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Civil Engineering
University of the Philippines Diliman

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– Second level
• Third level
ES 15: Mechanics of Fluids
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Lecture 2
Pressure Variation and Manometers

Prepared by:
Dominic M. Bautista
Instructor© 2011
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Institute of Civil
CE 16 Engineering, CollegeIIof- Villalba
Fluid Mechanics Engineering, UP Diliman
 ClickLearning
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Outcomes
At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to:
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– Describe pressure (gage, absolute, and vacuum) and
– Second
pressure level
distribution
• Third level
– Fourth
– Determine the level
variation of pressure within a fluid field
» Fifth level

– Familiarize with different types of pressure measuring

devices

– Solve problems involving pressure variations and

manometers
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Outline
I. Fluid Statics
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A. Static Fluid Master text styles
to edit
B. Pressure
– Second level
C. Pressure Variation
• Third level
– Fourth level
II. Pressure »Measuring
Fifth level Devices
A. Liquid Gages
B. Mechanical Gages
C. Piezoelectric Gages

III. Examples
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 Click to edit Master
Static Fluid title style
Definition of a Fluid at Rest
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- fluidto
particles are in static
edit Master textequilibrium
styles
- no motion of a fluid layer relative to adjacent layer
– Second level
- no shear stress
• Third level
- only–pressure forces are acting on surfaces
Fourth level
- “hydrostatic
» Fifthcondition”
level

Source:
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ns770Norris-dam-west-tn1.jpg

Right:httplandmarkhunter.comphotos548154810
2-L.jpg

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Pressure
Pressure
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- ratioto
of edit
normal force to text
Master area at a point
styles
– Second level
• Third level
- scalar quantity, compressive, acts to the surface
– Fourth level
- SI unit: »Pa N/m2
= 1level
Fifth
- other units: psi, atm, bar, Torr, height of fluid (i.e. mmHg)
- pressure at standard and normal conditions:
1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 14.70 psi = 760 mmHg

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 Click to edit Master title style
Pressure
Absolute Pressure
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- measured
to editrelative
Master to absolute zero pressure (vacuum)
text styles
Gage– Pressure
Second level
- measured relative to the prevailing local atmospheric
• Third level
pressure
– Fourth level
𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎 + 𝑷𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆
*NOTE:» Fifth level
Vacuum Pressure
- used when the absolute pressure is less than the
prevailing local atmospheric pressure
- negative gage pressure

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 ClickPressure
to edit Master title style
Variation
Consider the FBD of an infinitesimal, static, wedged-shaped fluid
particle with unit width
• Click to edit Master text styles *NOTE:
PxΔy PnΔs
– Second
y level Δy Δs W = γ(0.5Δ𝑥Δ𝑦)
• Third Δ𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = Δ𝑦
x level Δx θ
Δ𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠θ = Δ𝑥
– Fourth level W PyΔx
» Fifth level
𝐹𝑥 = 0: 𝑃𝑥 Δ𝑦 − 𝑃𝑛 Δ𝑠 sin θ = 0, 𝑷𝒙 = 𝑷𝒏
1
𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝑃𝑦 Δ𝑥 − 𝑃𝑛 Δ𝑠 cos θ − 2
γΔ𝑥Δ𝑦 = 0,
1
**NOTE: γΔ𝑥Δ𝑦 is infinitesimal of higher order ~ 0
2
therefore, 𝑷𝒚 = 𝑷𝒏 = 𝑷𝒙
Pressure is the same in all directions 7
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 ClickPressure
to edit Master title style
Variation
Consider the FBD of an infinitesimal, static fluid particle with unit
• Click
width. The pressure
to edit atMaster
its centroid
text(x,styles
y) has magnitude P.
𝑷+
𝝏𝒑 ∆𝒚
Δx *NOTE:
– Second level 𝝏𝒚 𝟐
W = γ(Δ𝑥Δ𝑦)
𝝏𝒑 ∆𝒙 𝝏𝒑 ∆𝒙 𝝏𝒑
y − 𝝏𝒙 𝟐 Δy
•𝑷 Third level 𝑷 + 𝝏𝒙 Δy = variation of
𝟐
Δy W 𝝏𝒙
x – Fourth level pressure along x
Δx
» Fifth level 𝝏𝒑
= variation of
𝝏𝒑 ∆𝒚 𝝏𝒚
𝑷 − 𝝏𝒚 Δx
𝟐
pressure along y
𝜕𝑝 ∆𝑥 𝜕𝑝 ∆𝑥
𝐹𝑥 = 0: 𝑃−
𝜕𝑥 2
Δy − 𝑃 + 𝜕𝑥 2
Δy = 0
𝜕𝑝
− 𝜕𝑥 ∆𝑥∆𝑦 𝝏𝒑 = 0,
=𝟎
𝝏𝒙
Points at the same elevation have the same pressure.
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 ClickPressure
to edit Master title style
Variation
Consider the FBD of an infinitesimal, static fluid particle with unit
• Click
width. The pressure
to edit atMaster
its centroid
text(x,styles
y) has magnitude P.
𝑷+
𝝏𝒑 ∆𝒚
Δx *NOTE:
– Second level 𝝏𝒚 𝟐
W = γ(Δ𝑥Δ𝑦)
𝝏𝒑 ∆𝒙 𝝏𝒑 ∆𝒙 𝝏𝒑
y − 𝝏𝒙 𝟐 Δy
•𝑷 Third level 𝑷 + 𝝏𝒙 Δy = variation of
𝟐
Δy W 𝝏𝒙
x – Fourth level pressure along x
Δx
» Fifth level 𝝏𝒑
= variation of
𝝏𝒑 ∆𝒚 𝝏𝒚
𝑷 − 𝝏𝒚 Δx
𝟐
pressure along y
𝜕𝑝 ∆𝑦 𝜕𝑝 ∆𝑦
𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝑃− Δx − 𝑃 + 𝜕𝑦 2
Δx − γΔxΔy = 0
𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝑝 𝝏𝒑
− 𝜕𝑦 ∆𝑥∆𝑦 − γΔxΔy = 0, = −𝛄 ,
𝒑 = −𝛄𝐲 + 𝐜
𝝏𝒚
Pressure increases as elevation decreases.
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 ClickPressure
to edit Master title style
Variation
𝒑 = −𝛄𝐲 + 𝐜
• Clickincreases
- pressure to edit by
Master
a factor text
of 𝛄 asstyles
you go down the fluid layer
- c is a reference pressure (point of known pressure)
– Second level
• Third level
* Assuming the free-liquid
– Fourth level surface to be the reference line
(datum), c = 0 (zero
» Fifthgage
level pressure)
* Let h be a quantity measured vertically downward from the
surface (-y axis) = depth
𝒑 = 𝛄𝐡
where p = gage pressure, in Pa
𝛄 = specific weight of the fluid, in N/m3
h = depth of point of interest from the liquid surface, in m
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 Click to edit
Pressure Master title
Measuring style
Devices
Liquid Gage
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- usestoliquid
editcolumns
Master text styles
in measuring pressure
– Second level
Mercury• Barometer
Third level
- used– to
Fourth level
measure
» Fifth level
atmospheric pressure

𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎 = 𝛄𝑯𝒈 𝒉

Source:
httpwww.phys.ufl.edudemo2_FluidMechanicsB_S
taticsFluidsMercuryBarometer.jpgg
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 Click to edit
Pressure Master title
Measuring style
Devices
Piezometer Tube U-tube Manometer
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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

Piezometer
𝒑𝑨 = 𝛄𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒉
U-tube Manometer
𝒑𝑨 = 𝛄𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆 ∆𝒉 − 𝛄𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒍
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 Click to edit
Pressure Master title
Measuring style
Devices
Differential Manometer Inclined Manometer
• Clickdifferences
- pressure to edit Master- small
text styles
changes in pressure
– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

𝒑𝑨 − 𝒑𝑩 = −𝛄𝟏 𝒉𝟏 + 𝛄𝟐 𝑳𝒔𝒊𝒏θ + 𝛄𝟑 𝒉𝟑

𝒑𝑨 − 𝒑𝑩 = −𝛄𝟏 𝒉𝟏 + 𝛄𝟐 𝒉𝟐 + 𝛄𝟑 𝒉𝟑
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 Click to edit
Pressure Master title
Measuring style
Devices
Mechanical Gage
• Click
- usestoconcepts
edit Master text styles
of mechanics and relates it to pressure
– Second level
Bourdon• Third
Pressure
level Gage Aneroid Barometer
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

Source: Source:
httpwww.wika.cauploadWIKA_ThumbnailsProduct-Detail-LargePIC_PR_21X_54_en_us_62613.jpg.png 14
httpswww.sksato.co.jpmodulesshopimages7610-20._4.jpgg
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 Click to edit
Pressure Master title
Measuring style
Devices
Piezoelectric Gage
• Click to edit
- converts Master
pressure text
into a styles electrical output
measurable
–- Second
pressure level
transducers
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

Source:
httpsencrypted-tbn2.gstatic.comimagesq=tbnANd9GcTEwgCnoRnmL3ZtWMPiNlhtKxRTFYecaxlF5tkIHZVnPEtjBlDD

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 Click toExample
edit Master
2-1title style
A hydraulic jack has the dimensions shown. If one exerts a
force of 100 N on the handle of the jack, what load, F2, can the
• support?
jack Click toNeglect
edit Master text
the weight styles
of the lifter.
– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
F2 = 12222.22 N

16 16
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Mechanics - Villalba
 Click toExample
edit Master
2-2title style
If l1 = 40 cm, l2 = 100 cm, and l3 = 80 cm, determine the
pressure of air in the closed tank. Point 1 is exposed to
• Click to
atmosphere andedit Mastergravity
the specific text ofstyles
mercury is 13.6.
– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Pair = 109.87 kPa

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 Click toExample
edit Master
2-3title style
For the closed-tank with Bourdon-tube gages tapped into it,
what is the specific gravity of the oil and the pressure reading
on•gage
ClickC? to edit Master text styles
– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
SGoil = 0.87 » Fifth level
Pc = 72.605 kPa

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 Click toExample
edit Master
2-4title style
In the figure shown, determine the pressure difference between
point A and B.
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SGBenzene = 0.88
– Second
SGMercury = 13.6 level
SGKerosene• =Third
0.82level
– Fourth level
SGGlycerin = 1.26
» Fifth level

PA - PB = 10.54 kPa

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 Click to edit Problem
Practice Master title
2-1style
Two mercury barometers were placed at the foot and top of the
mountain. The reading on the barometer at the top is 480
• Click
mmHg whiletothe
editbarometer
Master at text
thestyles
base reads 654 mmHg.
– Second
Assuming specific weight of air is constant at 12 N/m3,
that thelevel
determine the approximate
• Third level height of the mountain.
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
h = 1934.53 m

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 Click to edit Problem
Practice Master title
2-2style
Because of the change in cross-section, it is observed that the
pressure at B became less than the pressure at A. For the
• Click to edit
configuration shown,Master text styles
determine the pressure difference
– Second
between level
point A and B.
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

PA - PB = 18.67 kPa
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 Click to edit Problem
Practice Master title
2-3style
The reading of an automobile fuel gage is proportional to the
gage pressure at the bottom of the tank. If the tank is 32 cm
• Click
deep to contaminated
and is edit Masterwith text3 styles
cm of water, how many
– Second
centimeters of airlevel
remains at the top when the gage indicates
“full”? The specific weight
• Third level of gasoline is 6670 N/m3.

– Fourth level
» Fifth level

h = 1.41 cm
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 Click to References
edit Master title style
• Streeter, V.L., et al., Fluid Mechanics, 9th ed., McGraw-Hill
• Click to edit Master text styles
International, 1998
– Second level
• Crowe,• Third
C.T., level
et al., Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 9th ed.,
– Fourth
John Wiley level
& Sons, Inc., 2009
» Fifth level

• Alejandrino, A. A., Lecture Notes in Fluid Mechanics,

National Hydraulic Research Center, 1989

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