Universe - The term “the Universe” is derived from the Latin word “universum”, which was used by

Roman statesman Cicero and later Roman authors to refer to the world and the cosmos as they knew
it. This consisted of the Earth and all living creatures that dwelt therein, as well as the Moon, the Sun,
the then-known planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn) and the stars.

Galaxy - A galaxy is a huge collection of gas, dust, and billions of stars and their solar systems, all held
together by gravity.

Solar system, assemblage consisting of the Sun—an average star in the Milky Way Galaxy—and those
bodies orbiting around it: 8 (formerly 9) planets with about 170 known planetary satellites (moons);
countless asteroids, some with their own satellites; comets and other icy bodies; and vast reaches of
highly tenuous gas and dust known as the interplanetary medium.

(1) NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS—For many years the nebular hypothesis was a leading theory. According
to it, the sun and its planets supposedly condensed out of swirling eddies of cold, dark, interstellar
clouds of gas and dust.
(2) FISSION THEORY—The "fission theory" says that our sun burst one day, and all our planets came
from it. Then the moons shot out from each planet, stopped, turned sideways and began circling the
planets they came out of. Our moon is said to have emerged from an explosion in the Pacific Ocean.
(3) CAPTURE THEORY—The "capture theory" says that our planets and moons were wandering
around in space and the planets were captured by the gravity of our sun, and the moons were captured
by the planets.
(4) ACCRETION THEORY—The "accretion, condensation, nebular contraction," or "dust cloud" theory
says that small chunks of material separately formed themselves into our earth and the moon.
(5) PLANETARY COLLISION THEORY—The "collision theory" of the origin our moon theorizes that our
world is said to have collided with a small planet. The resulting explosion threw off rocks which formed
our orbiting moon.
(6) STELLAR COLLISION THEORY—The "collision theory" of the origin of our entire solar system
suggests that our planets, moons, and sun all spun off from a collision between stars.
(7) GAS CLOUD THEORY—The "gas cloud theory" of our planets and moons teaches that gas clouds
were captured by our sun, which then mysteriously formed themselves at a distance into planets and
moons.

Planets :
Mercury - The smallest planet in our solar system and nearest to the Sun, Mercury is only slightly larger
than Earth's Moon. From the surface of Mercury, the Sun would appear more than three times as large
as it does when viewed from Earth, and the sunlight would be as much as seven times brighter. Despite
its proximity to the Sun, Mercury is not the hottest planet in our solar system – that title belongs to
nearby Venus, thanks to its dense atmosphere. But Mercury is the fastest planet, zipping around the
Sun every 88 Earth days.

Venus - second planet from the Sun and our closest planetary neighbor. Similar in structure and size
to Earth, Venus spins slowly in the opposite direction from most planets. Its thick atmosphere traps heat
in a runaway greenhouse effect, making it the hottest planet in our solar system with surface
temperatures hot enough to melt lead. Glimpses below the clouds reveal volcanoes and deformed
mountains.

Earth - Our home planet is the third planet from the Sun, and the only place we know of so far that’s
inhabited by living things. While Earth is only the fifth largest planet in the solar system, it is the only
world in our solar system with liquid water on the surface. Just slightly larger than nearby Venus, Earth
is the biggest of the four planets closest to the Sun, all of which are made of rock and metal.

Mars - was named by the ancient Romans for their god of war because its reddish color was reminiscent
of blood. Other civilizations also named the planet for this attribute; for example, the Egyptians called it
"Her Desher," meaning "the red one." Even today, it is frequently called the "Red Planet" because iron
minerals in the Martian dirt oxidize, or rust, causing the surface to look red.

Jupiter - the fifth planet from our Sun and is, by far, the largest planet in the solar system – more than
twice as massive as all the other planets combined. Jupiter's stripes and swirls are actually cold, windy
clouds of ammonia and water, floating in an atmosphere of hydrogen and helium. Jupiter’s iconic Great
Red Spot is a giant storm bigger than Earth that has raged for hundreds of years.

Saturn - the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in our solar system. Adorned with
a dazzling system of icy rings, Saturn is unique among the planets. It is not the only planet to have rings,
but none are as spectacular or as complex as Saturn's. Like fellow gas giant Jupiter, Saturn is a massive
ball made mostly of hydrogen and helium.

Uranus - The seventh planet from the Sun with the third largest diameter in our solar system, Uranus is
very cold and windy. The ice giant is surrounded by 13 faint rings and 27 small moons as it rotates at a
nearly 90-degree angle from the plane of its orbit. This unique tilt makes Uranus appear to spin on its
side, orbiting the Sun like a rolling ball.

Neptune - Dark, cold and whipped by supersonic winds, ice giant Neptune is the eighth and most distant
planet in our solar system. More than 30 times as far from the Sun as Earth, Neptune is the only planet
in our solar system not visible to the naked eye. In 2011 Neptune completed its first 165-year orbit since
its discovery in 1846.
1. Hydrosphere (Water)
The hydrosphere includes all the gaseous, liquid, and solid water of the planet earth. The hydrosphere
stretches all the way from the Earth’s surface downward numerous miles into the lithosphere and high
above the crust into the atmosphere. Most of the water in the atmosphere is in gaseous form and as it
rises higher into the atmosphere it condenses to form clouds which fall back on earth as precipitation.
2. Biosphere (Living Things)
All the living things in the planet are categorized under the biosphere. In this view, the biosphere
includes all of the animals, plants, and microorganisms of earth. Humans as well belong to this
group. The entire ecological communities within the physical surrounding of the earth are within the
umbrella of living things (biosphere). These ecological communities interact together with the physical
aspects of the earth including the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and the atmosphere.
3. Lithosphere (Land)
The lithosphere is made up of all the hard and solid land mass on the earth’s surface, the semi-solid
rocks (molten materials) underneath the earth crust, and the liquid rocks in the inner core of the
earth. The surface of the lithosphere is uneven as it is characterized by various landform features. Some
of the landforms include mountains like the Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount Vesuvius in Italy, deep
valleys within the mountain ranges, huge plains like the ones in Texas and Brazil, extensive plateaus
like Bolivian plateau in South America and the Colorado plateau of the United States, and hills like the
black hills.
4. Atmosphere (Air)
All the air in the atmosphere makes up the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a mixture of nitrogen (about
78%), oxygen (about 21%), and other gasses (about 1%) such as carbon dioxide (0.039%), argon
(0.93%) and the rest are trace gases (krypton, neon, helium , and xenon). The higher the atmosphere,
the thinner it becomes and this trait gradually moves towards space. The atmosphere extends all the
way from the earth’s crust to more than 6200 miles (10,000 kilometers) above the earth’s surface into
space. The atmosphere is divided into several layers and amongst the layers is the stratosphere that
contains the ozone layer which protects the organisms in the biosphere from the sun’s harmful radiation.

Layers of the atmosphere:

Troposphere
The troposphere is the lowest layer of our atmosphere. Starting at ground level, it extends upward to
about 10 km (6.2 miles or about 33,000 feet) above sea level. We humans live in the troposphere, and
nearly all weather occurs in this lowest layer. Most clouds appear here, mainly because 99% of the
water vapor in the atmosphere is found in the troposphere. Air pressure drops, and temperatures get
colder, as you climb higher in the troposphere.

Stratosphere
The next layer up is called the stratosphere. The stratosphere extends from the top of the troposphere
to about 50 km (31 miles) above the ground. The infamous ozone layer is found within the stratosphere.
Ozone molecules in this layer absorb high-energy ultraviolet (UV) light from the Sun, converting the UV
energy into heat. Unlike the troposphere, the stratosphere actually gets warmer the higher you go! That
trend of rising temperatures with altitude means that air in the stratosphere lacks the turbulence and
updrafts of the troposphere beneath. Commercial passenger jets fly in the lower stratosphere, partly
because this less-turbulent layer provides a smoother ride. The jet stream flows near the border
between the troposphere and the stratosphere.

Mesosphere
Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere. It extends upward to a height of about 85 km (53 miles)
above our planet. Most meteors burn up in the mesosphere. Unlike the stratosphere, temperatures once
again grow colder as you rise up through the mesosphere. The coldest temperatures in Earth's
atmosphere, about -90° C (-130° F), are found near the top of this layer. The air in the mesosphere is
far too thin to breathe; air pressure at the bottom of the layer is well below 1% of the pressure at sea
level, and continues dropping as you go higher.

Thermosphere
The layer of very rare air above the mesosphere is called the thermosphere. High-energy X-rays and
UV radiation from the Sun are absorbed in the thermosphere, raising its temperature to hundreds or at
times thousands of degrees. However, the air in this layer is so thin that it would feel freezing cold to
us! In many ways, the thermosphere is more like outer space than a part of the atmosphere. Many
satellites actually orbit Earth within the thermosphere! Variations in the amount of energy coming from
the Sun exert a powerful influence on both the height of the top of this layer and the temperature within
it. Because of this, the top of the thermosphere can be found anywhere between 500 and 1,000 km
(311 to 621 miles) above the ground. Temperatures in the upper thermosphere can range from about
500° C (932° F) to 2,000° C (3,632° F) or higher. The aurora, the Northern Lights and Southern Lights,
occur in the thermosphere.

Exosphere
Although some experts consider the thermosphere to be the uppermost layer of our atmosphere, others
consider the exosphere to be the actual "final frontier" of Earth's gaseous envelope. As you might
imagine, the "air" in the exosphere is very, very, very thin, making this layer even more space-like than
the thermosphere. In fact, air in the exosphere is constantly - though very gradually - "leaking" out of
Earth's atmosphere into outer space. There is no clear-cut upper boundary where the exosphere finally
fades away into space. Different definitions place the top of the exosphere somewhere between
100,000 km (62,000 miles) and 190,000 km (120,000 miles) above the surface of Earth.

Ionosphere
The ionosphere is not a distinct layer like the others mentioned above. Instead, the ionosphere is a
series of regions in parts of the mesosphere and thermosphere where high-energy radiation from the
Sun has knocked electrons loose from their parent atoms and molecules. The electrically charged
atoms and molecules that are formed in this way are called ions, giving the ionosphere its name and
endowing this region with some special properties.

Minerals and rocks are the essential building blocks of the geosphere. Although there are over 3,000
species of minerals, only a few of them, such as quartz, feldspar, mica, amphibole, pyroxene, olivine
and calcite, occur commonly as rock-forming minerals. Rocks are classified into three main types,
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, depending upon their mode of formation. Over geological time,
rocks gradually are transformed from one type to another in what is termed the Rock Cycle. The origin
of any particular rock can be determined by careful examination of its texture, composition, and internal
structure, features that form the basis of rock identification and classification.

Minerals are the fundamental components of rocks. They are naturally occurring inorganic substances
with a specific chemical composition and an orderly repeating atomic structure that defines a crystal
structure. Silicate minerals are the most abundant components of rocks on the Earth's surface, making
up over 90% by mass of the Earth's crust. The fundamental chemical building block of silicate minerals
is the chemical compound silicon tetroxide, SiO4. The common non-silicate minerals, which constitute
less than 10% of the Earth's crust, include carbonates, oxides, sulphides, phosphates and salts. A few
elements may occur in pure form. These include gold, silver, copper, bismuth, arsenic, lead, tellurium
and carbon. Although 92 naturally occurring elements exist in nature, only eight of these are common
in the rocks of the Earth's crust. Together, these eight elements make up more than 98% of the crust

The three main types, or classes, of rock are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous and the
differences among them have to do with how they are formed.
Sedimentary
Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material.
Together, all these particles are called sediment. Gradually, the sediment accumulates in layers and
over a long period of time hardens into rock. Generally, sedimentary rock is fairly soft and may break
apart or crumble easily. You can often see sand, pebbles, or stones in the rock, and it is usually the only
type that contains fossils.
Examples of this rock type include conglomerate and limestone.

Metamorphic
Metamorphic rocks are formed under the surface of the earth from the metamorphosis (change) that
occurs due to intense heat and pressure (squeezing). The rocks that result from these processes often
have ribbonlike layers and may have shiny crystals, formed by minerals growing slowly over time, on
their surface.
Examples of this rock type include gneiss and marble.

Igneous
Igneous rocks are formed when magma (molten rock deep within the earth) cools and hardens.
Sometimes the magma cools inside the earth, and other times it erupts onto the surface from volcanoes
(in this case, it is called lava). When lava cools very quickly, no crystals form and the rock looks shiny
and glasslike. Sometimes gas bubbles are trapped in the rock during the cooling process, leaving tiny
holes and spaces in therock.
Examples of this rock type include basalt and obsidian.

The rock cycle is a basic concept in geology that describes transitions through geologic time among the
three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Each rock type is altered when it is
forced out of its equilibrium conditions. For example, an igneous rock such as basalt may break down
and dissolve when exposed to the atmosphere, or melt as it is subducted under a continent. Due to the
driving forces of the rock cycle, plate tectonics and the water cycle, rocks do not remain in equilibrium
and change as they encounter new environments. The rock cycle explains how the three rock types are
related to each other, and how processes change from one type to another over time. This cyclical
aspect makes rock change a geologic cycle and, on planets containing life, a biogeochemical cycle.

Importance of Minerals
Minerals are the building blocks for rocks. They can indicate the environments that they rocks were
created in, exposed to, or sourced from. Several minerals act as the world’s resources for metals (gold,
silver, metal-sulfides, rare earth elements, etc.). They are also used in jewelry, art, and decorations. The
body needs many minerals; these are called essential minerals. Essential minerals are sometimes
divided up into major minerals (macrominerals) and trace minerals (microminerals). These two groups
of minerals are equally important, but trace minerals are needed in smaller amounts than major minerals.
The amounts needed in the body are not an indication of their importance.

A 'Mineral Resource' is a concentration or occurrence of material of intrinsic economic interest in or on

the earth's crust in such form, quality and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for eventual
economic extraction. Mineral Resources are further sub-divided, in order of increasing geological
confidence, into inferred, Indicated and measured as gategories.
Inferred Mineral Resource is the part of a mineral resource for which tonnage, grade and mineral
content can be estimated with a low level of confidence. It is inferred from geological evidence and
assumed but not verified geological or grade continuity. It is based on information gathered through
appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes which
may be of limited or uncertain quality and reliability.
Indicated resources are simply economic mineral occurrences that have been sampled (from locations
such as outcrops, trenches, pits and drillholes) to a point where an estimate has been made, at a
reasonable level of confidence, of their contained metal, grade, tonnage, shape, densities, physical
characteristics.
Measured resources are indicated resources that have undergone enough further sampling that a
'competent person' (defined by the norms of the relevant mining code; usually a geologist) has declared
them to be an acceptable estimate, at a high degree of confidence, of the grade, tonnage, shape,
densities, physical characteristics and mineral content of the mineral occurrence.
Mineral extraction (mining) and petroleum and gas production are major resource extraction activities
that provide the raw materials to support our economic infrastructure. An enormous amount of pollution
is generated from the extraction of natural resources from the environment. The EPA's Toxic Releases
Inventory report lists mining as the single largest source of toxic waste of all industries in the United
States. Mineral extraction sites, which include strip mines, quarries, and underground mines, contribute
to surface and groundwater pollution, erosion, and sedimentation. The mining process involves
the excavation of large amounts of waste rock to remove the desired mineral ore.

Energy resource types are different from types of energy. Energy resource types refer to the origin of
the energy source itself, while types of energy refer to different types of potential (chemical, electrical,
etc.) and kinetic (heat, sound, etc.) energy.
Solar - Harnessing energy from the sun epitomizes the idea of a renewable energy source. We can use
solar energy to heat water or homes and it can be converted into electricity. Currently, converting solar
energy to electricity either occurs with the use of photovoltaic cells or solar power plants. The PV cells
are able to convert sunlight directly into electricity. Solar power plants use the solar energy to produce
steam to operate a generator. Like wind energy, however, solar energy is limited in availability based
on localized weather conditions, and it can be challenging to store the energy generated.
Geothermal - The core of the Earth generates a tremendous amount of heat, and in many places around
the world (particularly near tectonically active areas), we can harness that heat in wells and bring it to
the surface to heat and cool homes and buildings. Like solar and wind, geothermal power can be
captured at an individual level - you install a geothermal heat pump to cool and heat your home - or at
a more centralized scale by using dry steam or hot water to generate electricity. Since no fuel is
combusted, the plants release no greenhouse gas emissions like a traditional fossil fuel plant would.
There are minor emissions of compounds responsible for acid rain.

Biomass - energy encompasses a broad range of fuels including wood and other plant material, food
waste, garbage, and manure. In the case of wood and plant material, it can be processed and combusted
for a beneficial end use such as generating electricity or firing a boiler. With food waste and manure, the
gases resulting from the processes of decomposition of these materials can be harnessed and
combusted for a beneficial end use. Utilizing biomass for energy not only provides us with a renewable
energy source but often allows us to put a material that would otherwise be considered waste to a good
use. It's important to remember that while a renewable energy source, biomass fuels each have their
own set of environmental impacts to consider.

Water - stored in a reservoir, generating a lot of potential energy. Then it is forced through a dam, turning
a turbine, which then turns a generator to produce electricity. Used water is then returned to the river.
While much work has been done to ensure that hydroelectric power has minimal negative impact on the
environment (including the ability of hydropower facilities to earn a low-impact rating), it is important to
recognize the ecosystem disruptions this energy resource can cause. Damming a river and utilizing the
water to generate electricity alters the aquatic and riparian ecosystems, can limit the ability of fish to
navigate across their natural habitat extent and can change the temperature and composition of the
river itself.

Water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful. Uses of water
include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. All living things
require water to grow and reproduce.
97% of the water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh water; slightly over two thirds
of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as
groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air.
Fresh water is a renewable resource, yet the world's supply of groundwater is steadily decreasing, with
depletion occurring most prominently in Asia, South America and North America, although it is still
unclear how much natural renewal balances this usage, and whether ecosystems are threatened. The
framework for allocating water resources to water users (where such a framework exists) is known
as water rights.

Soil resources need conserving as much as water resources do. Erosion is the key process by which
soil is created from rock and destroyed. Wind and rain are the main factors that cause erosion of soil
from agricultural areas, possibly converting them into new desert. Some modern agricultural practices
leave soil exposed to the elements and thereby risk loss of long-term productivity because of soil
erosion.

Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes
to biophysical environments[1]and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or
indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean
acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss ecological crisis, and ecological collapse. Modifying
the environment to fit the needs of society is causing severe effects, which become worse as the
problem of human overpopulation continues. Some human activities that cause damage (either directly
or indirectly) to the environment on a global scale include human
reproduction, overconsumption, overexploitation, pollution, and deforestation, to name but a few.
Some of the problems, including global warming and biodiversity loss pose an existential risk to the
human race, and overpopulation causes those problems.
The term anthropogenic designates an effect or object resulting from human activity. The term was first
used in the technical sense by Russian geologist Alexey Pavlov, and it was first used in English by
British ecologist Arthur Tansley in reference to human influences on climax plant communities. The
atmospheric scientist Paul Crutzen introduced the term "Anthropocene" in the mid-1970s. The term is
sometimes used in the context of pollution emissions that are produced from human activity but also
applies broadly to all major human impacts on the environment. Many of the actions taken by humans
that contribute to a heated environment stem from the burning of fossil fuel from a variety of sources,
such as: electricity, cars, planes, space heating, manufacturing, or the destruction of forests

Water Pollution
One of the biggest impacts humans have on aquatic systems is excess nutrient inputs. Nutrients, like
nitrogen and phosphorus, are essential to the health and survival of aquatic plants and animals.
However, humans introduce large quantities of nutrients, primarily through overuse of fertilizers. Too
many nutrients can rapidly reduce water quality by causing overgrowth of certain bacteria and algae
that use the oxygen necessary for other species to survive. Even more problematic is that these
nutrients can be transported downstream to other streams, rivers and bays. Therefore, nutrients can
reduce water quality in places far removed from where they were first introduced.
Air Pollution
The majority of air pollution is the result of human activities. For example, increased fossil fuel
combustion from motor vehicles, industrial factories and power plants all pump large quantities of air
pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, ozone and nitrous oxides, into the atmosphere. Other air
pollutants, such as lead-based compounds, can lead to serious health effects like cancer, or other types
of reproductive effects and birth defects.
Climate Change
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, human activities are largely responsible for an
increase in temperature around the globe, primarily due to carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas
emissions. This increase in temperature is leading to changes in where crops can grow and where
certain fish or animals can be found, all vital for feeding an increasing human population. The rise in
global temperatures is also causing glaciers to melt, releasing water that causes sea levels to rise and
threaten coastal communities and economies that rely on coastal resources.

Ways to conserve water :

1. Shower Bucket. Instead of letting the water pour down the drain, stick a bucket under the faucet while
you wait for your shower water to heat up. You can use the water for flushing the toilet or watering your
plants.
2. Turn off the tap while brushing your teeth. Water comes out of the average faucet at 2.5 gallons per
minute. Don’t let all that water go down the drain while you brush! Turn off the faucet after you wet your
brush, and leave it off until it’s time to rinse.
3. Turn off the tap while washing your hands. Do you need the water to run while you’re scrubbing your
hands? Save a few gallons of water and turn the faucet off after you wet your hands until you need to
rinse.
4. If it’s yellow, let it mellow. This tip might not be for everyone, but the toilet is one of the most water-
intensive fixtures in the house. Do you need to flush every time?
 5. Fix your leaks. Whether you go DIY or hire a plumber, fixing leaky faucets can mean big water
savings.

1. Liquid Waste
Liquid waste is commonly found both in households as well as in industries. This waste includes dirty
water, organic liquids, wash water, waste detergents and even rainwater.
You should also know that liquid waste can be classified into point and non-point source waste. All
manufactured liquid waste is classified as point source waste. On the other hand, natural liquid waste
is classified as non-point source waste.
Tt is best get in touch with waste removal experts, such as 4 Waste Removals, to dispose of liquid
waste properly.
2. Solid Rubbish
Solid rubbish can include a variety of items found in your household along with commercial and
industrial locations.
Solid rubbish is commonly broken down into the following types:
 Plastic waste – This consists of bags, containers, jars, bottles and many other products that can be
found in your household. Plastic is not biodegradable, but many types of plastic can be recycled. Plastic
should not be mix in with your regular waste, it should be sorted and placed in your recycling bin.
 Paper/card waste – This includes packaging materials, newspapers, cardboards and other products.
Paper can easily be recycled and reused so make sure to place them in your recycling bin or take them
to your closest Brisbane recycling depot.
 Tins and metals – This can be found in various forms throughout your home. Most metals can be
recycled. Consider taking these items to a scrap yard or your closest Brisbane recycling depot to
dispose of this waste type properly.
 Ceramics and glass – These items can easily be recycled. Look for special glass recycling bins and
bottle banks to dispose them correctly.
If you still cannot grasp the concept of recycling, then an incredibly easy and efficient way to dispose
solid rubbish is by hiring a Brisbane waste removal company, like 4 Waste Removals, to take care of
your recycling for you. We will removal all of your rubbish and ensure it is disposed of properly.
3. Organic Waste
Organic waste is another common household. All food waste, garden waste, manure and rotten meat
are classified as organic waste. Over time, organic waste is turned into manure by microorganisms.
However, this does not mean that you can dispose them anywhere.
Organic waste in landfills causes the production of methane, so it must never be simply discarded with
general waste. Instead, look to get a green bin from the Brisbane council, or hire a green skin
bin or garden bag for proper waste disposal.
4. Recyclable Rubbish
Recyclable rubbish includes all waste items that can be converted into products that can be used again.
Solid items such as paper, metals, furniture and organic waste can all be recycled.
Instead of throwing these items in with regular waste, which then ends up in landfills, place them in your
yellow recycling bin or take them to your local Brisbane recycling depot.
If you’re unsure whether an item is recyclable or not, look at the packaging or the diagrams on the lid
of your yellow recycling bin. Most products will explicitly state whether they are recyclable or not.
5. Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste includes all types of rubbish that are flammable, toxic, corrosive and reactive.
These items can harm you as well as the environment and must be disposed of correctly.