PART V OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS BANK (With Answers) B. Match List I with List I C. Competitive Examinations (UPSC, etc.) Questions (With Solutions - Comments) ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (With Answers)OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (With Answers) A. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWE! 1. The Fourier’s law of heat transfer by conduction is expressed as at at (a) Q=KA =A @ O=mE wy - me a a © o=me a) a © Q=MT @ a 2 The heat transfer is constant when (@) temperature remains constant with time (b) temperature decreases with time (©) temperature inereases with time. 3. The coefficient of thermal conductivity is defined (@) Quantity of heat transfer per unit area per ‘one degree drop in temperature (©) Quantity of heat transfer per one degree temperature drop per unit area (©) Quantity of heat transfer per unit time per unit area (A) Quantity of heat transfer per unit time per unit area per one degree temperature drop per unit length, 4. The thermal conductivity is expressed as (a) Wink. () Wim?k. (© WhmK (@) Wh?nmeK. 5. Heat transfer from higher temperature to low temperature takes place accroding t0 (@) Fourier law (b) First law of thermodynamics (©) Second law of thermodynamcis (d) Zeroth law of thermodynamics. 849 6. Conduction through flat composite wall is given by hots (@ Q=——4= 4s aya, KA’ A’ A r © opt iA, GAA aaa =u) A © 0 ee +By BABA BA @ 0-24 ) OG =m where Q = heat transfer, ty, f, fy and ty temperatures on surfaces of composite wall, x), XyXy, Ay thicknesses of different composite wall layers. 7. Conduction through hollow, radial one dimensional heat transfer is expressed as Onl (yt) k @ Toge /M 2a (=) = 24-8) ) k(n) 2a Hoge (t/t) @ (n-ne _ arb y=) k = 28 = mk ee BTEIQ Heat and Mass Transfer 8. The radial heat transfer rate through hollow cylinder increases as the ratio of outer radius to inner radius (@) decreases (©) constant (b) increases. (@) none of the above. 9, Stefan-Boltzmann’s law is expressed a8 (a) Q=sar* (6) Q=sarrt (© Q=sar® (@ Q=aT* The quantity of heat radiation is dependent on (a) area ofthe body only (b) shape of the body only: (6) temperature of the body only (d) on all (a), (b) and (¢). 10, 11. Conduction is a process of heat transfer from (@) a hot body to a cold body, in a straight line, without affecting the intervening medium (b) one particle of the body to another without the actual motion of the particles (©) one particle of the body to another by the ‘actual motion of the heated particles (@) none of the above. The amount of heat flow through a body by conduction is (a) dependent upon the material of the body (b) directly proportional to the surface area of the body (©) directly proportional to the temperature Jifference on the two faces of the body (A) inversely proportional to the thickness ofthe body (©) all of the above. |. Thermal conductivity of solid metals ‘with rise in temperature, (@) decreases (©) remains same 12, (b) increases (d) unpredictable. Thermal diffusivity of a substance is (@) directly proportional to the thermal conductivity inversely proportional to density of substance inversely proportinal to specific heat all the the above. Ty @) 15. The overall coefficient of heat transfer is used in the problems of (@) radiation (®) conduction (©) convection (@) conduction and convection. 17. 18, wv. 20, 2h 22, 23. 24, \.- Thermal conductivity of non-metallic amorphous solids (a) decreases (©) remains constant ‘with decrease in temperature. (&) increases (@) unpredictable. Heat transfer takes place as per law of thermodynamics. (a) Zeroth (6) first (©) second (@) none of the above. Heat is closely related with . (a) energy (6) entropy (©) enthalpy (@) temperature. Heat flowing from one side to other does not depend directly on (@) thermal conductivity (b) face area (©) temperature difference () thickness. thas least value of condu (a) Rubber () Air (©) Water (d) Glass (©) Plastic. .. has maximum value of thermal conductivity. (a) Lead (&) Copper (© Steel (@) Aluminium (©) Brass. Heat conduction in gases is due to (@) electromagnetic waves (b) motion of electrons. (©) mixing motion of the different layers of the ‘gas (d) clastic impact of molecules. Due to which ofthe following reasons most metals, are good conductors of heat ? (a) Capacity to absorb free energy of electrons (b) Energy transport due to molecular vibration (0) Lattice defects (d) Migration of neutrons from hot end to cold end. (©) Presence of many free electrons and frequent collision of atoms. In which of the following cases most unsteady heat flow occurs? (a) Through the walls of a furnace (b) Through lagged pipes carrying steam (©) Through the wall of a refrigerator (d) During annealing of castings.25, 26. 27. 28, 29, 30. 31. 32, In which of the following cases, molecular transmission of heat is smallest? (a) Solids (b) Alloys (©) Gases (@) Liguias. Due to which of the folowing reasons cork is a ‘00d insulator? (a) Its porous (6) Its density is low (0) It can be powdered (d) Al of the above. «is the most widely used heat insulating ‘material for pipelines carrying steam. (a) Sawdust (b) Cotton (©) Asbestos (d) 85% magnesia cement and glass wool With regard to ‘thermal diffusivity’ which of the following statements is incorrect? (a) It is a dimensionless quantity (b) It represents a physical property of the material (©) Itisan important characteristic for unsteady heat conduction (a) None of the above, ‘The temperature distribution fora plane wall, for steady state heat flow and constant value of thermal conductivity, is (@) logarithmic (©) linear (b) parabolic (A) any of the above. ‘The relation V°7 = 0 is referred to as equation, (a) Poisson's (6) Laplace (©) Fourier heat conduction (A) none of the above. If k is the thermal conductivity, p is the mass density and cis the specific heat then the thermal diffusivity of substance is given by pe acm @ iL % Rs LZ . OF o> is expected to have highest thermal conductivity. (a) Water (b) Melting ice (©) Solid ice (@) Steam. In te heat flow equation @ = KA (t, ~ f/x the term (fy ~ ,)/xis known as (@) thermal conductivity (®) thermal coefficient ive Type Question Bank ( a 38. 36. 37. 38, 39, 40. h Answers) (©) thermal resistance (@) temperature gradient. In the heat flow equation Q = KA (t, ~ term x/kA is known as (@) temperature gradient (®) thermal coefficient (6) thermal resistance (@ thermal coduetivity. Film coefficient is defined as (@) thermal conductivity / equivalent thickness of film (©) inside diamter of tube / equivalent thickness of film (©) (specific heat x viscosity) / thermal conductivity (@) none of the above. iy, the Why are fins provided on heat transferring surface? (a) To increase temperature gradient (6) To increase heat transfer coefficient (©) To increase heat transfer area (@ Allof the above. When the thickness o! exceeds the critical value (a) the heat flow rate decreases (6) the heat flow rate increases (6) the heat flow rate remains constant (@) none of the above. For spheres, the critical thickness of insulation is siven by at a @% OF k k OF @ Ten where k = thermal conductivity, h = convective heat transfer coeffecient. It is considered appropriate that area of eross- section, fora finned surface, be (a) reduced along the length (b) increased along the length (©) maintained constant along the length (@) none of the above. ‘What does transient conduction mean? (q) Heat transfer for a short time (b) Conduction when the temperature at a point varies with time[Gz] Heat and Mass Transfer (©) Very little heat transfer (@) Heat transfer with a very small temperature difference, 41, How can the temperature drop in a plane wall with uniformly distributed heat generation be decreased? (@ By reducing thermal conductivity of wall material (b) By reducing wall thickness (©) By reducing convection coefficient at the surface (@) By reducing heat generation rate. 42, The temperature variation with time, in the lumped parameter model, is (@) exponential (b) sinusoidal (©) cubic (d) linear. 43. In transient heat conduction, the two significant dimensionless parameters are number and... ‘number, (a) Fourier, Reynolds (b) Reynolds, Prandtl (©) Biot, Fourier (@) Reyonlds, Biot. o ‘number is relevant in transient heat condition, (@) Reynolds (®) Fourier (©) Grashott (d) Prandul. 45. ‘number is generally associated with natural convection heat transfer. (@) Prandtl (b) Weber (©) Nusselt (d) Grashoft, 46. The degree of approach, in heat exchangers, is defined as the difference between temperatures of (a) hot medium outlet and cold water outlet (®) hot medium outlet and cold water inlet (©) cold water inlet and outlet (@) hhot medium inlet and outlet. 47. Two insulating materials (put over each other) are used to insulate a steam pipe, best result would be obtained if (@) inferior insulation is put over pipe and better one over it (®) better insulation is put over pipe and inferior one over it (©) both may be put in any order (a) none of the above. 49. 50. 52, 54, 58. 56. 37. 3. Compared to parallel flow heat exchanger, LMTD in case of counter-flow heat exchanger is (a) lower (©) higher (®) same (@) unpredictable, ‘Thermal diffusivity is a (a) dimensionless parameter (b) mathematical formula only (©) physical property of the material (@) function of temperature. ‘Transient heat flow occurs in (a) melting of ice (2) heating and cooling of buildings due to sun () insulated pipes carrying superheated steam (@) allof the above. |. Transmission of heat by molecular collision is, (a) scattering (©) convection () conduction (@) tadiaton In hich of the following cases hea is transferred by conduction, convection and radiation? (a Boiler furnaces (©) Refrigerator freezer coils (©) Melting of ice (d) Allof the above. is generally used to measure the temperature inside a furance. (a) Gas thermometer (©) Optical pyrometer (6) Aleoho! thermometer (d) Mercury thermometer. is not the assumption of Fourier's ‘equation of heat conduction (a) Constant temperature difference (©) Uniform area of ross-section (6) Steady heat flow (@) Homogeneous substance. ‘A substance above critical temperature exists as (@) liquid (8) solid (©) gas (@) wet vapour. isanon-dimensional number which ‘generally finds application in mass transfer problem, (@) Grashoff number (©) Stanton number (0) Mach number (@) Weber number. By which of the following modes of heat transfer heat is mainly transferred from an insulated pipe to the surrounding still air ?58. 59. 60. o1. 02. 63. 64, 68. 66. 67. (a) Radiation (b) Free convection (©) Forced convection (d) Conduction, ‘will radiate heat to a large extent. (a) Black polished surface (b) White rough surface (©) White polished surface (d) Black rough surface, ‘When metallic surfaces are oxidised the emissivity (a) decreases (b) increases (©) remains unaltered (d) unpredictable. Shape of an ideal thermometer should be (a) cubical (©) spherical (b) rectangular (@) cylindrical, Planck's law of radiation is applicable to radiation. (@) monochromatic (©) temperature (®) thermal (@) none of the above. Which ofthe folowing factors affect nucleate pool boiling? (@) Pressure (b) Material of heating surface (©) Physical properties of liquid (d) Surface condition of heating surface (©) Allof the above, ‘The monochromatic emissivity of white body at all wavelengths and temperatures is equal to (@) ver ( 0.104 (© 06 (@) unity, A cnn BOdY Feflects entire radiation incident on it (@) transparent (b) black © gry (@) white. method is used to find the thermal conductivity of rubber. (a) Searle’s (©) Cylindrical shell “All bodies above absolute zero temperature emit, radiation”. This statement is based on (6) Planck's law (a) Wien's law. type of heat (b) Lee's dise (@) Laby and Hercus (@) Stefan’s law (©) Prevost theory An automobile radiator is exchanger. (@) cross-flow (©) counter-flow (b) regenerator (@) recuperator. ive Type Question Bank ( h Answers) 68, The wavelength for maximum emissive power is given by (@) Kirchhoft’s law (b) Stefan Boltzmann’s law (©) Fourier’s law (a) Wien's law. 69. The emissive power of a body depends on (a) physical nature (®) nature of body (©) temperature of body (@) all of the above. 70. A hollow sphere with uniform interior temperature anda small hole behaves very nearly asa body. (@) black (©) opaque (© white (d) transport m rays have the least wavelength, (a) Infrared (©) Ultraviolet (©) Radio (a) Cosmic. 72. Dropwise condensation occurs on a . surface. (@) oily (b) smooth (©) glazed (a) coated. 73. Why are floating heads provided in heat ‘exchangers? (a) To regulate the flow (b) To increase the pressure drop (©) To decrease the pressure drop (@) To avoid deformation of tubes due to ther- ‘mal expansion 74, Why is entrainment separator used in ‘evaporators? (@) To separate liquid droplets from vapour (b) To prevent foaming (©) To increase the boiling point (@) To decrease the boiling point. 75. Least value of Prandtl number can be expected. in case of (@) water (© salt solution (©) liquid metals (a) sugar solution. 76, Agitated film evaporator is suitable for concentrating, liquids (@) viscous (8) low temperature (©) comosive (a) high temperature 77. The multiple pass heat exchangers are used to (a) increase the rate of heat transfer[Gz] Heat and Mass Transfer (b) reduce pressure drop (©) increase pressure drop (@) reduce fluid flow friction losses. 78. “The boiling point of a solution is linear function of water at the same pressure.” This statement is associated with (a) Fick’s rule (©) Dubring’s rule (®) Reynolds law (@) none of the above. 79. A correction of LMTD is necessary in case of heat exchanger. (@) cross flow (©) counter current (©) parallel low (A) allof the above. Pecelet number isthe ratio of 0 number (a) Reynolds, Schemdit () Prandtl, Weber (©) Prana, Schemeit (d) Reynolds, Prandt 80. number 81. The temperature of sun can be measured by using (a) radiation pyrometer (®) standard thermometer (©) mercury thermometer (d) none of the above. ‘82. An increase in convective coefficient over a fin effectiveness. (a) decreases (b) increases (©) does not influence (d) none of the above. '83. An increase in fin effectiveness is caused by high value of (a) thermal conductivity (b) circumference (©) both (a) and (b) (d) sectional area. 84. AU higher temperatures, the energy distribution of an ideal reflector is largely in the range of (a) longer wavelength (©) shorter wavelength (©) remains same at all wavelengths (@) unpredictable, ‘85. Thermal diffusivity ofa substance is proportional to (a) inversely, specific heat (6) inversely, density of substance (©) directly, thermal conductivity (A) all of the above. 86, 87. 88, 89. 90, ol. 92. 93. “The ratio of the emissive power and absorptive power of all bodies is the same and is equal to the emissive power of a perfectly black body”. This statement is known as, (@) Planck’s law (6) Stefan’s law (©) Kirehhoff's law (d) Black body law. Which of the follwing properties of air does not increase with rise in temperature? (@) Thermal diffusivity (b) Dynamic viscosity (©) Density (d) Thermal conductivity. According to Wien’s law, the wavelength corresponding to maximum energy is proportional to @T oP oP @r (where Tis the absolute temperature). ‘At thermal equilibrium absorptivity is... emissivity. (@) greater than (©) equal to (b) lesser than (@) none of the above. The total emissivity power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a black body (@) per unit time (©) per unit temperature (©) per unit area (A) per unit thickness, is the ratio of the energy absorbed by the body to total energy falling on it (@) Emissivity (b) Emissive power (©) Absorptive power (d) Absorptivity. ‘A gray body is one whose absorptivity (@) varies with temperature (©) varies with the wavelength of incident ray (©) varies with temperature and wavelength of incident ray (A) does not vary with temperature and wave- length of incident ray. How does heat transfer take place in regenerator type heat exchanger? (a) By generation of heat again and again (6) By indirect transfer (©) By direct mixing of hot and cold fluids (@) By flow of hot and cold fluids alternately over a surface.4, 98. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100, 101. 102, Planck's law holds good for (a) polished (b) black (©) all coloured (@) any of the above. On which of the following factors does the amount of radiation mainly depend? (a) Temperature of body (b) Type of surface of body (©) Nature of body (d) Allof the above. On which of the following factors does the emissive power of a body depend? (a) Wavelength (6) Temperature (©) Physical nature (a) All of the above. For a eylinderical rod with uniformly distributed hheat sources, the thermal gradient dt/dr at half the radius location will be Ff that at the surface. (@) one-fourth (©) one-half (©) twice (@) four times. ‘Which ofthe following is the notable example of uniform generation of heat within the conducting ‘medium? (a) Resistance heating in electrical appliances (b) Energy generated in the fuel element of a nuclear reactor (©) Liberation of energy due to some exothermic ‘chemical reactions (@) Allof the above. ‘Thermal radiations occur in the portion of electromagnetic spectrum between the wavelengths (@) 107 t0 104 micron (6) 10+! to 10 micron (©) 0.1 t0 10? micron (A) none of the above. Gases have poor (@) transmissivity (6) absorptivity (©) reflectivity (@) all of the above. is the ratio of total emissive power of body to total emissive power of a black body tthe same temperature. (a) Emissivity (b) Absoptivity (©) Transmissivity (a) Reflectivity. In which of the following cases, heat transfer by radiation is encountered least ? (@) Electric bulb (b) Nuclear reactor (©) Boiler furnace (@)_ Insulated steam pipe. 104. 105, 106. 107. 108. 109, no. @ o=1p a (© a=p=0,t=1 (@) none of the above, where o = absorptivity, p = reflectivity and += transmissivity The emissivity is likely to be higher in case of (@) iron oxide ©) paper (6) carbon (d) rubber In the formulation of Stefan-Boltzmann's law, which of the following parameters does not appear? (@) Radiation fx (©) Absorptivity (b) Emissivity (a) Radiating area. For solar collectors, what combination of surface characteristics is required ? (a) High absorptivity and high reflectivity. (®) High reflectivity and high emissivity (©) High emissivity and low absorptivity (d) High absorptivity and low emissivity. ‘The value of radiation shape factor for the same type of shapes will be higher when surfaces are @ ) © @ For a radiation shield which of the following parameters should be highest? (a) Emissivity (b) Reflectivity (©) Absorptivity (a) Transmissivity. large and held closer moved futther apart more closer smaller and held closer. ‘The receprocity theorem states that (@) Ay Fy a= Ay Fy () AQF, 3-4, Fay © Fy_2=F @ aFy_p= Foy Which of the following statement (@) At thermal equilibrium, the emissivity and absorptivity are same (6) Glasses are transparent to thermal radiations at short wavelengths (©) The emissivity of a smooth surface is lower ‘compared toa rough surface of the same ma- terial (@) Selective surfaces have same value of emis- sivity throughout the entire range of wave- length. incorrect ?[EEE Heat and Mass Transfer 11. For infinite parallel planes with emissivities e, and ey, the interchange factor for radiation from, surface I to surface 2 is © oe ) eye ae (© eye, hemrer=cen 112. The intensity of solar radiation on earth is iWin @1 Or 6 ws 113. The relationship qq, 7"= constant, between the temperature ofa black body and the wavelength at which maximum value of monochromatic emissive power occurs is known as law, (a) Lamber’s (©) Kiehinott’s (©) Planck's (@) Wien’s displacement 114, For a gray surface which of the following statements is correct ? (a) Reflectivity equals emissivity (&) Emissivity is constant (©) Absomptivity equals reflectivity (@) Emissivity equals transmitivity 115. With regard to a diathermanous body which of the following statements is correct ? (@ It allows all the incident radiation to pass through it (6) It shines as a result of incident radiation (6) It gets heated up as a result of absorption of incident radiation (d) Itpartly absorbs and partly reflects the inci- dent radiation. 116. A body which partly absorbs and partly reflects ‘but does not allow any radiation to pass through itis called (a) specular ©) gray (©) Opaque (d) none ofthe above. 17. Which one of the following approximates to the black body condition? (a) Lamp black (© kee (b) Water (@) Allof the above. 118, With regard to ‘Fouling factor’ which of the following statements is correct ? (@) Itis used when a liquid exchanges heat with agas (b) tis used only in case of Newtonian fluids (©) Iis dimensionless (d) Itis virtally a factor of safety in heat ex- ‘changer design. 119. In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the corrosive liquid is normally passed through (a) tube side () shell side (0) either of the above (d) none of the above. 120.In flow maximum heat transfer rate can bbe expected. (@) laminar (©) counter current (&) turbulent (@) co-current. 121. The nusselt number, incase of natural convection, isa function of (a) Weber number and Mach number (©) Grashoff's number and Prandtl number (©) Reynolds number (@) Reynolds number and Prandtl number. 122, When the bubbles formed on a submerged hot, surface get absorbed in the mass of liquid, the process of boiling is known as boiling. (@ film (®) pool (©) nucleate (@) none of the above. 123, sme provides maximum contact surface fora liquid vapour system. (@) Packed tower (©) Wetted wall column (©) Bubble cap tower (@ None of the above 124, What does 1-2 heat exchanger mean? (a) Two tubes of hot fluid pass through one tube of cold fluid (©) ‘Single pass on tube side and double pass on shell side (©) Single pass on shell side and double pass ‘on tube side (d) None of the above. 128, Why are baffles provided in heat exchangers ? (a) To reduce heat transfer rate (6) To increase heat transfer rate (©) To remove ditt (@) To reduce vibrations. 126, Which of the following evaporators will be preferred for handling severly scaling liquids ? (a) Agitated film type (6) Short vertical tube type (©) Horizontal tube type (A) Long vertical tube type. 127. The emissivity of a gray body is @ 05 1 (©) less than 1 (@) more than 1128. What does a high value of Prandtl number indicate? (a) Rapid heat transfer by forced convection to natural convection. (©) Rapid diffusion of momentem by viscous action compared to diffusion of energy. (©) Relative heat transfer by conduction to con- vection, (d) Allof the above. 129, For gases, Prandtl number is (@) near unity (b) between 5 and 50 (©) between 60 and 100 (a) between 150 and 300, 130. ‘number is the ratio of heat transfer coefficient tothe flow of heat per unit temperature tise due to the velocity of the fluid. (@) Grashoft (b) Weber (©) Stanton (a) Prandtl 131. In ablation heat transfer method is used. (@) nuclear war heads (6) satellites (©) rockets, (@) none of the above. 132. Which mode of heat transfer plays insignificant role in a cooling tower? (a) Radiation (b) Evaporative cooling (©) Convective cooling (d) Allof the above. 133. In which ofthe following heat exchange processes the value of overall heat transfer coefficient will, bbe highest? (@) Steam to oil (©) Airto heavy tars (6) Steam condensers (@) Air to CO,. 134. How can radiation heat transfer between (wo surfaces be reduced? (a) By bringing the surfaces closer together (0) By introducing radiation shield between the surfaces (©) By polishing the surfaces (@) Allof the above. 13S. ...... correlates the relative thickness of the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers. (a) Mach number (6) Nusselt number (©) Grashoff number (a) Prandtl number. 136, ..nu number can be used for convective heat taster. (@) Mach (b) Froude (©) Nusselt (@) None of the above. 137. 138, 139. 140. Aa. 142. 143, 14, ‘The ratio of thermal conductivity ice to that of water is nearly @ 2 o4 3 we ‘Which of the following can be used to a measure fa temperature around — 45°C? (@) Thermocouple (©) Mercury thermometer (©) Alcohol thermometer (@)_ None of the above. Which of the following statements is incorrect ? (@) Black surfaces are better absorbers than white ones (b) Black surfaces ae better radiators than white (©) Rough surfaces are better radiators than smooth surfaces ighly polished mirror like surfaces are very good radiators. @ Due to which of the following reasons hydrogen, cannot be liquified at room temperature? (a) Itis diatomic gas (©) Tthas high specific heat (©) Its critical temperature is less than the room, temperature (d) Allo the above, hhave the same units (@) Planck’s constant and angular momentum (6) Planck's constant and Stefan’s constant (©) Boltzmann's constant and Planck's constant (@) Stefan’s constant and Boltzmann's constant Inair preheater for boiler, heat is least transferred by (@) radiation (®) conduction (©) convectioin (d) conduction and convection. In which of the following cases non-isotropic conductivity is exhibited). (@) Lead (b) Wood (©) Copper (@) Brass. is suitable for low temperature applications. (@) Fused alumina bricks (b) Asbestos paper (©) Cork (d) Diatomaceous earth[EEG Heat and Mass Transfer 145, A dimensionless number which is the ratio of Kinematic viscosity to thermal diffusivity is known as .... number. (@) Grashoft (6) Prandtl (©) Mach (a) Nusselt 146. In Boltzmann's law which of the following quan- tities does not figure? (a) Absorptivity (b) Radiating area (©) Absolute temperature (@) Radiant flux (©) Emissivity. 147. A perfect black body is the one which (a) is coated with lamp black (b) absorbs most of the incident radiation (©) absorbs all incident radiation (d) reflects all incident radiation. 148. Which of the following statements is correct? (@) A substance will emit radiation ata particu- lar wavelength only () Allsubstances emit radiation, the quality and ‘quantity depend on the absolute temperature and the properties of the material compos- ing the radiating body (©) Only some substances emit radiation (d) Bodies black in colour are known as black bodies. 149, The radiation from flames consists which of the following? (@) Non-equilibrium radiation associated with the combustion process (b) Continuous radiation from burning soot par- ticles of microscopic and submicroscopie dimensions (©) Infrared radiation from water vapour and co, (@) Radiation from suspended larger particles of coal, coke, or ash contributing to flame luminosity (©) Allof the above. 150. A perfect ...... surface is the surface which diffusely reflects and emits the same amount of energy which it receives by radiation (@) radiating () gray (©) black (a) white, ISL. Ife is the emissivity of surfaces and shields and ‘nis the number of shields introduced between the two surfaces, then overall emissivity is given by 154, 158, 187. 158, 159, 160, 161. (@) nle (© Wn-e) (b) ne @ ens) 2-2) . Pyrometers which react to all wavelengths of incident radiant energy are known as pyrometers. (@) polarising (6) total radiation (©) optical (@) disappearing filament type. }. Fog is Formed due to (@) humidity (0) low pressure (©) temperature fall of atmosphere (@) all of above. ‘Which of the following is a very good insulator? (a) Saw dust (b) Ahard wood board (©) An asbestos sheet (d) A porcelain sheet. Thermal conductivity of liquids can be determined by (@) Searles method (b) Guarded plate method (©) Laby and Hercas method (d) None of the above. . is likely to have highest thermal conductivity. (@) Boiling water (6) Steam (©) Solid ice (@) Rain water. ‘The phenomenon of boiling the milk in an open container when milk spills over the vessel is termed a$ wr.» boiling, (@) subcooled () pool (© film (@) nuclear. ‘body transmits all the radiations falling on it (a) Transparent () Gray (©) Black (@) White ‘A radiation shield should have (a) high emissivity (6) low reflectivity (©) high reflectivity (d) none of the above. are generally diathermanous, (@) Gases (®) Liguids (©) Solids (@) Allof the above. The reflectance of a black body is (@) zero () less than 1.0 © 10 (@) infinity,162. Grashoff number has significant role in heat transfer by (@) conduction (b) radiation (©) natural convection (d) forced convection. }- Heat transfer in liquids and gases takes place by (@) conduction (®) convection (©) radiation (@)_ conduction and radiation, 164, Metals are good conductors of heat because (a) they contain free electrons (©) they have high density (©) their atoms collide frequently (@) all ofthe above. 165. Temperature of steam around 550°C can be ‘measured by (a) thermopile (©) thermocouple (©) thermometer (d)_ radiation pyrometer, 166, Flow of heat from one body to other takes place when they have different (@) specific heats (©) temperatures (b) heat contents (@) allof the above. 167. Due to which of the following reasons thermal conductivity of glass wool varies from sample to sample? (@) Variation in porosity (®) Variation in density (©) Variation in composition (@) Variation in structure. 168, In which of the following cases heat is transferred by all three modes of heat transfer, viz., conduction, convection and radiation? (a) Steam condenser (6) Boiler (©) Blecttic heater (d) None of the above. 169, uu. i the rate of energy emission from unit surface area through unit solid angle, along a normal to the surface. (a) Absorptivity (©) Transmissivity (©) Intensity of radiation (a) Emissivity. 170. For which of the following cases Fourier’s law of heat conduction in valid ? (a) Irregular surfaces (®) One dimensional cases only m. 17. 173. 174, 175, 176. 17, (©) Two dimensional cases only (@) Three dimensional cases only. ‘Compared to parallel flow heat changer log mean temperature diffrence (LMTD) in case of counter flow heat exchanger will be (@) less (©) more (®) same (@) impredictable, A gray body is one whose absorptivity (a) is equal to its emissivity (6) varies with temperature (©) varies with wavelength of the incident ray (@) none of the above. Joule-see. is the unit of (@) thermal conductivity (©) Kinematic viscosity (©) universal gas constant (d) Planck's constant. Compared to black body, total emissivity of polished silver is (@) very much lower (6) same (©) very much higher (4) more or less same. ara | a The heat transfer equation 24, 241 24 ax? © ay? a2? is known as (a) General equation of heat transfer (b) Poisson's equation (©) Fourier’s equation (A) Laplace's equation. Absorplivity of a body will be equal to its emissivity (@) at critical temperature (6) fora polished body (©) atall temperatures (@ when the system is under thermal equilib- Which of the follwing statements is incorrect? (@) A temperature gradient must exist for heat exchange (b) Heat flow is always from a higher tempera- ture to a lower temperature in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics (©) A material medium is always necessary for heat transmission (@) The process of heat transfer is thermody- ramically an irreversible process.EEG Heat and Mass Transfer 178. The material medium between the heat source and receiver is not affected during the process of heat transmission by (@) convection (&) radiation (©) conduction (d) conduction as well as convection, 179, With regard to the Fourier's law, which of the following statements is incorrect? (a) Ithelps to define thermal conductivity ofthe heat conducting medium (b) tis valid for all matter regardless ofits state (©) It is a vector representation indicating heat flow in the direction of decreasing tempera- ture (a) Itcan be derived from first principles. 180, The rate of heat transfer per unit area per unit thickness of wall when a unit temperature difference is maintained across the opposite faces of the wall is called (a) heat flux (®) thermal resistance (0) thermal loading (@) thermal conductivity. 181. The average thermal conductivities of water and air conform to the ratio @ 8:1 © 25:1 (1251 (@) 40:1 182. Which of the following statements is incorrect ? (@) Thermal conductivity decreases with increase in the density of the substance (b) Heat treatment causes considerable variation in thermal conductivity (©) Thermal conductivity is always higher in the purest form of metal (@) Thermal conductivity of a damp material is considerably higher than the thermal conductivity of the dry material and water taken individually. 183. The steady state temperature distribution in the very large thin plate with uniform surface temperature will be (@) logarithmic (©) hyperbolic (©) parabolic (@) linear. 184. The thermal resistance for heat conduction through a hollow sphere of inner radius rj and outer radius ry is 4mk (1) nam «@ Taka nh 188, 186. 187, 188, 189, c =n © Fak (@) none of the above. (where & is the thermal conductivity of the ‘material ofthe sphere) Which of the following statements is incorrect? (@) A certain thickness of lagging on a steam pipe may increase the rate of heat flow rather than reduce it Addition of insulation does not always bring about a decrease in the heat transfer rate for geometries with non-constant eross- sectional area ) Critical radius of insulation refers to the ‘outer radius of insulation for which there is maximum thermal resistance and consequently maximum heat flow rate, Rubber insulated wires can carry more current than a bare wire for the same rise in temperature. © @ With regard to “fin effectiveness’ which of the following statements is incorrect? (a) It is improved if the fin is made from a material of low thermal conductivity (b) Ue represents the ratio of heat transfer rate from the fin to the heat that would be Aissipated if the entire fin surface area were maintained at the base temperature (©) both (a) and (b) (@) Ais imprved by having thin but closely spaced fins. ‘number gives an indication of the ratio of internal (conduction) resistance to the surface (Convection) resistance. (@) Stanton (0) Nusselt ‘The characteristic length, Biot number, isthe ratio of (a) petimeter to surface area of solid (b) volume of solid to its surface area (0) surface area to perimeter of solid (d) none of the above. Heat transfer by radiation is characterised by (@) circulation of fluid motion by buoyancy effects (b) movement of discrete packets of energy as electromagnetic waves (©) energy transport as a result of bulk fluid motion (A) alll ofthe above. (6) Biot (@) Fourier.190, With regard to “thermal radiations’ which of the following statements is incorrect? (@) These occur in the portion of electromag- netic spectrum between the wavelengths 10°? to 10-4 micron. (8) These travel in space with a velocity 3x 108 mis (©) These are electromagnetic waves (@) None of the above. 191. Which of the following heat flow situations pertains to free or natural convection? (a) Cooling of billets in atmosphere (&) Cooting of IC. engines (©) Flow of water inside the condenser tubes (@) Allof the above. 192 snows Causes forced convection in a liquid bath. (@) Flow of electrons in a random fashion (®) Intense stirring by an external agency (©) Molecular energy interaction (d) lof the above. 193... number has a significant role in forced convection, (@) Mach, (©) Prandtl (b) Reynolds (a) Peciet. 194, In convective heat transfer, the Nusselt number (a) represents the ratio of viscous to inertia force (b) signifies the velocity gradient atthe surface (© is the ratio of molecular momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity the ratio of conduction to convection resistance. @ 195. Nusselt number, for forced convection, is a function of .... number and .... number. (a) Reynolds, Prandtl (b) Reynolds, Grashoft (©) Prandtl, Grashotf (d) None of the above. 196, Incase of laminar flow over a plate, the convective heat transfer co-efficient (@) decreases with increase in free stream velocity (b) increases with distance (©) increases if a higher viscosity fluid is used (d) increases if a denser fluid is used, 197. The temperature gradient in the fluid lowing over a heated plate will be (a) zer0 atthe top of thermal boundry layer (b) very steep at the surface (©) zero at the plate surface (@) positive at the surface. 198, The ratio of hydrodynamic to thermal boundary layer thicknesses (@) varies as one-third power of Prandtl number (6) varies as two-third power of Stanton number (©) varies as four-fifth power of Nusselt num- ber (@) vaties as root of Prandtl number. 199, When Prandtl number is equal to ...... the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers are identical, (@ 02 1 (0 15 @ 30. 200, The convective coefficients for boiling and. condensation usually lie in the range (@) 90-500 Wim? (6) 200-2500 Wim?K (©) 300-5000 Wim?K (a) 2500-10000 Wim?K. 201. With which of the following “Leiden-frost effect’ is associated? (@) Condensation of vapour on a cold surface (b) Boiling of liquid on a hot surface (©) Evaporation of a solution (d) Exchange of heat between two fluids (©) None of the above. 202. On which of the following factors does the heat flux in nucleate pool boiling depend? (a) Material of the surface only (b) Material and roughness of the surface (©) Liquid properties and material of the surface (@) Liquid properties, material and condition of the surface 203. How is the requirement of transfer ofa large heat usually met? (a) By decreasing the diameter of tube (b) By increasing the length of tube (©) By increasing the number of tubes (d) By having multiple tube or shell passes. 204. Why are multipass heat exchangers used? (a) To obtain high heat transfer coefficient (b) To reduce the pressure drop (©) To got a compact unit (d) Allof the above.[EEEGY_Heat and Mass Transfer 205... does not pertain to transient heat conduction, (a) Fourier number (b) Interchange factor (©) Emr function (a) fot number. 206. Due to which of the following reasons heat flux. increases with temperature excess beyond the Leiden-fost point? (a) Radiation effect becomes predominant (b) Occurence of subcooled boiling (©) Promotion of nucleate boiling (d) None of the above. 207. Which of the following statements is incorrect? (@) Film boiling region is usually avoided in ‘commercial equipment (®) In subcooled boiling, the temperature of the heating surface is more than the boiling point of the liquid (©) There occurs transition from nucleate to film boiling at burn-out point on the boiling curve (a) Nucleate boiling gets promoted on a smooth surface. 208. The steam condenser in a thermal power plant is, a heat exchanger of the type (a) recuperator (©) regenerator (®) direct contact (a) none of the above. 209. Why are expansion bellows provided in the shell of a tubular heat exchanger ? (a) To reduce the pressure drop (©) To impart structural strength to exchanger (©) To facilitate increase in length of boiler shell (@ To account for uneven expansion of shell ‘and tube bundles. 210, Which of the following terms does not pertain to radiation heat transfer? (@) Configuration factor (6) Spectral distribution (©) Solid angle (@ Reynolds analogy. 211. The value of convection coefficient, in condensation over a vertical surface, varies as @ eS (6) BS fo) #7 (d) B. (where kis the thermal conductivity ofthe liquid). NUMERICAL QUESTIONS #212. The inner surface of a plane brick wall is at 50°C and the outer surface is at 25°C. Calculate the rate of heat transfer per m? of the surface area of the wall, which is 220 mm thick. The thermal conductivity of the bricks is 0.51 W/m K (a) 20.65 Wim? (©) 47.62. Wim? (b) 32.75 Wim? (a) 57.95 Win? °213. A mild steel tank of wall thickness 12 mm contains water at 100°C. Calculate the rate of heat loss per m? of tank surface area when the atmospheric temperature is 20°C. The thermal conductivity of mild steel is 50 W/m K, and the heat transfer coefficients for the inside and outisde the tank are 2850 and 10 Wim? K, fly. Calculate also the temperature of surface of the tank. (a) 300.5 Wim?, 455°C (©) 495.2 Wim?, 67.6°C (©) 602.6 Wim?, 80.6°C (d) 795.2 Wim?, 99.52°C. "214, A spherical shaped vessel of 1.4 m diameter is ‘90 mm thick. Find the rate of heat leakage, if the temperaturre difference between the inner and outer surfaces is 220°C. Thermal ‘conductivity of the material of the sphere is 0.083 WimnK, (a) 0.2kW () 05kW (©) 1.0886 kW (@) LeKw. 215 Liquid air at ~147° C is stored in the space of ‘two concentric spheres of 0.2 m and 0.3 m diameters. The surface emissivities are 0.028. ‘Assume the outer surface temperature is 25° C. Considering only (@ Wims-K (b) cabin 215. Choose the wrong statement about thermal diffusivity (@) It represents a physical property of the ma- terial (©) Iisa dimensionless quantity. (©) Itisan important characteristic for unsteady hheat conduction (@) Mis the ratio of thermal conductiv mal storage capacity of a mater to ther- 3. 216. A body which partly absorbs and partly refleets ‘but does not allow any radiation to pass through it (a+ r= 1 and t=) is called (a) diamthermanous (6) opaque (©) gray (@) specular.217. The heat flow equation through a cylinder of inner radius r and other radius r, is desired to be written in the same form as that for heat flow through a plane wall. For wall thickness (7 — rs the equivalent area. A, would be Ata At Ay ony ©) Tope (Az A) A © Toa iay = Flog, (AD where Ay and Ay are the inner and outer surface areas of the eyldecal tube 218. A gas turbine blade (idealised as a flat plate of surface area A, thickness d and thermal conductivity &) has hot gases at temperature T, ‘on one side and cooling air ar temperature T, on the other side. If, and h, are the corresponding surface coefficients of heat transfer, then the overall heat transfer coefficient U is given by 11,8 1 @ gapttet ree py beta be lh oy 8 hy ) Vans den, ©) sheet @ uate 8yd k I 219. Which of the following is the wrong value of characteristic length which appears in the Biot ‘number hillk and the Fourier number at //2? (a) 1 = RPBin case of a sphere of radius R (b) [= RP in case of acylinder of radius R and length L (©) 1 = RI6 in case of a cube with each side of length L (@) [=bi2 fora flat plate of thickness d breadth ‘band height h. 220, A solid cement wall ofa building having thermal conductivity & and thickness d is heated by convection on the inner side and cooled by convection on the outside, The heat flux through the wall can be expressed as (j=) =n) y+ 8/k +h © T+ bik +17 ® EG =f) th +I9) (dy none of the above, o A 221. The heat dissipation from an infinitely long find. is given by (a) PHA, (bo —ta) (6) APL G,~ 1) (0) Phi; (fg ~f) tanh ml ©) pam. (a) MLT! 254, Idemiy the wrong statement with respect to boing heat tansir (@) Boiling occurs when a heated surface is ‘exposed to a liquid and maintained at a temperature lower than the saturation temperature of the liquid. () The steam boilers employing natural convection have steam raised through pool boiling. (©) The nucleation boiling is characterised by the formation of bubbles at the nucleation sites and the resulting liquid agitation. (@ “Leidenfrost effect” refers to the phenomenon of stable film boiling. (©) The boiling crisis or the burn out point on the boiling curve (surface heat fux as a function of excess temperatures) represents, the maximum heat flux at which transition ‘occurs from nucleate to film boiling. 255. Two walls of same thickness and cross-sectional area have thermal conductivities in the ratio 1:2. If same temperature difference is maintained across the wall faces, the ratio of heat flow 2/0, will be (@ 12 Om 2 4. 256, Consider development of laminar thermal boundary layer for a moving non-reacting fluid in contact with a flat plate of length { along the flow direction. The average value of heat transfer coefficient can be obtained by multiplying the local heat transfer coefficient at the trailing edge by the factor @ 0.75 ® Lo ols @ 20, 257. The emissivity and the absorptivity of a real surface are equal for radiation with identical {temperature and wavelength. This law is referred toas (@) Lamberts law (6) Kirchhoft’s law (©) Planck's law (@ Wien’s displacement law. 258, The unit of thermal diffusivity is (a) m?mec (®) kealim?-hr (© mire (a) mth, 259, Choose the wrong statement with respect to Nusselt number and convective heat transfer coefficient (a) Nusselt number represents the ratio of temperature gradient at the surface to an ‘overall or reference temperature gradient,260. 261. 262. 263. 264, 265. (b) Nusselt number represents the dimensionless slope of the temperature distribution curve at the surface. ‘The convective coefficient can be evaluated from a knowledge of fluid temperature. distribution in the neighbourhood of the surface. o (@) Fora given Nusselt number, the convective coefficient is inversely proportional to thermal conductivity of the fluid ‘The law governing the distribution of radiant energy over wavelength for a black body at fixed temperature is referred to as (a) Planck's law (b) Wien’s formuta (©) Kirehhoff's law (a) Lamber’s law. The convective coefficients for boiling and condensation usually lie in the range (a) 30-300 (b) 60-3000 (©) 300-1000 (a) 2500-10000 Win?K. In M-L-T-q system, the dimensions of thermal diffusivity are @ er ) Ug? (© MPT! @ Pre! Choose the false statement : (a) The monochromatic emissive power is the rate of energy radiated per unit area of the surface per unit wavelength. ‘The distribution of monochromatic emissive power across the wavelength is continuous but non-uniform, At elevated temperatures, much of the ‘energy is emitted in shorter wavelengths. ‘The area under the monochromatic emissive power versus wavelength curve represents, the total emissive power per unit area radiated from the surface. (@) None of the above. ‘A thermally transparent surface of transmissivity 0.15 receives 500 keal/min of radiation and refleets back 200 keal/min out of it. The emissivity of the surface is then @ 0.15 04 (© 045 (@) 055. Peclet number is defined as ©) o @ inematic viscosity i thermal diffusivity convective heat transfer viscosity conduction heat transfer wall heat transfer rate (‘Convection heat transfer * 266. Which of the following is anisotropic, i.e., exhibits change in thermal conductivity due to directional preferences ? (a) Wood (©) Conerette (®) Glass woot (a) Masonry brick. 267. The temperature of a body at any time during newtonian heating or cooling is stated as @ =exp © Bf) ‘2 = exp ((- ByF,)/2] exp l- yBiFo) exp [= (BF) O) © @ where 1; is the body temperature at the ‘commencement of heating or cooling process, 1, is the temperature of the surroundings, B, and F., are the non-dimensional Biot number and Fourier ‘number respectively. 268, In a convective heat transfer situation, Reynolds, ‘number is very large but the Prandtl number is so small that the product (Re . Pr) is less than one. In such a situation (a) thermal boundary layer does not exist (©) viscous boundary layer thickness equals the thermal boundary layer thickness viscous boundary layer thickness is less than the thermal boundary layer thickness viscous boundary layer thickness is greater than the thermal boundary layer thickness. © @ 269, All the three modes of transmission are involved. (a) melting of ice () cooling of a small metal casting in a ‘quenching bath (©) heat flow through the walls ofa refrigerator (@) automobile engine equipped with a thermo- syphon cooling system.FEE Heat and Mass Transfer 270, Mark the wrong statement with respect to laminar film condensation on a vertical plate (@) The rate of condensation heat transfer is ‘maximum at the upper edge of the plate and progressively decreases as the lower edge is approached. Ata definitte point on the heat transfer surface, the film coefficient is directly proportional to thermal conductivity and inversely proportional to thickness of film at that point. ‘The average heat transfer coefficient is two- third ofthe local heat transfer coefficient at the lower edge of the plate. ) © 271. A beat exchanger with heat transfer surface area ‘A and overall heat transfer coefficient U handles two fluid of heat capacities Cay Ad Cyne The parameter NTU (number of transfer units) used in the analysis of heat exchanger is specified as AU OT, (©) AUCrin aU ACoin © Fan wa 272. Which of the following is a wrong statement ? (@) Addition of insulation does not always bring about a decrease in the heat transfer rate for ‘geometries with non-constant cross-section, (®) Rubber insulated wires can carry more ‘current than a bare wire for the same rise in temperature. (©) A certain thickness of lagging on a steam pipe may increase the rate of heat flow rather than reduce it (@) Critical radius of insulation refers to the ‘outer radius of insulation for which there is maximum thermal resistance and ‘consequently maximum heat flow rate, 273. Consider natural convection heat transfer between 1 vertical tube surface and a fluid surrounding it. For dimensional analysis of the problem, the characteristic length corresponds to (@) length of the tube (©) diameter of the tube (©) perimeter of the tube (@) either length or diameter of the tube. 274, Finned surfaces have improved rate of dissipation due to (a) decrease in ambient temperature (b) increase in the surface area exposed to the surroundings 278. 276. 271. 278. 279. 280, 281. (©) increase in the convective film coefficient (@) alll ofthe above. The relationship, |,,4, 7= constant, between the temperature of a black body and the wavelength at which maximum value of monochromatic cemissive power occurs is known as (a) Planck’s law (©) Wien’s displacement law (©) Kirehhoft’s law (@ Lambert's law. ‘Steady state heat flow implies (a) negligible flow of heat (©) no difference of temperature between the bodies (6) constant heat flow rate, ie, heat flow rate independent of time (@ uniform rate in temperature rise of a body. The Nusselt number in natural heat transfer is a function of fluid Prandt! number and (@) Stanton number (6) Biot number (©) Grashoff number (A) Reynolds number. Pick the odd one out (a) Open feed water heaters () Jet condensers (©) De-super heater (@) Surface condense. Which ofthe following forms of water will have the highest value of thermal conductivity ? (@) Boiling water (6) Steam (©) Solid ice (d) Melting ice. ‘Most metals are good conductor of heat because of (@) energy transport due to molecular vibration (©) migration of neutrons from hot end to cold end (0) lattice defects such as dislocations (@) presence of many free electrons and frequent collision of atoms (©) capacity to absorb free energy of electrons. ‘The metal walls of same wall thickness and cross- sectional area have thermal conductivities k, 2k and 3k respectively. For the same heat transfer, the temperature drops across the wall will be in the ratio (@) 1:2:3 () 32:1 ( A:4:3 (@) temperature drops ratios cannot be worked ‘out as the given data is insufficient.282, During the process of boiling and condensation, only a phase change takes place and one fluid remains at constant temperature throughout the hheat exchanger. In terms of number of transfer units (WTU), the effectiveness of such an exchanger would be Tu © Teno (b) 1 exp (- NTU) exp © 2 NTU) © (@) cannot be worked out as the heat capacities are not known. 283. Mark the matter with least value of thermal conductivity : (@) Air (b) Water © Ash (a) Window glass. 284. Choose the correct statement with respect fo @ ‘counter flow heat exchanger : (@) Both the fluids at inlet are in their coldest state. (®) Both the fluids at exit are in their hottest state. (©) Both the fluids at inlet are in their hottest state, (@) One fluid is hottest and the other is coldest at inlet. 285. In a double pipe parallel flow heat exchanger, there occurs condensation of saturated steam over the inner tube. Subsequently, the entrance and exit connections of the cooling medium are interchanged. The ratio of steam condensation (@) will increase (©) will decrease (©) will remain unchanged (d) may increase or decrease depending upon saturated temperature of steam and inlet tem- perature of cooling medium. 286. For an ideal reflector, the energy distribution at higher temperature is at (@) shorter wavelength (b) longer wavelength (©) remains same at all wavelength (@) depends upon factors other than wavelength, 287. The grey body shape factor for radiant heat exchanger between a small body (emissivity 0.4) in a large enclosure (emissivity 0.5) is (@ 0.1 () 02 0s (@ 05, 288, Molecular transmission of heat is smallest in case of (@) gases (&) liquids (©) solids (@) alloys. 289, Heat transfer by radiation is encountered least in (@) boiler furnace (©) insulated steam pipe (0) electric bulb (@) nuclear reactor. 290, Heat conduction in gases is due to (a) motion of electrons. (b) elastic impact of molecules (©) mixing motion ofthe different layers of the gas (@) electromagnetic waves. 291. A thin shield of emissivity e3 (on both sides) is placed between two infinite parallel plates of emissivities e, and e,, and temperatures T, and T, respectively. If ¢) =e) = es then the fraction radiant energy transfer without shield/with shield takes the value (@ 0.25, ) 0.50 (© 0.75 (@) 082. 292. A straight fin of cross-sectional area A for all along its length and made of a material of thermal conductivity k serves to dissipates heat to the surroundings from a surface held at a constant temperature. What additional data is required to ‘workout the rate of heat dissipation ? (a) The root and tip temperatures (b) The temperature gradient at the root (©) The temperature gradient at the tip (d) The convective heat transfer coefficient and the fin perimeter. 293, The temperature of a radiating surface changes from 400°K to 1200°K. The ratio of total emissive powers at the higher and lower temperatures would be @3 9 27 @ 81 294, The steam condenser in a thermal power plant is, a heat exchanger of the type (@) direct contact (6) regenerator (©) recuperator (@) none of these. 295. What happens when the thickness of insulation ‘on a pipe exceeds the critical value ? (a) There is decrease in the heat flow rate (6) There increase in the heat flow rate.EQ Heat and Mass Transfer (©) The heat flow rate remains constant, (a) The temperature at the junction between pipe and insulation rises. 296 For infinite parallel planes with emissivities e, and ey the interchange factor for radiation from, surface I to surface 2is (@) e% are © t+ ie _ ae Peers Dropwise condensation usually occurs on (a) glazed surface (b) smooth surface (©) olly surface (d) contd surface. 298. A perfectly black body (a) absorbs all the incident radiation (6) allows all the incident radiation to pass through it (0) reflects all the incident radiation (@ has its surface coated with lamp black or graphite. 297. 299, Forced convection in a liquid bath is caused by (a) density difference brought about by tempera ture gradients (b) molecular energy interaction (0) flow of electrons in a random fashion (@) intense stirring by an external agency. 300, Which of the following is a wrong statement with respect to the Fourier’s heat conduction equation? (@) Fourier law is valid for all matter regardless of its state. (b) Fourier law isa vector expression indicating heat flow in the direction of decreasing temperature, (©) Fourier law can be derived from first principles. (@ Fourier law helps to define thermal conductivity ofthe heat conducting medium. 301. Solar radiation is mainly scattered or transmitted but not absorbed by the atmosphere. This characteristic manifests because (a) solar radiation is mainly in the visible spectrum for which the atmosphere has very low absorptivity (6) solar radiation is very intense (©) most of solar radiation is scattered and little remains for absorption (@ atmospheric air has a very small density. 302. Choose the false statement (a) Snow is nearly black to thermal radiation, (6) Absorption of radiation occurs ina very thin layer of material near the surface, (©) Transmissivity varies with wavelength of incident radiation, i.e., a material may be rnon-transport fora certain wavelength band and transparent for another. (@ Most of the engineering materials have rough surfaces, and these rough surfaces give regular (specular) reflections, 303. The normal automobile radiator is a heat exchanger of the type (@) direct contact (©) counter-flow (b) parallel-flow (d) cross-flow: 304, Saturated steam is allowed to condense over a vertical flat surface and the condensate film flows. down the surface. The local coefficient of heat transfer for condensation (a) remains constant at all heights ofthe surface (b) decreases with increasing distance from the top of the suface (©) increases with increasing thickness of condensate film (@ increases with increasing temperature differential between the surface and vapour, 305. Which dimensionless number has a significant role in forced convection ? (@) Prandtl number (b) Reynolds number (©) Mach number (d) Peclet number. 306, Gases have poor (a) absorptivity (b) reflectivity (©) transmissivity (@) absorptivity as well as transmissivity. 307, Identify the very good insulator (a) Saw dust (b) Glass woo! (©) Cork (d) Asbestos sheet. 308, A fin protrudes from a surface which is held at a temperature higher than that of its environments. ‘The heat transferred away from the fin is (a) heat escaping from the tip of the fin (b) heat conducted along the fin length (©) convective heat transfer from the fin surface (@) sum of heat conducted along the fin length and that convected from the surface, 309, For an absolutely white or specular body. (a) asborptivity o = 1, reflectivity p = 0 and transmissivity t = 0 (®) p= Lando310, au. 312, 314. 316. Obj (© t=1anda=p=0 @ arp Cork is a good insulator because (a) ® o @ ‘The free convection heat transfer is significantly affected by (a) Reynolds number (b) Grashoff number (©) Prantatl number (@) Stanton number. ‘The material medium between the heat source and receiver is not affected during the process of heat transmission by (@) conduction, (©) convection (©) radiation (@) conduction as well as convection, and itis flexible and ean be east into rolls. it can be powdered itis porous its density is low. }. Milk spills over when it is boiled in an open vessel. The boiling of milk at this instant is referred to as (@) interface evaporation (b) subcooled boiling (©) film boiling (d) saturated nucleate boiling. Mark the system where in heat transfer is by forced convection (@) Chilling effect of cold wind on warm body (®) Fluid passing through the tubes of a con- denser and other heat exchanger equipment (©) Heat flow from a hot pavement to surround- ing atmosphere (q) Heat exchanger on the outside of cold and warm pipes. 5. Notable examples of uniform generation of heat ‘within the conducting medium are (a) Energy generated in the fuel element of a nuclear reactor. (b) Liberation of energy due to some exothermic ‘chemical reactions. (©) Resistance heating in electrical appliances, (d) Allof the above. The thermal conductivity & and the electrical conductivity of a metal at absolute temperature T are related as ive Type Question Bank ( 317. 318. 319. 320, 321. 322, h Answers) () Ae = constant of k (@) E=constant constant. ko Ar fo) SS = constant 2 OF Ce Heat transmission is directly linked with the transport of medium itself, ie. there is actual ‘motion of heated particles during (@) conduction only (®) convection only (0) radiation only (@) conduction as well as radiation Lumped parameter analysis of transient heat conduction in solids stipulates (a) infinite thermal conductivity (b) negligible temperature gradient, ie., practi- cally uniform temperature within the solid (©) small conduction resistance (@) predominance of convective resistance (6) all of the above. For steady state and constant value of thermal conductivity, the temperature distribution associated with radial conduction through a cylinder has a (@) linear (6) logarithmic (©) parabolic (@ exponential variation. ‘The essential condition for the transfer of heat from one body to another is (a) both bodies must be in physical contact (b) heat content of one body must be more than that ofthe other ‘one of the bodies must have a high value of thermal conductivity there must exist a temperature difference between the bodies. © @ For a perfectly black body (a) absorptivity & 0 and reflectivity transmissivity t= 0 () t=Landa=t=0 (© t= Landa=p=0 (@ a+e=landp=0 Identify the wrong statement : (@) The process of heat transfer is thermody- ramically an irreversible process. (6) A material medium is always necessary for heat transmission,EEXQ_ Heat and Mass Transfer (©) For heat exchange, a temperature gradient ‘must exist. (2) Heat flow is always from a higher tempera ture to a lower temperature in accordance ‘with the second law of thermodynamics, +323. The ratio of the emissive power of a body to that of a black body at the same temperature, ie., ‘emissivity is constant for all wavelengths. Such a body is called (a) white (©) grey 324, The roof of a house has been given a coating of shining metallic paint, Consequently the temperature inside the room will (@ fall () tise (©) remain unaffected (@) cannot be decided as it depends on factors other than the type of paint. (®) transparent (@) diathermanous. 325. The emissivity is likely to be higher in case of (a) rubber (b) paper (©) carbon (@) iron oxide. 326. A radiation shield should (a) have high transmissivity (b) absorb all the radiations (0) have high reflective power (@) partly absorb and partly transmit the in dent radiation. 327. Thermal conductivity is defined as the heat flow per unit time (a) when temperature gradient is unity (6) when a unit temperature difference is main- tained across the opposite faces of the wall (©) through a unit thickness ofthe wall (d) across unit area when temperature gradient is unity 328. A surface for which emissivity is constant at all temperatures and throughout the entire ange of wavelength is called (a) opaque (©) specular (©) grey (@) diathermanous. 329. Indicate the metal with highest value of thermal conductivity (a) Steel (©) Sitver (©) Copper (@ Aluminium. 330, The direction of heat transfer is in accordance with (a) first law of thermodynamics (b) second law of thermodynamics (6) Faraday's law (@) Stefan’s law. 331. The emissivity of white polished body (a) is lower than black body (b) is higher than black body (©) depends upon area of body (@) same, 332, Planck's law is true for (a) all coloured bodies (b) black bodies only (©) polished bodies (a) bodies having equal conductivities. 333. In SI system, the unit of thermal diffusivity is (a) keal/m?-sec®; —_(b) keal/m-see (©) msec? (a) m?-sec. 334, In SI system the unit of thermal conductivity is (@) WiC () Wim-brc (©) Wim?-he-°C (d) None of these. 335. Fourier’s law of heat transfer is applicable for (@) conduction only (b) convection only () both conduction and convection (@) none of these. 1336. Electrical analogy for heat transfer coefficient is, (a) resistance (b) inductance (©) unit conductance (d) none of these. 337. “Peclet number’ used in laminar flow heat transfer coefficients is the product of (a) Prandt! number and Grashoff number (b) Reynolds number and Prandtl number (©) Reynolds number and Grashoff number (a) none of these. 338, Fourier number may be expressed as (a) ratio of buoyancy to viscous force (&) ratio of internal thermal resistance ofa solid to the boundary layer thermal resistance (©) ratio of gravitational and surface tension forces (@) ratio of heat conduction rate to the rate of thermal energy storage in solid. 339, In a two-fluid heat exchanger, the inlet and outlet, temperatures of the hot fluid are 65°C and 40°C respectively. For the cold fluid, these are 15°C and 42°C. The heat exchanger is a (a) parallel flow heat exchanger; (b) counter flow heat exchanger;(©) heat exchanger device where both parallel flow and counter flow operations are pos- sible; (a) none of the above. 340, randtl number of a flowing fluid less than unity indicates (@) thermal boundary layer thickness is greater than hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness (0) hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness is ‘greater than thermal boundary layer thickness; (©) hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thickness are same; (a) none of the above. 341. Loss of heat from unlagged steam pipe to the ambient air is by (@) conduction () convection (©) radiation @ all @, (0), (0. 342. Thermal diffusivity is given by k e @ > OZ Pep kep a © te (4) none of these. 343. Which of the following has the highest thermal conductivity ? (@) Air (© Silver (b) Water (@) Brick, 344, Reynolds analogy states that ee Eo (c) St=4f (d) st were, 5 = Sano ber = fon arin the Fanning equation. 345. Economy of an evaporator is influenced by (@) steam pressure (b) temperature of the feed and number of effects (6) either of the above (a) none of the above. 346. Prandtl number is the ratio of (a) momentum diffusivity to mass diffusivity (b) momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity (©) none of these. 347, Wavelength corresponding to the maximum, energy is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature. This is ive Type Question Bank ( h Answers) (a) Stefan’s law (©) Wien’s law 348. Correction is applied to LMTD for (@) parallel flow (b) counter flow (©) cross-flow (@) none of these. 349. A body is called grey if the monochromatic emissivity of the body is (@) 0 1 (©) same for all wavelengths (A) different for all wavelengths. (6) Kirehhoff's law (@) none of these. 380, Heat transfer coefficient in transition region between laminar and turbulent (a) can be determined by Colburn factor (Jj) vs Reynold's number plot () can be determined by Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr!® (©) cannot be determined by any method (d) any of the above. 351. The velocity and temperature distribution in a pipe flow are given by u(r) and T(r). If Wis the ‘mean velocity at any section of the pipe, the bulk- ‘mean temperature at that section is w fered se TH tO TO ar 03, Or 4 feuntoar @ 2g ® ne fut rar. 352. The units of thermal resistance are (@) none of these, 353. The conductivity of glass woo varies from sample to sample because of variation in (a) composition (6) structure (6) porosity (@) al ofthe above. £354. The time constant of a thermocouple is (4) time taken to attain 50% of intial temp. difference (H) time taken to attain 99% of initial temp. difference (6) time taken to atain 36.8% of initial temp. difference (4) not definedFEZ Heat and Mass Transfer 358, Thermal diffusivity is Pep = m= de, (is Se OG O oR 356, For heating of a flat plate the hydrodynamic ‘boundary layer is thinner than thermal boundary layer. The value of Prandtl number is (a) greater than one (&) less than one (©) equal to one (@) can be less than or greater than one depend- ing upon the value of Reynolds number. 357. Nusselt number is (a) a dimensionless temperature gradient (8) the ratio of two temperature gradients (0) none of the above two (@ both of the above two, i. 358, Stanton number is equal to (a) Re. Pr (b) Gr. Pr Nw Re Pr . (a) and (6). Re © me 359, The total emissive power E of a diffuse surface is related to radiation intensity Fas, E equal to wot ort (PL (d) 4nd. ol os (©) 05, (d) 0.9. 361. The rate of heat transfer is constant if (@) temperature decreases with time (B) temperature inereases with time (6) temperature is constant (@) none of the above. 362, Fourier’s law is based on assumption that (a) heat flow is one-dimensional (6) heat flow is steady (6) both (a) and (b) (@) none of the above, Ax 363. The term > in the equation hat = KA ie Ax (a) thermal resistance (©) thermal conductance (© thermal loading (@) none of the above, is known as 364, Critical radius of a hollow cylinder is defined as: (@) inner radius which would give maximum heat flow (&) outer radius which would give minimum heat flow (©) outer radius which would give maximum heat flow (@) none of the above. 365. The average temperature difference between the {wo fluids in case of counterflow heat exchanger ‘as compared to parallel flow heat exchange is (@) more (b) less (©) same (@) none of the above. NUMERICAL QUESTIONS "366. The inner surface of a plane brick wall is at 50°C and the outer surface is at 25°C. Caleulate the rate of heat transfer per m? of the surface area of the wall, which is 220 mm thick. The thermal conductivity of the bricks is 0.51 W/m K (a) 20.65 Wim? (©) 47.62 Wim? (6) 32.75 Wim? (a) $7.95 Win? #367. A mild steel tank of wall thickness 12 mm contains water at 100°C. Calculate the rate of heat loss per m? of tank surface area when the almospheric temperature is 20°C. The thermal conductivity of mild steel is 50 W/m K, and the heat transfer coefficients for the inside and ‘outside the tank are 2850 and 10 Wim? K, respectively. Calculate also the temperature of the outside surface of the tank. (a) 300.5 Wim?, 45.5°C (6) 495.2 Wim?, 67.6°C (©) 602.6 Wim?, 80.6°C (@) 795.2 Wim?, 99.52°C. 368. A spherical shaped vessel of 1.4m diameter is ‘90 mm thick. Find the rate of heat leakage, if the temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces is 220°C. Thermal ‘conductivity of the material of the sphere is 0.083 WimK, (a) 02kW (b) 05kW (0) 0886 kW @ LOKW,"369, Liquid air at -147°C is stored inthe space of an emissivity of 0.72 at 500°C. Caleulate the two concentric spheres of 0.2 m and 0.3 m rate of heat loss by radiation per m?. diameters. Th surface emissivtes are 0.028. (0 When the body is assumed tobe grey withe Assume the outer surface temperature is 25°C. “A Considering only radiation heat tansfer and taking the latent heat of iquid air of 210 Kk, CG. When the body isnot grey. find the rate of evaporation. Assume tha the absorptivity i independent rere ofthe surface temperature. (@) 16.25 keh) 18.22 hgh (@) 206 kW, 185 kW (6) 2325 kgfh (a) 30.65 kg (© 326 KW, 285 kW *370. A body at 1000°C in black surroundings at (6) 54893 kW, 47.962 KW 500°C has an emissivity of 0.42 at 1000°C and (@) 6896 kW, 52.9 kW. B. MATCH LIST | WITH LIST Il AND SELECT CORRECT ANSWER USING THE CODES GIVEN BELOW THE LISTS: an. List 1 List A. Non-isotopic thermal conductivity 1. molecular is exhibited in ease of B. Conduction is the transmission of 2. four heat by collision C. The thermal conductivity of ice is 3. porous neatly times the thermal conductivity of wate. D. Cork a good insulator because it 4. wood Cols A BO CD @ 4 2 3 4 () 4 1 2 3 © 1 2 34 o 4 2 4 an. List 1 List A. The process of heat transfer during 1. Prevost theory nity of satlites and missiles, at very high speeds, ino earths surface is known as B. Radiation heat transfer between two 2. ablation surfaces can be reduced by introducing between the surfaces. C. Gases have poor D. All bodies above absolute zero cemit radiations. This statement is based on .. of eat exchange. 3. radiation shield reflectivityFED Heat and Mass Transfer 373. 374. 375. pope Codes: A B @ I 2 0) 4 3 o 3 4 @ 2 3 List 1 ‘A body which absorbs heat radiations of all wavelengths falling on it, is called vo is the ratio of emissive power of a body to the emissive power of a perfectly black body is the ratio of thermal conductivity to the equivalent thickness of the film of fluid Ratio of energy absorbed by a body to the total energy falling on itis Codes: ©) © A @ 2 1 3 @ 4 ee) List 1 Radiation heat transfer Conduction heat transfer Forced convection ‘Transient heat flow Codes: A B @ 4 3 @) 3 4 o 1 3 @ 4 2 List 1 Free convection Nusselt number ‘Thermal diffusivity Critical radius of insulation Bowen wewna aR ewe eg roaeg List IL emisivity black body absorptive power film coefficient. List Wien displacement law Fourier number Fourier law Stanton number. List IL [> FIR le Pe Grashoff number.A B @ 1 2 0) 4 1 o 2 3 @ 4 2 376, List 1 A. LMTD correction is applied in 6886 of sn heat exchanger. B. _Dropwise condensation occurs OM von Surfaces. CC. Grashoff number has significant role in heat transfer by D. Least value of Prandtl number can be expected in case of Codes: A B @ 2 1 @) 1 2 o 4 3 @ 3 4 c D 3 4 3 2 4 1 3 1 List IL 1. highly polished 2. cross flow 3. liquid metals 4, free convection, c D 4 3 3 4 2 1 2 I COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS QUESTIONS-U.P.S.C. (WITH SOLUTIONS - COMMENTS) 377. Upto the critical radius of insulation (@) added insulation will increase heat loss (b) ‘added insulation will decrease heat loss (©) convection heat loss will be less than con- duction heat loss (@) beat Mux will decrease. "378. A designer chooses the values of fluid flow ranges and specific heats in such a manner that the heat capacities of the two fluids are equal. A hot fluid enters the counterflow heat ‘exchanger at 100°C and leaves at 60°C. The cold fluid enters the heat exchanger at 40°C. ‘The mean temperature difference between the tw fluids is: (a) (100 + 60 + 40y93°C () 60°C () 40°C (@ 20°C. 379. For infinite parallel planes with emissivities, €e; and e,, the interchange factor for radiation from surface 1 to surface 2 is given by fie eee © ore-an OB a © ete @ ee "380, A furnace is made of a red brick wall of thickness 0.5 m and conductivity 0.7 W/mK. For the same heat loss and temperature drop, this can be replaced by a layer of diatomite earth ‘of conductivity 0.14 W/mK and thickness (a) 0.05 m ) 0.1m (0 02m (@ 05m. 381. The thicknesses of thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layers are equal if (Pr = Prandtl ‘Number, Nu = Nusselt Number) (@) Pr=1 () Prot (0 Pret (@) Pr= Nu 382, A heat exchanger with heat transfer surface area A and overall heat transfer coefficient U handles two fluids of heat capacities Cyyy ad Cyyge THe parameter NTU (number of transfer units) used in the analysis of heat exchanger is specified as ACnin uv @ Fa © KGa Ae (0) AUC pin MEEEX Heat and Mass Transfer 383. e-NTU method is particularly useful in thermal design of heat exchangers when (a) the outlet temperature of the fluid streams js not known as a priori (©) outlet temperature of the fluid streams is known as a priori (©) the outlet temperature of the hot fluid streams is known but that of the cold fluid streams is not known as a priori (@) inlet temperatures of the fluid streams are known as a priori. 384, Thermal boundary layer is a region where (@) inertia terms are of the same order of mag- nitude as convection terms (b) convection terms are of the same order of ‘magnitude as dissipation terms (©) convection terms are of the same order of ‘magnitude as conduction terms (d) dissipation is negligible. 385, For evaporators and condensers, for the given conditions, the logarthmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) for parallel flow is (@) equal to that for counterflow (©) greater than that for counterflow (©) smaller than that for counterflow counterflow. (@) very much smaller than that for 386, A thin flat plate 2 m by 2 m is hanging freely in air. The temperature of the surroundings is 25°C. Solar radiation is falling on one side of the plate at the rate of $00 Wim’. The temperature of the plate ‘will ¢main constant at 30°C, ifthe convective heat transfer coefficient (in Wim?*C) is (a) 25 () 50 © 100 (a) 200. List 1 (Dimensionless quantity) Stanton number A B. — Grashoff number ©. Peclet number D. Schmidt number Codes: A B @ 2 4 o 3 1 © 3 4 @ 2 1 #387. A composite slab has two layers of different materials with thermal conductivity &, and ky, If each layer had the same thickness, the equivalent thermal conductivity of the slab would be (+k) (@) ky ky © ek) 2k ky) © +k) @ ike 388. Which one of the following modes of heat transfer would take place predominantly, from boiler furnace to water wall ? (a) Convection (b) Conduetion (0) Radiation (@ Conduction and convection. "389, Given the following data: Inside heat transfer coeficient = 25 Wim?K ‘Outside heat transfer coefficient = 25 Wim?K ‘Thermal conductivity of bricks (15 em thi 0.15 WimK, ‘The overall heat transfer coefficient (in Wiim?K) will be closer to the (a) inverse of heat transfer coefficient (b) heat transfer coefficient (6) thermal conductivity of bricks (@) heat transfer coefficient based on the ther- ‘mal conduetivity of the bricks alone. 390, Match List I with List Il and select the correct, answer using the codes given below the lists: List (Application) 1. Natural convection for ideal gases 2. Mass transfer 3. Forwed convection 4, Foreed convection for small Prandtl number. c D 3 1 4 2 1 2 3 4regime is a function of which of the following properties? 1. Heat of evaporation ive Type Question Bank ( 391. The burnout heat flux in the nucleate boiling h Answers) +392. Which of the following are the reasons for the volumetric efficiency of reciprocating ‘compressor being less than 100% ? 1. Deviations from isentropic process 2. Temperature diference 2. Presute drop actos the valves 3. Density of vapour 3. Superheating in compressor 4, Density of tiguid 4 Cearance volume 5 Vapouelighid surface tension, 5. Deviations from iothermal process Select the coret answer using the codes 6. Leakages given below Select the correct answer fom the codes Codes: ee es (@) 1,2, 4and5 CCE (a) 1,2,3and5 (b) 2, 3,4 and 5. CS ao ara (© 14,Sand6 (a) 2,3,4.and6. ESE - 1996 #393. Iis desired to increase the heat dissipation rate over the surface of an electronic device of spherical shape of 5 mm radius exposed to convection with h = 10 W/m?K by encasing it ina spherical sheath of conductivity 0.04 W/m K. For maximum heat flow, the diameter of the sheath should be (@ 18mm (© 12mm (6) 16 mm (@) 8mm, 395. A pipe carrying saturated steam is covered with a layer of insulation and exposed to ambient air. The thermal resistances are as shown in the following figure R, Ra ‘Which one of the following statements is correct in this regard ? ( Ran a0 Rp ae negligible as compared to Rigs and Rye List Reynolds number Prandtl number Nusselt number Match number A pope Codes: (@ 4 0) 4 © 2 @ 2 seen (©) Ripe and Rate negligible as compared to Rie a6 Ream (©) Ream 206 Ry a negligible as compared 10 Ryn td Rigg (a) No quantitative data is provided, therefore 1no comparison is possible 395. Which one of the following statements is correct? (a) Laminar flow is greater than that for turbu- lent flow (b) Turbulent flow is greater than that for lami- nar flow (©) Laminar flow is equal to that for turbulent flow (d) A given flow can be determined only if the Prandtl number is known. 395, Match List I with List Il and select the correct, answer using the codes given below the lists : List Film coefficient, pipe diameter, thermal conductivity Flow velocity, acoustic velocity Heat capacity, dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity Flow velocity, pipe diameter, kinematic viscosity DEEG Heat and Mass Transfer 397. Match List I wit List 1 Window glass Grey surface Carbon dioxide Radiosity Codes: (@) O) © @ pow> make B 4 1 1 4 List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists List Emissivity independent of wavelength Emission and absorption limited of wavelength Rate at which radiation leaves a surface Transparency to shortwave radiation c D 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 398, Match List I and List Il and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists List A. Momentum transfer 1 B. 2. c. 3. Codes: (@ 0) © @ Mass transfer Heat transfer muewe Rees 399. A counterflow heat exchanger is used to heat water from 20°C to 80°C by using hot exhaust ‘gas entering at 140°C and leaving at 80°C. The log mean temperature difference for the heat exchanger is (@) 80°C (b) 60°C (© 10°C (A) not determinable as zero/zer0 is involved. 400, A heat exchanger with transfer surface area A. and overall heat transfer coefficient U handles two fluids of heat capacities C, and C, such that C, > Cy. The NTU of the heat exchanger is given fe 7 401. Consider the following statements regarding condensation heat transfer 1. For a single tube, horizontal position is preferred over vertical position for better heat transfer Heat transfer coefficient decreases if the vapour stream moves at high velocity ‘Condensation of steam on an oily surface is dropwise List ‘Thermal diffusivity Kinematic viscosity Diffusion coefficient. c 1 2 1 3. 4, Condensation of pure benzene vapour is always dropwise, Of these statements (@) Land 2 are correct (b) 2and 4 are correct (©) Land 3 are correct (@) 3 and 4 are correct. 402. Consider the following statements pertaining to heat transfer through fins 1, Fins are equally effective irrespective of whether they are on the hot side of cold side of the fluid. ‘The temperature along the fin is variable and hence the rate of heat transfer varies along the elements of the fin, ‘The fins may be made of materials that have ‘higher thermal conductivity than the ma- terial of the wall, Fins must be arranged at right angles to the direction of flow of the working fluid. Of these statements (@) 1 and 2 are correct (b) 2 and 4 are correct (©) 1 and 3 are correct (d) 2and 3are correct. 403. Consider the following statements 1. Under certain conditions, an increase in thickness of insulation may increase the heat loss from a heated pipe2. The heat loss from a insulated pipe reaches ‘a maximum when the outside radius insulation is equal to the ratio of thermal conductivity to the surface coefficient. 3. Small diameter bes are invariably insulated. 4. Economic insulation is based on minimum ‘heat loss from pipe. OF these statements (@) 1 and 3 are correct (b) 2 and 4 are correct (©) Land 2 are correct (d) 3and 4 are correct 4404. Addition of fin to the surface increases the heat, transfer if JaATEP is (@) equal to one (®) geeater than one (©) less than one (@) greater than one but less than two. 405. Consider the development of laminar boundary layer for a moving non-reacting fluid in contact, with a flat plate of length ‘1° along the flow direction. The average value of heat transfer coefficient can be obtained by multiplying the local heat transfer coefficient at the trailing edge by the factor @ 0.75 (®) Lo ous (@ 20. 406, A solid copper ball of mass 500 grams, when, quenched in a water bath at 30°C cools from 530°C to 430°C in 10 seconds. What will be the temperature of the bal after the next 10 seconds? (a) 300°C (b) 320°C (©) 350°C (@) Not determinable for want of sufficient data. 407. A steam pipe is covered with two layers of insulating materials, with the better insulating ‘material forming the outer part. Ifthe two layers are interchanged, the heat conducted (a) will decrease (b) will increase (©) will remain unaffected (a) may increase or decrease depending upon the thickness of each layer. 408.In a large plate, the steady temperature distribution is as shown in the given figure. If no heat is generated in the plate, the thermal conductivity ‘A’ will vary as (Tis temperature and, is a constant ive Type Question Bank ( th Answers) (2) k(t +a) (6) k,(-a) (0 kar (d) kya 409. The time constant of a thermocouple is the time taken to attain (@) the final value to be measured (b) 50% of the value of the initial temperature difference (©) 63.2% of the value of the initial temperature difference (@ 98.8% ofthe value ofthe intial temperature difference. 410, When there isa flow of fluid over a flat plate of length ‘L’, the average heat transfer coefficient is, given by (Nu, = local Nusselt number; other symbols have the usual meaning). 4 a ca) Shee 4a @ I ©) Filho 14 ki oo rity gfe 411. When all the conditions are identical, in the ease of flow through pipes with heat transfer, the velocity profiles will be identical for (a) liquid heating and liquid eooting (®) gas heating and gas cooling (©) liquid heating and gas cooling (@) beating and cooling of any fluid. 412. In the case of turbulent flow through a horizontal isothermal cylinder of diameter *D', free convection heat transfer coefficient from the cylinder will (@) be independent of diameter (6) vary as D*4 (©) vary as DY (a) vary as DY? 413. Sun's surface at $800 K emits radiation at a wavelength of 0.5 m. A furnace at 300°C will cemit through a small opening, radiation at a wavelength of nearly (@ 10p (©) 025 ) Sp (@ 0.025 p.EXD Heat and Mass Transfer 414, Consider the following statements : If the surface is pock-marked with a number of cavities, then as compared fo a smooth surface radiation will increase hucleate boiling will increase conduction will increase .. covection will increase. Of these statements (a) 1, 2 and 3 are comect (6) 1,2, and 4 are correct (©) 1,3, and 4 are correct (@) 2,3, and 4 are correct. 415. Consider two infinitely long blackbody concentric cylinders with a diameter ratio D,/D, = 3. The shape for the outer cylinder with itself will be 2. Free convection in air 3. Forced convection 4. Conduetion in ar. Their correct sequence in increasing order of heat transfer coefficient is (@) 4.2.3.1 4223 ©) 41,32 @ 3.4,1,2. 417. A thermocouple in a thermowell measures the temperature of hot gas flowing through the @o 18 For the most accurate measurement of © 2 @ 1. temperature, the thermowell should be made of 416. Consider the following phenomena (@) steel () brass (o) 1. Boiling copper (@) aluminium. ESE-1997 418. Consider the following statements : The flow configuration in a heat exchanger, whether counterflow or otherwise, will NOT matter if 1. a liquid is evaporating 2. a vapour is condensing 3. mass flow rate of one of the fluids is greater. Of these statements (a) Land 2 are correct (6) Land 3 are correct (©) 2and 3 are correct (@) 1,2 and 3 are correct. 419. Which one of the following diagrams correctly shows the temperature distribution for a gas-to- ‘098 connter-flow heat exchanger ? r r SS SS 420, Consider the following statements : ‘The effect of fouling ina water-cooled steam ‘condensers is that it reduces the heat transfer coefficient of water. reduces the overall heat transfer coefficient reduces the area available for heat transfer. increases the pressure drop of water. Of these statements (a) 1, Zand 4 are correct (b) 2, 3 and 4 are correct, (©) 2 and 4 are correct (@) Land 3 are correct. 421. The given figure shows a pool-boiling curve, Consider the following statements in this regard: 1. Onset of nucleation causes a marked change in slope, 2. At the point B, heat transfer coefficient is the maximum, Heat fluxive Type Question Bank ( 3. In an electrically heated wire submerged in 422. A composite wall consists of two layers of fh Answers) ETE] the liquid film heating is dificult to achieve different materials having conductivities k, and 4. Beyond the point C, radiation becomes fy. For equal thickness of the two layers, the significant ejjuivalent thermal conductivity of the slab will Of these statements i (@) 1, 2and 4 are correct (a) ky +k, ©) kyky (6) 1, 3and4 are correct tk c) 2, 3 and 4 are correc om (0)2,3and4 7 kik (d) 1, 2 and 3 are correct. ESE-1998 4423, Consider the following statements: The Fourier (b) athinlayerat the surface where velocity and h ‘elociy gradients ae large heat conduction equation @ = - #4 4 presumes (6) a thick layer at the surface where velocity dx ‘and temperature gradients are large 1. steady-state conditions, (@) athin layer at the surface where gradients of 2. constant value of thermal conductivity toth velocity and temperature are large 3. uniform temperatures at the wall surfaces. 427, A Jarge spherical enclosure has a small opening. 4, one-dimensional heat flow. The rate of emission of radiative flux through this Of these statements ‘opening is 7.35 kW/m2. The temperature at the inner surface of the sphere will be about (assume oes Stefan Boltzmann constant, s = 5.67 x 10° () 1,2, and 4 are correct Win? K3) (©) 2,3,and 4 are correct @ owe wo a0 (@) 1,3,and 4 are conect. olen'k ‘afiooor 424: The temperature variation in a large plate 8S 498, Consider the following statements ofthe following condition(s”? 1, Formetals, the value of absorptivity is high, 1. Unsteady heat 2. Fornon-conductng materials, refetvity is 2. Steady-state with variation of k. a 3. Steady-state wih heat generation 3, For poised surfaces, reflectivity is high. Select the correct answer using the codes 4, For gases, reflectivity is very low. given below ‘Of these statements Codes : (a) 2, 3.and 4 are correct (@) 2alone (®) Land 2 (6) 3 and 4 are correct (©) Land 3 (a) 1, 2and 3, (©) 1, 2and 4 are correct, (@ 1 and 2 are correct. 429.On a summer day, a scooter rider feels more 1, comfortable while on the move than while at a stop light because " (a) an object in motion captures less solar radiation (0 alris wansparentto radiation and hence itis cooler than the body (©) more heat is lost by convection and radiation 425, Ina long cylindrical rod of radius R and a surface while in motion heat flux of q,, the uniform internal heat generation rate is (@) air has a low specific heat and hence it is (@) 2g JR 0) 24 cooler. © ag @ aJR. 430, Match the velocity profiles labelled A, B, C and with the following situations 426, Boundary layer is defined as 1. Natural convection (a) athin layer atthe surface where gradients of both velocity and temperature are small 2. CondensationEEX Heat and Mass Transfer 3. Forced convection 4, Bulk viscosity wall viscosit 5. Flow in pipe entrance. ti Select the correct answer using the codes given below Codes: A B c D @ 3 2 1 5 o 1 4 2 3 0 3 2 1 4 @ 2 1 5 3. 431. Heat is mainly transferred by conduction, convection and radiation in (a) insulated pipes carrying hot water (b) refrigerator freezer coil (©) boiler furnaces (@) condensation of steam in a condenser. 432, Consider the following statements : 1. Ifa condensing liquid does not wet a surface dropwise, then condensation will take place on it ther heat transfer rate than film-wise condensation. dis based on its mass flow rate. 2. Dropwise condensation gives a hi 3. Reynolds number of condensing li 4, Suitable coating or vapour addi 1 is used to promote film-wise condensation, Of these statements (a) 1 and 2 are correct, () 2,3 and 4 are correct (©) 4 alone is correct (@) 1, 2and 3 are correct 4433. A furnace wall is constructed as shown in the figure. The interface temperature f, will be (a) 560°C Outer casing 100°C (6) 200°C (©) 920°C 10¢ (@ 1120°¢ 434, Solar energy is absorbed by the wall of a building as shown in the figure. Assuming that the ambient temperature inside and outside are equal and considering steady-state, the equivalent circuit will be as shown in the figure (a,b, ¢, d).Rw Roo Ry Rey Rey @ —w—w—w— ar _I |— we iw Reo Rw Re o we Ry wa Rey a Reg we ne 435. Temperature profiles for four cases are shown in the following figures and are labelled A, B, C and D. Match the above figures with 1, High conductivity fluid. 2. Low conductivity fluid, 3. Insulating body. 4. Guard heater. Select the correct answer using the codes given below : Codes: A B c D @ 1 2 3 4 ©) 2 1 3 4 © 1 2 4 3 @ 2 1 4 3. ESE-1999 436. The heat flow equation through a cylinder of inner. ‘co-efficient of 80 Wim?K from the other surface radius ‘," and outer radius ‘ris desired inthe “B"intoambient srt, of 25°C. The temperature same form as that for heat flow through a plane of the surface ‘B® transferring heat by wal. The equivalent area A,, is given by convection is Ayt Ay (a) 25°C () 35°C e715 (©) 45°C (a 55°C 2og, 2 4 (i) @ a : we) !— s00 win 4 k=20 Wing #437. A steel plate of thickness 5 em and thermal . conduetvity 20 Wim is subjected toa uniform | heat flux of 800 Wim? on one surface ‘A’ and transfers heat by convection with aheat transfer 0mmEEG Heat and Mass Transfer 438. The hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness is defined as the distance from the surface where the (a) velocity equals the local external velocity (b) velocity equals the approach velocity (©) momentum equals 99% of the momentum Of the free stream (@) velocity equals 99% of the local external velocity. "439. Heat is lost from a 100 mm diameter steam pipe placed horizontally in ambient at 30°C. If the Nusselt number is 25 and thermal conductivity of air is 0.03 WimK, then the heat transfer co efficient will be (@) 75 Wim? (©) 25.2 Wim? K (&) 162 Wim? (a) 30 Wink. +440. If the temperature of a solid surface changes List A. Stefan-Boltzmann law B. Newton's law of cooling C.— Fourier’s law D. — Kirchoff’s law Codes : A B c D @ 4 1 3 © 2 1 3 4 #443. A cross-flow type air-heater has an area of 50 m2, The overall heat transfer coefficient is 100 Wim?K and heat capacity of both hot and ‘cold stream is 1000 W/K. The value of NTU is (@) 1000 (&) 500 os (@ 02, 444, Saturated steam is allowed to condense over a vertical flat surface and the condensate film flows down the surface. The local heat transfer coefficient for condensation (@) remains constant at all locations of the surface (b) decreases with increasing distance from the top of the surface (©) increases with increasing thickness of ‘condensate film eases with decreasing temperature differential between the surface and vapour. @ 445. A fin of length “I protrudes from a surface held ‘at temperature fy greater than the ambient from 27°C to 627°C, then its emissive power will increase in the ratio of @3 9 27 @ 8 "441. A spherical aluminium shell of inside diameter 2m is evacuated and used as a radiation test ‘chamber. If the inner surface is coated with carbon black and maintained at 600 K, the inradiation on a small test surface placed inside the chamber is (Stefan-Boltzmann constant 6 = 5.67 x 10° Wim?K4) (a) 1000 Wim? (6) 3400 Win? (©) 5680 Wim? (@) 7348 Win’. 442. Match List-I with List-Il and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists. List11 1 q=haq,-T,) 2 E=ak, 4-5 G-T) 4 q=oA(T*-T;) 5. q=kA(T,-T) B c ® 4 5 1 @ 2 5 1 {temperature f,, The heat dissipation from the free ‘end of the fin is assumed to be negligible. The dt temperature gradient atthe fin tip (gg J is (a) zero © hG,-1) @ 446. A furnace wall is constructed as shown in the ‘given figure, The heat transfer coefficient across the outer casing will be (a) 80 Wim?K (©) 20 Wim? (&) 40 Wim?K (@) 10 Wine. nee"447. For laminar flow over a flat plate, the local heat transfer coefficient *h,’ varies as x-!, where x js the distance from the leading edge (x= 0) of the plate. The ratio of the average coefficient “h,’ between the leading edge and some location >8 (0) if Pr< Tf, () 0.25 @ Lo, 469, Which one of the following heat exchangers gives parallel straight line pattern of temperature distribution for both cold and ot fluids ? (a) Parallel-flow with unequal heat capacities (©) Counter-flow with equal heat capacities (©) Paralle-flow with equal heat capacities (@) Counter-flow with unequal heat capacities. 470, In a counter-Flow heat exchanger, the hot fluid is, cooled from 110° C to 80° C by acold fluid which gets heated from 30° C to 60° C, LMTD for the heat exchanger is @ 2c © 50°C ) °C (a) 80°C. 471 Ina counterflow heat exchanger, the product of specific heat and mass flow rate is same forthe hot and cold fluids. 1f NTU is equal to 0.5, then the effectiveness ofthe heat exchanger is (@ 10 ©) 05 (0) 033 (a) 02 472. For flow over a flat plate the hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness i 0.5 mm. The dynamic viscosity is 25x 10-§ Pa, specific heat is 2.0 ki/ (kg K) and thermal conductivity is 0.05 Wim- K). The thermal boundary layer thickness would be (@ 0.1mm (©) 1mm (®) 05 mm (@) 2mm, 473, An enclosure conists of the four surfaces 1, 2, 3 and 4, The view factors for radiation heat transfer (where the subscripts 1, 2, 3, 4 refer to the respective surfaces) are Fj, = 0.1, Fy =0.4 and F,3=0.25. The surface areas Ay and A, are 4 m? ” and 2 m? respetively. The view factor Fy is (a) 0.75 () 0.50 468, The shape factor of a hemispherical body placed © 025 @ 010. fon a flat surface with respect to itself is ESE-2002 474. A.0.5 m thick plane wall has its two surfaces kept at 300°C and 200°C. Thermal conductivity of the wall varies linearly with temperature and its values at 300°C and 200°C are 25 W/mK and 15 WimK, respectively. Then the steady hheat flux through the wall is (@) 8 kWim? (b) 5kWim? (©) 4kWim? (a) 3kWin?, #475. A 320 om high vertical pipe at 150°C wall temperature is in a room with still air at 10°C. This pipe supplies heat atthe rate of 8 kW into the room air by natural convection. Assuming laminar flow, the height of the pipe needed 10 supply 1 kW only is (@ 10cm (©) 40m (b) 20cm (a) 80cm.FEED Heat and Mass Transfer 476. ‘The average Nusselt number in laminar natural convection from a vertical wall at 180°C with still ir at 20°C is found to be 48. If the wall temperature becomes 30°C, all other parameters remaining same, the average Nusselt number will be @s () 16 (© 24 (a 32. 477. A fluid of thermal conductivity 1.0 W/m-K. flows in fully developed flow with Reynolds ‘number of 1500 through a pipe of diameter 10 ‘em. The heat transfer coefficient for uniform heat flux and uniform wall temperature boundary conditions are, respectively, (a) 3657 and 43.64 S_ mK (b) 43.64 and 36.57 —— mK (©) 4364S forboth thecases mk (@ 3657 ~ forbotn thecases mK **478, ‘Two large parallel grey plates with a small gap, ‘exchange radiation at the rate of 1000 Wim? when their emissivities are 0.5 each. By coating one plate, its emissivity is refuced to 0.25. ‘Temperatures remain unchanged. The new rate Of heat exchange shall become (a) 500 Wim? (®) 600 Wim? (©) 700 Wim? (@) 800 Win **479. Two long parallel plates of same emissivity 0.5 ‘are maintained at different temperatures and have radiation heat exchange between them. The radiation shield of emissivity 0.25 placed in the middle will reduce radiation heat exchange to 1 1 @ OG 3 3 © i Os 480, Match List-I (Type of radiation) with List-II (Characteristic) and select the correct answer using the codes siven below the lists List 1 (Type of radiation) Black body Grey body Specular Diffuse pose Pepe Codes A B c D @ 2 1 3 4 2 4 3 1 List 11 (Characteristic) Emissivity does not depend on wavelength Mirror like reflection Zero reflectivity Intensity same in all directions AB ic} D ow 3 4 2 1 @ 3 1 2 4 481, Match List (Type of heat transfer) with List-II (Goveming dimensionless parameter) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists : List 1 (Type of heat transfer) A. Forced convection B, Natural convection C. Combined free and forced convection D. Unsteady conduction with 4, convection at surface Codes : A B c D (@ 2 1 4 3 @ 2 4 1 3 List (Governing dimensionless parameter) Reynolds, Grashoff and Prandtl number Reynolds and Prandt! number Fourier modulus and Biot number Prandtl number and Grashoff number ao o @ 3 1 4 2"482. The insulated tip temperature of a rectangular longitudinal fin having an excess (over ambient) root temperature of 8, is 8% (@ _@, tanh (ml) (©) San (my 8, tanh (ml) 80 (il) cosh Gn) 483. Consider the following statements pertaining to large heat transfer rate using fins : 1. Fins should be used on the side where heat transfer coefficient is small. 2. Long and thick fins should be used. 3. Short and thin fins should be used. 4, Thermal conductivity of fin material should be large. Which of the above statements are correct ? (@ 1,2and3— () 1 2and4 —(@)2,3.and4 — (A L, Band 4, 484, Using thermal-electrical analogy in heat transfer, match List-I (Electrical quantities) with List If (Thermal quantities) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists = List List (Electrical quantities) (Thermal quantities) A. Voltage 1. Thermal resistance B. Current 2. Thermal capacity C. Resistance 3. Heat flow D. Capacitance 4, Temperature Codes : A B c D A OB c D @ 2 3 1 4 wm 4 1 3 2 2 1 3 4 @ 4 3 1 2 485. Pandtl number of a lowing fluid greater than unity indicates that hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness (a) greater than thermal boundary layer thickness (®) equal to thermal boundary layer thickness (©) greater than hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness (d) independent of thermal boundary layer thickness. ANSWERS A. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER : 1. ® 2 @ = @ £@ 0 6. @) 7 @ & @ x. @) 10. © i ® 2 © BR. @ 4 @ 15. @) 16. (a) 7. © 18. @ 9. @ 20. @) 2. ® 2 @ B. © ar) 26. (a) 27. @ 28. @) EG) 30. (6) 3. ® 32 © 3. @) 3 35. @) 36. © 37. ©) 38 B. @) 40. @) a ® 2 @) BO 44D) 5.[EGY Heat and Mass Transfer 46. (a) 47. ) 48.) 9.0 50. (b) aL © 32 @) 33. ©) 34 6) BO 36. (©) 37. @) 38.0) Bb) 60.) 6. @) 2 © 6. @) 64. 6.) 66. (©) 67. @) 68.) 9.) 70. @) 7. @ 2. @) 7B. 74. (a) B. © 76. (a) 77. (a) 78. 0 79. (a) 80. 81. (a) 82. (a) 8. 0 84. (6) 83. (@) 36. © 87. © 88. @) 8. ©) 90. (a) a1. @) 2 93. (d) 94. (6) 95.) 96. (a) 97.) 8.) 9. 0) 100. (©) 101. (@) 102. @) 103. (a) 104. (6) 105. (©) 106. (a) 107. (@) 108. () 109. @) 110. (a) 1. @) 112. @) 113. (a) 114. (b) 115. (@) 116. © U7. @ 118. (@) 19. @ 120. 6) 121. (@) 122.) 123. (b) 124. (©) 125. (6) 126. (©) DT. © 128. 129. (a) 130. (©) Bi.) 132. @) 133.) 4. 135.) ©) BT. © BR © Bo. @ 140. © @ 142. (@) 143. (0) 144 145.) @ M7. © 148. 0) 149. 150. (a) 151. (@) 152.) 153. (@) 154. (a) 155. () © 57. ©) 158. (@) 159. (©) 160. (a) @ 18. © 163. 164. ©) 163. (b) ©) 167. © 168. 10. © 170. 6) 17. © 12. @ 173. @) 174. (@) 175. @) 176. (a) 177. © 178. 179. @) 180.) 181. (© 182. @) 183. (d) 184. () 183. (©) 186. (©) 187. 188. (b) 189. (6) 190. (@) 191. (@) 192. 6) 193.) 194. (d) 195. (@) 196. (d) 197. (@) 198. (a) 199. (b) 200. (a) 201. (6) 202. (@) 203. (d) 204. (a) 205.) 206. (a) 207. (d) 208. (a) 209. (a) 210. 2. © 212. @ 23. @) 214. ©) 215. @) 216. (b) 217. ©) 218. (a) 219. (@) 20. (@) 221. (a) 222. © 223.) 224. 2. ©Objective Type Question Bank (With Answers) [FETT 226. (b) 227. (a) 228. (c) 229. (c) 230. (b) 231. (b) 232. (b) 233. (c) 234. (c) 235. (b) 336. (a a7 28 239. (@) 20. © 241. (d) 242. (a) 243. (d) 244. (b) 245. (c) 246. (c) 247. (c) 248. (b) 249 (c) 250. (d) 251. (b) 252. (c) 523. (d) 284. (a) 255. (a) 256. (d) 257. (b) 258. (d) 259. (d) 260. (a) 261. (d) 262. (a) 263. (e) 264. (c) 265. (b) 266. (a) 267. (a) 268. (c) 269. (d) 270. (c) 271. (a) 272. (d) 273. (a) 274. (b) 275. (b) 276. (ce) 277. (e) 278. (d) 279. (ec) 280. (d) 281. (b) 282. (b) 283. (a) 284. (0) 285. (c) 286. (a) 287. (c) 288. (a) 289. (b) 290. (b) 21. ©) 292.) 293. d) 24. ©) 25.) 296. id) 27 © 298. (@) 299. (d) 300. ©) 301. (c) (302. (d) 303. (d) 304. (6) 305. (6) 306. 307. 308. 309.) 310. ©) SL. (6) ‘312. (ce) 313. (ce) 314. (c) 31S. (d) 316. 37. 3 © 309.) 320. @ 321. (a) (322. (b) 323. (c) 324. (a) 325. (6) 326. (a) +327. (d) 328. (b) 329, (b) 330. (6) 3. @) 32 @ 33 @) 3. @) 25. @) 336. (c) (337. (b) 338. (d) 339. (b) 340. (a) 341. (d) ‘342. (a) 343. (c) 344. (a) 345. (b) ‘346. (b) 347. (c) 348. (c) 349% (c) 350. (a) 351. (d) +352. (a) 353. (c) 384. (c) 355. (b) ‘356. (b) ‘357. (d) 358. (d) 359% (6) 360. (d) ‘361. (d) 362. (c) 363. (a) 364. (c) 365. (a) (366. (d) (367. (d) 368. (c) 369 (6) 370. (c) B. MATCH LIST WITH LIST It 371. (6) ‘372. (d) 373. (a) ‘374. (b) ‘378. (a) 376. (@) C. COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS QUESTIONS (WITH SOLUTIONS - COMMENTS) 377. (b) 378. (d) 379. (a) +380. (b) ‘381. (d) 382. (d) 383. (a) ‘384. (b) ‘38S. (c) #386. (a)EEGYE) Heat and Mass Transfer 387. (b) 388. (0) 389. (d) 390. (6) 391. @) 392, (a) “393. @) 394, (@) 396.) 397. ©) 398. (a) 399. (b) 400. (a) 4. © 402. (b) 403. ©) 404. (0) 405. @) 406. (©) 407. (a) 408. (a) 409. (©) 410. (©) au. @) 412. © 43. 414.) 415. (@) 416. (b) 417. © 418. 419.) 20. (6) 21. @) 2 0 43. @) 2a @) 25. @) 26. @) 427. (a) 428. (a) 29. 30. (@) BL © 432.) 43. © Bt @) Bs. @) 86. @) 87. 6) 88. @) 89. (@) 440. (@ 4. @ 42.0 48. © a @) 5. (a) 446. @) 447. ©) 48. © 9. @ 450. (6) SL © 52.0 453. (b) 54.) 455. ©) 456. (a) 457. (d) 458. (a) 459. (b) 460. (a) 461. 462. (a) 463. (a) 464.) 46. (@) 466. (a), 467. (©) 468. (a) 469. (b) 470. (b) a7. @ 42. @) a7. © a. © 475.) 476. ©) 477.) 478. (b) 7 © 480. @) BL © 482.0 483.) 484. (@) 485. (@) SOLUTIONS-COMMENTS 366. ‘Temperature of the inner surface of the wall, r, = 50°C ‘Temperature of the outer surface of the wall, = 25°C The thickness of the wall, x= 220 mm = 0.22 m ‘Thermal conductivity of the brick, k= 0.51 Wim K. ‘The rate of heat transfer per unit area, *367. Refer to Fig. 1, Thickness of mild steel tank wall, x= 12 mm =0.012.m; Temperature of water, fy = 100°C; ‘Temperature of air fy = 20°C; Thermal conductivity of mild stel, k= 50 W/m K. ‘eat transfer coefficients ; Inside, hy = 2850 W/m? K Outside, hy =10W fn? K(i Rate of heat loss per m? of tank surface, q: 4=UG-t) ‘The overall hea transfer coefficient, U is found from relation: 1ltyet Uy k hy Air e o.0003508 + 0.00028 +01 GCA o.108 BZ eter _ aos Z ewe 2 q=9.94>% (100 ~20) —s 27952 Wit ZZ ie., Rate of heat loss per m? of surface area jj = 795.2 Wim?, <<>> (i) Temperature ofthe outside surface of the tank: Pet Now, ty (ty — ty) 10 (,-20) os nna P82 20n0930¢ jie, Temperature of ouside surface ofthe tank = 99.52°C. 4368, 1, =0.7 m,r,=0.7-0.09 =061 m 20°C, k= 0.083 Wink, hints 220 nh) 07-061 (ats) Gaxoteixcano7) = 1088.6 W or 1.0886 kW jie, Rate of heat leakage = 1.0886 kW. #369, Temperature of liquid air, 7, = 213414) = 126K ‘Temperature of outer surface, T, = 273+ 25=298K Latent heat of liquid air 210 kik ‘Stefan Boltzmann constant, 2.04 104 kJ/h-m? K* Emissivity = 0028 Rate of evaporation: ‘The heat transfer through the concentic sphere by radiation is given by Ao t-T3) TA a Ale 4x 0.1? x 2.0410 (126)* ~ (298)] [rae (P3) (ans) Now, 2 Rate of evaporation =[EQY_Heat and Mass Transfer #370, (i) When the body is grey with 1, 273 K T, = 900+273=773K eat 100°C = 0.42 eat 500°C = 0.72 o = 567 10% Heat loos per m? by radiation, q=eo(T'-T3) 0.42 x 10° [(1273)* ~ (773)4] = 54893 W i.e., Heat loos per m? by radiation = $4893 kW. ‘When the body is not grey: Absorptivity when source is at 300°C = Emissivity when body is at S00°C ive, Absomptvity, ct =0.72 ‘Then, energy emitted =eoT; 42x 5.67 x 10"* x (1273)* and Energy absonded = ag T$= 0.72.x5.67 x10°%x (773)* Energy emitted ~ energy absorbed 42 x 5.67 x 10° x (1273)* — 0.72 x 5.67 x 108 x (773) (62538 ~ 14576 = 47962 W 47.962 kW. #378, Mean temperature difference = Temperature of hot fluid (at exit) - Temperature of of cold fluid (atentry) ie, Heat loss per m? by radiation 60-40 = 20°C Hence (d) is the correct answer, 379, In case of infinite parallel planes having emissivities e, and e, respectively, the interchange factor (or etleatve emissivity coeficient) Hence correct choice is (a). +380. Heat oss for a thick plat homogeneous wal = ka. (07xax24) =(o14xa4) 5) red bricks x J giatomite or, 214 05-041 m O7 Hence (b) in the correct choice. #386. Area, A= 2x 2=4 m?, Rate of solar radiation falling on one side of the plate, 25 = S°C, Convective heat transfer coefficient, Heat transfer by convection, Q = h.A.dt (where Q = 500 x A or 500 x 4 = 2000 W) 2000 on, 2000 = hx 4x5 or h= 100 Wim?°C. as 388, The energy from flame, in bolier, is transmitted mainly by radiation to water wall and radiant superheater. Hence correct answer is (c).*389, Overall heat transfer coefficient (U) in Wim? K is expressed as tliat TR RR where, 1h, =25 Win, h, = 25 Wim?K, and k = 0.15 WimK D1 0M V2 yd on U~25* 01s * 25° 25° 27 which is closer to the heat transfer coefficient based on the bricks alone. ‘Thus (d) is the correct choice. +392. The volumettic efficiency of reciprocating compressor in less than 100 per cent due to the following reasons: Pressure drop across the valves, supetheating in compressor, clearance volume and leakages. ‘Thus (d) is the correct choice. #393. For the spherical sheath, critical radius, 2ky _ 20.04 a, 10 Diameter of the sheath = 2x r,=2x8= 16 mm. #399, In case where the numerator and denominator of LMTD expression are equal to zer0, LMTD = Temperature difference at any end which in this case is either 140 — 80 of 80 - 20 = 60°C. 008 m= 8 mm 437. Ans. (b) Wh 80” 10 = fy ~ 25 and fy = 35°C. ht 25x 0.03 . ns. (a) or he DOO 7.5 Wik 439. Ans. (a) on 0, f rie, «(S28) 954081 440. Ans. (d)__ Emissive power is proportional to Pie, | => 41. Ans. (d) Irradiation on a small test surface placed inside a hollow black spherical chamber = oT* = 5.67 x 10-8 x 6004 = 7348 Wim? AU. 443. Ans. (c) NTU . A= area = 50 m?, U= overall heat transfer coefficient = 100 W/m?K min yun = Heat capacity = 1000 W/K 446. Ans. (d) For two insulating layers, Q__h=t _ 1000-120 _ 880_ Amy, 49 03,03 11 ko km 303 @ _ 120-40 For outer easing, “= [74 — + 0F 800+ 0. Wim? i 447. Ans.(b) Say atx=0,h,=heatx= sh avenge! denne Raza! 2G 448. Ans. (c) COP. of heat pump = 22 = —600__ 9 T,-T, 600-300 ae 20 WimK 474, Ans. () Average thermal conductivity y= Q_klt,~t3) _ 20x (300 ~ 200) an Ak 05 kW/m?[EEPY_Heat and Mass Transfer 1 475. Ans. (b) oe nxtanth= (22) 2 Qe PMs or 476, Ans. (c) Nitg, Gr and Gr e AT 21 180-20” 16 Thus ratio of Grashoff number in two cases is. ; wn (t) 3 is) “2 an. . and for constant 478, 7s ___ = __\05_J 00 © 1 nm 479, tan h (ml) nl) 483. Ans. (d)__ Only wrong statement is that long and thick fins should be used. 484. Ans.(a)_ If Pr> 1, then hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness > thermal boundary layer thickness, 482, Ans. (c) Insulated tip temperature = ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (WITH ANSWERS) AMIE EXAMINATIONS QUESTIONS A. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWEF 1. This dimensionless number is relevant in tran. 4, For steady flow and constant value of conductiv- sient heat conduction ity, the temperature distribution fora hollow eyl- (@) Fourier number Inder of radii r and r, is (®) Grashoff number (a) linear (©) Weber number (6) parabolic (@) Archmedes number. (6) logarithmin function of radii 2, Fins are provided on heat transfer surface so as @) eubie. to increase 5, The critical radius of insulation fr sphere is equal t0 (a) heat wansfer coefficient en wt (®) mechanical strength to the equipment ; a (©) heat transfer area oa (@) level of turblence © @ \2kh. 3. The velocity profile for fully developed laminar 6 In case of heat exchanger, the value of logarith- flow in a tube is ‘mic mean temperature difference should be (a) parabolic (©) byperbotic (@) a small as possible (6) as large as possible ©) linear (@) exponential. (©) constant (4) none ofthe above.7. For a free convection, Nusselt number is a fune~ tion of (@) Prandt! and Grashoff number (0) Reynolds and Grashoff number (©) Reynolds number only (d) Reynolds and Prandt! number, 8. Ifthe ratio of emission ofa body to that of a black body at a given temperature is constant for all, wavelengths, the body is called (@) black body (©) grey body (©) white body (d) opaque body. 9. Kirchhoff's law is applicable to (@) monochromatic ratition (®) total radiation (©) both (a) and (b) (A) neither (a) nor (b).. 10, Stefan and Boltzmann's law is applicable to (a) grey body (®) white body (©) black body (d) all ofthe above 11, For an opaque body sum of absorptivity and reflectivity is @o 10 © 0s (a 08. 12, According to Kirchhoft's law the ratio of total radiating power to the absorptivity of the body is. dependent on (a) temperature of the body (b) nature of the body (©) wavelength of radiation (a) none of these. 13. Fins are usually provided to a heat exchanger surface (@) to augment heat transfer by increasing the heat transfer coefficient (®) to augment heat transfer by increasing the surface area (©) to augment heat transfer by increasing the temperature difference (4) to augment heat transfer by increasing tur- bulence, 14, A good absorber of thermal radiation is also a good emitter. Its called (a) Wien’s law (©) Stefan’s law (0) Planck’s law (@) Kirchhoft’s law. 15, Inaconcenttic double-pipe heat exchanger where tone of the fluids undergoes phase change (@) the two fluids should flow opposite to each other 1. 18, oy 20. 21 (b) the two fluids should flow parallel to each other (©) the two fluids should flow normal to each other (A) the directions of flow of the wo Muids are of no consequence. |. For natural convection heat transfer, Nusselt ‘number is a function of (@) Prandtl number and Grashoff number (b) Reynolds number and Greshoff number (©) Reynolds number and Prandt! number (@) Stanton number and Peclet number. A fluid is substance that (a) always expands until it fills any container (b) is incompressible (©) cannot remain at rest under action of any shear force (A) cannot be subjected to shear forces. The water pipeline, in cold counties, is laid at a certain depth from the earth surface in order to (@) supply warm water (b) prevent water from freezing (©) reduce frictional losses (A) none of the above. ‘Accold liquid is stored in spherical vessel in order to (a) reduce rate of heat transfer (b) increase rate of heat transfer (©) prevent the liquid from freezing (@) none of the above. In a heat exchanger, for a given heat flow rate and also same inlet and outlet temperatures, the heat transfer area will be minimum for (@) counter-flow type (6) parallel-flow, type (©) cross-flow (d) none of the above. The total average emissivity at a given tempera- ture is given by @ Gatna/f adh ©) Gertnah/ [En ae (© Gertondr/ fen an fertindr/ Pe, arEE Heat and Mass Transfer 22, The heat transfer rate becomes maximum towards the end of (@) free convection boiling regime (©) nucleat boiling regime (©) film boiling regime (@) none of the above. 23, The thickness of thermal boundary layer is equal to hydrodynamic boundary layer when Pradtl ‘number is equal to @o () 0.1 (05 @ 10. 24, The heat transfer coefficient, in free convection, isa function of (@) Reynolds number (b) Mach number (©) Grashoff number (a) none of the above. 25. A radiation shlied is used around thermocouples in order to measure more accurately the temperature of (@) solids (©) boiling liquids () gases (@) condensing liquids 26, The fouling factor (a) increases the overall heat transfer coefficient (b) decreases the overall heat transfer coefficient (©) is equal to the overall heat transfer coe cient (a) none of the above 27. The analogy of conductivity in heat transfer to {uid flow is (a) velocity of fluid (8) density of fluid (©) viscosity of fuid (@) dielectric constant of fluid. 28. Heat flows from higher temperature to lower temperature in case of (@) conduction only (©) convection only (©) radiation only (d) all the above cases. 29, High transfer rate is high in (@) film boiling (b) nucleate boiling (©) both in film and nucleate boiling (d) in simple convection. 30. Radiation heat from a substance (@) takes place at all temperatures, (b) takes place only above 273°C (©) takes place only above room temperature (@) depends on surrounding temperature. 31. In case of a black body (@) transmittvity is one (b) absorptivity is zero (b) reflectivity is one (@) none of the above. 32. Conventionally, heat transfer area is obtained by (@) increasing the diameter of the tube (b) increasing the length of the tube (©) adding fins to the tube (@) decreasing the thickness of the tube. 33. In metals heat transfer by conduction happens by (@) the movements of the atoms (b) the movements of the free electrons (©) the bombardment of atoms with each other (@) none of the above. 34. Radiation heat transfer occurs at a speed of (@) sound () light (©) 60000 km/h (@) 3000 mh, B. FILL IN THE BLANKS: 1, Dropwise condensation occurs 09 ...--Surface, 2 The critical radius of insulation is given to be a ratio of ‘and overall heat transfer coefficient 3. A body, which absorbs all the radiations falling on it, is called 4. The unit of thermal conductivity in ST units is 8. Fins are used to the surface. 6. Cold feed should be fed ‘multifaced evaporator. 7. The expression for logarithmic mean radius is the heat flow from 8, For heating airby steam... are recommended, 9. Natural convection is caused due to 10, In evaporators, to separate liquid droplets from the vapour is used, heat exchangers LL. Agas does not any thermal radiation. 12, The unit of heat transfer coefficient in SI units is 13. Prandtl number isa ratio of kinematic viscosity And snnens OF € Hid,C. MATCH THE SETS = L Seta (Reciprocity theorem il) Inertia force/surface tension force (iii) Inertia force/gravitational force (iv) Inertia forcelviscous force (@) ) © @ ith Answers) Set B Transient condition Reynolds number Convective heat transfer Froude number () Biot number (©) Radiant heat exchange. 2 Seta SetB (Fourier law (@) Forced convection (ii) Fourier number (©) Free convection ii) Grashotf number (©) Conduction heat transfer (iv), Wien displacement law (@)_ Transient heat flow. () Stanton number () Radiation heat transfer 3 Seta Set B (@ Planck's law (@) Turbulent flow Gi) Stanton number (6) Heat exchanger Gi) NTU (©) Radiation heat transfer (iv) Eddy viscosity (@)Capillaity () Surface tension (©) Forced convection ANSWERS ‘A. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER : 1 @ zo 3 @ 40 5 © 6 © 2 @ 8% 9. () 10. (©) ML. 2 @ 13.) 4. d) 18. 16. (@) © 18. () 1». @ 20. (a) 2. @) 2. 2 @ m4. © 25. (6) 26. (6) 2.0 28. (a) 2». © 30. (a) 3 2 © 33. (6) 34. 0). B. FILL IN THE BLANKS : 1. contaminated 2. thermal conductivity 3. black body 4. WiC increase 6. from bottom 1» Gn 8. surface 9. density difference 10. baffle plate 11. reflect 12. Win®C 413. thermal diffusivity. C. MATCH THE SETS : Loe “) © Gi) @ ® o @ 20 © w @ Gi) © @ © ” @ 32 © w) © Gi) ©) @ @ oINDEX B Biot number, 294 Black body, 676 Blasius exact solution for laminar boundary layer flow, 382 Boiling and condensation, 539 Boiling heat transfer, 540 = boiling correlations, 545 boiling regimes, 541 bubble growth and collapse, 543 bubble shape and size consideration, 542 critical diameter of bubble, 544 factors affecting nucleate boiling, 544 c Characteristic length, 369 ‘Condensation heat transfer, $50 dropwise condensation, 551 film condensation, 551 laminar film condensation on a vertical plate, 552 turbulent film condensation, 557 Convective mass transfer, 799 ‘correlation for, 800 Conduction-unsteady state, 290 in semi-finite solids, 318 Iumped parameter analysis, 291 thermal time constant, 293 Conduction shape factor, 279 Continuity equation, 341 in cartesian coordinates, 342 in polar coordinates, 343 Critical thickness of insulation, 143 for cylinder, 143 for sphere, 145 Cycle, 7 Dimensions, 353 Dimensional homogeneity, 353 advantages and limitations of, 365 applications of, 353 applied to forced convention heat transfer, 362 applied to natural or free convection heat transfer, 364 methods of, 354 Buckingham's method, 356 Dimensional numbers, 366 Energy, 8 Evaporators, 659 Fick's law, 772 Forced convection, 373 = empirical correlations for, 465, laminar flow over flat plates and walls, 465 laminar flow inside tubes, 466 turbulent flow over flat plate, 470 turbulent flow in tubes, 470 turbulent flow over cylinders, 480 turbulent flow over spheres, 486 flow across bluff bodies, 487 flow through packed beds, 489 flow across a bank of tubes, 489 liquid metal heat transfer, 492 laminar flow over a flat plate, 373 boundary layer thickness, 375 displacement thickness, 375 energy thickness, 377 integral energy equation, 406 momentum thickness, 376 ‘momentum equation for hydrodynamic layer, 380 ‘thermal boundary layer, 398 Fourier’s law, 13, Fourier number, 294 Free convection, 506 characteristics parameters in, 507 empirical correlations, $12 ‘concentric cylinders spaces, 514 enclosed spaces, 513 horizontal plates, 512 horizontal cylinders, 513 inclined plates, 512 spheres, 513 vertical plates and cylinders, $12 transition and turbulence in, $12 G Gaussian error function, 319 Heat, 1,9 Heat exchangers, 574 analysis of, 580 ‘compact, 579 concentric tubes, 578 condensers, 579 counter-flow, 576 cross-flow, 577 effectiveness and NTU, 627 Togarithmie mean temperature difference, 581 for parallel-flow, 581 for counter-flow, 583 ‘overall heat transfer coefficient, 585 parallel-flow, 576 pressure drop and pumping power, 631 recuperators, 576 regenerators, 575, types of, 563 sfer, 1 from fins, 203, Heat tran 902= straight triangular fin, 242 = rectangular fin, 205, = modes of, 11 = conduction, 11 = convection, 12 radiation, 12 Heister charts, 309 ' Integral energy equation, 406 K Kirehhoff’s law, 19, 678 L Laminar flow, 347, 373 = over a flat plate, 373 Lambert's cosine law, 681 Laminar tube flow, 424 development of boundary layer, 424 = temperature distribution, 428 = velocity distribution, 425 M ‘Mass transfer, 767 = concentrations, 768 = mass concentration, 768 = mass fraction, 769 = molar concentration, 768 = mole fraction, 769 = convective mass transfer, 799 = mass diffusion coefficient, 74 = fluxes, 770 = mass diffusion equation, 777 = mass transfer coefficient, 796 = modes of, 768 = by change of phase, 768 = by convection, 768 — by diffusion, 768 steady state equimolar counter diffusion, 785 = velocities, 769 = mass-average velocity, 769 = mass-diffusion velocity, 70 = molar-average velocity, 769 molar-diffusion velocity, 770 “Mode studies and similitude, 371 ° ‘Opaque body, 676 ‘Overall heat transfer coefficient, 4S P Path function, 7 Planck's law, 679 Point function, 7 Process, 6 Pure substance, 4 R Radiation exchange between surfaces, 688 = electrical network analogy, 716 = gray body factor, 718 radiation, 716 = radiosity, 716 = space resistance, 717 = heatexchange between non- black bodies, 710 = infinite parallel planes, 710 = infinite long concentric cylinders, 711 — small gray bodies, 714 = small body in a large enclosure, 714 = radiation shields, 742 shape factor algebra, 692 Radiation heat transfer, 673 — absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity, 675 = black body, 676 = intensity of radiation, 681 = surface emission properties, 674 — monochromatic emissive power, 674 = total emissive power, 674 the Stefan-Boltzmann law, 678 Rayleigh’s method, 354 Rectangular fin, 205 = design of, 238 = effectiveness of, 233 = efficiency of, 233 Recuperators, 576 Regenerators, 575 Reynolds number, 349 s Shape factor algebra, 692 State, 6 ‘Stefan-Boltzmann law, 678 ‘Stefan’s law for diffusion, 790 ‘Stream function, 345 = properties of, 346 T ‘Temperature, 7 Thermal conductivity, 14 ‘Thermal resistance, 16 ‘Thermal boundary layer, 398, = energy equation of, 399 =. Poblhausen solution, 401 ‘Thermal contact resistance, 44 Thermal diffusivity, 30 ‘Thermodynamics, 3 ‘Thermodynamic equilibrium, 5 ‘Thermodynamic systems, 3 Turbulent flow, 348, 435 ‘Turbulent boundary layer, 436 ‘Turbulent tube flow, 457 v Velocity potential, 343 Viscosity, 340 — "Newton's law of, 341 = units of, 341 ‘Von Karman integral momentum equation, 387 White body, 676 Wien’s displacement law, 680 Wien's law, 19 Work, 8