THE DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT

ACCORDING TO CPl14: THE STRUCTURAL

307. Cover. Reinforcement should have concrete cover and 2. the diameter of the larger bar if the diameters be unequal;
the thickness of such cover (exclusive of plaster or other 3. 5 mm more than the nominal maximum size of the coarse
deco rat ive finish) should be : aggregate used in the concrete.
1. for each end of a reinforcing bar, not less than 25 mm A greater distance should be provided where convenient.
nor less than twice the diameter of such bar; Where immersion vibrators are intended to be used, however,
2. for a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column, not less the horizontal distance between bars of a group may be
than 40 mm nor less than the diameter of such bar. In reduced to two-thirds of the nominal maximum size of the
the case of columns with a minimum dimension of coarse aggregate prov ided that a sufficient space is left between
200 mm or under, whose bars do not exceed 12 mm groups of bars to enable the vibrator to be inserted; this would
diameter, 25 mm cover may be used; normally be a space of 75 mm .
3. for a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a beam, not less The vertical distance between two horizontal main steel
than 25 mm nor less than the diameter of such bar; reinforcements, or the corresponding distance at right angles
4. for tensile, compressive, shear or other reinforcement in to two inclined main steel reinforcements, should be not less
a slab, not less than 15 mm nor less than the diameter of than 15 mm or the nominal maximum size of aggregate,
such reinforcement; whichever is the greater, except at splices or where one of such
5. for any other reinforcement not less than 15 mm nor reinforcements is transverse to the other.
less than the diameter of such reinforcement.
The pitch of the main bars in a reinforced concrete solid
For all external work, for work against earth faces and also slab should be not more than three times the effective depth
for internal work where there are particularly corrosive con- of such slab.
ditions, the cover of the concrete should not be less than 40 mm The pitch of distributing bars in a reinforced concrete solid
for all steel, including stirrups, links, etc ., except where the slab should be not more than five times the effective depth of
face of the concrete is adequately protected by a suitable such slab.
cladding or by a protective coating, which may indeed be
advisable where the corrosive conditions are unduly severe.
310. Bond and anchorage.
Additional cover may be necessary where lightweight or
porous aggregates are used (see Clause 350), or to comply with a. BARS IN TENSION. A bar in tension should extend from
fire resistance requirements (see Appendix A). any section for a distance to the end of the bar such that the
average bond stress does not exceed the permissible bond stress
308. Distance between bars. The horizontal d istance between given in Clause 303. This condition will be satisfied if the
two parallel steel reinforcements in reinforced concrete should length measured from such section is not less than:
usually, except at splices, be not less than the greatest of the dl the tensile stress in the bar
three following distances: tear
h b Iarneter x . . .
four times the permissible average
1. the diameter of either bar if their diameters be equal; bond stress

146
P. H. Newton, Structural Detailing
© Peter H. Newton 1985
 ReferenceMaterial 147
The bar should extend at least 12 bar diameters beyond the c. HOOKS AND OTHER ANCHORAGES. Hooks and other
point at which it is no longer required to resist stress. anchorages of reinforcement should be of such form, dimen-
For the purpose of this clause, the length of the bar so sions and arrangements as will ensure their adequacy without
determined may have deducted from it a length equivalent to over-stressing the concrete or other anchorage material.
the value of the hook as given in Subclause 310e but no
deduction should then be made for the length of the bar con-
tained in the hook. d. DIMENSIONS OF HOOKS. Where hooks are used they
b. LOCAL BOND STRESS. The local bond stress calculated should be of the U-type or L-type shown in Fig.1, but usually
from the equation below may exceed the permissible average the U-type is to be preferred. In both types, for mild steel bars:
bond stress given in Clause 303, but should not at any point 1. the internal radius of the bend should be at least twice
exceed the permissible local bond stress given in that clause. the diameter of the bar except where the hook fits over
a main reinforcing or other adequate anchor bar, when
Local bond stress =!l (8) the radius of the bend may be reduced to that of such
lao bar; and
where Q is the total shear across the section, 2. the length of straight bar beyond the end of the curve
la is the arm of the resistance moment, and should be at least four times the diameter of the bar.
a is the sum of the perimeters of the bars in the tensile Where hooks are formed in high-yield bars, the internal
reinforcements. radius of the bend should be at least three times the diameter
In members of variable depth the effect of the change in depth of the bar. The length of straight bar beyond the end of the
should be taken into account in calculating the bond stress. curve should be at least four times the diameter of the bar
/
.

I 40

I
I

I
2D unless round main bar

I to --- -------..,
, ------------' I

160

Equivalent straight length

e. U-hook

20 unlessroundmainbar 40

80

Equivalent straight length

Fig. 1. Types of hook for mild steel bars