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Lesson 3 Quantitative Research

This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to hypotheses in research. It discusses the definition of a hypothesis, the purposes and characteristics of hypotheses. It also describes the different types of hypotheses including the research hypothesis, null hypothesis, and alternative hypothesis. The document classifies hypotheses as simple or complex, associative or causal, and directional or non-directional. It explains hypothesis testing and the types of errors that can occur. In summary, the document provides an overview of terminology and concepts important for understanding hypotheses in research studies.

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Julien Patrick Cebrian
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272 views6 pages

Lesson 3 Quantitative Research

This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to hypotheses in research. It discusses the definition of a hypothesis, the purposes and characteristics of hypotheses. It also describes the different types of hypotheses including the research hypothesis, null hypothesis, and alternative hypothesis. The document classifies hypotheses as simple or complex, associative or causal, and directional or non-directional. It explains hypothesis testing and the types of errors that can occur. In summary, the document provides an overview of terminology and concepts important for understanding hypotheses in research studies.

Uploaded by

Julien Patrick Cebrian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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(formerly Manila Adventist Medical Center & School of Medical Arts, Inc.

)
1975 Corner Donada and San Juan Streets, Pasay City 1300

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

HANDOUTS
on

RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 2

Prepared by: Ryan Ray M. Mata, RN, MA, MN


Research Teacher

Noted by: Marilyn P. Mutuc, MAEd, PhD


Principal
Terminologies

Hypothesis
 A prediction or a testable statement about the relationship between two or more
variables which a researcher aims to test to see if it is supported or rejected

 Shrewd guess or inference that is formulated and provisionally adopted to


explain observed facts or conditions and to guide further investigation

Purposes of Hypothesis
 Guide the scientific inquiry in the advancement of knowledge

 Provide direction for the research design and the collection, analysis, and
interpretation of data

 Provide a framework for reporting the conclusion of the study

Characteristics of Hypothesis
 Present tense

 Testable (Accepted or rejected/ supported or not supported)

 Contains one independent variable and one dependent variable

Classification of Hypothesis
 Research hypothesis
 Null hypothesis
 Alternative (or experimental) hypothesis

Research hypothesis
 Also referred to as (1) scientific, (2) substantive or (3) declarative hypothesis

 Presents a general POSITIVE prediction about the relationship between two


phenomena or variables

 States the ACTUAL expected relationship between variables

Samples:

 There is a significant difference in the perceived level of social support between


dormitorian and non-dormitorian senior high school students.
 There is a significant relationship between the perceived level of social support
and academic performance of senior high school students.

Null hypothesis
 Also known as statistical hypothesis

 Formal statement indicating that there is NO relationship between the


independent and dependent variables

 Always expressed as a NEGATIVE statement

 Subjected to testing in which the decision is either accept or reject it

Samples:

 There is no significant difference in the perceived level of social support between


dormitorian and non-dormitorian senior high school students.

 There is no significant relationship between the perceived level of social support


and academic performance of senior high school students.

Alternative/ Experimental hypothesis


 State the precise behavior or responses

Symbols used for Hypothesis

Symbols Meaning
H Hypothesis
H0 Null hypothesis
HA Alternative hypothesis
H1 First (of possible several) research hypothesis
H2 Second (of possible several) research hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
 Simple and complex hypotheses
 Associative and causal hypotheses
 Directional and non-directional hypotheses

Simple hypothesis
 Also called univariate hypothesis

 States the relationship between two variables (one independent and one
dependent)

Samples:

 Teachers with more work experience provide better teaching skills than
teachers with less working experience.

 Cigarette smoking causes lung cancer.

Complex hypothesis
 Also referred to as multivariate hypothesis

 States the relationship between two or more independent variables and two or
more dependent

 Types: (1) multiple independent variables, (2) multiple dependent variables, (3)
multiple independent and dependent variables

Samples:

 The personal and professional profiles of senior high school students affect their
level of academic performance and the NAT rating.

 Heredity, home environment, and quality of instruction are related to


intelligence, motivation, and performance in school.

Associative hypothesis
 Proposes relationships among variables that occur or exist together in the real
world, so that when one variables changes, the other changes

Causal hypothesis
 Cause-and-effect interaction between two or more variables (IV and DV)
Directional hypothesis
 States the DIRECTION of the relationship between variables

 Usually derived from conceptual models or findings from previous researches

Samples:

 Older people are at greater risk of acquiring non-communicable diseases.

 The higher the intake of fibers, the lower is the weight of physical mass.

 Women who have higher levels of depressive symptoms will report fewer positive
health practices.

Directional Indicators

Positive (+) direction Negative (-) direction


Increase Decrease
Higher Lower
Presence Absence
More Less
Better Worse
Greater Lesser

Non-directional hypothesis
 States the relationship between variables but has NO specific direction

 Used when past research studies provide conflicting results or when the
direction of the relationship is unknown

Samples:

 There is a correlation between board examination result and number of hours


spent watching television.

 Male students differ from female students with respect to scores in the
Academic performance and National Achievement Test
Hypothesis testing

Decision H0 is True H0 is False


Rejected/ Not accepted H0 Type I error (incorrect Correct decision
decision)

Accepted H0 Correct decision Type II error (incorrect


decision)

Type I error – rejection of the null hypothesis when in fact it is true

Type II error – acceptance of the null hypothesis when in fact it is false

Rejection and Acceptance of Null Hypothesis

Tabular Value (TV)/


Null hypothesis Computed Value (CV)
Critical Value
Rejected/ Not accepted Significant Equal or greater than

Accepted Insignificant Lesser than

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