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DIP Lecture2 PDF

This document provides an overview of key concepts in digital image fundamentals, including: 1) It introduces image formation using a pinhole camera model and discusses focal length, the electromagnetic spectrum, and image sensing and acquisition. 2) It covers sampling and quantization in digitizing images, and how this affects spatial and gray-level resolution. Lower resolution can cause a loss of information or false contouring. 3) The relationships between pixels are examined, including pixel neighborhood types (4-neighbors, 8-neighbors) and how connectivity is used to identify objects and boundaries in an image.

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Hafiz Shakeel Ahmad Awan
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124 views38 pages

DIP Lecture2 PDF

This document provides an overview of key concepts in digital image fundamentals, including: 1) It introduces image formation using a pinhole camera model and discusses focal length, the electromagnetic spectrum, and image sensing and acquisition. 2) It covers sampling and quantization in digitizing images, and how this affects spatial and gray-level resolution. Lower resolution can cause a loss of information or false contouring. 3) The relationships between pixels are examined, including pixel neighborhood types (4-neighbors, 8-neighbors) and how connectivity is used to identify objects and boundaries in an image.

Uploaded by

Hafiz Shakeel Ahmad Awan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Image Fundamentals

Digital Image Processing (DIP)

Lecture # 2
Recap of Previous Lecture
• Origin of digital image
• Digital image processing
• Application domains
• Components of digital image processing
system
A camera creates an image …

The image I(x,y) measures how much light is captured at pixel (x,y)

We want to know
• Where does a point (X,Y,Z) in the world get imaged?
• What is the brightness at the resulting point (x,y)?
Image Formation Model
(The Pinhole Camera)
What is Focal Length
Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Image Sensing and Acquisition
Image Acquisition Using Sensor
Arrays
Image Sampling and Quantization
Continuous and Digital Image
Representing Digital Images
Representing Digital Images
A simple image formation model
Mathematical model for a simple
image formation
About illuminations and reflectance
Representing Digital Images
Representing Digital Images
Representing Digital Images
Spatial and Gray-Level Resolution
• Sampling is the principal factor determining
the spatial resolution of an image. Basically,
spatial resolution is the smallest detail in an
image.
• Gray-level resolution similarly refers to the
smallest change in gray level The most
common number is 8 bits, with 16 bits being
used in some applications where
enhancement of specific gray-level ranges is
necessary.
Effect of Resolution and Levels
• Reduces the size/resolution of image by using
fixed levels.
• Reduce the level and keep the size/resolution
fix.
Example of Sub-sampling
Effect of Sub-Sampling
Results of sub-Sampling
• The useful information is lost
• Increase in sub sampling increases graininess
Resolution is fixed while gray levels
are decreased
Resolution is fixed while gray levels
are decreased
Disadvantages of a low gray level
image
• This effect, caused by the use of an insufficient
number of gray levels in smooth areas of a digital
image, is called false contouring, so called
because the ridges resemble topographic
contours in a map.

• False contouring is also known as "quantization


noise," and it refers to the creation of false edges
or outlines where the original scene had none
Basic Relationships Between Pixels
• What is pixel neighborhood and different
types of neighborhood
• What is meant by connectivity

P(x,y)
Neighbors of a pixel (4- neighbors)
Neighbors of a pixel (4- neighbors)
A pixel p at co-ordinates (x,y) has four neighbor, two are
horizontal and two are vertical and this is represented by p=N4(p)
What are the horizontal and vertical neighbor in the given case?

(x-1,y)
(x,y-1) P(x,y) (x,y+1)
(x+1,y)

What will happen when p will at a


boundary?
Neighbors of a pixel (4- neighbors)

P (x,y) 1
2

There will be two neighbors incase we


are considering a boundary pixel.
Neighbors of a pixel (4-diagonal neighbors)

(x-1,y-1) (x-1,y+1)
P(x,y)
(x+1,y-1) (x+1,y+1)

What will happen when p will at a boundary?


Neighbors of a pixel (8-neighbors)
• The points of N4(p) & ND(p) together are called
the 8-neighbors of P and it is mathematically
represented as:-

N8(p)=N4(p) Union ND(p)

What will happen if N8(p) lies on the boundary


of the image?
Connectivity or adjanceny
• Connectivity between the pixel is an
important concept as it is helpful for
• Establishing object boundaries
• Defining image regions or components etc
Connectivity

What will happen when we will apply


thresholding to this case
(an image with two objects).
Connectivity
• We have to identify that the set of pixels that belong to
one object and another set of pixels that belong to other
object. This will be solved by using connected pixels. The
pixels with values 1 but not connected to other object
belong to object 1 and vice versa. Using connectivity we
can find object boundaries, area of object and many
other properties.
What is connectivity

• Two pixels are connected if they are adjacent in


some sense.
• They are neighbors (N4, ND or N8 and ) their gray
level or intensity values are similar (binary image)
Connectivity
Example of Connectivity

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