EDUCATIONAL REFORMS AND NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY,

VARIOUS EDUCATIONAL COMMISSIONS- REPORTS

Educations reform is the name given to a political process with the goal of improving public
education. Small improvements in education theoretically have large social returns, in
health, wealth and wellbeing. Historically, reforms have taken different forms because the
motivation has been to reduce cost to student and society.

NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY

INTRODUCTION :- Intellectuals and thinkers all over the world, find education as a
crucial factor in raising the standard of living of millions all over the globe. It is however
therefore that many countries have started giving a close look to their educational system.
Education is being a subsystem of the large social order.

DEFINITION:-national policy on education is a policy formulated by the government of India

to promote education amongst India’s people .

The policy covers elementary education to colleges in both rural and urban India. The
first NPE to colleges in both rural and urban established in India. The first NPE promulgated
in 1968 by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1986.

OBJECTIVES
Objectives of NPE 1986 include. Education is a unique investment on the present and future.
This cardinal principal is the key to the national policy on education.

 Thrust of the policy is the main, and his/her preparation to face 21st century.
 The concept of national system of education implies that up to a given level all
students irrespective of caste, creed, sex, etc have access to education of a
comparable quality.
 The national system of education will be based on national curricular frame work.
 To motivate younger generation for international co-operation and peaceful co-
existence.
 To encourage the young to undertake the rediscovery of India, its image and
perception.
 To establish network arrangements, between different institution in the country to
pool their resources and participate in the projects of national importance in the
areas of research and development.
 To integrate physically and mentally handicapped with the general community as
equal partners to prepare them for the normal growth and to enable them to face
the life courage and confidence.
 PROGRAMMES OF NPE
EDUCATION FOR EQUALITY
Disparity:-the new policy will lay special emphasis on the removal of disparities and
equalize educational opportunity by attending to the specific needs of those who have been
denied equality so far.

Education:- education will be used an agent of basic change in the status of women in order
to neutralize the accumulated distortion of the past there will be a conceived edge in former
women.

EDUCATION OF SCHEDULED CASTES:-

The measures implemented for this purpose include

 Incentives to indigent families or poor to send their children to school regularly till
they reach the age of 14 years
 Pre metric scholarship
 Recruitment of teachers from scheduled caste
 Location school building, balawadies and adult education centers in such a way to
facilitate and full participation of scheduled caste.

EDUCATION OF SCHEDULED TRIBES

The following measures will be taken to bring it

 priority will be accorded to opening primary schools in tribal areas.

 Residential schools, including ashram school will be established on a large scale.
 Incentive schemes will be formulated for the them keeping in view their special
needs life style.

MINORITIES
Some groups are educationally deprived or backward greater attention will be paid to the
education of these groups in the interest of equality and social justice

THE HANDICAPPED
 Adequate arrangements will be made to give vocational training to the disabled
 Voluntary effort for the education of the disable will be encouraged every possible
manner.
ADULT EDUCATION
 Establishments of centers fo continuing education
 Wider promotion of books, libraries, reading rooms etc.
 Organizing assistance in self learning
 Organizing need and interest based vocational training program.

Early childhood and education

The NPE on specially emphasizes investment in the development of young children
particularly from sections of the population in which first generation learners predominate .

ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
Child centered approach. A warm welcoming and encouraging approach in which all
concerned share a responsibilities to meet the need of the child, is the best motivation for
the child to attend school and learn.

SCHOOL FACILITIES
Provision will be made of essential facilities in primary Schools including at least two
reasonably large rooms that are usable in all weather and learning material .

NON FORMAL EDUCATION

A large and systematic programme non formal education will be launched for school
dropouts for children from habitations. Without schools, working children and girls who cant
attend day schools

A RESOLVE
The new education policy will give the highest priority to solve the problem of children
dropping out of school and will adopt an assay of meticulously formulated strategies based
on micro planning and applied at the grass root level all over the country to ensure
children`s retention at school.

SECONDARY EDUCATION
Secondary education beings to expose students to the differentiated roles of sciences, the
humanities and social science.
VOCATIONALIZATION
Vocational education is a distinct stream intended to prepare students for the identified
occupations spanning several areas of activity.

HIGHER EDUCATION
In view of need, to effect in all round development in universities and college, it is proposed
that in the near future the main emphasis will be on the consolidation of and expansion of
facilities in the existing institutions.

OPEN UNIVERSITIES AND DISTANCE LEARNING

An Open University system has been introduced in order to augment opportunities for
higher education and as an instrument democratizing education.

DELINKING DEGREES FROM JOB

Continuing education, established as well as emerging technologies will be promoted .

CONCLUSION
National education policy gives consideration to decentralization and creation of spirit of
autonomy for educational institutions. NPE helps to achieve the universalization or
globalization.

COMMISSION
 Radhakrishnan commission
 Kothari commission
 Mudaliyar commission

RADHAKRISHNAN CIMMISSION:-Universities are the seats of higher learning from

where the society gets its leaders in science, arts and various other field of national life.
University education in india aims at providing knowledge and wisdom which are necessary
attributes of a well-developed personality. University education is a center for higher
branches of learning.

BACKGROUND AND APPOINTMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION

COMMISSION
After independence, the first significant step taken by the government of India in the field of
education was the appointment of the university education commission In 1948 under the
chairmanship of Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, a distinguished scholar and former vice-
chancellor of Banaras Hindu university and who the second president of India became. The
commission was appointed by the government of India to go into the problems and
prospects of Indian university education and to suggest improvements and extensions that
might be considered desirable to suit the present and future requirements of the country.
The commission was appointed in November 1948 and it submitted its report in august
1949.Dr Radhakrishnan was the chairman of the commission it is known as Radhakrishnan
commission.There were 10 member in the commission.

TERMS OF REFERENCE:
The terms of reference of the commission were to consider and make recommendation in
regard to:

 The aimsand objectives of university education and research in India.

 The changes considered necessary and desirable in the constitution, control,
functions and jurisdiction of the universities in India.
 The finances of the universities.
 The maintenance of the highest standards of teaching and examinations in the
universities and colleges under their control.
 The discipline of studies, hostels and the organization of tutorial work and any other
student related matters.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF HIGHER EDUCATION

 The aim of a university should be to maintain a high standard in general,
professional and vocational education by inspiring the students to search for a new
knowledge and good efforts that must be authentic in nature.
 It is a duty of a university to preserve and develop the culture and civilization of the
land.
 The university should generate new ideas and discard those which are likely to
prevent the growth of the nation.
 The university has to help the students to imbibe the good aspects of their culture
and to accept new values for an all-round development.
 The university should provide opportunity to acquire all kinds of knowledge.
 The university has to make new discoveries and invention.
 The university has to instill moral values in the students while making them well
disciplined.
 The universities have to provide leadership in politics, administration, education,
industry and commerce.
 One of the main functions of universities is to bring about the spiritual developed
of the students.

MAIN RECOMMENDATION OF THE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION COMMISSION

o FACULTY IN UNIVERSITIES:-The university education commission has

emphasized that the teacher plays a vital role in the education system. The university
 education commission recommended that proper care should be taken in the
selection procedure of a teacher for the appointment as a professor, reader, lecture
and an instructor as well as for his or her salaries.
o TEACHING STANDARDS:-The most important duty of university to maintain the
highest standard of its teaching and examination.
o COURSE OF STUDY:-according to the recommendations of Radhakrishnan
commission, the general as well as specific interest of the students should be taken
care of when the course will be designed for the courses of university level. Master
degree should be given to honors students after one year`s study beyond the
bachelor`s degree.
o RESEARCH AND TRAINING:-The regulations for master of art and master of
science should be uniform in all universities of india. The admission procedure as
well as the process for enrolling in Ph.D. degree should be arranged on an all India
basis.
o PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION:- The university education commission has made
some recommendations regarding professional education and has divided it into five
aspects of education as agriculture education, commercial education, engineering
and technology legal education and medical education.
o RELIGIOUS EDUCATION:-all education institution start work with a few minutes
for silent meditation. That in the first year of the degree course the lives of great
religious leaders like Gautama and Buddha.
o MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION:-According to the recommendation of university
education commission, higher education should be imparted through the regional
language with the option to use the federal language as the medium of instruction
either for some subjects or for all subjects.
o EXAMINATION OR EVALUATION SYSTEM:-The university education
commission criticized the present system of examination and stress was given to
introducing the objective type questions in the examination.
o STUDENT`S ACTIVITIES AND WELFARE:-
a. The student should undergo thorough physical examination at the time of
admission and at least once a year thereafter.
b. All universities must have hospital and health services. Sanitary inspection of
the campus buildings , hostels dining rooms, kitchens and off-campus
residence must be undertaken in a university.
c. Competent staff should be provided for compulsory physical training and a
regular time should be assigned for the purpose.

WOMEN EDUCATION:-regarding the women education the commission suggested for

providing the same facilities to the women colleges and universities as provided to men`s
colleges universities. The curriculum should also be prepared for them, considering them as
both women and citizens.
KOTHRI COMMISSION
INTRODUCTION:-Kothari education commission 1964-66, which was the sixth
commission in the history of commission in india. The five year plan, started after
independence helped the growth of the country in many areas. However, the execution of
these plans expresses the inherent weakness due to which the expected success was not
being achieved. Education appeared to be one of areas which indicated many problems that
needed our efforts for immediate solutions.

APPOINTMENT OF THE COMMISSION:-The commission was appointed under

provision of a resolution of the government of India dated 14 thJuly, 1964. The commission
included eminent educationists in diverse fields from India and abroad. It consisted of total
17 members, where 14 members, 1 member- secretary, 1 associate – secretary and Dr. D.S.
Kothari, chairman of the commission. Therefore, it is also known as the Kothari commission.

UNIQUE FEATURE OF THE COMMISSION (1964-66)

I. All the five earlier commission did not deal with education as a whole but focused
attention on different levels of education.
II. Another unique feature of the commission was its conviction that education is the
most powerful instrument of the national development.
III. The international composition of the commission is also significant. Education in
India must necessarily emerge from Indian experience, though, culture and local
conditions.

TERMS OF REFERENCE:-The commission will advice the government on national pattern

of education and on the general principles and policies for the development of education at
all stages and in all its aspects.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSION:-The report of the commission has been appropriately

entitled as ‘education and national development

The reports is divided in to four sections-

Section 1: deal with general problems.

Section 2: deals with education at different stages and in different sectors.

Section 3: deals with implementation of the various recommendations and program

suggested by the commission.

Section 4: consists of supplementary papers.

MAKING OF THE REPORT

 Set up 12 task forces and 7 working groups.

 Interviewed 9000 men and women.
 Spent 100 days.
 Begin its task on 2nd October, 1964.
 Report divided into four sections.
 Programs categorized into three.

RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE KOTHARI EDUCATION COMMISSION

EDUCATION AND NATIONAL OBJECTIVES:-

 Increase in productivity.
 Education promoting social and national integration.
 Education and modernization.
 Developing social, moral and spiritual values.

INCREASE IN PRODUCTIVITY:-
I. Science is the basic component of education and culture.
II. To inculcate the value of manual work the commission recommended the
introduction of work experience in school education.
III. To meet the increasing needs of technical personnel in industry, agriculture and trade
the IEC recommended introducing vocational subjects in school curriculum.

PROMOTING SOCIAL AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION:-

I. To make education a powerful instrument of national development, common school
system of public education should be adopted.
II. Bridge the gulf between the educated and the uneducated, intellectuals and masses
and national service should be made an integral part of school education.

EDUCATION AND MODERNIZATION:-The present society is the science – based

society. The present century has made tremendous advancement in scientific and technical
knowledge as a result of explosion of knowledge. In such a situation one of the main
functions of education is to keep pace with this advancement of knowledge.

SOCIAL MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VALUES:-

 I. The central and state governments should adopt measures to introduce education in
moral, social and spiritual values in all institution under their direct control on the
lines recommended by the university.
II. In order to develop social, moral and religious values, some periods should be
provided in the time table.

MUDALIYAR COMMISSION
INTRODUCTION:- secondary education is the stage of education that includes all the
classes after the primary school and before university education is started. This stage is
considered to be the backbone of the country`s entire educational program.

BACKGROUND ND APPOINTMENT OF THE SECONDARY EDUCATION

COMMISSION:-after achieving the independence in 1947, both the public and the
government began to take keen interest in the development of secondary education.
Although the number of secondary schools and its enrolment began to significantly increase
even before indian`s attaining independence the quality of education imparted was unable
to meet the changing socio – economic needs of the country.

TERM OF REFERENCE:-The terms of reference of this commission are as follows;

a. To enquire into and report on the present position of secondary education in India in
all its aspects.
b. To suggest measures for its re – organization and improvement with particular to –
i. The aims, organization and content of secondary education.
ii. Its relationship to primary, basic and higher education.
iii. The inter- relation of secondary schools of different types.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSION:-As the report is a very lengthy one containing 311
pages it is not possible for us to discuss all aspects in detail. We will confine ourdiscussion to
the defects of the prevailing system of secondary education in India and the
recommendations given by the commission regarding its aims, new organizational pattern
and the curriculum.

MUDALIAR COMMISSION OR SECONDARY EDUCATION COMMISSION (1953)

After the achievement of independence in India it was needed to change the pattern of
education to cope up with the changes. With the aim of view the central advisory board of
education in 1948 made some recommendations of the board. On 20 th September 1952
secondary education commission was appointed under the chairman of Dr. Lakshmanswami
modular, the vice chancellor of madras university.

AIMS AND TERMS OF RFERENCE

  To enquire in to and report on the present position of secondary education in India, in
all aspects.
 To suggests measure for it re organization and improvement with particular reference
to
 The aims, organization and content of secondary education.
 Relationship with higher education .
 Interrelationship of secondary school.

AIMS OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

 Development of democratic citizenship

 Development of personality
 Education for leadership
 Improvement of vocational capability and efficiency
 The concept of world citizenship

REORGANIZATION OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

1. Age limit and time limit :-The period of secondary education should 7 years and
start in 11 years and finish in 17 years.

Division of the period :- secondary education divided in to two stages:

a. Middle or junior secondary or senior basic stage for 3 years

b. Higher secondary stage for 4 years
2. Abolition of intermediate classes
3. Diversification of the course
4. Technical schools
5. Education of the girls
6. Study of three language
7. Place of Hindi
8. Place of English

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF CURRICULUM

 The curriculum should touch the life of the students all point and help in the
development of personality.
 Variety and flexibility should be there in curriculum .
 It should train the student to work for leisure.
 Related to the community life.
  The curriculum should not be split in to a number of isolated un coordinated
watertight subject , but all the subjects, should be interrelated.

METHOD OF TEACHING

The commission suggested that it should be dynamic thoroughly rationalized, in this regard it
has made the following recommendations :-

 The method of teaching should not merely aim at imparting knowledge in through
manner,
 It should try to create in students a desire to do as it as efficiently and honesty has
possible.
 In teaching, principles of activity method and project method should be used in
school work.
 The method should provide opportunities for the students to learn activity and
apply the knowledge acquire in the classroom.
 Clear thinking and expression both in work and speech, should be trained to
acquire the qualities of group life and cooperative work.

EXAMINATION SYSTEM

 In this regard the commission should made the following recommendations :

 Introduce objective test
 Maintain school records
 For final evaluation due credit should be given for internal test
 School building and libraries
 It should be outside the noise and bustle of busy life .
 There should be arrangement for class library and general library
 Trained librarian should be appointed.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 BASVANTHAPPA B.T., TEXT BOOK OF NURSING EDUCATION, PUBLISHED

BY- JAYPEE PUBLICATION 2003.

 RAJ BHASKER ELAKKUVANA D., BHASKER NEEMA, TEXT BOOK OF

NURSING EDUCATION, EDITION-2ND, PUBLISHED BY- EMMESS MEDICAL
PUBLISHER .

 BASHEER . P. SHEBEER, A TEXT BOOK OF NURSING EDUCATION ,

PUBLISHED BY- EMMESS MEDICAL PUBLISHER .

 NEERJA K P , TEXTBOOK OF NURSING EDUCATION, PUBLISHED BY-

JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHER 2003.
 KUSHA BHAU THAKRE
NURSING COLLEGE BHOPAL

SUBJECT: -NURSING EDUCATION

ASSIGNMENT ON: -
EDUCATIONAL REFORMS AND NATIONAL
EDUCATIONAL POLICY COMMISSION REPORTS

SUBMITTED TO SUMITTED BY
MRS. MEETA DUTTA GOYAL MS. JYANTI SONIYA.

HOD OF CHILD HEALTH NURSING MS.c NURSING I YEAR

KBTNC BHOPAL KBTNC BHOPAL