JAZZ

- Jazz is defined as a style of music, native to America, characterized by a strong flexible rhythmic with solo and
improvisations on basic tunes, chord patterns and etc. It was an offshoot of the music of African slaves who
migrated to America. Considered a therapeutic outlet for human feelings.
RAGTIME
- An American popular musical style mainly for piano, originating in the Afro-American communities in St. Louis and
New Orleans. A modification of the “marching mode” made popular by John Philip Sousa; internally syncopated
melodic line pitted against a rhythmically straightforward bass line.
- Music is contains regular meters and clear phrases, with an alternation of low bass or bass octaves and chords.
- Jelly Roll Morton: American ragtime and early jazz pianist and composed: Frog I More Rag; “King of Ragtime.”
- Scott Joplin: composed the popular Maple Leaf Rag, Solace
- Classical composers with ragtime influence: Erik Satie, Claude Debussy, and Igor Stravinsky, who injected ragtime
rhythmic elements in their compositions.
BIG BAND
- large ensemble form originating in the US in the mid 1920’s closely associated w/ the Swing Era w/ jazz elements.
- A standard big band 17-piece instrumentation consists of the following musical instruments percussion, brass,
and woodwind instruments. Some big bands use additional instruments. Big band music originated in the United
States and is associated with jazz and the swing.
- Among the great big bands were the Glenn Miller Orchestra (A String of Pearls, Moonlight Serenade, In The Mood,
American Patrol, and Smoke Gets in Your Eyes); the Count Basie Orchestra (April in Paris); and the Benny
Goodman Orhcestra (Sing, Sing, Sing); while some solo signers such as Cab Calloway (Minnie the Moocher) Doris
Day (Stardust, I’m in the Mood for Love); Roy Eldridge, and others also collaborated with big bands.
BEBOP
- modern jazz, characterized by a fast tempo, instrumental virtuosity, and improvisation; emerged during WWII.
- Speed of harmony, melody, and rhythm resulted heavy performance; instrumentals became more tense and free.
- Its main exponents were trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie, alto sax player Charlie Parker, drummers Max Roach and Roy
Haynes, pianists Bud Powell and Thelonius Monk; guitarist Charlie Christian; tenor sax players Dexter Gordon and
Sonny Rollins, who was also a composer; and trombonist JJ Johnson.
JAZZ ROCK
- the music of 1960’s and 1970’s bands that inserted jazz elements into rock music; Synonym: “jazz fusion”
- jazz rock is a mix of funk and R&B (“rhythm and blues”) rhythms; music used amplification and electronic effects,
complex time signatures, and extended instrumental compositions with lengthy improvisations in the jazz style.
- Popular singer/songwriters Joni Mitchell, Tim Buckley, and Van Morrison.
- Some popular groups that emerged using the above music styles: Grateful Dead; Cream; Blood, Sweat, and Tears;
Santana; Traffic; Chicago; Steely Dan; Lighthouse; Frank Zappa; Machine; and Hatfield and the North.

POPULAR MUSIC
- Literally means “music of the populace”. Developed in the 20th century, pop music generally consisted of music
for entertainment of large numbers of people, whether on radio or in live performances.
BALLADS
- An expressive folksong in narrative verse with text dealing typically about love.
- Medieval French “chanson balladee” and “ballade” which refers to a dancing song.
- 18th century; Used by poets and composers | 19th century; became a slow popular love song.
DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTIC:
1. BLUES BALLADS - This is a fusion of Anglo-American and Afro-American styles from the 19th century that deals
with the anti-heroes resisting authority. Form emphasizes the character of the performer more than the narrative
content. Accompanied by the banjo or guitar
2. POP STANDARD AND JAZZ BALLADS - a blues style built from a single verse of 16 bars ending on the dominant or
half-cadence; followed by a refrain/chorus part of 16 or 32 bars in AABA form. The B section acts as the bridge,
and the piece normally ends with a brief coda. Some enduring pop standard and jazz ballads include The Man I
Love (George Gershwin), Always (Irving Berlin), and In a Sentimental Mood (Duke Ellington).
 3. POP AND ROCK BALLAD - an emotional love song with suggestions of folk music; Like Beatles’ composition “The
Ballad of John and Yoko” and Billy Joel’s “The Ballad of Billy.” Sometimes applied to strophic story-songs of Don
McLean’s “American Pie.”
STANDARDS
- Denotes the most popular and enduring songs; Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and Rodgers and Hart.
- Mostly in a slow or moderate tempo with a relaxed mood; features highly singable melodies within the range and
technical capacity of the everyday listener.
- Foremost proponents: FRANK SINATRA, also known as “Ol Blue Eyes,” “Chairman of the Board,” or “The Voice.”;
His genre was categorized as traditional pop and jazz; a successful singer, actor, producer, director, and
conductor; hit singles include My Way and Strangers in the Night.
- Another well-loved standards singer: NAT KING COLE, (1) American balladeer, accomplished pianist with soothing
baritone voice; (2) performed in big band, vocal jazz, swing traditional pop, and jump blues genres; (3) first black
American to host his own tv show; (4) maintained worldwide popularity over 40 years past his death; “one of the
most important musical personalities in United States history”; hit song: Unfogettable, Mona Lisa, and Too Young.
- MATT MONROE, English singer who became one of the most popular entertainers in the international music
scene during the 1960s; (1) 30-year career: filled cabarets, nightclubs, music halls, and stadia in Australia, Japan,
the Philippines, and Hong Kong to Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and the Americas; (2) hit singles: Portrait of My
Love, Softly as I Leave You, the James bond theme From Russia with Love, Born Free, which became his signature
song, and Walk Away.
ROCK AND ROLL
- a hugely popular song form in the United States during the late 1940’s to the 1950’s
- Combined Afro-American forms such as the blues, jump blues, jazz, and gospel music with the Western swing and
country music. Lead instruments: piano and saxophone.
- Rock and roll employed one or two electric guitars (lead, rhythm), a string bass or bass guitar, and a set of drums
that provided the rhythmic pattern. Came during the age of technological change when electric guitars were
supplemented by amplifiers and microphones to raise the volume
- Derived its name from the mot of a ship on the ocean, “rock and roll.”
- ELVIS PRESLEY, greatest exponent of the rock and roll style; hit songs: Heartbreak Hotel and Blue Suede Shoes.
- Presley’s style was the precursor of the British band known as THE BEATLES.
- The Beatles’ songs in Rock and Roll genre: I Saw Her Standing There, Get Back, While My Guitar Gently Weeps,
Rock and Roll Music, and Ticket to Ride.
o JOHN LENNON (1940-1980), English musician, singer, performer, songwriter and co-songwriter (Paul
McCartney) from Liverpool, England; “the most commercially successful band in the history of popular
music.”; considered as “one of the most celebrated song writing partnerships of the 20th century.”; Hits:
Strawberry Fields Forever, Help, In My Life, Tomorrow Never Knows, Rain, Norwegian Road, I am the
Walrus, Come Together, You’ve Got to Hide Your Love Away, and Happiness is a Warm Gun; 1970, The
Beatles disbanded, Lennon embarked on a solo career; Solo top billboard hits: Imagine, Mind Games,
Power to the People, Dream, Nobody Told Me, Watching the Wheels, Woman, Whatever Gets You
Through the Night, and Instant Karma. 2002, BBC poll on the 100 Greatest Britons, John was voted in
eighth place; 2008, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked him the “fifth-greatest singer of all time.”;
posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987; Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice as a
member of The Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 1994.
o SIR JAMES PAUL MCCARTNEY (1942- ), English singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, co-writer, and
composer; Gained worldwide popularity and fame as a member of The Beatles, which included John
Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr; “Recognized as one of the most successful composers and
performers of all time, with 60 gold discs and sales of over 100 million albums and 100 million singles of
his work with the Beatles and as a solo artist.”; Two-time inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a
member of The Beatles in 1988, and as a solo artist in 1999; 21-time Grammy Award winner individually
and with The Beatles; written or co-written 32 songs that have reached number one on the Billboard Hot
100; 2014, sold more than “15.5 million RIAA-certified units” in the US; Top hits: Hey Jude; Fool on the
Hill; I’ll Follow the Sun; I Will; I Saw Her Standing There; All My Loving; Paperback Writer; Michelle; Eleanor
Rigby; We Can Work It Out; And I Love Her; Here, There, and Everywhere; Penny Lane; and others.
 DISCO
- Pertained to rock music that was more danceable, thus leading to the establishment of venues for public dancing
also called discos.
- French word “discotheque” which means a library for phonograph records.
- Had a soaring and reverberating sound rhythmically controlled by a steady beat (usually meter) for ease of
dancing, and accompanied by strings, horns, electric guitars, and electric pianos or synthesizers.
- Famous figures: ABBA, Donna Summer (“The Queen of Disco”), The Bee Gees; Earth, Wind, and Fire; KC and the
Sunshine Band; The Village People; and Gloria Gaynor, bringing us such hits as Dancing Queen, Stayin’ Alive, Boogie
Wonderland, and Hot Stuff.
POP MUSIC
- Parallel with the disco era, other pop music superstars continued to emerge.
- Neil Sedaka (Laughter in the Rain), Diana Ross and the Supremes (Stop in the Name of Love), Olivia Newton John
(Hopelessly Devoted to You), Stevie Wonder (You Are the Sunshine of My Life), Elton John (Skyline Pigeon), The
Carpenters (We’ve Only Just Begun), and Barry Manilow (Mandy).
- SOLO ARTISTS: Celine Dion (My Heart Will Go On), Madonna (Material Girl), Whitney Houston (I Will Always Love
You), Mariah Carey (Hero), Justin Timberlake (Justified), Britney Spears (Oops, I Did It Again), Beyonce
(Irreplaceable), Lady Gaga (Bad Romance), and Bruno Mars (Just The Way You Are); as well as VOCAL GROUPS
such as Boyz II Men (Four Seasons of Loneliness), The Backstreet Boys (I Want It That Way), N’Sync (This I Promise
You), Destiny’s Child (Survivor), among many others.
o MICHAEL JACKSON, “The King of Pop”, born on August 29, 1958 and died on June 25, 2009; American recording artist,
entertainer, singer-songwriter, record producer, musical arranger, dancer, choreographer, actor, businessman, and
philanthropist; 7th child of the Jackson family; 1968 as a member of The Jackson 5; solo career in 1971; Jackson's 1982
album Thriller remains the world's best-selling album of all time; Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), and
History (1995); first African American entertainer to amass a strong crossover following on MTV; Popularized “robot
“and “moonwalk”; “Multiple Guinness World Records”; "Most Successful Entertainer of All Time"
- TODAY’S POP MUSIC IDOLS: As the 21st century; Music Groups like Black Eyed Peas, K Pop (Korean), My Chemical
Romance, Fall Out Boys, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, Souja Boy, Train, Maroon 5, and One Direction; Solo
Performers include Adele, Taylor Swift, Ed Sheeran, Rihanna, Chris Brown, Ariana Grande, Justin Beiber, Miley
Cyrus, Katy Perry, Nikki Minaj, Selena Gomez, and others.
HIP HOP AND RAP
- HIP HOP, a stylized, highly rhythmic type of music ; includes portions of rhytmically chanted words called “rap.”
- Hip hop arose in the 1970s within the Afro-American and Latino youth in the Bronx area of New York City.
- It has since evolved into a subculture that encompasses music (rapping, DJing, scratching, and beatboxing); a
nearly acrobatic style of dancing, called break dancing; a distinct manner of dress; and graffiti-style artwork
- Early Hip Hop Artists: LL Cool J and Run-D.M.C.; More Recent Popular : Beastie Boys, Eminem, and Kanye West
ALTERNATIVE MUSIC
- an underground independent form of music that arose in the 1980’s
- Became widely popular in the 1990’s as a way to defy “mainstream” rock music.
- Known for its unconventional practices such as distorted guitar sounds, oppressive lyrics, and defiant attitudes.
- New styles such as new wave, punk rock, post-punk, indie rock, gothic rock, jangle pop, noise pop, C86,
Madchester, Industrial Rock, and Shoegazing. Examples of alternative music are You Belong with Me, Shake It Off

PHILIPPINE POPULAR MUSIC

- Philippine music is the type commonly termed as Original Pinoy Music or Original Philippine Music, or OPM for
short.
- In the 1960s to 1970s, Nora Aunor, Pilita Corrales, Eddie Peregrina, Victor Wood, Asin, APO Hiking Society, and
others were highly popular OPM singers. In the 1970s to 1980s, the major commercial Philippine pop music artists
were Claire dela Fuente, Didith Reyes, Rico Puno, Ryan Cayabyab, Basil Valdez, Celeste Legaspi, Hajji Alejandro,
Rey Valera, Freddie Aguilar, Imelda Papin, Eva Eugenio, Nonoy Zuñiga, and many others.
ORIGINAL PILIPINO MUSIC (OPM)
- 1980s to 1990s, the golden era of Philippine ballads.
 - Ryan Cayabyab (Kay Ganda ng Ating Musika, Kahit Ika’y Panaginip Lang); George Canseco (Kapantay ay Langit,
Kastilyong Buhangin, Tubig at Langis); Willie Cruz (Sana’y Wala Nang Wakas); Jose Mari Chan (Beautiful Girl,
Please Be Careful With My Heart, Constant Change); Gary Valenciano (Sana Maulit Muli) | OPM: popularized by
solo artists like Pilita Corales, Nora Aunor, Basil Valdez, Celeste Legaspi, Hajji Alejandro, Leah Navarro, Sharon
Cuneta, Martin Nievera, Gary Valenciano, ZsaZsa Padilla, Regine Velasquez, & Ogie Alcasid.
- Centered in Manila; Tagalog and English are the dominant languages. However, other ethno-linguistic groups such
as the Visayan, Bikol, Kapampangan, and Ilocano also began to sing and record their songs in their native dialects.
- More recently, OPM stars have included Yeng Constantino, Sarah Geronimo, Aisa Seguerra, and international
singers Arnel Pineda (of the international rock group, Journey), Charice Pempengco, and others.
PHILIPPINE POP MUSIC
- Philippines started as an adaptation or translation of Western hits.
- It started w/ Bobby Gonzales’ Hahabol-habol (Hot Pursuit), a local version of the rock and roll songs of the 1950s,
and Rico Puno’s Luneta, a local adaptation of The Way We Were. This immediately clicked with the youth and
eventually gained wide acceptance even among the “burgis” (bourgeois or elite) crowd.
- “Manila Sound”, mid-1970s gave rise to songs using a colloquial language called Taglish; Among the proponents of
the Manila Sound were the Hotdog, Cinderella, The Rainmakers, and the Apo Hiking Society. After waning briefly
in the 1990’s, this sound regained popularity in recent years with remakes of the 1970’s originals by
contemporary rock bands.
PHILIPPINE JAZZ
- Jazz pianist and recording artist Boy Katindig, who comes from the well-known clan of musicians that includes jazz
piano legend Romy Katindig and saxophonist Eddie Katindig. The Katindig family pioneered Latin jazz in Manila.
- Other notable Filipino jazz musicians include Lito Molina, Angel Peña, Emil Mijares, and internationally known jazz
pianist Bobby Enriquez.
PHILIPPINE ALTERNATIVE FOLK MUSIC
- Some of the Filipino composers who championed this style were Joey Ayala, Grace Nono, and Edru Abraham of
Kontragapi (“Kontemporaryong Gamelan Pilipino”). from folk to semi-ethnic were Freddie Aguilar, best known for
his song Anak; Yoyoy Villame, composer of Magellan; Florante, composer of Ako’y Isang Pinoy; and Gary Granada,
composer of Ka Bayani
PHILIPPINE ROCK
- 1973 saw the birth of Philippine or“Pinoy” rock music which successfully merged the rock beat with Filipino lyrics.
- New sound was introduced by the legendary Juan de la Cruz Band (with their song Ang Himig Natin) which had for
its members Joey “Pepe” Smith, Wally Gonzales, and the originator of Jeproks, Mike Hanopol, who later became a
major symbol of Pinoy rock.
- Other early exponents of Pinoy rock: Maria Cafra; Sampaguita, the female rocker; and folk-rock singer Heber
Bartolome and his Banyuhay band, whose songs expressed strong messages of nationalism.
- Vocal groups and bands: River Maya, The Dawn, True Faith, The Eraserheads, Wolfgang, Bamboo, Parokya ni
Edgar, Hale, Sandwich, SugarFree, Sponge Cola,and others.
PINOY RAP
- made popular by such composers and performers as Francis Magalona (Mga Kababayan Ko and Watawat) and
Andrew E (Humanap Ka ng Pangit).
- FRANCIS MAGALONA, born on October 4, 1964 and died on March 6, 2009; A.K.A. FrancisM, “Master Rapper,” and
“The Man From Manila.”; a Filipino rapper, songwriter, producer, actor, director, television host, and
photographer; “King of Pinoy Rap”
- awarded a posthumous Presidential Medal of Merit “for his musical and artistic brilliance, his deep faith in the
Filipino, and his sense of national pride that continue to inspire us.”
Pop Music Collaborations
- Philippine pop artists have also collaborated with classical artists and orchestras in a number of their recordings
and concerts.
- Featured the Philippine Philharmonic Orchestra, the ABS-CBN Orchestra, and the Manila Philharmonic Orchestra
in performances at the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and the Philippine International Convention Center
(PICC), as well as at the Araneta Coliseum and Folk Arts Theater (FAT)