MANAGEMENT OF ORGANIC WASTE IN GITHURAI 45 MARKET IN KIAMBU

COUNTY, KENYA.

By

Kamau Denis Muchiri

Reg. No: N80/2906/2015

Signature…………………………………… Date……………………………..

A Research Project Proposal Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Science (Environmental Education) in the School of Environmental
Studies in Kenyatta University.

Supervisor:

Mrs. Zipporah Rimbui

Signature…………………………………… Date……………………………..

Department of Environmental Science and Education

NOVEMBER 2018
ABSTRACT

Githurai is an estate located at the border of Kiambu County and Nairobi County. It is one of
the highly populated estates in Kiambu County, with approximately 600,000 people. The
purpose of the study is to assess the disposal and collection of wastes in Githurai market. The
study will also determine the associated impacts of the waste in the market. This is geared
towards employing better waste disposal and collection strategies to ensure that it doesn’t
have adverse effect on the high population and on the land. The sources of the ever piling
garbage will be determined and suggestions on the proper management of the waste will be
suggested. The design of this study will be descriptive and it will involve administration of
questionnaires which will be distributed to various groups. The groups will involve: market
vendors and customers, business owners located next to the market, and households located
near the market. A sample size of 40 will be used in this study, with the ratio of distribution
of market vendor questionnaires: business enterprise questionnaires: household
questionnaires being 4:3:1. This will result in 20 market vendor questionares, 15business
enterprise questionares and 5 household questionnaires. Interviews will also be used together
with the use of observations and photographs.

ii
Contents
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... v
ABREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................... vi
DEFINITION OF TERMS .......................................................................................................................... vii
SECTION ONE .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background information ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem .................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Research Questions............................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Research Objectives ............................................................................................................ 2
1.5 Research Hypothesis ........................................................................................................... 2
1.6 Justification ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.7 Conceptual framework ....................................................................................................... 3
SECTION TWO ......................................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 Literature Review .................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 GIS Application in Coordinating Solid Waste Collection .................................................. 4
2.3 Spatial Planning and Waste Management ........................................................................... 4
2.4 Organic Waste Management in the World .......................................................................... 5
2.5 Organic Waste Management in Africa ................................................................................ 5
2.6 Organic Waste Management in Kenya ............................................................................... 6
2.7 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) ................................................... 6
2.8 Research gap ....................................................................................................................... 7
SECTION THREE ....................................................................................................................................... 8
3.0 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 8
3.1 Study Area .......................................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Study Design ....................................................................................................................... 8
3.3 Population ........................................................................................................................... 8
3.4 Sampling Procedures........................................................................................................... 8
3.5 Sample Size ......................................................................................................................... 8
3.6 Instruments .......................................................................................................................... 9
3.7 Data Collection Procedure ................................................................................................ 10
3.8 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................... 10
References ............................................................................................................................................ 11

iii
Appendix І: Questionnaires .................................................................................................................. 12
Appendix II: Work Plan ........................................................................................................................ 18
Appendix III: Budget ............................................................................................................................ 19

iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page

Figure 1. Relationships between variables…………………………………3

Figure 2. Work plan……………………………………………………….18

Figure 3. Budget…………………………………………………………..19

v
 ABREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
MSW Municipal Solid Waste

LAs Local Authorities

CBOs Community Based Organizations

GIS Geographical Information Systems

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

UN United Nations

NEMA National Environment Management Authority

vi
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Organic waste- Also known as green waste is the material that is biodegradable and comes
from a plant or an animal. It is mostly made up of vegetable and fruit debris, paper, bones,
and human waste which lots quickly.

Hazardous waste- This is the waste material that is flammable, toxic, reactive or corrosive.
Hazardous waste mostly comes from industries and it involves chemicals.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) - This is the waste collected from commercial institutions,
businesses, residences and institutions such as hospitals and schools.

E-waste-Waste generated by electronic equipment used by businesses and individual

consumers. It includes waste from computers, fax machines, copiers.

Garbage- This is the waste material that is discarded by human beings usually due to lack of
use, which are produced during cooking and storage of vegetables, meat and fruits.

Waste management- this is the process of collection, transportation, disposal, recycling and
monitoring of waste.

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 SECTION ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background information

Rapid growth in population always comes with the effect on increased rates of waste
disposal. Waste managements is undertaken to reduce harmful effects of human waste on
human health, the environment and the general outlook of a place. Lack of proper ways of
disposal of accumulated wastes would lead to disease prevalence and pollution of the
environment.

A study by UN-Habitat together with imperial college London, suggests that organic waste
forms the largest proportion of the average waste generated in towns and cities in the world.
The study was set up to collect data for low income, middle income and high income
individuals, all within the same frame. The results after the study indicated that in high
income areas, organic wastes contributed to 29% of the total waste generated; in middle areas
it contributed to 54% of the waste and in low income areas it contributed 63% of the waste
generate. (Anne Scheinberg, 2010)

In Public Facilities and Services Goals, waste management falls under goal number 7, which
is, ‘Ensuring environmental sustainability’. This is to be achieved through mandatory
collection, adequate survive, landfill capacity, solid waste diversion, municipal waste
reduction, municipal reuse, commercial recycling among others. (Hayward, 2017)

In Kenya, solid waste is managed by the county government while other wastes are dealt with
by the private parties and other entities involved. Before the environmental management and
coordination act (1999) was enacted, the Local Authorities (LAs) had monopoly control over
sanitation and solid waste management services in Kenya, mainly provided under the Local
Government Act (CAP 265) and Public Health Act (CAP 242)

Food waste is the largest proportion of solid waste generated in Nairobi. Some private
companies and the Nairobi City Council provide solid waste management services to high
income areas and middle income areas. The low income areas which include the slums and
other unplanned settlements which inhabit 55-60% of the Nairobi residents receive

1
 inadequate waste collection services. Community Based Organizations (CBOs) have opted to
take up the responsibility.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Solid waste management systems in the Kenyan markets should be upgraded to levels that
make the working environment habitable for maximum trade, considering that Kenya is an
agricultural country. This study will be primarily inclined to the whole process of disposal,
collection, recycling and monitoring of the whole organic waste management process in
Githurai 45 Market in order to ensure a proper working environment for residents.

1.3 Research Questions

1. How efficient is the organic waste collection and disposal system in Githurai 45
Market?
2. What are the challenges facing the organic waste collection and disposal system in
Githurai 45 Market?
3. What impacts does the organic waste have on the ecosystem as a whole?
4. What measures can be taken and adopted to improve the efficiency of the organic
waste collection and disposal system in Githurai 45 Market?

1.4 Research Objectives

1. To determine the efficiency of the organic waste collection and disposal system in
Githurai 45 Market.
2. To identify the challenges facing the organic waste collection and disposal system in
Githurai 45 market.
3. To assess the impacts of the organic waste on the ecosystem.
4. To recommend measures to improve the efficiency of the organic waste collection and
disposal system in Githurai 45 market.

1.5 Research Hypothesis

The residents of Githurai 45 want a cleaner environment for conducting their businesses.

Most of the vendors sell farm produce in the market.

Creation of awareness can help a lot in ensuring that the residents maintain cleanliness in the
market.

1.6 Justification
Githurai town is one of the highly populated towns in Kenya. It inhabits most of the people
working in Nairobi city. Githurai town is preferred due to ease of access to the Thika Super-
highway and the Rift Valley Railway which offers alternative means of transport to the city.
Another reason why people prefer to live in Githurai is because the matatus and buses operate
on a 24hour basis. This provides sufficient transport to everyone even those working during
night shifts. Houses are also relatively cheaper compared to most of the estates, with a one
bedroom house going for around Ksh7000 compared to other area where it can go up to
Ksh15,000.

2
The increased population in Githurai consequently results to increased demand for food. This
will further result to increased farm-produce businesses in the market. The more people
conduct business the more waste they generate.

The study will help determine factors causing the rapid waste generation in the market. It will
also try to get the ways to control the generation of waste and get more efficient ways to
manage the waste. When an efficient way is established, the mobility within the market will
be increased. The organic waste can also be used in biogas production, hence minimizing on
some energy costs by the residents. The waste can also be used to make compost man8ure
which can be provided to the farmers so as to increase their produce and serve the residents
of Githurai 45 even better. There are many jobless residents living in Githurai hence the
whole process of collection and disposal of organic waste would create more job
opportunities. After the study in Githurai, several other urban centres with similar
characteristics would adopt the same trend so as to come up with clean centres altogether.

1.7 Conceptual framework

In this section, an outline of the relationship between the independent, dependent and other
intervening variables is outlined with regard to the study. In order for the system to function
properly, the various components must be in harmony. With this, the improvement in
efficiency of collection and disposal of organic waste in the market will be a success.

3
SECTION TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction
This is the section where a comparison between my study findings and studies of other
researchers is made. In comparing different studies, I hope to bring a clear understanding of
my study. The use of other relevant written literature will also help to ensure a good
understanding of the organic waste menace in various parts of the world. My literature review
is from different sources which include books, journals, newspapers, websites and other
relevant sources.

2.2 GIS Application in Coordinating Solid Waste Collection

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a tool that can provide spatial and non-spatial
information for urban planning and management. It can also link this data for various uses.
Geographic Information System (GIS) technology provides an advanced modelling
framework for decision makers in order to analyse and simulate various spatial waste
management problems, including waste collection. For instance, a model in Arc GIS Network
Analyst was developed in order to improve the efficiency of waste collection and transport in
the Municipality of Nikea, Athens, Greece through the reallocation of waste collection bins
and the optimisation of vehicle routing in terms of distance and time travelled (Lasaridi,
2009)

2.3 Spatial Planning and Waste Management

Spatial planning deals with the arrangement of human activities in space through allocating
space to different uses. The spatial layout of any urban setting determines the level of
efficiency of solid waste management. The spatial layout determines the arrangement of
activities within a given space and also the level of accessibility and mobility within that
space. Arrangement of activities determines the most appropriate place to locate waste
collection points; while accessibility and mobility determines the best route to be used for
transporting waste from the place of generation and collection to the place where the waste
will be processed or disposed. Spatial planning is continuously being viewed as a tool to
enhance service delivery in most urban centres around the world.

4
2.4 Organic Waste Management in the World
According to the United Nations (UN), between now and 2025, the world population will
increase by 20% to reach 8 billion inhabitants. Moreover, by 2050, the total population will
be around 9.5 billion, unless specific control measures are broadly adopted. It is important to
note that 97% of this growth will happen in Asia and Africa, which includes some of the
economically strained countries that have the least capability to absorb it. (Mavropoulos,
2013)

This growth also will boost urbanization of the population (urban population is expected to be
around 65% of the total population after 2040), and the creation of extended zones of poverty
around and inside megacities. The number of inhabitants of slums will be double around
2025 and will reach 1.5 billion (Mavropoulos, 2013)

Besides overpopulation, a remarkable increase in Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP/c)
especially in developing countries is on its way. In 2025, world production will have doubled
in relation to 2005. By 2050 the world production may again have doubled compared to
2025. The global average GDP/c around 2025 will be more or less one and a half times the
current one, and it may be fourfold around 2050 (Mavropoulos, 2013)

2.5 Organic Waste Management in Africa

MSW can be viewed as a component of the environmental management process that has a
direct bearing on a city’s attractiveness and its social, economic and political development.
Solid waste is increasingly seen as an alternative source of renewable energy devising better
management options through reuse of waste in Africa will help the continent to achieve the
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) number 7: To Ensure Environmental Sustainability.
However, there are factors that directly or indirectly influence MSW management in Africa.

They include

 Natural environmental concerns,

 Social norms and associated concerns,
 Economic factors,
 Historical influences,
 Political contexts,

5
  Local, regional and national legislation,
 Educational factors,
 Technological developments,
 Human resource deployment,
 Financial constraints.

Some of the largest African cities like Nairobi, Dar-es-Salaam, Lagos, Cairo and
Johannesburg are experiencing population growth trends that are primarily fuelled by high
levels of migration. This has led to the increased production of solid waste in these cities,
with waste-collection systems as a result becoming inefficient, so that the cities lose their
attractiveness. Proper sanitary landfills are still lacking in most African cities and waste is
often thrown around in heaps (Palczynski, 2002)

2.6 Organic Waste Management in Kenya

The percentage of organic waste that is recovered from the Municipal point of view is only 8
per cent of the recyclable and 5 per cent of the compostable. Composting by groups has
potential but the groups are facing a number of constraints, the most important being
procurement of land to conduct the business. Another problem is lack of a stable market for
the recovered materials, especially for wastepaper and compost. For instance, the self-help
activities of a project conducted in Mukuru earned Ksh1.55 million in 1996 from the
recovery of 1,018 tons of materials per year. This income was not sufficient for the project’s
60 members and for financing investments required to improve efficiency (UNEP, 2016)

2.7 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)

NEMA is a government agency responsible for the management of the environment and
environmental policies. The Authority’s core functions which relate to waste management
include:

 Undertake and coordinate research, investigation and surveys, collect, collate and
disseminate information on the findings of such research, investigations or surveys.
 Mobilize and monitor the use of financial and human resources for environmental
management.

6
  Identify projects and programs for which environmental audit or environmental
monitoring must be conducted under this Act.
 Monitor and assess activities, including activities being carried out by relevant lead
agencies, in order to ensure that the environment is not degraded by such activities.
Management objectives must be adhered to and adequate early warning on
impending environmental emergencies is given.
 Undertake, in cooperation with relevant lead agencies, programmes intended to
enhance environmental education and public awareness, about the need for sound
environmental management, as well as for enlisting public support and encouraging
the effort made by other entities in that regard.
 Publish and disseminate manual codes or guidelines relating to environmental
management and prevention or abatement of environmental degradation.

2.8 Research gap

The idea of organic waste management has not been put into maximum consideration in
Githurai. The residents take the issue lightly since it appears like it can’t be handled
completely. Other researchers have failed to identify a long lasting solution to the problem
and that’s why it continues to be a menace. Through improved collection and disposal means,
the problem can be solved. It would be more convenient to transport garbage on motorized
garbage trucks. However, the trucks might not access all the points in the market. A more
accessible means like the use of motorcycles to get the effluents from the dumping sites to the
main site would be better.

7
 SECTION THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY
This section describes the methods of data collection that will be employed in the intended
research.

3.1 Study Area

Githurai area is a residential area. It is divided into two regions, Githurai 44 which is in
Kasarani Constituency of Nairobi County and Githurai 45 which is in Juja Constituency of
Kiambu County. The study will be conducted in Githurai 45 market, Kiambu County. The
market is located along the Thika Super-Highway which links Thika Town and Nairobi city.
Githurai is growing so rapidly in population due to the presence of the Super-Highway which
provides convenient transport to the city.

3.2 Study Design

The study design will be quantitative. It will involve the use of questionnaires, observation
and interviews. It will also to some extent be explanatory where I will try to determine the
sources of organic waste in Githurai 45 Market. I will also determine the effects and the way
the challenge can be tackled and solved.

3.3 Population
The population of Githurai Town has rapidly grown since the initialization of Thika Super-
Highway. The high population can also be attributed to the affordable housing units in the
area. Kiuu sub-location from where the town largely falls is inhabited with a population
density of 11,098 people according to the 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census.

3.4 Sampling Procedures

Sampling will involve selecting a group of market vendors, business owners located next to
the market and household members living next to the market from the total population of
Githurai Market. I will employ the use of questionnaires which will be distributed to the
residents, together with the use oral interviews. This will help me gather the relevant
information for the study.

3.5 Sample Size

A sample size of 40 will be appropriate for this study with the ratio of Market vendor
questionnaires: Business enterprise questionnaires: Household questionnaires being 4:3:1.
This will result in 20 market vendor questionnaires, 15 business questionnaires and 5
household questionnaires. The market vendors are the major stakeholders in Githurai market
and hence they will be given the largest numbers of questionnaires.

8
I will adopt the Cochran’s Formula:

𝑍 2 𝑝𝑞
𝑛0 =
e2
Where;

n= sample size

Z2= the abscissa of the normal curve that cuts off an area at the trails

e= the desired level of precision

p= estimated proportion of an attribute of interest in the population

q= also 1-p, the value of Z and which is found in statistical table and contains the area under
the normal curve

3.6 Instruments
The research will employ these types of instruments during data collection:

3.61 Questionnaires
A total of 40 questionnaires will be used for this study and they will be
administered to market vendors, business enterprises near the market and
households near the market. The ratio of Market vendor questionnaires:
Business enterprise questionnaires: Household questionnaires being 4:3:1.
This will result in 20 market vendor questionnaires, 15 business questionnaires
and 5 household questionnaires.

3.62 Interviews
The study will intend to conduct cognitive interviews which will be self-
administered. The residents will be free to give their views with regard to
organic waste in the market. The interviews will be conducted to 10 people
and will be random, engaging all genders.

3.63 Photographs
The study will involve the use of photographs to collect information and also
for good evidence. I will walk around the market and take photographs of the
carelessly disposed organic waste as I observe the individual behaviours of the
people who get in and out of the market.

9
3.7 Data Collection Procedure
The procedure will involve the following:

3.71 Primary method

The primary method will involve;

 Personal observation, where I will look at the activities leading to

waste disposal in the market.
 Conduction of interviews where I will ask to get attention of someone
for just a few minutes and the person will give me oral responses as I
note some key points down.
 I will take photographs from inside the market where people will be
conducting their daily activities and itwill help in giving evidence of
organic waste disposal.
 Administration of questionnaires to the market vendors, business
owners and households near the market so that they can fill out their
opinions.

3.72 Secondary method

The secondary method will involve data obtained from literature review, journals,
books, magazines, reports and newsletters.

3.8 Data Analysis

The study will involve analyses of the data through qualitative methods such as content
analysis and narrative analysis where I will analyze the information provided during
interviews, questionnaires observation and photographs to see the relationships. I will also
use quantitative analysis and present the data in form of graphs, tables and charts.

10
 References

Anne Scheinberg, L. R.-W. (2010). Comparing Solid Waste Management in the World's Cities.
London: UN-HABITAT.

bengtsson, m. (2011). organic waste an underutilized resource. IGES, 3-5.

Hayward. (2017, February 14). Moore lacofano Goltsman, Inc. (MIG). Retrieved February 3, 2019,
from 2040 General plan: www.hayward2040generalplan.com

Lasaridi, C. C. (2009). A GIS based model for the optimization of monicipal solid waste collection. In
C. C. Lasaridi, WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT (pp. 640-650).
Athens: Surtal Publishers.

Mavropoulos, A. (2013). Waste Management World. Waste Management 2030+.

Otiato, M. &. (2010, November 23). Solid Waste Management in Kenya. Retrieved February 05,
2019, from ajol: www.ajol.info

Palczynski, R. (2002). STUDY ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR AFRICA. Nova Scotia:
Timeline Press.

UNEP. (2016). Global Partnership on Waste Management, Integrated Solid Waste

Management(ISWM) Workplan for 2016-2018. Nairobi: United Nations Environmental
Programme.

11
 Appendix І: Questionnaires
MARKET VENDOR QUESTIONNAIRE.

RESPONDENT’S INFORMATION.

NAME…………………………………………………

GENDER Male Female

1. Which section of Githurai market do you work in?

………………..…………………………………………

2. Which farm produce do you deal in?

a) Onions

b) Tomatoes

c) Cabbages

d) Melons

e) Oranges

f) Bananas

g) Pineapples

h) Maize

i) Beans12

j) Others

12
3. How often do you receive stock and how much is the stock for each farm product?

Daily Weekly

4. a) Does your area have a waste disposal site/pit?

Yes No

b) If yes where is it located?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. a) Do you pay for the service?

Yes No

b) If yes, how much?

………………………………………………………………………………………......

6. a) Are you satisfied with the waste disposal system in your area?
Yes No

b) What measures would you recommend to improve the performance of the waste disposal
system?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………….

Thanks for your participation.

13
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE QUESTIONNAIRE

Respondent’s Information

NAME
AGE
GENDER
Male Female
1. Which section of Githurai market do you work in?

………………………………………………………………………………………….......

2. Which kind of business enterprise do you run?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. a) Does the waste from the market affect your business?

Yes No

b) If yes, how does it affect your business?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. a) Is waste collected in your area?

Yes No

b) If yes, how often is waste collected in your area?14

………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) What method is used to collect the waste?

……………………………………………………………………………………………...

5. a) Does your area have a waste disposal site/pit?

Yes No

b)If yes, where is it located?…………………………………………………………............

6. a) Do you pay for the service?

Yes No

14
b) If yes, how much?
…………………………………………………………………………….............................

7. a) Are you satisfied with the waste disposal system in your area?

Yes No
b) What measures would you recommend to improve the performance of the waste disposal
system?
………………………………………………………………………………………….………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Thanks for your participation.

15
HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE

Respondent’s Information

NAME
AGE
GENDER
Male Female

1. Marital Status: Married ( ) Single ( ) Separated ( ) Widow ( )

2. Which section of Githurai market do you live adjacent to?

…………………………………………………………………………………………

3. a) Does the waste from the market affect your household?

Yes No

b) What method is used to collect the waste?…………………………………………………

4. a) Is waste collected in your area?

Yes No

b) If yes, how often is waste collected in your area?16

Daily Weekly Monthly

5. a) Does your area have a waste disposal site/pit?

Yes No

b) If yes, where is it located?

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

6. a) Do you pay for the service?

Yes No

b) If yes, how much?

……………………………………………………………………………………….............

16
7. a) Are you satisfied with the waste disposal system in your area?

Yes No

b) What measures would you recommend to improve the performance of the waste disposal
system?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Thanks for your participation.

17
 Appendix II: Work Plan
S/N Year
Activity 2018 2019
Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
1 Development of section 2 Review
of literature of Proposals &
Listing of References
2 Title Confirmation and Concept
Development
3 Proposal Draft Sections 1-3
4 Proposal Section 1
5 Formulation of Questions
6 Formulation of Objectives and
Hypothesis
7 Development of Other Parts of
Section 1 of Proposal
8 Development of Section 3:
Methodology: Area of Study and
map
9 Development of Section 3:
Methodology: Questionnaires and
Collection of Data
10 Writing of Proposal Abstract
11 Submission of Proposal
12 Field Administration of
Questionnaires and Collection of
Data
13 Revision of Chapter 1, 2 & 3
14 Chapter 4: Drafting and Data
Analysis
15 Chapter 4: Discussion of Results
and Making of Tables, Charts and
Graphs
16 Chapter 5: Conclusion and
Recommendations Drafting
17 Writing of Final Abstract
18 Full Compilation of Project
Report (Chapter1,2,3,4&5,
References and Appendixes)
19 Submission of Research Project
Report

18
 Appendix III: Budget
S/NO Item Total (Ksh)
1 Stationery (Writing paper, pens, notebooks, folders) 2,000.00
2 Travelling costs 2,000.00
3 Internet bundles 2,000.00
4 Camera hire 1,000.00
5 Proposal Printing 4 copies of 26 pages @ Ksh 5 per page 520.00
6 Binding of 4 Proposal Copies @ Ksh 100 per copy 400.00
7 Printing of 40 questionnaires of 2 pages each @Ksh 5 per page 400.00
8 Printing of 4 Project Report copies of 50 pages @ Ksh 5 per 1,000.00
page
9 Binding of 4 copies of Project Report @ Ksh 100 per copy 400.00
Total 9,720.00

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