SLUM REDEVELOPMENT

SELF BUILD AFFORDABLE PROTOTYPES

HUSSAINABAD, LUCKNOW

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

DIVYANG SINGH
1508881029

APEEJAY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING

GREATER NOIDA
DECEMBER, 2019
 SLUM REDEVELOPMENT
HUSSAINABAD, LUCKNOW

Submitted

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

By

DIVYANG SINGH

1508881029
Guided By

Prof. Dr. ASHUTOSH JOSHI

Ar. KIRTI VERMA

APEEJAY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING

GREATER NOIDA
DECEMBER, 2019
 APEEJAY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
GREATER NOIDA

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I DIVYANG SINGH, Enrolment No. 1508881029 hereby declare that the Thesis entitled
"SLUM REDEVELOPMENT, HUSSAINABAD (LUCKNOW)" submitted by me in partial
fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Architecture, in Apeejay School of Architecture
and Planning, Greater Noida, is a record of bonafide work carried out by me. The
matter embodied in this Thesis has not been submitted to any other University or
Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Divyang Singh

Date: 31-12-2019

Place: Greater Noida

 APEEJAY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
GREATER NOIDA

NAR-901 Thesis

SLUM REDEVELOPMENT
SELF BUILD AFFORDABLE PROTOTYPES

HUSSAINABAD, LUCKNOW

Divyang Singh
1508881029

5th Year B. Arch

Guides: Dr. Ashutosh Joshi External Examiner

Ar. Kirti

Thesis Coordinator

Director
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This Thesis project was an incredible experience for me; however, it would not have been possible
without the kind support and help of many individuals and this organization. I would like to extend my
sincere thanks to all of them.

I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my guides Prof. Dr. Ashutosh Joshi & Ar. Kirti
Verma , who have the attitude and the substance of a genius: additionally I would also thank Ar. Alka
Arora they continually and convincingly conveyed a spirit of adventure about research and scholarship,
and an excitement about guiding. Without their guidance and persistent help, this thesis would not have
been possible.

I would also like to thank my friends Mohd Sameer Malik and Ashish Pachauri for their constructive
criticism and help in the project. I am also grateful to Akul Chauhan for his constant upliftment and
motivations for doing the work on time. The thesis would not have been possible without my juniors
Aviral Gupta & Anushka Sharma. This report also had the input of the aforementioned and Ritik Gupta.

Lastly, I would like to thank my family for their continued support during the entire course of this major
project without which this would not have happened.

Divyang Singh

Date: 31st Decembe

Table of Contents
section : 1
INTRODUCTION………………………………………1

Rural-Urban Migration ........................................................................................... 3

Indian State of Rural-Urban Migration ................................................................. 5
Slums .................................................................................................................. 6
Architectural Issues ........................................................................................... 7
Slums in India ................................................................................................... 8
Project Synopsis .................................................................................................. 10
Objectives ....................................................................................................... 12
Scope.............................................................................................................. 13
Methodology .................................................................................................... 14

section : 2
LITERATURE…………………………………………..15

Addressing Slum Redevelopment .......................................................................... 17

Issues in India .................................................................................................... 17
Takeaways ...................................................................................................... 19
Integrate decentralized plants with slum redevelopment .................................. 21
Path to Homeownership through Redevelopment Housing ................................ 21
INCREMENTAL .................................................................................................... 23
Takeaways ...................................................................................................... 28
Building material credit and MFIs as intermediaries .......................................... 28
Understanding design as a process ................................................................. 29
Slum Areas Improvement and .............................................................................. 31
Clearance Act, 1956 ............................................................................................. 31
Takeaways ...................................................................................................... 32
Description of Slum ....................................................................................... 32
 Improvement (if possible) & Cost ................................................................... 32
Demolition & Redevelopment ......................................................................... 32
Land Acquisition & Compensation ................................................................... 33
Protection of tenants in Slum areas & powers of officials – ............................... 33

section : 3
CASE STUDY………………………………………….35

Social Housing Prototype...................................................................................... 37

The Brief ......................................................................................................... 38
The Design ...................................................................................................... 39
Elemental ........................................................................................................... 43
Project Description ........................................................................................... 44
Materials and Assemblies .................................................................................. 46
Aranya Township ................................................................................................. 47
Masterplan ...................................................................................................... 48
Hierarchy and Distribution................................................................................. 51
Unit Layout and Design..................................................................................... 52

section : 4
SITE……………….……………..………………………55

section : 5
DESIGN……………….……………..…………………65

section : 6
APPENDIX…….……………..………..………………81

References.......................................................................................................... 82
LIST OF FIGURES
fig. 1 urban population ................................................................................... 4
fig. 2 projected urban population ................................................................ 4
fig. 3 rural-urban migrants .............................................................................. 5
fig. 4 slum formulation ..................................................................................... 7
fig. 5 slum issues ............................................................................................... 8
fig. 6 slum conditions ....................................................................................... 9
fig. 7 percentage of slum households to total urban household ............ 10
fig. 8 ................................................................................................................ 25
fig. 9 dwelling transformation 1 .................................................................... 26
fig. 10 dwelling transformation 2 .................................................................. 27
fig. 11 housing prototype .............................................................................. 37
fig. 12 flow chart of functions ....................................................................... 39
fig. 13 axonometric view .............................................................................. 40
fig. 14 ground and first floor plan ................................................................. 41
fig. 15 sections................................................................................................ 41
fig. 16 various possibilities .............................................................................. 42
fig. 17 various possibilities .............................................................................. 42
fig. 18 housing prototype .............................................................................. 43
fig. 19 drawings .............................................................................................. 45
fig. 20 elevations ............................................................................................ 45
fig. 21 view ..................................................................................................... 46
fig. 22 a street in aranya ............................................................................... 47
fig. 23 site plan ............................................................................................... 48
fig. 24 stages of evolution ............................................................................. 50
fig. 25 masterplan .......................................................................................... 50
fig. 26 hierarchy and distribution ................................................................. 51
fig. 27 layout................................................................................................... 52
fig. 28 facade ................................................................................................ 52
fig. 29 demonstration of housing elements................................................. 53
INTRODUCTION

1
2
Rural-Urban Migration
In 2009, for the first time in human history, more people lived in cities than
in villages. This urbanization has been celebrated due to the associated
rapid rise in productivity and thereby GDP growth, particularly, in the case
of China and South Korea. However, there have been instances of
urbanization without growth, such as in Brazil and certain African
countries, where the quality of opportunities in cities, rather than the
quantity of people, determines economic development I . Decent
housing and the supporting urban infrastructure are fundamental drivers
of improving quality of life.
With more than 50% of the world's population living in cities, the trend of
migration is set to rise exponentially. With it arise the problems of high
density inadequate living. Estimates show that one out of every three
people in cities of the developing world lives in deprived and unplanned
squatter settlements. According to the UN Habitat's report "State of the
World's Cities 2008/2009," the rate of growth of these unplanned parts of
a city is way higher than the visible, planned parts.

I (Hindman, et al., 2015)

3
 FIG. 1 URBAN POPULATIONI

FIG. 2 PROJECTED URBAN POPULATION II

I (GMDAC, 2015)
II (GMDAC, 2015)
4
Indian State of Rural-Urban Migration
As cities grow, the populace within it multiplies exponentially. People
migrate to developing cities in search of livelihood. In 2011, 377 million
people in India lived in cities, but of these, 65 million lived in extreme
shelter poverty in areas or “slums”. As cities and towns continue to
develop, the population residing in slums is projected to rise and with it,the
problems associated with it will rise too I.

FIG. 3 RURAL-URBAN MIGRANTS II

I (Hindman, et al., 2015)

II (Census, 2011)
5
Slums
The Slum Areas improvement and clearance Act of 1956 defines slums as,
” Where the competent authority upon a report from any of its officers or
other information in its possession is satisfied as respects any area that the
buildings in that area—
a) are in any respect unfit for human habitation; or
b) are by reason of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement
and design of such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of
streets, lack of ventilation, light or sanitation facilities, or any
combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or
morals.” I
Today, slums are an undeniable part of the rapidly evolving urban
scenario. As cities grow, the populace within it multiplies exponentially.
People migrate to developing cities in search of livelihood. Developing
cities also expand horizontally, annexing the area and inhabitants around
it. These and similar factors lead to cities crowding and overcrowding with
people. Due to the disparity in income, class divide, poverty and poor
infrastructure a fraction of the rising populace comes to reside in slums.

I (India, 1956)
6
 FIG. 4 SLUM FORMULATION

Architectural Issues
A series of recurring characteristics may be observed in these settlements
ranging from the spontaneity of construction of makeshift shelters to
serious deprivation of basic service. Despite these problems however,
most of these communities withstand the test of time; the only thing that
fails it is the lack of a proper architecture system. Some prominent
examples are the favelas of Rio de Janeiro w here fragile shacks are built
on stilts on a slope of more than 80% gradient, and the squatters of Manila,
Philippines where most urban dwellers prefer the flimsy makeshift shelters
devoid of basic services to the posh elite housing
Apart from the mentioned problems, the substandard living conditions
generated in these pockets degrade the overall standard of living of the
metropolitan. Vast distinction in social standards is created as seen in the
case of New York, United Kingdom and other such progressive
metropolitans. Failure to provide employment opportunities also harm the
economy of the state; a wide variety of home-based economies and
micro enterprises develop based on the consumer demands of the
metropolitan and the skills of the unemployed. These in major cases
though help the economy; lack of control of the same could result in
haphazard growth and illegal activities.

7
 FIG. 5 SLUM ISSUES

Slums in India
The 2011 census presented the first quantitative picture of assets and
amenities in informal housing units, which had until then been
undocumented. This data presents important information about social,
financial, and political attributes of slum blocks and of individual slum
households. This context will be helpful in understanding the needs of slum
households and the high levels of density in such areas.
The census estimates the number of slum blocks in the country to be
110,000. While the number of households in each of these slum blocks
varies between 86,000 households in Dharavi, to 1,300 households in
Nochikuppam Chennai, the level of public services in these areas remain
visibly poor everywhere. There are several reasons for such low level of
services, including a low tax base of urban local bodies, poverty debt
traps, and a lack of informed voting.
8
 FIG. 6 SLUM CONDITIONS

Local governments in India

operate with very low tax bases,
where eight of the largest twenty-
one cities, are unable to finance
even 50% of municipal costs. As a
result, informal districts of the city
are worst-hit by low service levels.
If the slum population is largely
informal and tax non-compliant,
local governments see little
incentive to spend money on
increasing their service levels. This
is evident in visible open drainage
lines, and lack of streetlights,
roads, household toilets, and
garbage collection services. This
has led to major public health
issues such as open defecation
and the presence of unsanitary
waste adjacent to houses.
Various studies correlating health
outcomes to the built
environment found that children
living in urban slums in India have
stunted growth compared to
non-slum urban and rural
children. I

I (Census, 2011)
9
Project Synopsis

FIG. 7 PERCENTAGE OF SLUM HOUSEHOLDS TO TOTAL URBAN HOUSEHOLD

10
Slum constitutes the most important and
persistent problem of urban life. They exist
almost in all metropolitan cities of the world.
Rapid urbanization, migration of the
underprivileged from rural areas to urban
centers and acute shortage of housing are the
main attributes, in the formation of slums. They
are observed in different patterns, forms as well
as shapes, occupied in urban vacant land
wherever available and possible to put up the
shanty shelter. Squatting and pavement
dwelling is another form and is a common
phenomenon in the metropolitan areas. Slums
spring up and grow on both public and private
land. The irresistible desire for a shelter makes
the poor to encroach on any vacant land.
Rapid urbanization has been observed in the
last three decades and many industrial set-ups
have been surfaced in a big way in/and
around city resulting in population growth
increases in an alarming way. The problem has
been accentuated by continuous migration of
the rural population in search of better working
opportunities in the city. The slum pocket is
increasing with time. The poor affordability and
even increasing the cost of housing in the city
have degraded the housing conditions as a
result slum growth take place. The inadequate
infrastructure, constant overcrowding and fear
of eviction are only a few of the factors which
can be rectified by the intervention of an
architect.

11
Objectives
To Redevelop the slums near Kudia Ghat in Hussainabad, Lucknow and
improve their standard of living,
1. To study the existing scenario and
socio-economics of the slum.
2. To analyse the sociological and
psychological situation of migrants.
3. To recognize issues facing
redevelopment of the slum in the
study area.
4. To understand and incorporate the
aid provided by government policies
for the betterment of inhabitants.
5. To evolve a suitable shelter strategy
model for the redevelopment of the
slum’s dwellings.
6. To design a module suitable to the
lifestyle of self-sustaining migrants.
7. To design a flexible and incremental
modular structure which aids the
steady flow of migration in a
metropolis
8. To develop a method of construction
which can survive without special
discourse.

12
Scope

STRUCTURE FLEXIBILITY INCREMENTAL SELF

HELP

The research seeks

to design a
The core structure The structure will construction
holding the be designed so as technique that will
modules is sought to serve the allow users to build
to be to allow steady flow of their own houses
flexibility to aid the immigrants into a using readily
incremental metropolis and will available
additive nature of essentially be materials .
the program. Incremental in
nature.

PROPER MULTI-FUNCTIONAL
PLANNING HEIRARCHY OF
SERVICE MODEULE: CONFLUX
SPACES
OF RESIDENTIAL +
LAYOUT COMMERCIAL
A solution which
deals with the An algorithm of
proper flow of interlocking of
spaces in a mid modules will be
to high rise researched that
module will be will solve the lack
sought to cater to of basic services
the multifunctional due in these areas
module of as Natural lighting,
residences and Plumbing,
commerce.
Sanitation,
Drainage, etc.

SPACE
VOLUMETRIC
ANALYSIS
ANTHRO
ANALYSIS POMETRY

A study of anthropometrics 13
and volumetric analysis of
space will be done to justify
the layout density.
Methodology

TYPE NATURE METHOD

Literature Study
MIGRATION
Case Study
TRENDS
Validate project

Determine parameters STRUCTURE

Validate site
TYPE NATURE METHOD
Literature Study Site Survey
FLEXIBILITY
Case Study Observation
Literature Study Site Survey

Case Study Observation

INCREMENTAL
Experimentation Analysis
Physical models
Literature Study
SELF Surveys and Questionnaires
Case Study Site Survey
HELP Literature Study Interviews of users
Observation
CORE ANALYSIS

MATERIAL Case Study

Physical models

Market Survey

PLANNING
TYPE NATURE METHOD
Site Survey
Literature Study
PROPER Observation
Case Study
SERVICE
Interviews
Literature Study Site Survey
LAYOUT
MULTI-FUNCTIONAL
Case Study Observation
MODEULE: CONFLUX
OF RESIDENTIAL + Experimentation Physical
Analysis models
COMMERCIAL
Literature Study
HEIRACHY Surveys and Questionnaires
Case Study
OF SPACES Interviews of users

SPACE ANALYSIS

TYPE NATURE METHOD

Literature Study Site Survey
ANTHRO
Case Study Observation
POMETRY
Inferences Literature Study Site Survey
VOLUMETRIC
ANALYSIS
Case Study Observation

Design strategy + Experimentation Physical models

concept SITE ANALYSIS

14 test results TYPE NATURE METHOD CONCEPTS

Surveys/ Questionnaires

Literature Study Data Collection

SITE On-Site Study Interviews of users

Final Design
LITERATURE

15
16
Report

The main objective of this study is to develop

recommendations to improve the Government of India’s
Housing for All policy. Apart from the recommendations
to policymakers on institutional themes, they have also
provided recommendations to private sector real-estate
developers for designing sustainable low-income
settlements.

Dow Sustainability Fellowship 2015:

Addressing Slum Redevelopment
Issues in India

Michelle Hindman, Olivia Lu-Hill, Sean Murphy, Sneha Rao, Yash

Shah, Zeqi Zhu

17
To help achieve these objectives, they divided the study into three
sections:
1. Literature Review of Past Policies in India: In their study of global
interventions to improve the quality of life for slum households they
categorized past policy approaches into broad categories of slum
upgradation or slum redevelopment. They compared the features
of three past federal policies in India namely National Slum
Development Program (NSDP), Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP),
and Housing for All. Through their literature reviews and qualitative
interviews, they found that in-situ slum redevelopment policies such
as Housing for All present more advantages than past policies. In
Section I, they present the analysis of three available policy options
based on program features, performance, and achievements.
2. Stakeholder Meetings and Field Visits: Since they found the in-situ
component of the Slum Rehabilitation Scheme (SRS) to be closest
to the slum redevelopment component in Housing for All, they
targeted this policy in their field research. In their stakeholder
interviews they gauged its potential to become an effective model
for slum redevelopment in emerging cities in India. During their visit
to Mumbai in May 2015, they met with key stakeholders, including
government officials, lawyers, real estate developers, policy
makers, and private equity investors to understand implementation
challenges of SRS. They also met with advisory agencies and
academic experts in Ahmedabad and Delhi to understand
scalability challenges for SRS. In Section II, they use these insights to
analyse lessons from twenty years of implementing SRS that could
be applicable for the Housing for All policy.
3. Recommendations: In the final section, they synthesized their year-
long research to distil four key recommendations to improve various
types of sustainability of slum redevelopment. Their
recommendations aim to use the field research from Mumbai to
narrow down cities where in-situ redevelopment would be most
administratively sustainable. They propose financing models for
beneficiaries of these schemes which would ensure formalize
property rights for the long term. They propose decentralized waste
water and energy amenities to improve the environmental
sustainability of housing and cities. Finally, they provide
recommendations for architectural modifications which could
retain the cultural sustainability of the communities. They aim to
disseminate these four key recommendations to policy makers in
India so that Housing for All is able to reach the goal of providing
decent housing for every slum dweller by 2022.

18
 Takeaways
Advantages:
• Minimal Social Cost: Laying down amenities without
Upgradation
SECTION I: BACKGROUND

uprooting existing houses avoids disturbing

(NSDP) (1996-2002) livelihoods.

Advantages:
• Cost-Effective: Huge subsidies from government help
Public Housing create affordable housing stock for low-income slum
dwellers.
(BSUP) (2006-2012)

In-Situ Slum Advantages:

Redevelopment • Quality of Construction: Private sector must ensure good
quality of construction to win future project bids.
(Housing for All) • Targeting: As private sector has an incentive to create housing for
(2015-Present) poor, beneficiaries are accurately identified
• Minimal Social Cost: In-situ slum redevelopment ensures the
livelihoods of slum dwellers are not disrupted long term
• Efficient use of tax-payer’s money: Housing for All aims reduces
dependency on tax payer’s money by providing free of cost
housing to slum dwellers.

TABLE 1 ADVANTAGES OF POLICIESI

I (Hindman, et al., 2015)

19
 TABLE 2 DISADVANTAGES OF POLICIESI

I (Hindman, et al., 2015)

20
Integrate decentralized plants with slum redevelopment
Attempts to improve sanitation through the installation of shared toilets in
certain Indian slums have had limited success, largely due to low usage
rates. For this reason, we propose installing individual toilets in slum
upgradation projects. However, given the fact that even in high-income
areas many households are not connected to a municipal sewer system,
and that access decreases the further a household is from the city center,
it is infeasible to connect sewage from slum redevelopment projects to
existing city infrastructure. Therefore, we propose the use of decentralized,
on-site sewage treatment. This not only avoids logistical infrastructure
constraints, but also keeps any recoverable resources, such as manure,
and associated employment opportunities within the community.

Path to Homeownership through Redevelopment Housing

Renting offers convenience, as renters typically do not have to pay for
unexpected repairs and can enjoy the benefits of fluidity. However,
renting deters occupants from investing in home improvement. Moreover,
it does not allow households to build up equity in their homes, which
retains them to accumulate assets.
To encourage renters to save, the U.S. Housing and Urban Development
Department (HUD) initiated the Family Self-Sufficiency Program in 1990.
The five-year program was designed to help residents in public housing to
become more economically independent by requiring participants to
regularly meet their case managers to ensure they are fulfilling
development goals, such as returning to school or looking for better jobs.
As the participants begin to earn higher salaries, they were able to put
extra income into saving accounts as opposed to being charged with
higher rents. In 2011, a HUD study showed that the enrollees’ annual
income increased 67% and they left the program with $5300 savings on
average.

21
A similar concept could be applied in India, but with adjustment to local
conditions. The implementing agency could appoint case managers in
each redevelopment neighborhood. These case managers, functioning
as the front officers of the program, should be in charge of appraising the
eligibility of rentinghouseholds, setting development goals with the
households, and ensuring the households are on track to fulfill their goals.
Goals should be customized to each household, encouraging them to
develop saving habits, receive better education, build parenting
knowledge, seek better employment opportunities, and establish small
bussinesses. Overall the program aims to formalize the livelihoods and
economies of these communities.I

I (Hindman, et al., 2015)

22
Report

A STUDY OF INFORMAL INCREMENTALITY,

ITS IMPACTING FACTORS
AND SUPPORTING SYSTEMS

INCREMENTAL

2011-13 I SPARC

23
Incremental upgrading is understood to be the investments made by
households in improving their homes over a period of time. This study was
undertaken to document, understand and articulate barriers currently
facing the process of incremental upgrading in informal settlements and
to make recommendations based on these findings. The study was
undertaken by the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres,
an NGO that works in partnership with two community based
organizations— the National Slum Dwellers Federation and Mahila Milan.

24
 FIG. 8I

I (Patel & Kunte, 2013)

25
 FIG. 9 DWELLING TRANSFORMATION 1I

I (Patel & Kunte, 2013)

26
 FIG. 10 DWELLING TRANSFORMATION 2I

I (Patel & Kunte, 2013)

27
Takeaways

Once financing is accessible and given a

certain perception of tenure security,
households begin the upgradation process.
The choice of materials is based on several
Building material factors. Materials are accessed from second
credit and MFIs hand markets, provided by employers or
scavenged from construction sites. Household
as intermediaries choices vary with local context but mass
production across the country makes available
certain materials much more easily than
others. The selection of materials is often based
on ease of availability and all available
materials are linked to those inevitably ’
recycled downwards ’ from middle class
homes.
Thus, a large portion of sales for building
material manufacturers and retailers come
from the bottom of the pyramid and they can
be incentivized to provide housing loans to this
segment.
I

I (Patel & Kunte, 2013)

28
Understanding design as a process

Most imageries of state interventions swing

between demolition and building houses. It is
as though the reality of how the poor house
themselves never finds any inquiry or response
when state schemes are designed.
Government schemes and most technical
professionals have a predisposed idea of a
prototype. Our observations indicate that
perceptions of “incremental housing” by
technical professionals and architects assume
from the beginning what the overall design is,
and then break it into stages to be built over
time. On the other hand, the poor evolve and
develop the house gradually and elements
and solutions are generated as they go along.
Households work within the limitations of
geography, plot sizes, available materials and
finance to produce housing decisions that
respond to several factors such as climate,
rodents, privacy, expansion needs, storage
needs or income generation. The result is the
‘accidental’ production of design and use of
elements that have now become
standardized in informal dwellings. Today
incremental housing expansions occur despite
normative impediments. Households have
many anecdotes of municipality demolition
units coming and pulling down roofing that
was above 9 feet in the 70s and 80s.
Subsequently, in a guarded sort of way 14 feet
was “allowed” after which the second floors
have begun to appear.

29
Clearly the production of housing to
accommodate the household, to plan future
expansion of family through renting and
stretching the possibilities of what is permissible
are features that demonstrate natural
tendencies of all households, rich and poor to
do planning for themselves. Space needs to
fulfil several demands of privacy, safety,
storage and to allow for the flexible use of
space and accommodation of multiple uses at
different times of the day. Any change is not
seen as complete but part of a larger
incremental growth. The challenge in case of
those living informally in slums is that it is all
deemed invisible, unacceptable and yet it
continues to occur. Households facing the
threat of evictions deliberately use temporary
materials to allow the structure to be easily
dismantled and reassembled. This flexibility of
materials and spaces was seen across
settlements and households with more secure
tenure as well, supporting households to meet
the multiple demands of a growing family.I

Policy must therefore reflect how the poor build rather than suggesting
house types that have no connection to the daily life of those who live in
slums. Design should be understood as a continuous process and a
framework created to enable the production of an incrementally growing
house form as opposed to a static form.II

I (Patel & Kunte, 2013) II (Patel & Kunte, 2013)

30
Act

The act focuses on improvement and clearance of slum

areas in certain Union Territories and protection of
tenants in such areas from eviction. Apart from this
identification and notification of slum areas, slum
improvement area & declaration of slum clearance area.

Slum Areas Improvement and

Clearance Act, 1956

Government of India

31
Takeaways

Under this act slum is defined as an area unfit

for human habitation because of dilapidated
Description of buildings, overcrowding, faulty arrangement
and design of buildings, narrowness or faulty
Slum arrangement of streets, lack of ventilation, light
or sanitation facilities or any other combination
of these factors. Dilapidated building can be
assessed on its basis of repair, stability, freedom
from damp, natural light & air, water supply,
drainage & sanitary conveniences.

If the building is found to be unfit for human

habitation & improvement can be done at
reasonable cost then competent authority
may issue a notice to the owner of the property
Improvement (if
for necessary repair & improvement. In case
the improvement is carried out by the authority possible) & Cost
then the expense will be recovered from
building owners by means of rent, recovery
from occupiers of building, by land revenue
etc.

Buildings which cannot be repaired within

reasonable cost then the authority is required
Demolition & to serve a notice within 30 days of inspection &
demolition can be carried out only after 6
Redevelopment
weeks of expiration of the notice. In areas
where demolition order has passed/
demolition taken place no redevelopment
can take place without approval of
competent authority.

32
 Land acquisition will be done by central
government after providing information &
Land Acquisition discussion with land owner. The notice of land
acquisition is required to be published in
& Compensation Official Gazette.
This act provides right to receive compensation
for every person having any interest in any land
acquired under this act by central
government.

Basis for determining compensation –

• Amount equal to 60 times the net average
monthly income actually derived from such
land during the period of 5 consecutive years
• Amount mentioned in the notice which may
be accepted or rejected
• If the amount mentioned in notice is rejected
& higher amount is demanded then appeal
can be made to administrator.
In case there are more than 1 person claiming
the amount then the amount will be divided
between the claimants.

Protection of Tenant slum areas cannot be cleared/evicted

without permission of the competent authority.
tenants in Slum No person can execute eviction without
areas & powers approval from competent authority.

The order of eviction will only be provided after

of officials –
giving opportunity to tenant of being heard.
This act also details out the powers of
competent authority to carryout inspection &
surveys of the area to identify them as fit for
human habitation or unfit for human
habitation.

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34
CASE STUDY

35
36
 Project framework
Incremental Architecture
Multifunctional spaces

Social Housing Prototype

Tatiana Bilbao

FIG. 11 HOUSING PROTOTYPE I

I (Cruz, 2015)
37
Social housing has become one of the most important issues in our
present-day architectural agenda. Only in Mexico, there are more than
30 million houses all over the country, but with a total population of about
120 million, and with one of the fastest population growth rates in Latin
America, the housing shortage constitutes a total of 9 million homes.

The Brief

The design aims at finding a solution to the affordable housing issue in

Mexico, a project which is defined by its low cost and material nature and
spatial qualities responding to the user aspect.

Bilbao, in order to fight the housing crisis and rental problems, sought to
build $8,000 to $12,000 homes for some of the poorest people in Mexico.
The plan called for 3,000 homes to be built in five years.

38
The Design

Bilbao’s firm developed an ingenious solution, the Social Housing

Prototype, described in an interview in Bomb magazine. "We figured out
a way - by making interior patios and double-height spaces for a house-
owner to double their space by building partitions, all without exceeding
the original footprint of the house, contained under the traditional
pitched roof," Bilbao said. "There's even a water tank fitted in under the
roof."

FIG. 12 FLOW CHART OF FUNCTIONS

39
 FIG. 13 AXONOMETRIC VIEWI

They expanded the minimal federal requirement of 43 sq. Meters (463 sq.
ft) per house, by building a central core of rigid materials (concrete
blocks) and different surrounding modules of lighter/ cheaper materials
(wood pallets) which allow for future expansions in different phases,
always preserving the outside appearance of a completed house and
adapting to each family budget, needs and desires.

I (Cruz, 2015)
40
 FIG. 14 GROUND AND FIRST FLOOR PLAN I

FIG. 15 SECTIONSII

I (Cruz, 2015)
II (Cruz, 2015)
41
 FIG. 16 VARIOUS POSSIBILITIES

FIG. 17 VARIOUS POSSIBILITIES

The first phase of the house includes two bedrooms, 1 bathroom, 1 kitchen
and a 5 meter height dining/living room. When completed, the third
phase contemplates space for the same rooms and 5 separate
bedrooms, with the possibility of adapting each separate house
according to each family specific needs.
42
 Project framework
Prototypal Structure
Self Help Implementation

Elemental
Alejandro Aravena

FIG. 18 HOUSING PROTOTYPE

43
PROJECT TYPE: Single family home with possible expansions
COMPLETION: 2009
ARCHITECT: Elemental Architects, Santiago, Chile
TOTAL SQUARE FEET: 1,800-2,700
UNITS PER ACRE: 1-2
COST PER SQUARE FOOT: not known
UNIT BREAKDOWN: First floor contains 1 bedroom, 1 bath, kitchen,
living, dining area – second floor has potential for 6 bedrooms, and 2
baths

CLIENT: Make It Right Foundation

Project Description

The overall intention of the designer was to

build a home that can be adaptable and
expand based on the families physical as well
as cultural needs. The structure for an addition
is built during initial construction, allowing for
simple future renovations. The house was
designed with a “do it yourself concept,”
prepared to change over time within a
previously defined layout. “We just designed
the most difficult part of a future 2,700 sqf
house, so that expansions can be done in an
easy, economical, quick and safe way. The
scheme accommodates the required
program in half of the maximum allowed
volume. The other half is initially a big porch
able to accommodate expansions of the
original home or even a second house. This is
the space for the expression of the families’
own cultural and living traditions, and
ultimately increasing their assets thanks to a
larger house or the additional income.”
- Alejandro Aravena

44
 FIG. 19 DRAWINGS

FIG. 20 ELEVATIONS

45
 FIG. 21 VIEW

The most important quality of this home is its ability to adapt to the family’s
needs. “This means that we have to create an open system rather than a
closed design, a structural framework that is responsible for difficult,
complex duties and operations, but that allows for personal interventions
and customization.” The intention is that the difficult construction will be
taken care of upon the first building of the house so that when the family
needs more space, additions can easily be added. The home is thus easily
adaptable to the needs and wants of the family, both physically and
culturally.

Materials and Assemblies

Wood- stick built with a tin roof (steeply pitched), elevated on concrete
piers, operable windows, flexibility with exterior materials- siding is likely,
given the traditional context of the neighbourhood.

46
 Project framework
Site and Services approach
Self-help process
Incremental Nature

Aranya Township
B.V. Doshi

FIG. 22 A STREET IN ARANYA I

I (Architexturez, 2016)
47
Masterplan
Topography of the site was important determinant in planning roads, and
other service networks to maximize use of gravity flow and minimize the
cut and fill of land

FIG. 23 SITE PLAN

48
 Aranya, 6 kilometres from Indore, will
eventually house a total population of
60,000 in 6500 dwellings, on a net
planning area of 85 hectares. The master
plan, prepared by the Vastu-Shilpa
Foundation in 1983, is designed around a
central spine comprising the business
district, and an agglomeration of six self-
contained neighborhoods. Their size and
organization incorporates all the
neighborhood facilities in appropriate
quantities to sustain community life.
(Architexturez, 2016)

The formal street network draws the vehicular traffic outward to the
perimeter road while pedestrian traffic on informal pathways and open
space network flows in the opposite direction achieving clear and safe
segregation of slow- and fast-moving traffic. Non-rectilinear alignment of
streets with varying widths, bends and widening are provided to
accommodate range of spontaneous human activities. The hierarchy of
commercial activities coincides with street hierarchy. Formal commercial
outlets are along major arterial roads while informal shopping areas occur
along narrow streets and open spaces throughout the settlement.

49
 FIG. 24 STAGES OF EVOLUTION

FIG. 25 MASTERPLAN

50
Hierarchy and Distribution

FIG. 26 HIERARCHY AND DISTRIBUTIONI

I (Architexturez, 2016)
51
Unit Layout and Design

FIG. 27 LAYOUTI

FIG. 28 FACADEII

I (Architexturez, 2016)
II (Architexturez, 2016)
52
FIG. 29 DEMONSTRATION OF HOUSING ELEMENTS

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54