IS A COMEDIAN AND FUNNY.
c) ∃x(C(x) → F(x)) There exists a person such that, if the person is a comedian, Formatted ...
then the person is funny.
d) ∃x(C(x) F(x)) There exist a person such that, the person is a comedian and then Formatted ...
the person is funny. THERE EXIST A PERSON THAT IS A COMEDIAN ANDFUNNY.
8. Translate these statements into English, where R(x) is “x is a rabbit” and H(x) is “x Formatted ...
hops” and the domain consists of all animals.
a) ∀x(R(x) → H(x)) ALL RABBITS HOP. Formatted ...

b) ∀x(R(x) H(x)) ∧ ALL ANIMALS ARE HOPPING RABBITS. Formatted ...

c) ∃x(R(x) → H(x)) THERE EXISTS AN ANIMAL THAT, IF IT IS A RABBIT, THEN IT Formatted ...
HOPS
d) ∃x(R(x) H(x)) THERE IS A RABBIT THAT HOPS Formatted ...

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ELDRIN JAE IBE