MY POST-GRADUATE EXPERIENCE

A TECHNICAL REPORT

PRESENTED TO

THE COUNCIL FOR THE REGULATION OF ENGINEERING IN

NIGERIA (COREN)

BY

MADUIKE OBINNA HENRY

NOVEMBER, 2018

i
REHABILITATION OF 90MVA 330/132kV TRANSFORMER 5T2B BAY

AND ASSOCIATED AUXILIARIES AT AKANGBA 330kV

TRANSMISSION STATION, LAGOS

A TECHNICAL REPORT PRESENTED

BY

MADUIKE OBINNA HENRY

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

REGISTRATION AS A MEMBER OF COUNCIL FOR THE
REGULATION OF ENGINEERING IN NIGERIA (COREN)

NOVEMBER, 2018.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I sincerely appreciate all who have contributed to my engineering experience so far. I thank

Engr. A. O. Dim and Engr. (Mrs.) F. M. Ekoko for their support and unrelenting effort in

making me a seasoned professional. I appreciate Engr. K. O. Chukwuemeka for his

mentorship. Thanks to all the staffs of PC&M Akangba sub-region for their positive

contribution.

I thank my loving wife and son who have made the writing of this technical report possible.

God bless you.

I give all glory to God who is the giver of life, wisdom and knowledge.

iii
 ABSTRACT

The report attempts to present my personal experience for the past five (5) years in the field of

engineering. The report summarizes one out of the numerous projects I have been involved in

the execution during my post graduate engineering and professional career. Chapter one is a

brief introduction of myself and also my job responsibility as a member of the Protection,

Control and Metering department. Chapter two present the project proper which is on the

rehabilitation of 90MVA 330/132kV transformer 5T2B at Akangba transmission station in

Lagos. My involvement is to ensure that all aspect of the project is done according to project

design and specification.

Safety precaution taken, problems encountered with solution applied were discussed in the

closing chapter with conclusion and recommendation made.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover page ………………………………………………………………………. i

Acknowledgement page ……………………………………………………iii

Abstract …………………………………………………… iv

Table of content ……………………………………………………………v

List of Figures ………………………………………………………………… vii

List of Tables……………………………………………………………………… vii

List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………………… viii

Chapter 1: General Introduction

1.1 Personal data ………………………………………………. 1

1.2 Education and certificate obtained ……………………………… 1

1.3 Post graduate work experiences ……….……………………… 2

1.4 Student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES)…………. …. 4

1.5 Trainings attended ……………………………………………… 4

1.6 Professional qualifications/memberships…...………………..…….. 5

1.7 Hobbies ……………………………………………………… 5

Chapter 2: Rehabilitation of 90MVA 330/132kV transformer 5T2B

bay and associated auxiliaries at Akangba TS …………… 6

2.1 Introduction …………………………………………………….. 6

2.2 Statement of problem …………………………………………….. 6

2.3 Scope of the project …………………………………………….. 9

2.4 Transformer name plate ……………………………………. 10

v
2.5 Transformer marshalling box ……………………………. 11

2.6 The Circuit breaker ………………………………………. 12

2.6.1 Materials, tools and equipment used ……………………. 14

2.6.2 Cable schedule and numbering system ………………. 14

2.7 Isolators and earth switch ……………………………………. 17

2.8 Installation of surge arrester ……………………………………. 17

2.9 Installation of current transformers …………………………..... 18

2.10 Installation of protection and control panels ……………………. 18

2.11 Commissioning test report ……………………………………. 19

2.11.1 NR Relay configuration and testing ……………………. 19

2.12. BEME for the rehabilitation of 5T4B bay at Akangba TS ……… 24

Chapter 3:

3.1 Safety …………………………………………….. 25

3.2 Challenges encountered and solutions …………………….. 26

3.3 Recommendation …………………………………….. 26

3.4 Conclusion …………………………………….. 27

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Banked 5T2A and 5T2B before the rehabilitation work ……………...... 8

Figure 2.2 Wiring of transformer auxiliary protection in the transformer BMK … 12

Figure 2.3 The newly installed 330kV circuit breaker name plate ………………. 13

Figure 2.4 Cable numbering system used in the project ………………………. 15

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Transformer details ………………………………………………… 11

Table 2.2 Sample of CB cable schedule showing few control wiring ………… 16

Table 2.3 General information and data ………………………………………… 20

Table 2.4 Main CT ratio ………………………………………………... 20

Table 2.5 Transformer differential protection (87T) settings ………………... 20

Table 2.6 Transformer differential relay stability testing for stable condition … 21

Table 2.7 Transformer differential relay stability testing for unstable condition …21

Table 2.8 HV phase pickup (Id = 20% of 0.524) secondary in amps ………….. 22

Table 2.9 MV phase pickup (Id = 20% of 0.924) secondary in amps ………….. 22

Table 2.10 General Information data for PSC 9611……………………………….. 23

Table 2.11 Overcurrent test stage 1 ………………………………………….. 23

Table 2.12 Overcurrent test stage 4 ………………………………………….. 23

Table 2.13 BEME for the project ………………………………………………… 24

vii
 ABBREVATIONS

ACRONYMS MEANING
KV KILOVOLTS
KVA KILO VOLT AMPERE
MVA MEGA VOLT AMPERE
BCU BAY CONTROL UNIT
REF RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT
SBEF STANDBY EARTH FAULT
PC&M PROTECTION CONTROL AND METERING
TCN TRANSMISSION COMPANY OF NIGERIA
AC ALTERNATING CURRENT
DC DIRECT CURRENT
CT CURRENT TRANSFORMER
VT VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
TB TERMINAL BLOCK
HV HIGH VOLTAGE
LV LOW VOLTAGE
TV TERTIARY VOLTAGE
IR INSULATION RESISTANCE
MW MEGA WATT
PRV PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
OLTC ON-LOAD TAP CHANGER
SOTF SWITCH ON TO FAULT
CB CIRCUIT BREAKER
MCBs MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKERS

TS TRANSMISSION STATION

viii
 CHAPTER TWO

REHABILITATION OF 90MVA 330/132kV TRANSFORMER 5T2B BAY AND

ASSOCIATED AUXILIARIES AT AKANGBA 330KV TRANSMISSION STATION

2.1 INTRODUCTION

90MVA 330/132kV 5T2B was installed and commissioned since 1968. Since then no major

rehabilitation work has been carried out on the transformer. Hence its rehabilitation became

necessary. The rehabilitation of 90MVA 330/132kV transformer 5T2A started on the 8th of

April, 2017 and ended on the 14th of June, 2017. This project is one among the numerous

projects I was involved in the station. It involves all the departments in TCN, Akangba sub-

region but for the purpose of this report, jobs done mostly by the PC&M department in which

I was directly involved will be considered.

2.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The rehabilitation of 90MVA 330/132kV 5T2B transformer bay with its associated protection

and control panels at Akangba Transmission Station became necessary due to the following

reasons:

 The transmission system components of more than 50 years were obsolete and

over aged, hence have exceeded their normal service life and needed replacement.

 5T2B and 5T2A share a common breaker as shown in figure 1, this makes

switching flexibility difficult. Outage on one of the transformers will require the

other one to be taken out of service. Hence a separate circuit breaker and current

transformers need to be installed for 5T2B.

1
 The electro-mechanical relays were obsolete and needed to be replaced with

modern technology numerical/microprocessor based relays that have distinct

features for fault diagnosis and analysis.

 The control and protection cables needed replacement because they were

deteriorated and have weak insulation due to age and often results to open circuit

faults.

 Isolators remote operations were faulty hence switching operations were done

locally with potential risk to operators and maintenance personnel.

 Huge financial cost of maintenance of substation equipment due to frequent

breakdown

2
 Q1 = MAIN BUS ISOLATOR

Q2 = RESERVE ISOLSTOR

Q3 & Q4 = BREAKER ISOLATORS

Q5 = BYPASS ISOLATOR

Q9 = TRANSFORMER ISOLATOR

Q8 = EARTH SWITCH

Q0 = CIRCUIT BREABER

Figure 2.1: Banked 5T2A and 5T2B before the rehabilitation work and final unbanking

3
2.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The rehabilitation work involves the following:

i. The circuit was completely de-energized. All fuses removed and all MCB switched

off.

ii. All tripping and alarm signals from the transformer were carefully disconnected to

avoid interference with 90MVA 330/132kV transformer 5T2A since both shares a

common primary breaker.

iii. Control and signal cables were disconnected from all disconnector and earth switches

making them ready for dismantling

iv. The old earthing switch along with its associated materials and terminal connectors

were dismantled.

v. The old Isolators at both the primary and secondary of the transformer with their

associated materials and terminal connectors were dismantled.

vi. The old Bay Marshalling Kiosk (BMK) at the HV and LV sides of the transformer

were dismantled.

vii. The old control and protection panels at the 330kV and 132kV control rooms were

decommissioned and dismantled as the primary and secondary of the transformer will

now both be controlled from the 330kV control room

viii. Equipment base for the new 330kV breaker, disconnector and earth switches were

constructed..

ix. The new NARI control and protection panels were installed and all relays configured.
4
 x. The new Alstom 330kV circuit breaker was installed with new control and protection

cables laid.

xi. Installation of new disconnector and earth switches were carried out with new control

cables also laid.

xii. Installation of new set of 330kV Alstom current transformers (CT) was also carried

out.

xiii. Installation of new BMK in the 330kV and 132kV side of transformer 5T2B.

xiv. Laying of new transformer protection cables, termination and tagging done from the

transformer and OLTC to the BMK.

xv. Laying of new control/protection cables, termination and tagging done from the newly

installed HV and LV control and relay panel to HV and LV switchyard equipments.

xvi. Installation new earthing system for the transformer bay.

xvii. Pre-commissioning tests were then carried out.

It is noteworthy to state that most of the jobs were done simultaneously provided they do not

interfere with each other. This was done to enable the completion of the project within time

frame.

2.4 TRANSFORMER NAME PLATE DATA

The transformer name plate contains data that enabled us, the protection engineers determine

the CT ratio that will be used on the HV and LV side of the transformer. Table 2.1 shows the

name plate details.

5
Table 2.1 Transformer Details

DETAILS SPECIFICATIONS

ANSALDO SAN GIORGIO COMPAGNIA GENERALE

Name
(ASGEN)

Year of Manufacture 1968

Serial Number 14436

Rated Power 109/90/30MVA

HV/LV – Yy0
Vector symbol
HV/Tertiary – Yd1

Voltage level 330/132/13.8kV

Number of Tap 17 positions

Nominal Tap 5

Primary Current 190.7Amps

Secondary Current 394Amps

Tertiary 1255Amps

Phases 3/3/3

Frequency 50Hz

Cooling Method ONAN/ONAF

2.5 TRANSFORMER MARSHALLING BOX

New control cables (19C X 2.5mm2) was laid for the wiring of these auxiliary protections

from the transformer marshalling box to the relay panel and terminated according to figure

2.2. Main tank and OLTC oil level alarm were batched together.

6
 TR MB TR13+R1

TB1-129
MAIN TANK BUCHOLZ ALARM XB5-15
TB1-137
MAIN TANK BUCHOLZ TRIP XB5-10
TB1-115
OLTC BUCHOLZ TRIP XB5-11
TB1-128
MAIN TANK OIL LEVEL ALARM XB5-20

OLTC OIL LEVEL ALARM

TB1-130
LV WINDING TEMP. ALARM 1 XB5-16
TB1-138
LV WINDING TEMP. TRIP 1 XB5-12
TB1-126
COOLING SYSTEM FAIL ALARM XB5-19
TB1-110
LV WINDING TEMP. ALARM 2 XB5-17

TB1-112
LV WINDING TEMP. TRIP 2 XB5-13
TB1-111
TV WINDING TEMP. ALARM 2 XB5-18
TB1-113
TV WINDING TEMP. TRIP 2 XB5-14
TB1-120
COMMON XB5-3

Figure 2.2: Wiring of transformer auxiliary protection in the transformer BMK.

2.6 THE CIRCUIT BREAKER

A new ALSTOM 330kV SF6 circuit breaker was installed at the primary side of the

transformer 5T2B to separate it from 5T2A. The circuit breaker is made up of the following

parts.

A. Interrupting unit

B. Insulating Column

C. Support structure

7
 D. Operating unit

E. Breaker cubicle

New control cables were laid from the circuit breaker to the control and relay panel at the

330kV control room. This is for breaker remote control and operation.

Figure 2.3: The newly installed 330kV circuit breaker name plate

8
2.6.1 MATERIALS, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED.

 Foundation and anchor bolts, nuts and washers

 6 high voltage terminal pads (clamps)

 Grounding connections and mounting accessories

 Breaker documentation, dimension drawing, schematic drawing, etc

 SF6 gas and gas handling equipment

 Erecting crane with adequate load-carrying capacity and height as specified in the

manual

 Lifting cables

 Torque wrenches

 Ratchet handle; reversible for toque wrenches

 Socket wrench set

 Steel brushes

2.6.2 CABLE SCHEDULE AND NUMBERING SYSTEM

It is very important to note that all equipments (transformer, breakers, isolators, current

transformers and voltage transformers) wiring were done according to the cable schedule

prepared from the equipment manuals. This schedule follows the format shown in table 2.2

while the cable numbering system followed the pattern in figure 2.4. This makes the job

easier and faster. A cable numbering system explained below was used.

Nevertheless, the manuals were made available at the site for reference purpose or

clarification as the need arises.

9
 4 06 1 19
THIS FIELD IS OPTIONAL AND IS ALPHABET A, B OR C
BASED ON THE CABLE USED AS PARALLEL RUN

CABLE SERIAL NUMBER STARTING FROM 01 AND

INCREASING SUBSEQUENTLY

THIS FIELD WAS SELECTED ON THE FOLLOWING

CONDITION

1 FOR CABLES WITHIN SWITCHYARD

2 FOR CABLES FROM SWITCHYARD TO
CONTROL ROOM
3 FOR CABLE WITH CONTROL ROOM
4 FOR AC/DC CABLES

BAY NUMDER

SWITCHYARD VOLTAGE LEVEL

1 FOR 132KV
3 FOR 33KV
4 FOR 330KV

Figure 2.4: Cable numbering system used in the project

10
Table 2.2: Sample of Circuit Breaker cable schedule showing few control wiring

INTERCONNECTION
EQUIPMENT DESIGNATION LENGTH
CABLE DETAILS
APPLICATION REMARK
NO.
(M)
FROM TO SIZE CORE FROM TO

CB-Q0 BMK
406119 19CX2.5CU 17 1 TB3-1 TB4-14 COMMON
HV SIDE HV SIDE

PH Y CLOSE B/I
2 TB3-2 TB4-15
FOR BCU

PH Y OPEN B/I
3 TB3-10 TB4-16
FOR BCU

DC1 MCB TRIP

4 TB1-43 TB4-17
ALARM

PH Y B/I FOR
5 TB5-58 TB4-18 TB3-1,TB3-
SPRING CHARGE
9, TB1-42,

6 TB1-48 TB4-19 CB LOCAL MODE TB5-57&

TB1-50
CB REMOTE SHALL BE
7 TB1-49 TB4-20
MODE SHORTED

AT CB
8 TB5-5 TB4-31 R PH COIL 1 OPEN
CUBICLE

9 TB5-20 TB4-34 R PH COIL 2 OPEN

10 TB5-35 TB4-52 Y PH COIL 1 OPEN

11 TB5-50 TB4-53 Y PH COIL 2 OPEN

12 TB5-65 TB4-54 B PH COIL 1 OPEN

13 TB5-80 TB4-55 B PH COIL 2 OPEN

14 SPARE

… SPARE

11
 … SPARE

19 SPARE

2.7 ISOLATORS AND EARTH SWITCH

Two isolators were installed at the secondary side of the transformer. At the primary side, six

isolators were installed with the transformer isolator having an earth switch.

All these were wired to the control panels. The installation procedure is summarized below

Procedure

1. Erecting of the support structure on the isolator plinth.

2. Mounting of the insulating column

3. Fixing of the isolator arm.

4. Installation of the operating unit

5. Alignment of the isolator

6. Wiring of the isolator controls and indications

7. Earthing of the isolator stand.

2.8 INSTALLATION OF SURGE ARRESTER

Surge arresters were installed on each phase conductor just before it enters the transformer at

the primary side to give protection to transformer by discharging lightning and switching over

voltages to earth. The surge arrester is grounded, hence creating a low impedance path to

ground for energy from an over-voltage transient. At normal operating voltages, the surge

12
arrester acts as an insulator, isolating the phase conductor from ground. These opposing

characteristics are typically achieved through the use of a Varistor , which has different

resistances at different voltages. Almost the same procedures used for the disconnecting

switches were also used for the installation of lightning arresters.

2.9 INSTALLATION OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

A set of new Alstom current transformers (CTs) were installed at the transformer primary.

Current transformers are instrument transformers used in transmission substation to reduce

the magnitude of current flowing in the primary circuit to a value suitable for meters and

protective devices to handle. The essential requirement of a current transformer is to deliver

on its secondary a quantity, what truly represents the applied quantity on its primary. They are

used for the purposes of protection, control and metering. The CTs has four cores. Core one

was used for metering, core two was used for differential protection, core three was used for

overcurrent protection and core four was used for bus bar protection.

2.10 INSTALLATION OF PROTECTION AND CONTROL PANELS

Protection and control panels were mounted and properly positioned in the control room.

The protection and control panels have the following nomenclatures:

Protection Panel: TR13 + R1

Control Panel 1 (HV side): TR13 + W1

Control Panel 2 (LV side): TR13 + W2

13
2.11 COMMISIONING TEST

Commissioning test was carried out on the transformer and all installed equipment. Omicron

CPC100, High voltage insulation tester, Frejer 300 relay test system etc, are some of the test

equipment used in carrying out the commissioning test.

2.11.1 NR RELAY CONFIGURATION AND TESTING

1. TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

The differential relay actually compares primary and secondary current of the transformer. If

any unbalance is sensed, the relay will actuate and inter trip both the primary and secondary

circuit breaker of the transformer. The secondary of the CTs at HV and LV sides are connected

together in such a way that their currents oppose each other. In other words, the secondary of

CTs are connected to the same current coil of a differential relay in such an opposite manner

that there will be no resultant current in that coil in a normal operating condition of the

transformer. But if any major fault occurs within the differential zone it alters the normal ratio

of the transformer, hence the current at both side of the transformer will not remain the same.

This causes a resultant current to flow through the current coil of the differential relay, this

will actuate the relay and inter trip both the primary and secondary circuit breaker of the

transformer.

14
Table 2.3: General information and data

Make Panel Ref Type Serial Number

: NR : TR13+R : PCS-978 : NRJB2007221590170

Table 2.4: Main CT Ratios

CT ratio for Diff. Protection-HV 300/1 A

CT ratio for Diff. Protection-MV 400/1 A

HV NCT Ratio 300/1 A

Table 2.5: Transformer Differential Protection (87T) settings

Description Setting

Trans. Rating 90 MVA

Trans. Vector Group YNY0

HV side Full Load Current (Pri) 157.4 A

HV side Full Load Current (Sec) 0.524A

MV side Full Load Current (Pri) 393.64 A

MV side Full Load Current (Sec) 0.984 A

Diff. Pick UP Id>(restraint) 20 %

Slope 1 20%

Slope 2 50%

15
 Slope 3 75%

2nd Harmonic Blocking 15%

5th Harmonic Blocking 30%

Table 2.6: Transformer Differential Relay Stability testing for stable condition

HV LV Id Ir

Injected current in A Injected current in A Diff. Current in A Bias Current

IA 0.524 (ø = 0º) Ia 0.984 (ø = 180) Id1 0 Ir1 0.99

IB 0.524 (ø = 240º) Ib 0.984 (ø = 60) Id2 0 Ir2 0.99

IC 0.524(ø = 120º) Ic 0.984 (ø = 300º) Id3 0 Ir3 0.99

Table 2.7: Transformer Differential Relay Stability testing for unstable condition

HV LV Id Ir

Injected current in mA Injected current in mA Diff. Current in A Bias Current

IA 0.524(ø = 0º) Ia 0.984 (ø = 0º) Id1 1.981 Ir1 0.99

IB 0.524 (ø = 240º) Ib 0.984(ø = 240º) Id2 1.980 Ir2 0.99

IC 0.524(ø = 120º) Ic 0.984(ø = 120º) Id3 1.981 Ir3 0.99

The stability test is also called out-zone test. This test is carried out to ensure that the

differential relay will remain inoperative with the fault outside the differential protected zone.

16
415Vac was applied on primary terminals with the secondary terminals shorted outside the

protected zone of the relay to create a fault. The three phases of the circuit were short-

circuited at OUT-ZONE and the results obtained are included.

It is expected that: Primary output = Secondary output (Because the short circuit has no effect

on the protected zone).

Table 2.8: HV PHASE PICKUP (Id=20% of 0.524) secondary in Amps

Phase Diff. Pickup in Amps

Expected Actual

IA 0.1048 0.104

IB 0.1048 0.101

IC 0.1048 0.109

Table 2.9: MV PHASE PICKUP (Id=20% of 0.924) secondary in Amps

Phase Diff. Pickup in Amps

Expected Actual

Ia 0.1848 0.1849

Ib 0.1848 0.1848

Ic 0.1848 0.1850

17
2. TRANSFORMER OVERCURRENT RELAY

Table 2.10: General information and data for PSC 9611

Make Panel Ref Relay Type Serial Number

: NR : TR13+R1 : PCS 9611 :

Main CT/PT Ratios NRJB2022591591630

CT Ratio = 300/1

CVT Ratio = 330V/110V

Table 2.11: Over current test Stage 1

Setting: 3 Amp Time: 0.0 sec DMT

Phases Injected Value Expected time Operated time

IA 3.1A 0.0 sec 0.065 sec

IB 3.1A 0.0 sec 0.062 sec

IC 3.1A 0.0 sec 0.065 sec

Table 2.12: Over current test Stage 4

Setting: 0.75Amp TMS: 0.35 sec Curve: 1

Phase Injected Value Expected time Operated time

IA 1.5 A
2Times 0.35 sec 0.3510sec

IB 1.5 A 0.35 sec 0.3518sec

IC 1.5 A 0.35 sec 0.353 sec

18
2.12 BILL OF ENGINEERING, MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION FOR THE

REHABILITATION OF 90MVA 330/132kV TRANSFORMER 5T2B BAY AT

AKANGBA TRANSMISSION STATION.

Table 2.13: Bill of Engineering, Measurement and Evaluation (BEME) for the project.

S/N DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY UNIT PRICE AMOUNT

(NAIRA) (NAIRA)
1. 35mm2 Cable gland No. 100 2,000 200,000.00
2. 25mm2 Cable gland No. 100 1,700 170,000.00
3. 20mm2 Cable gland No. 100 1,500 150,000.00
4. 16mm2 Cable gland No. 80 1000 80,000.00
5. Cable ferrules Packet 100 500 50,000.00
6. Cable belt Packet 60 500 3,000.00
7. 4.0mm2 cable lug(ring type) Packet 40 2000 80,000.00
8. 4.0mm2 cable lug(Pin type) Packet 40 2000 80,000.00
9. 2.5mm2 cable lug(ring type) Packet 35 1500 52,500.00
10. 2.5mm2 cable lug(ring type) Packet 35 1500 52,500.00
11. 4 x 2.5mm2 control cable Meters 2500 2000 5,000,000.00
12 Meters 2000 3000 6,000,000.00
4 Core X 4mm2 control cable
13 Meters 500 3000 15,000,000.00
7 Core X 2.5mm2 control cable
14 12 x 2.5mm2 control cable Meters 3000 3500 10,500,000.00
15 Meters 3000 3500 10,500,000.00
12 Core X 4mm2 control cable
16 Meters 2000 4000 8,000,000.00
19 Core X 2.5mm2 control cable
17 Meters 2000 4000 8,000,000.00
21 Core X 2.5mm2 control cable
18 Meters 1500 5000 3,000,000.00
30 Core X 2.5mm2 control cable
19 Labour for laying of protection Day 10 500,000 5,000,000.00
cables from switchyard to control
room
20 Earthing LOT 1,125,000 1,125,000.00
21 Wiring, relay setting, LOT 10,000,000 10,000,000.00
configuration and testing
22 Hiring of crane Day 10 200,000 2,000,000.00
GRAND TOTAL 85,043,000.00
EIGHTY FIVE MILLION AND FOURTY THREE THOUSAND NAIRA ONLY.

19
 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 SAFETY

Safety was a major factor that was considered in all aspect of the projects reported. Situations

where there were clashes between safety and time limit for job execution or cost, safety was

considered as the priority. The following safety rules were adhered to:

i. Ensuring all work is performed in accordance with standard practices.

ii. Ensuring all worker had personal protective equipment (PPE) on at all time

iii. Ensuring there is proper guard against theft/damage and promptly reporting same.

iv. Report all observed abnormal conditions in apparatus to the appropriate section.

v. Studying and using the most effective and efficient method of doing the work.

vi. Seeing that no one is permitted to do work for which he/she is not qualified.

vii. Always assigning sufficient men to do each job safely.

viii. Always briefing all workmen on the plan of work before work is started.

ix. Being courteous and considerate of the public and each other.

x. Indulgence in practical jokes, horseplay etc. was strictly forbidden.

xi. Consuming intoxicants, narcotics, and alcoholic beverages was strictly prohibited.

xii. Ensuring that there was open channel to forward any constructive

suggestions/criticisms of the Rule.

20
3.2 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED AND SOLUTIONS

Various challenges were encountered during the course of this project:

1. Complete de-energization of the station was not possible hence outages were taken in

batches without compromising safety and safe working space

2. There was the challenge of limited resources such as tool boxes. We ensured available

tools were used maximally through strategic planning.

3. Some of the conductor clamps supplied could not house the existing conductors. Such

clamps were machined to fit the design on ground.

4. Personal protective equipments (PPE) were not sufficient on site especially for the

students on industrial training. Old PPE which were still okay were made available for

them.

5. Safety signs were not properly positioned at strategic places hence those safety signs

were printed on paper and pasted at those places temporarily for the duration of the

project.

3.3 RECOMMENDATION

I would recommend there should be prompt submission of outages by transmission station

operator. This will help to reduce delay in carrying out outages when the date arrives. Most

times outages were not granted but postponed because the application was not promptly

channeled to the right authorities.

21
The importance of the right training for power system engineers cannot be over emphasized.

Continuous technical based trainings both locally and internationally is recommended for

engineers to enable them adapt quickly to new technological advancement in the field.

Also, only qualified field engineers should go for Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) for power

system equipment/materials in order to ensure that equipment are according to standards and

specifications.

3.4 CONCLUSION

Engineering has helped to solve most of the needs of mankind. This should motivate our

government to invest adequately in science and technology. Most problems faced by Nigeria

today (corruption, epileptic power supply, decayed infrastructure, etc) can only be solved if

the right attention and resources is channeled toward engineering. As an engineer, there is

need to always observe highest standard in our job and be innovative so as to sustain the

reputation of the profession and as such every engineer should be committed to constant

learning and professional development. Priority should be given to standards and design

specification.

22