A

PROJECT REPORT
ON

“SAVE GIRL CHILD IN INDIA”

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
GUIDELINES
FOR AWARD OF
DEGREE OF MASTER OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES (MMS)
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

SUBMITTED TO
SHEILA RAHEJA SCHOOL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH
(Raheja Education Complex, Kher Nagar, Opp. Chhatrapati Shivaji Ground,
Bandra (East), Mumbai- 400051.)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

RAJESH CHOUKSEY

SUBMITTED BY

Mr.SUFIYAN M SHAFI KARBELKAR

ROLL NO. - 402
BATCH:-2017-19
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project titled “SAVE GIRL CHILD IN INDIA”is successfully
completed by MR. SUFIYAN M SHAFI KARBELKARduring the IV Semester, in partial
fulfilment of the Master’s Degree in Management Studies recognized by the University of
Mumbai for the academic year 2017-18 through SHEILA RAHEJA SCHOOL OF
BUSINESS MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH.
This project work is original and not submitted earlier for the award of any degree/diploma or
associate ship of any other University/ Institution.

Name and signature of the project guide Signature of Director

Date:

Place:
 DECLARATION

I MR. SUFIYAN M SHAFI KARBELKARof SHEILA RAHEJA SCHOOL OF

BUSINESS MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH(SEMSTER IV) hereby declare that I have
completed the project entitled “SAVE GIRL CHILD IN INDIA” in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the Second Year of the Masters of Management Studies course for the
Academic Year: 2018 – 2019.
I further declare that the information submitted by me is true and original to the best of my
knowledge.

DATE:

PLACE:

MR. SUFIYAN M SHAFI KARBELKAR

MMS (402)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction, which accompanies the successful completion of the project, is incomplete
without the mention of a few names. I take this opportunity to acknowledge the efforts of the
many individuals who helped me make this project possible.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to our Head, Department of Master of Management
studies and my guide PROFESOR RAJESH CHOUKSEY, for his guidance and support
throughout my project. Her clam demeanor and willingness to teach has been a great help in
successfully completing the project. My learning has been immeasurable and working under
her was a great experience. And also thanking to our Principal, who takes time from their busy
schedule.

Finally, I would like to thank my Institute SHEILA RAHEJA SCHOOL OF BUSINESS

MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH for making the experience of working on such a project
possible for me. The learning from this experience has been immense and would be cherished
throughout life.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter No. Title Page No.

1 Executive summery 1
Problem statements
2 Introduction 2
3 Objectives of the Study 3
4 Research Methodology 4
5 Key Issue 5
6 Socio-Economic Issue 14
7 Sex Ratio in India 19
8 Legal Status of Prenatal Sex Determination 21
9 Save Girl Child Organisation 22
10 Schemes & Policies 26
12 Other step Taken 29
13 Step taken by Government 31
14 Effective Steps to save Girl Child 32
15 Empowerment of Women in India 34
16 Importance of the Sav Girl Child in India 35
17 Why to Save Girl Child 36
18 How to Save Child 37
19 11 Brave & Beautiful Women Who Save set 38
example for us to strive towards
20 Case Study 49
21 NGO’S Working for this Cause 50
22 Securing the Future of Girl Child 51
23 News & Release 53
24 Findings 59
25 Conclusion 60
26 Bibliography 61
 EXECUTIVE SUMMERY

The project attempts to give an idea about the various Individual Social responsibilities (ISR)
and awareness about the requirement of how we as individuals can perform our social
responsibility. The social cause on which I have worked on in this project is -Save Girl Child. A
brief insight is given on NGO – Save Girl Child Organization, working on to save the Girl
Child which is major concern in India. The same is the subject of the project.

India today stands at a unique place in history. the girl child is beginning to dream and aspire.
However, her family and the society at large have not kept pace with her aspirations. More
than twenty years after the country opened its economy to the world putting itself on fast
track of growth, the girl child remains an object of neglect, malnutrition, exploitation, rape,
brutality, and murder, despite the many positive steps taken to secure her rights. Given the
sheer number of girls in the country who are 18 years or below – close to 225 million – it
becomes crucial to pay urgent attention to the status of the girl child.

The reasons for this ‘missing girls’ phenomenon are not far to seek. Deep gender inequities
still remain, as do the preoccupation with ‘son preference’ manifested in the horrify practice
of female foeticide. This cuts across classes and astonishingly, according to a study published
in Lancet, is most prevalent among the most educated and the richest 20 % households.
NFHS data corroborates this, showing that both Child Sex Ratio (CSR) and Sex Ratio at Birth
(SRB) vary in inverse proportion to wealth; the highest SRB is reported by the lowest wealth
quintile (919 females per 1000 males). Also, Muslims – a community with lower social and
economic indices – have an increasing CSR. These facts defy the old notions such as
‘poor/uneducated families are more likely to commit female foeticide’. Clearly, neither
wealth nor education has much to do with the fate of the unborn girl in present-day India.

1
INTRODUCTION

2
 Problem Statement are :

 To study the Impact of social issue of save girl in the Indian society.

 To evaluate the impact of save girl in the society.

3
 Research Objectives are :

 To study the social issue of save girl in the Indian society.

 To evaluate the impact of save girl in the society.
 To study the Indian government measures and rules and regulation to save a
girl in our country.

4
 HYPOTHESIS:

Set 1

H0: - The girls ratio is less than boys ratio in India.

H1: -The girls ratio is more than boys ratio in India.

Set 2

H0: -Female Feticide does not impact on Indian society.

H1: -Female Feticide impact on Indian society.

Set 3

H0: -Indian government rules and regulation does not effect to save A GIRL CHILD.
H1: -Indian government rules and regulation does effect to save A GIRL CHILD.

5
 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research is largely descriptive in nature. A descriptive study used to make descriptions of
the characteristics associated with the subject population: who, what, when, where, and how.
The methods typically used in a descriptive research study could be surveys, panels,
observations or secondary data analysed in a quantitative manner.

6
LITERATURE REVIEW

7
 INTRODUCTION

People always pray for a BOY Not for a GIRL Blessings of elders are for MALE Not for
FEMALE but in need of wealth People pray to Ma LAXMI, for success in education People
pray to Ma SARASWATI, for removal of tension People pray to Ma AMBAJI and to escape
from the devil People pray to Ma KALI. Now tell me, why do people hesitate to have a
FEMALE in the family, while those whom they pray to during trouble, are FEMALES? SAVE
THE GIRL CHILD!!!

Just because I am Girl child, I have been killed in my mother womb for more than of million
times in last decades.

Girls are equally as important as boys in the society to maintain the social equilibrium.
Few years ago, there was huge reduction in the number of women in comparison to the
man. It was so because of the increasing crimes against women such as female foeticide,
dowry deaths, rape, poverty, illiteracy, gender discrimination and many more. To equalize
the number of women in the society, it is very necessary to aware people greatly about the
save girl child. Government of India has taken some positive steps regarding save girl
child such as protection of women from domestic violence act 2005, ban of female
infanticide, immoral traffic (prevention) act, proper education, gender equality, etc.

8
 KEY ISSUES

Medical Ethics

Declining Child Sex Ratio

The term ‘epidemic’ has a new meaning in India. In a country where a selective ‘human breeding’
is rampant, figures throw up some of the most startling trends in history.

India represents one of the most adverse Child Sex Ratio (CSR) figures amongst the
Southeast Asian countries, reflecting a highly undesirable reversal of the norms of nature.

Female Foeticide

“Invest only Rs. 600 now and save your precious Rs. 50,000 later…”

-Catch line issued by one of the flourishing clinics dealing with sex determination.

The 2001 Census conducted by Government of India, showed a sharp decline in the child sex
ratio in 80% districts of India.
9
India, in all its glory of being an IT superpower and one of the fastest developing countries,
tragically represents the lowest child sex ratio in the world.

                   NUMBER OF DISTRICTS VILLAGES AND URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS (UAs) 

                                                          / TOWNS BY SEX RATIO OF TOTAL POPULATION: INDIA 

Sex ratio No. of Districts No. of Villages No. UAs/towns

Less than 800 9 33,876 201
800-849 39 44,636 270
850-899 116 86,359 1,140
900-949 193 125,542 1,261
950-999 162 117,935 948
1000 & above 74 174,351 558
Total* 593 582,699 4,378
Source : Primary Census Abstract, India, Census of India 2001
Note : Excludes villages with no male / female population

The Census has shown an increase in the sex ratio of total population from 927 in 1991 to 933
in 2001 thought it still needs further improvement. Eighteen states/Uts have recorded sex ratio
above the national average of 933, while remaining seventeen falls below this. Chandigarh and
Daman & Diu occupy the bottom positions with less than 800 females per 1000 males. In rural
India, sex ration is higher at 946 while in the urban areas there are only 900 females per
thousand male populations. 

Child Sex ratio (0-6 years):

 NUMBER OF VILLAGES AND URBAN AGGLOMERATION UAs 

                                                      /TOWNS BY CHILD SEX RATIO (0-6 YEARS): INDIA
                                

Sex ratio No. of Districts No. of Villages No. of UAs/towns

10
 Less than 800 14 122,520 236
800-849 35 55,021 454
850-899 69 65,175 921
900-949 217 70,468 1,457
950-999 250 53,544 939
1000 & above 8 221,856 370
Total* 593 588,584 4,377
Source : Primary Census Abstract, India, Census of India 2001
Note : Excludes villages with no male / female population

Systematic gender discrimination in India is reported to have claimed up to a whopping 50

million female lives. The Census Report of 2001 reveals a highly skewed child sex ratio (06-
year-olds), that fell from 945 females per 1,000 males in 1991 to an all-time low of 927 in
2001. The ratio even dropped further to 800:1,000 in some specific parts of the country.

Additional data from the India’s birth and death registration service indicates that the figures
have further fallen to fewer than 900 females per 1,000 men over the last few years. The
Background

Atrocities against women in various forms have been an integral part of the civilization since ages.
However, India has unabashedly been home to some of the most barbaric acts against this

‘gentler’ breed of humanity, starting from dowry deaths and sati, going up to

female infanticide and female foeticide.

Technology facilitates a series of pre-natal diagnostic tools to identify and cure any potential
birth defects and associated conditions. In a gross misuse of the scientific tools, female foetuses
are selectively aborted after such pre-natal sex determination, in spite of a massive influx of
legal regulations banning the same.

Techniques such as Amniocentesis were introduced in 1975 to identify any genetic

abnormalities. Sadly, these soon became a tool for sex determination and proved to be a call
of death for the tiny unborn female foetuses.

11
What is most alarming being that the CSR is far more skewed in the ‘Bermuda Triangle’,
which includes the land-rich and affluent states of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh? The
national capital, New Delhi, is also known to be on top of the list.

As per the latest government data available pertaining to births, the CSR in Punjab stood at a
mere 775 females per 1000 males. Shockingly, a recent survey of 10 villages around
Chandigarh (that fall within 29 km radius of the city), revealed that the number of boys
outnumbered girls in every village.

Reports indicate that more than 12,000 sex determination tests were carried out across the
scores of private clinics in 1997 in Delhi alone. In fact, the steep rise in sex crimes in Delhi
has also been attributed to the unequal sex ratio. In the same year, 105 female infants had been
reportedly killed every month in Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu.

The apathetic attitude of the administration coupled with inefficient legislative implementation
further adds to the woes of the girl child in India, facing elimination and discrimination in
their very right to live.

Consequences of a declining sex ratio in Indian states[edit]

This table gives information on the child sex ratio in major states in India throughout the years
1981, 1991, and 2001[34]

12
The following table presents the child sex ratio data for India's states and union territories,
according to 2011 Census of India for 

The following table presents the child sex ratio data for India's states and union territories,
according to 2011 Census of India for population count in the 0-1 age group.[35] The data
suggests 18 states/UT had birth sex ratio higher than 107 implying excess males at birth and/or
excess female mortalities after birth but before she reaches the age of 1, 13 states/UT had
normal child sex ratios in the 0-1 age group, and 4 states/UT had birth sex ratio less than 103
implying excess females at birth and/or excess male mortalities after birth but before he reaches
the age of 1.

Sex ratio
Boys (0-1 age) Girls (0-1 age)
State / UT (Boys per
2011 Census[35] 2011 Census[35]
100 girls)

India 10,633,298 9,677,936 109.9

Jammu and Kashmir 154,761 120,551 128.4

Haryana 254,326 212,408 119.7

Punjab 226,929 193,021 117.6

Uttarakhand 92,117 80,649 114.2

DELHI 135,801 118,896 114.2

Maharashtra 946,095 829,465 114.1

Lakashadweep 593 522 114.0

Rajasthan 722,108 635,198 113.7

Gujarat 510,124 450,743 113.2

13
 Sex ratio
Boys (0-1 age) Girls (0-1 age)
State / UT (Boys per
2011 Census[35] 2011 Census[35]
100 girls)

Uttar Pradesh 1,844,947 1,655,612 111.4

Chandigarh 8,283 7,449 111.2

Daman and Diu 1,675 1,508 111.1

Bihar 1,057,050 957,907 110.3

Himchal Pradesh 53,261 48,574 109.6

Madhya Pradesh 733,148 677,139 108.3

Goa 9,868 9,171 107.6

Jharkhand 323,923 301,266 107.5

Manipur 22,852 21,326 107.2

Andhra Pradesh 626,538 588,309 106.5

Tamil Nadu 518,251 486,720 106.5

Odisha 345,960 324,949 106.5

Dadra and Nagar Haveli 3,181 3,013 105.6

West Bengal 658,033 624,760 105.0

14
 Sex ratio
Boys (0-1 age) Girls (0-1 age)
State / UT (Boys per
2011 Census[35] 2011 Census[35]
100 girls)

Karnataka 478,346 455,299 105.1

Assam 280,888 267,962 104.8

Nagaland 17,103 16,361 104.5

Sikkim 3,905 3,744 104.3

Chhattisgarh 253,745 244,497 103.8

Tripura 28,650 27,625 103.7

Meghalaya 41,353 39,940 103.5

Arunachal Pradesh 11,799 11,430 103.2

Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2,727 2,651 102.9

Kerala 243,852 238,489 102.2

Puducherry 9,089 8,900 102.1

Mizoram 12,017 11,882

Legal Jurisdiction

Judiciary in India has declared the year 2007 as the ‘ Awareness year of female foeticide’. “The
system will deal strictly with those responsible for this crime”, Chief Justice of India Y K
Sabharwal, declared.

15
Laws passed in India to alleviate female foeticide[edit]
Year
Other Legislation Goals
Passed

Prohibits families from taking a dowry, punishable with

Dowry Prohibition Act 1961
imprisonment

Hindu Marriage Act 1955 Rules around marriage and divorce for Hindus

Deals with the legal process of adopting children and the

Hindu Adoption and
1956 legal obligation to provide "maintenance" for other family
Maintenance Act
members

Immoral Traffic
1986 Stops sex trafficking and exploitation
Prevention Act

Equal Remuneration Prevents monetary discrimination between men and

1976
Act women in the workforce

Female Infanticide Act 1870 Prevents female infanticide (Act passed in British India)

Ban on ultrasound
1996 Bans prenatal sex determination
testing

(A) EVOLUTION OF THE LAW

16
India has witnessed a long-drawn process, defining the evolution of an anti-female foeticide
law. Here we highlight the most important milestones:

Key Stages

1976: The Centre banned sex-determination tests in government facilities.

1988: The Maharashtra Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, followed by similar acts by
thegovernments of Punjab, Gujarat and Haryana

1994: The Punjab Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Control & Regulation) Act

1994: The Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse)

Bill(introduced in Parliament in 1991, passed in 1994)

1996, January 1: Enforcement of central Act in Punjab

December 1997: The Directorate of Health Services and Family Welfare, Punjab is
appointedthe authority to implement the Act

Meanwhile, the IPC recognizes Female Infanticide as a punishable offence under the
Indian law.

(B) ACTS AND REGULATIONS

The Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994.

The Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994 was
enacted and brought into operation from January 1, 1996. Primarily, the Act prohibits
determination and disclosure of the sex of foetus.

17
Key Definition:
An Act to provide for the regulation of the use of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for the
purpose of detecting genetic or metabolic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities or certain
congenital malformations or sex-linked disorders and for the prevention of the misuse of

such techniques for the purpose of pre-natal sex determination leading to female foeticide;
and, for matters connected there with or incidental thereto

[20th September, 1994: Act No. 57 of 1994]

The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection)

Act, 1994

The Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act was amended in 2003 to empower the above further
in light of the new fertility technologies, which facilitate the selection of the sex of the foetus
before conception.

The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection)

Act and Rules 1994 (as amended up to 2002) (the PCPNDT Act) mandates that sex selection
by any person, by any means, before or after conception, is prohibited.

Key Highlights:

The law chiefly provides for the following:

• Prohibition of sex selection, before and after conception

• Regulation of prenatal diagnostic techniques (e.g. amniocentesis and ultrasonography) for
detection of genetic abnormalities, by restricting their use to registered institutions. The Act
allows the use of these techniques only at a registered place for a specified purpose and by a
qualified person, registered for this purpose.
• Prevention of misuse of such techniques for sex selection before or after conception.
• Prohibition of advertisement of any technique for sex selection as well as sex
determination.
• Prohibition on sale of ultrasound machines to persons not registered under this Act.
18
• Punishment for violations of the Act.

Violations carry a five-year jail term and a fine of about 2,300 U.S. dollars.

The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971

An Act to provide for the termination of certain pregnancies by registered

Medical Practitioners and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

[Act No. 34 of 1971, 10th August 1971]

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES
Education – The Right to Learn

“Educate a man, you educate one person, educate a woman, you educate a
complete family.”

Reports estimate that more than 50 percent of girls in India fail to enroll in school and those
who do are likely to drop out by the age of 12.

As in a series of other aspects, the girl child is also discriminated against extensively in the
right to education, even basic at times.

Lack of education denies the girl child, the knowledge and skills needed to advance their
status. Education enables the child to realize her full potential, to think, question and judge
independently; to be a wise decision-maker, develop civic sense and learn to respect, love
his fellow human beings and to be a good citizen.

Figures also report that there is discrimination even in the field of higher education. At least a
40% of girls are not allowed to pursue higher studies, due to the conservative familial
ideologies.

19
Initiatives

In 1994, the Government of India passed a

universal female education
bill that offers parents incentives for
access and punishment for keeping a girl
out of school.

In another important initiative, the

government also announced free and
reduced cost education for girls. The program has been designed with the aim to offer free
education at high school level to all girls of single child families.

The offer also includes provisions for fellowships of US$ 45 per month for those undertaking
post-graduate studies.

1.Child marriages

20
“Child marriage is a gross violation of all categories of child rights.”
UNICEF

A report by the UNICEF revealed that 82 percent of girls in Rajasthan are married before they
are 18, 15 percent of girls in rural areas across the country are married before 13 and a major
52 percent of girls have their first pregnancy between 15 and 19.

Child marriage in India, according to the Indian law is a marriage where either the woman is
below age 18 or the man is below age 21. Most child marriage involve underage women, many
of whom are in poor Socio-Economic condition.

Amongst all the states in India, it is Rajasthan that tops the list with the average age of a girl at
marriage being 16.6 years, closely followed by Bihar 17.2 years and Madhya Pradesh 17
years.

Causes and Consequences

Laments Girija Mewada, a police constable posted at a Hindu temple in Rajgarh, “The law to
stop child marriage is not powerful enough.” In fact, a recent survey revealed that there were
never more than 89 attempted prosecutions across India in any one year pertaining to child
marriages.

Experts point towards the weak norms of law. The police do not have the authority to arrest
anyone about to take part in a marriage, and the bureaucracy involved is so complicated, that
most weddings are already materialized by the time papers are ready.
Willingness of the girl’s family to pass on the ‘burden’ of a daughter’s expenses and hope of

21
early adaptation to the in-law’s house adds on to the gruesome list of causes.

In India, one woman is reported to have died every seven minutes from a pregnancyrelated
cause, with the situation getting further aggravated by early marriage.

A recent survey revealed that 56% of adolescent girls in India in the age group 15-19 years are
anemic. Child support agencies present the following as the dire set of consequences:

• Child’s education is sacrificed 

• Girls become more vulnerable to domestic violence   • Early pregnancies

weaken the mother 

• Babies born to girls under 17 are 60 percent more likely to die in their first year of life

Conclusion

“Nobody should expect the evil of child marriage to be eradicated overnight or just by launching
an awareness drive”, states Archana Chitins, State Minister for Women and Child
Development.

According to Renuka Chowdhury, Minister for Women and Children, the Prohibition of Child
Marriage Bill, passed in 2006, is likely to provide protection to scores of children forced into
marriage every year.

One surely wonders what is it that is likely to wake up the authorities to some real,
constructive and result-oriented action.

A set of even more startling research reports and studies, coupled with a genuine outcry from
the child welfare organizations and the public perhaps!

22
2.Child Labour
Child laborer’s – The Cheap Commodity of India

Shiva, an eight-year old orphan was reported dead on June 29, 1993, after he was caught
escaping and then beaten and scorched to death by his employer.

In another incident, 446 children were rescued from over 200 sari shops in the glamorous
city of Mumbai, while 25 children were rescued from an ill-lit small room converted into
a sari factory in the national capital, New Delhi.

The 1991 Census carried out by Government of India states that there are 11.28 million
working children under the age of fourteen years in India. Advocacy groups suggest the real
figure could be as high as 60 million.

With figures from varied sources giving verdict, India is known to have the largest number of
working children in the world. A research carried out by Save the Children, shows that 74
percent of child domestic workers in India are between the ages of 12 and 16, most of
them working at measly wages.

Toiling in the heat of stone quarries, Working in the fields for long hours, picking rags
in city streets or stashed away as domestic servants, these children are sentenced to a life of
misery, suffering and horrors.

In most of the Indian industries, girls are recognized as unrecognized labourer’s

because they are seen as Help & Supporters and not workers. Hence, this section remains
almost totally unprotected by law.

The Background

Welfare organizations define a child labourer as a child who

has to work every day, sometimes for more than 14
hours a day and is not paid as per norms.

23
 The International Labour Office reports that children work the longest hours and are
the worst paid of all labourer’s.

The Child Labour Act of India prohibits employment of children less than 14 years of age in
13 occupations and 57 processes. The law also lays down penalties for employment of
children in violation of the provisions of this Act and regulates the employment of children
with respect to working hours, number of holidays, health and safety in workplace.

Nevertheless, the menace continues to grow unbridled. No doubt, the industries and the families of
such children share the blame, but the onus lies first on the lawmakers and watch-guards of our
society and nation.

Child labour presents itself in a series of forms of labour involving chil dren. These include:

• Domestic servants
• Forced and bonded labour
• Commercial sexual exploitation

• Industrial and plantation work

• Street work
• House hold work

Experts point out towards the following as being the root cause of the rampant child labour
scenario in India:

• Poverty
• Family debt
• Administrative attitude
• Easier and cheaper availability of child labourer’s
• Social mind-set

24
In a prominent uproar, the National Human Rights Commission also (NHRC) issued notices to
the Delhi government over reports of continuing instances of child labour in the Capital despite
the ban.

India's Son Preference Leads to High Sex Ratio

There is a strong son preference in India and this leads to a high sex ratio prioritizing male lives
over female lives.[13] This graph depicts a typical Indian family's indifference curves between
wanting to have a daughter or a son. Most families find greater utility in having a son so the curves
are higher up on the y axis. When having a female becomes more expensive (due to dowry prices,
lack of financial return in the future, educational and health expenses) then the budget curve has to
swing inward on the x axis. Even though the budget stays the same, it is relatively more expensive
to have a girl than to have a boy. The substitution effect shows that people move from point A on
the first indifference curve to point B on the second indifference curve. They move from an already
low number of females due to social reasons to even fewer daughters than before due to the added
financial liability of daughters being more expensive. The number of males grows and the
contrasting increase and decrease in quantities results in a high sex ratio. This is based on
the unitary model of the household where the household is seen as a single decision making entity
under the same budget constraint.[14] However, the non-unitary model of households argues that
people have different preferences in a family and are able to carry those out according to their level
of bargaining power.[14] In India, the unitary model is more likely to occur because of the patriarchal
society that prioritizes male opinion and bargaining power in the household. This is not to say that
all households follow this model, but enough of them do that it results in a high sex ratio. [

25
Sex Ratio in India

Sex Ratio is a term used to define number of females per 1000 males. It's a great source to find
the equality of males and females in a society at a given period of time. In India Sex Ratio
was okay till the time of Independence, thereafter it has declined regularly. According to
Census of India 20011, Indian sex ratio has shown some improvement in the last 10 years. It
has gone up from 933 in 2001 to 940 in 2011 census of India. There has been some
improvement in the Sex Ratio of India but it has gone down badly in some states like
Haryana. The state of Kerala with 1084 females for every 1000 males has the best sex ratio in
India. It has shown a tremendous improvement in the last 10 years. Haryana has the lowest
sex ratio of 877 females per 1000 males.

So, Sex Ratio of India varies from region to region. Kerala and Puducherry are only two
places in India where total female population is more than the male population. Other states
like Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka are also showing on increase in their sex
ratio.

The status of South India has the best Sex ratio of females per 1000 males. Some important
facts Sex Ratio of India are presented here:
26
 • 919 females per 1000 males has the highest.
• sex ratio according to 2016-17 Census of India.
• The state of Haryana has the lowest female literacy rate in India.
• In Union Territories of India, Daman and Diu has the lowest female sex ratio while
Pondicherry has the highest female sex ratio in India.
• There is some extent of gender bias in India which is responsible for this decline in
female ratio however it has started to show some improvement in the last 20 years.
• Lack of education and poverty in rural areas leads to gender bias.

Legal status of prenatal sex determination

According to the laws prevailing in India, the determination of prenatal sex during pregnancy is
illegal and punishable by law.

It is unfortunate that people still misuse the ultrasonography (diagnostic sonography) scan to
determine the sex of the unborn baby.

There is a need for:

1. Strict enforcement of laws relating to medical scanning.

2. Impart moral teachings on doctors.
3. Educate people that there is no difference between a girl and a boy child

27
 SAVE GIRL CHILD ORGANISATION

(S.G.C.O)

The Organization for Eradication of illiteracy and Poverty seeks to awaken the social
consciousness of society towards its own ills. We are challenging the formation of conscience
in order to bring about a social change where one lives in a classless and unbiased society. Dr.
Bernard Malik is the Director of this organization. He has strong belief in the basic goodness
of human beings. Human beings have a strong instinct to choose good over evil. Therefore
Dr. Malik believes education is the key to resolve the evils of the society. The lack of
28
education is the cause of many problems around. Education provides freedom from illiteracy
and poverty. Literacy serves as an instrument of poverty alleviation. Therefore Dr. Bernard
Malik founded the Organization for Eradication of Illiteracy and Poverty. By this he seeks to
affect a worldwide campaign of educational empowerment.

• To bring about social awareness and affect a positive change towards Girl Child.

• To provide education to the girl child and thus make her economically self-reliant.
• To highlight issues of the girl child and attempt to seek solutions of the same.

• To promote equality in terms of gender, education, and other opportunities.

• To work towards the all-round progress of the girl child at all levels.

NATIONAL PLAN OF ACTION TO SAVE GIRL CHILD

(1991-2000)
29
INTRODUCTION

The National Plan of Action for the Girl Child for 1991-2000, is a specially formulated action
plan by the Government of India to protect and promote the Girl Child.

THE AIM

This plan seeks to prevent female feticide and infanticide, eliminate gender discrimination,
provide safe drinking water and fodder near homes, rehabilitate and protect girls from
exploitation, assault and abuse.

30
KEY MEASURES

The key measures planned under the National Plan include:

• Strengthening of the existing primary health care infrastructure

• Consolidation and maintenance of levels of immunization

• coverage Stepping up immunization where coverage is low

• Polio eradication through immunization

• Ensuring essential supplies and drugs

• Training of doctors and Para-medical health workers

• Educating women and girls on safe motherhood Providing

• primary education facilities in un served areas

• Providing child care services Community mobilization and involvement

31
SAVE THE GIRL CHILD - SCHEMES AND POLICIES: -

Schemes and policies by both central and state government have been developed specially to
encourage families to have girls and to bring them up well. Some of the key objectives of these
schemes are provided below: -

• Stricter implementation of PC & PNDT Act.

• Directly reduce instances of female foeticide by increasing preference for girl child.

• Increase the status of girl child in the family • Protect the future of girl child and
improve the quality of her life.

• Educating and spreading awareness to change beliefs and attitude.

• Extending support to the weak and manipulated Table 3 summarizes the schemes and
initiatives and the programs undertaken by the central and state Governments from the
point of view of social marketing.

Select Schemes by the Central and State Government

Central or
Year
Program State Benefits
Passed
Government

32
 Cash transfer to mother based on child
Central
Balika Samriddhi Yojana 1997 meeting educational conditions and
Government
partaking in income generating activities

Cash transfers to family after meeting

Central
Dhan Laxmi Scheme 2008 conditions (immunization, education,
Government
insurance)

Cash transfers to 2 girl children in a

Kanya Jagriti Jyoti
1996 Punjab family after meeting conditions
Scheme
(immunization, education, insurance)

Beti Bachao, Beti Central Cash transfers based on educational

2015
Padhao Yojana Government attainment

For the survival, protection, and

development of girl children. Goals
Central
National Plan of Action 1992 include ending female feticide, reducing
Government
gender disparity, and giving girls better
access to resources

Cash transfer to couple accepting

terminal method of family planning
Devirupak 2002 Haryana
(vasectomy, tubectomy) after birth of 1st
or 2nd child

Cash transfer based on educational

Delhi Ladli Scheme 2008 Delhi
attainment for first 2 daughters

Cash transfer if daughter reaches the

Apni Beti Apna Dhan 1994 Haryana
age of 18 without being married

Girl Child Protection

2005 Andhra Pradesh Cash transfer based on age and
Scheme
educational attainment. Family also has

33
 to partake in family planning

Interest earned on back account in

Himachal
Beti Hai Anmol Scheme 2010 daughter's name and cash scholarships
Pradesh
for each year of school

Cash transfer based on age and

educational attainment. Cash provided
Bhagya Laxmi Scheme 2007 Karnataka
to families for natural death, health
insurance, and scholarships

Mukhyamantri Kanya
Suraksha Yojna and Cash transfers to poor families with two
2008 Bihar
Mukhyamantri Kanya daughters
Vivah Yojna

Indra Gandhi Balika Himachal

2007 Cash transfers based on age attainment
Suraksha Yojana Pradesh

Madhya
Cash transfers based on educational
Ladli Laxami Yojna 2006 Pradesh,
attainment
Jharkhand

Cash monthly transfers for families with

Rakshak Yojana 2005 Punjab
2 girls

Cash transfer for marriage assistance if

Mukhyamantri Madhya
2017 the family waits until the legal age to
Kanyadan Yojna Pradesh
marry off their daughter

Sukanya Samriddhi Central Interest earned on bank account

2015
Account Government opened for daughter after she turns 21

34
OTHER STEPS

The Background

Historically, India has been one of the first countries to identify the Girl Child as the focus
of attention for improving the overall social and economic status of women.

Steps

The Balika Samriddhi Yojana in 1997 is one of the most important initiatives of the
Government to raise overall status of the girl child. The Yojana aims to change family and
community attitudes towards both, the girl child and the mother.

A series of incentives were included in the Yojana, including the likes of a gift of Rs. 500/- to
the mother on delivery of a baby girl and the provision of an annual scholarship for the girl,
with the overall aim of improving enrolment and retention of girls in school.

In another major initiative, in 2005, the Government of India also announced free and
reduced cost education for girls. Those with two girls and no other children were promised
35
discounts of up to 50%. The program also offered fellowships of US$ 45 per month for those
undertaking post-graduate studies.

Various State Governments have formulated State Plans of Action for Girl Child, appropriate to
the condition prevailing in each state, prominently including Governments of Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Goa.

Adding on, the Government had also set up policies like the National Nutrition Policy (1993),
which recognizes the stage of adolescence as a special period for a multi-sectorial nutrition
intervention for the females.

To ensure effective implementation of the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and

Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994, a Central Supervisory Board was also set-up under the
chairpersonship of the Minister- in-charge of Health and Family Welfare.

Furthermore, the National Policy on Education (1986) was formulated to address the question
of setting right the traditional gender imbalances in education, making a strong commitment
in favour of education for women’s equality.

A recent news story also reported a unique campaign being carried out by over 200 people
across five northern and western states of India, under the leadership of the well-known
religious leader and social activist, Swami Agnivesh.

Chief Minister of Haryana (India), Mr. Bhupinder Singh Huda, also lauded the consistent
efforts of Swami Agnivesh in the Campaign Against Female Foeticide and pledged to extend
all possible infrastructural support and assistance.

Other beneficial schemes include the Adolescent Girls Scheme, the Child Survival and Safe
Motherhood Programme, the Universal Immunization Programme, special health check-up
schemes for primary school students, introduction of health cards in selected areas,

36
evaluation of health programmes, the Mid-Day Meal Scheme for primary school children and
nutrition education.

Reports also indicate that the government aims to eliminate all forms of child labour by 2020.

STEPS TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT TO SAVE GIRL CHILD

There are various steps taken by the Indian government regarding save the girl child and
educate the girl child.

The most recent initiative regarding this is Beti Bachao Beti Padhao which is very actively
supported by the Government, NGOs, corporate groups, and human rights activists and NGOS.

Various social organizations have helped the campaign by building toilet at girl schools.

Crimes against girl child and women are big obstruction in the way of India’s growth and
development.

Female foeticide was one of the big issues however have been banned by the government by the
stoppage of ultrasound for sex determination, scan tests, amniocentesis, etc. in the hospitals.

Government has taken this step to let people know that a girl child is not a sin in the society
however; she is a nice gift by God.

Effective Steps to Save the Girl

Here are the different effective steps for saving girls:

37
• The position of girls in Indian society has been delayed since ages due to the extreme
desire of parents for the child. It created gender inequality in society and was very
necessary to suppress when bringing gender equality.
• Extreme poverty in society has created social evil against women as a dowry system
that aggravates the situation of women. Parents generally think girls are only spending
money, which is why girls are killed before or after birth in many ways (female
infanticide, dowry death, etc.). Such problems must be eliminated urgently to save the
girls.
• Illiteracy is another problem that can be eliminated by an appropriate educational
system for both sexes.
• Empowering women is the most effective tool for saving girls.
• People should be aware through effective campaigns about saving girls.
• A girl is dangerous both inside and outside the mother’s womb. She is afraid in many
ways throughout life with men giving birth. It is ruled by men who give birth and it is
really a matter of laughter and shame for us. Education is the best way to bring a
revolution to save and respect a girl.
• A girl should have equal access and opportunities in all areas.
• There should be safety and protection provisions for girls in all public places.
• A girl’s family members can be better targeted to make the girls’ campaign successful.

EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN IN INDIA (2001)

38
The National Policy for the Empowerment of Women in India (2001) is hailed as one of the
biggest achievements in the history of Indian women’s human rights. The law states as,

“All forms of discrimination against the girl child and violation of her rights shall be eliminated
by undertaking strong measures, both preventive and punitive within and outside the family.
These would relate specifically to strict enforcement of laws against prenatal sex selection and
the practices of female foeticide, female infanticide, child marriage, child abuse and child
prostitution.”

Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act, 1986

The Child Labour Act prohibits employment of children (under 14 yrs.) in 13 occupations and
57 processes contained in Part A & B of the schedule to the Act. It also lays down penalties
for employment of children in violation of the provisions of this Act and regulates the
employment of children with respect to working hours, number of holidays, health and safety
in work place.

39
The other provisions relate to prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour
(Article 23). Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State stipulate that children
be secured against exploitation.

The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection)

Act.

The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act
and Rules 1994 (as amended up to 2002) (the PCPNDT Act) mandates that sex selection by any
person, by any means, before or after conception, is prohibited

Child Marriage Bill 2006.

According to the Child Bill (2006), people marrying children and people involved in these
practices, people abetting or attending a child marriage would face up to two years in prison
and a fine of 100,000 rupees.

Child Sexual Abuse

Under the Indian law, those accused of child sexual abuse are currently charged under Section
376 as a punishment for rape and Section 377, that defines unnatural l sexual offences, of the
Indian Penal Code.

Code of Medical Ethics

Constituted by the Indian Parliament in the Medical Council Act, 1956, the Code of Medical
Ethics lays down that:

40
“On no account sex determination test shall be undertaken with the intent to terminate the life of
a female foetus developing in her mother’s womb, unless there are other absolute indications
for termination of pregnancy as specified in the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971.
Any act of termination of pregnancy of normal female foetus, amounting to female feticide,
shall be regarded as professional misconduct on the part of the physician leading to penal
erasure besides rendering him liable to criminal proceedings as per the provisions of this Act
(Clause 7.6). It is here important to note that the penalty for unindicted sex determination and
female feticide is striking off the name from the register apart from criminal action.”

Others
Apart from the above, there are legal provisions for working children in other laws such as:

The Factories Act, 1948

The Mines Act, 1952

The Motor Transport Worker’s Act, 1961

The Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966

The Plantations Labour Act, 1951The Minimum Wages Act, 1948

IMPORTANCE OF THE GIRL CHILD IN INDIAN SOCIETY

41
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru had opined that “Women empowered means mother India
empowered” and to have empowered women in future we need to empower our girl child of
today. In ancient Indian societies, women enjoyed ample freedom and respect. Present day
champions of women excellence in India are numerous – from a woman Prime Minister,
Indira Gandhi, to the heroic deeds of Kiran Bedi, the first woman IPS officer of India, there
should be no doubt that our women. Girls are proficient in balancing multiple roles and they
are naturally made for multitasking. Today, girls are applying for jobs that were once
considered solely for men and tackling them with élan. Not just in their traditional roles of
wife, daughter and mothers, girls are even the sole bread-winner of the family. The question
remains of changing our perception about girls being fragile, weak and dependent. In today’s
India, they are capable of anything. With projects like the Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya
aimed at providing young girls an increased chance at education, an educated daughter is
surely to make their family proud. Investing in the education of a young girl will contribute
significantly towards eradication evil practices like child marriage, premature pregnancy,
child abuse etc. which, in turn, creates the vision of a healthier nation.

WHY TO SAVE GIRL CHILD

A girl child should be saved by people in the society for various reasons:

• They are not less capable than boys in any field and give their best.

• Female foeticide is illegal crime since 1961 and has been banned in order to stop sex
selective abortions. People should follow all the rules very strictly made to save girl
child.

• Girls become more obedient than boys and have been proved less violent and arrogant.

• They have been proved much responsible for their family, job, society or country.

• They become much caring to their parents and devoted to their job.

42
 • A woman can be a mother, wife, daughter, sister, etc. Every man should think that his
wife is daughter of another man and his daughter would be a wife of another man in
future. So, everyone must respect a woman in any form.

• A girl performs her both duties personal as well as professional very loyally which
makes her extra special than boys.

• Girls are the ultimate reason of existence of human race.

HOW TO SAVE GIRL CHILD?

1. Women empowerment:- The women need to be empowered. A woman has every

right to give birth to a baby. The girl child is a blessing of God. Just give her a chance, and she
will make you proud with her achievements.

2. Awareness: - Every citizen of civilized society should be made aware of the fact that a
girl child is as important as a boy child. If she gets the right opportunity, she can provide
economic support to the family and help them to come out of poverty level.

3. Education: - Education raises the consciousness of a person. The mental pattern in

favour of society should be transformed. This is the time for historic changes in the society.

4. Love, respect, and equality: - Girls, just like their counterparts, deserves true freedom
and equality. All children, girls and boys equally, deserve to be treated with love and respect.
When we truly treat someone with love, we respect their autonomy and help them to achieve
the very best that they can.

43
11 BRAVE & BEAUTIFUL WOMEN WHO HAVE SET EXAMPLES
FOR US TO STRIVE TOWARDS

Indian women are now leading the way in a society that is changing rapidly. They are breaking
the so-called glass ceiling, speaking up against oppression and fiercely protecting their right to
choose the life they want to live. They are proving that beauty has ceased to be a one-
dimensional word. They are proving that brave is the new beautiful. Some of these women
have gone on to set stellar examples for the rest of us to follow. Women like:
1:Sunitha Krishnan: Women’s Rights Activist

At the age of 15, while working on a neo-literacy campaign for the Dalit community, Krishnan
was gang raped by eight men. It was the fire that resulted from that incident that transformed
her into a passionate social worker and chief functionary and co-founder of Prajwal, a non-
governmental organization that rescues, rehabilitates and reintegrates sextrafficked victims
into society. Till date, she has saved thousands.

44
1. Richa Kar: Founder of Zivame.com

A while back, Richa was just another SAP consultant who worked a dreary 9 to 5 job. But she
aspired for something more. And she constantly searched for opportunities to make her mark.
One day while working, she noticed that Victoria's Secret's sales doubled during Christmas.
This was the spark she had been waiting for. She got inspired and formed Zivame, a company
that addressed the inner most needs of women.

3.Mary Kom: Legendary Indian Boxer

Mary Kom has set one record after another and has gone on to achieve things that many athletes
can only dream of. She is the only Indian woman boxer who has won six championships for
India. She is also the only Indian woman to qualify for the 2012 Summer Olympics where she
won a Bronze Medal. And how can anyone forget her memorable win at

the Asian Games where she brought home the gold.

45
 4 .Harshini Kanhekar: Daredevil Fire-Woman

In a country where a woman's place is seen in the kitchen, Harshini broke all the "so-called"
rules to become India's first female firefighter. From handling and lifting heavy equipment to
driving the monstrous fire truck, Harshini loves everything about her job. People have often
walked up to her to remind her how proud they are of the fact that she was the first woman at
the fire engineering college.

46
 5 .Puja Thakur: Wing Commander in the Indian Air Force

While there are many women who are making their nation proud by serving in the forces,

Puja Thakur stood out this year. That is because, when one of the most powerful men visited
India, Puja Thakur became the first woman to command the Guard of Honour during his visit.

6 . Tania Sachdev: Master Chess Player and Grand Master

Tania has made all of us proud for so many reasons. She not holds the title of International
Master of chess but is also a globally recognized Woman Grand Master as well. Apart from
this, she has already been given the prestigious Arjuna Award and is currently ranked

the 67th woman chess player in the world.

47
 7 .Arunima Sinha: The National Volleyball Player Who Conquered Mount
Everest

Arunima holds the proud distinction of being the first woman amputee to reach the top of
Mount Everest. A national volleyball player, Arunima tragically lost one of her legs under a
train while trying to save herself from a gang of thieves. In spite of the trauma, her spirit
remained intact and she vowed to undertake one of the most physically challenging
endeavours in the world, the climb to the top of Mount Everest.

48
 8 .Bhakti Sharma: The Girl Who Swims Across Oceans

By the time Bhakti turned 25 she had become the first Asian woman and the youngest in the
world to set a record in open swimming in the Antarctic ocean. She swam 2.3 kms in 41.14
minutes, at a temperature of 1 °C, breaking the record of Lynne Cox from USA and Lewis
Pugh from Great Britain. Fascinatingly, she has swum in all the five oceans of the world.

9 .Kirthiga Reddy: Head, Facebook India

The queen of social media, Kirthiga has been heading Facebook India for the last five years.

The first Indian employee of the tech giant, she has already been featured in Fortune India's
"Top 50 Most Powerful Women" list. She, along with her team, took up initiatives that touched
the lives of millions of students. She also started a dialogue between Facebook and the NGO
Olympic Gold Quest that helps train Olympic aspirants. Today, Facebook supports this NGO.

49
 10 .Kangana Ranaut: Actor

Hailing from a small town in Himachal Pradesh, Kangana Ranaut has taken Bollywood by
storm. Not only is she a brilliant actress, she has made a solid reputation for standing up for all
the right things. She recently declined a Rs. 2 Crore endorsement deal from a fairness cream
brand because she felt it was unfair to her sister, who is dusky. Today, she is one of the best
performers in the industry with her head firmly placed on her shoulders.

50
11 .Geeta Phogat

Geeta Phogat (born 15 December 1988)[1]is a freestyle wrestler who won India's first ever gold
medal in wrestling at the Commonwealth Games in 2010. She is also the first Indian female
wrestler to have qualified for the Olympic Summer Games.

51
 CASE Study

Case Study I

Source: The Famine, January 31, 07

25 years back, a man in Punjab brought his wife to an ultrasound clinic to determine the sex
of the foetus. The doctors informed him it was a female. He went home only to return a few
months later, requesting for an abortion. After the doctors aborted the foetus, they discovered
they had made a mistake and that the dead foetus was a male child. The man was so upset that
he went public, alleging that the hospital was responsible for killing his only male issue. It
was then the investigations uncovered the truth behind the series of sex determination tests.

Case Study II

Source: Hindustan Times paper

An extraordinary four-year research in the heart of rural India, post 2001 Census, shows that
people living in areas with a higher level of education and affluence slaughter more female
foetuses than those languishing in the social and economic backwaters.

The study, funded by the Swedish Research Council and carried out by the economic history
department of Lund University as part of its research on developing economies, shows that
“progressive areas” of India have a lower child sex ratio (CSR). Researchers claim that
“ill-focused development is triggering a conscious choice to eliminate the girl child from
the family”.

52
The study carried out in five states - Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh and Uttaranchal - revealed wide differences in sex ratio in villages of Karnataka
and Uttaranchal. The less prosperous villages had a healthy ratio, while their wealthier
neighbours, with higher indices of education and development, logged lesser number of girl
children. It showed a strong shift from “son preference to active daughter discrimination”.

NGOS WORKING FOR THIS CAUSE

List of NGOs

Here we list a few of the prominent NGOs focusing on the issues related to the girl child in
India:

CRY (Child Rights and You) - Mumbai

The organization supports grassroots groups involved in putting a stop to child labour and child
poverty, such as supporting Mahita in Hyderabad and Help & Supporting in imparting
education to under-privileged girl children.

NANHI KALI - Mumbai

Run by the K C Mahindra Trust, an all-India Organization, Nanhi Kali, allows you to sponsor a
girl child’s education through their network.

DREAM A DREAM – Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore

A professionally run, registered not-for profit organization working with children coming from
vulnerable backgrounds such as from streets, slum communities, runaway children, orphans
and HIV+ children.

POPULATION FIRST – Mumbai

53
The organization runs a campaign called ‘Laddli’, which tackles the issue of the falling sex
ratio.

Child in Need Institute – Kolkata

An organization actively supporting the cause of child rights and Help & Supporting the
children in need.

INDIANNGOS.COM

Organizing plans, which lead to provision of sponsorships of the girl child.

INDIA ALLIANCE FOR CHILD RIGHTS (IACR)

The India Alliance for Child Rights represents a countrywide alliance of networks, NGOs,
think tanks, activists, academia, and concerned individuals working for the realization of the
rights of children.

SECURING THE FUTURE OF GIRL CHILD:

1.Balika Samriddhi Yojana: -

This scheme was launched by Govt. of India with effect from August 15, 1997, with the
following objectives-

• To change negative attitude and behavior of the family and the community towards the
girl child and her mother.
• To improve the enrolment and retention of girls in schools.
• To raise the minimum marriage age of girls
• To create work and income opportunities for women.

A series of incentives are further incorporated into the scheme to make it more fruitful like
granting an amount of Rs. 500 on the birth of a girl child and annual scholarships for education
according to the class in which the girl is studying.

54
2. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Yojana: Literally translated as “Save the girl child, educate the
girl child”, this campaign was established by the Ministry of Women and Child
Development, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Ministry of Human Resource
Development. The objectives of this initiative are-

• Prevention of gender-biased sex selective elimination.

• Ensuring survival and protection of girl child.
• Ensuring education and participation of girl child.

Presently this scheme is being implemented in select 100 districts having the lowest Child Sex
Ratio(CSR) across India, covering different states and union territories.

3. Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana: Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana isa deposit schemelaunched as

a part of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Yojana. It aims to provide for marriage and education
expenditure of the girl child. It has been well received by the public as it has been used for
the girl child as well as them.

In this scheme. a small savings account is opened. The Yojana provides a small deposit with a
high rate of interest. The whole amount can be withdrawn only when the girl turns 18.

Some pointers to keep in mind are:

• The account can only be opened until 10 years of age.

• Money can be deposited online.
• Interest would be calculated on the 10th of each month.
• Partial withdrawn can be made when she has just crossed the 10th standard.
• The account will not earn any interest after it has matured.
• Duplicate passbook will be issued after a payment of Rs. 50.
4. Kishori Shakti Yojana: Kishori Shakti Yojana was launched by Ministry of Women and
Child Development to empower adolescent girls. It seeks to make them realize their full
potential by means of interventions. Its objectives are-

• To improve the nutritional, health and development status of adolescent girls.

• To promote awareness of health, hygiene, nutrition and family care.

55
 • To link them to opportunities for learning life skills, going back to school.
• To help them gain a better understanding of their social environment.
• To enable them to take initiatives to become productive members of the society.

This is a redesign of the already existing Adolescent Girls Scheme and it aims at bringing about
a difference in the lives of adolescent girls.

Support

The ‘save the child girl, educate the girl child’ initiative is actively supported by the
Government, corporate groups, human rights activists and NGOS.

Under the initiative of ‘Beti Bachao Beti Padhao’, several social organizations have come
forward to build toilet at girl schools.

The corporate India, as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), is also
earmarking funds for the welfare of school going girls

NEWS & RELEASE

56
Man dies of shock as wife bears baby girl

A man in Orissa was so shocked after he heard that his wife had given birth to a girl child that
he fell to the ground, hit his head against a wall and succumbed to his injuries

Times of India, Bangalore (Orissa), 30 Aug, 2006

Women and girls must be protected from violence, UN Special Adviser on Gender Issues tells
rights committee

States who have signed on to the United Nations international bill of rights for women must
continue to press for an end to gender-based violence, the Special Adviser to the Secretary-
General on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women today told experts gathering in
New York to evaluate compliance with the treaty

UN News centre, 15 January, 2007

Graveyard of unborn daughters

Over 100 female foetuses were dug out of a well near Patiala. A mass grave of female foetus
was detected today in a vacant plot owned by quacks Pritam Singh, an ex-serviceman and his
wife Amarjit Kaur of this town, by a high- level team of state health authorities after it raided
the premises of the local Sahib Hospital run by these quacks. They had been allegedly
involved in illegal abortions for the past many years. The Tribune, Patran (Patiala,
Punjab, India), 9 August, 2006.

57
 key Causes

Poverty

The macabre scenario of discarded female fetuses in India is the handiwork of the brain of a
human being. It is little surprising then, unless the citizens of India themselves wake up to the
need, the evil of female foeticide and other such malpractices targeting the Indian girl child
shall not be done away with.

The common man on the road, the head of the family in a middle or an upper-middle class
family, the intellectual human rights activist; conscientious citizens from all walks of life need
to contribute to curb the menace.

Such a mindset revolution needs mobilization of action right from personal to governmental
levels.

As an individual, the most important and effective thing you can do is to influence the
attitudes of those around you. Make your friends, relatives and immediate family aware of the
girls’
capabilities. Try to make the young girls around you aware of their self-worth, especially the
under-privileged ones.

Women need to make an effort to reach out to each other through groups, share experiences
and give support. Parents should also have an open mindset towards enrolling their children
in co-education schools to ensure healthy exposure. Sex education should be imparted at an
appropriate age by the parents or guardians themselves.

One of the earliest forms of support in the educated circles of our society, i.e. sponsoring the
education of a girl child, is still one of the most effective forms of contribution.

Social Stigma

Prabhuji mein tori binti karoon

Paiyan Paroon bar
58
bar

Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Na

Dije Narak Dije Chahe Dar...

(Oh, God, I beg of you, I touch your feet time and again, Next birth don't give me
a daughter, Give me Hell instead...)

Folk Song, Uttar

Pradesh

The current trends have even refuted the common belief that the practice of eliminating the
female child will get discouraged with the economic independence of women on the rise.

A survey by Action India of women in Delhi revealed that even the highly educated women
have resorted to as many as a whopping eight abortions to ensure that they only give birth to
a son.

One of the main reasons as pointed out by the experts is the Indian government’s attempts to
control its burgeoning population of over 1 billion through controlling women’s fertility.
This could literally serve as the doomsday verdict as the government’s two-child family
concept encourages elimination of female fetuses in order to obtain a ‘complete family’ with
at least one son.

The obsessive inborn hunger of the Indian patriarchal set-up to have a male child in its progeny
has virtually brought the ethical systems of India into shambles.

The prejudice finally takes its toll and shows itself in a drastically lopsided sex ratio in the
country.

59
An Insight

The society is meant to be the most vital support system of a human being. It is shame then, that
in a developing country, such norms of the society itself have victimized and endangered the
very existence of the female child in India.

We give you an insight into the most crucial reasons: -

Menace of dowry

Fear of loss of face in local community

Esire to keep the wealth within the family, through sons

Fear of dependence of the girl on the family, for life

Attempt to control family size

Wish to appease Gods in times of crisis

60
 Mind Set Revolution

The macabre scenario of discarded female fetuses in India is the handiwork of the brain of a
human being. It is little surprising then, unless the citizens of India themselves wake up to the
need, the evil of female foeticide and other such malpractices targeting the Indian girl child
shall not be done away with.

The common man on the road, the head of the family in a middle or an upper-middle class
family, the intellectual human rights activist; conscientious citizens from all walks of life need
to contribute to curb the menace.

Such a mindset revolution needs mobilization of action right from personal to governmental
levels.

As an individual, the most important and effective thing you can do is to influence the
attitudes of those around you. Make your friends, relatives and immediate family aware of the
girls’
capabilities. Try to make the young girls around you aware of their self-worth, especially the
under-privileged ones.

Women need to make an effort to reach out to each other through groups, share experiences
and give support. Parents should also have an open mind set towards enrolling their children in
co-education schools to ensure healthy exposure. Sex education should be imparted at an
appropriate age by the parents or guardians themselves.

One of the earliest forms of support in the educated circles of our society, i.e. sponsoring the
education of a girl child, is still one of the most effective forms of contribution.

61
 Remedial Measures:

Administrative Measures

India, as a country, needs a heroic administrative impetus to break the shackles and come out
of the morbid shadows of such practices. No amount of individual efforts or nongovernmental
movements can have an impact unless the administration takes up the cudgels.

Political will

Through active generation of political will and result-oriented action plans, the government can
effectively Help & Support the situation.

Here we list some of the main solutions possible:

Provision of free and compulsory education in practice, not only in theory

Effective implementation of the Dowry Prohibition Act and other relevant laws

Grant of equal property rights to girls

A department for women and a commission for women must be established at central and state
levels

Women’s organizations, media houses and magazines should offer forums for networking

Extensive support should be available to NGOs and such organizations

In fact, the government of India needs to follow in the footsteps of places like Nigeria.
Through legislation, Nigeria prohibits the withdrawal of girls from school in order to ensure
that they can continue and complete their education.

62
 REASERCH
METHODOLOGY

63
 Research Methodology

Research Methodology is a methodology which is worried about different systems

and techniques, utilized for information accumulation and social affair of
information while doing the exploration work. Generally inquire about system
was extensively characterized into two noteworthy viewpoints which are
subjective perspectives and quantitative viewpoints.

At that point in the year 2009 creator names as Myers recognized that the
quantitative methodology is the top to bottom investigation of social wonders just
as the social marvels and it centres around the content were the quantitative
research is examined on the general patterns over the aggregate populace and
furthermore centres around the number.

The premise of the present research examine is the phenomenology which will
chiefly concentrate on the quantitative way to deal with accomplish different
points and targets. The phenomenological approach includes a point by point
examination of specialist's close to home involvement and discernment. For the
better comprehension of organized goals this examination will likewise require
the quantitative methodology for the examination reason which will incorporate
the quantitative strategies.

64
 SAMPLING STRATEGY
UNIVERSE
The study is all about the “A STUDY ON THE USAGE OF ONLINE MEDIA

ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR”.
Hence, the universe of this study is the consumer who are watching online media
& television media.

DEFINE SAMPLE
Here the sample is “People who are live in Indian society”.

POPULATION:
Target Sample is people who prefer equality or inequality of gender.

SAMPLING METHOD
We will use Non- Probability sampling because
• Sampling frame is not available.
• Heterogeneity is more as compared to homogeneity.
• The density of sample population is small.

SAMPLING PROCEDURE
In this method we will apply Convenience Sampling.

SAMPLE SIZE

Sample size for this research will be 100 people ofmumbai.

DETAILS OF SAMPLE
 Gender- Male and female.

65
  Age- above 20 years.
 Type of people> normal people.

SAMPLE SIZE ESTIMATION

In order to estimate the sample size we will use the following formula:
n= (ZS/E)*(ZS/E)
Where,
E= Tolerance limit
S= Standard deviation
N= Number of elements (sample)
Z= Accuracy

CALCULATION OF SAMPLE SIZE

E= 5%
S= 0.577
Z= 95%
n= (ZS/E)*(ZS/E)
n= (0.95*0.577/0.05)* (0.95*0.577/0.05)
n= 120
Hence sample size is 100.

66
 DATA
COLLECTION

67
SOURCES OF DATA :

The information which we have assembled for this exploration is from both the
sources essential just as from optional sources.

PRIMARY DATA:
Essential information is the new procedure of information which is completed for
the exploration venture which offer responses to the particular issues and the
inquiries went over.
Different strategies for gathering essential information are:
 Collection Method- Survey.
 Collection Instrument- Questionnaire
 Contact Method- Email/ Text

SECONDARY DATA:

Optional information is the information which is gathered by another person other

than the person who is convincing examination. As an exploration we have
checked the different auxiliary sources to get the entrance of the correct
information which have shaped a base from which we can look at the discoveries
of research.
The different wellsprings of auxiliary information utilized for this examination
are:
 Newspaper articles.
 Internet.
 Magazine.
 Social Media Applications
 Online Articles

68
DATA ANALYSIS

69
CLASSIFICATION OF SAMPLE
1. Gender
Table no. 1
Gender Frequency
Male 60
Female 40
Total 100

Graph no. 1

Findings :-
It is observed that ,we taken 60% male and 40% female.

2. Age group of Samples

70
 Table no. 2

Age group of Samples frequency

21 to 30 years 40
31 to 40 years 30
41 to 50 years 30
50 years &Above 0
Grand Total 100

Graph no.2

Findings: Its is observed that 21 to 30 years group are 40% of total sample
size.

3. What do you think about the birth rate of girl child in your hospital?

71
  Equal
 Boys are greater than girls
 Girls are greater than boys
Table No 3:Birth rate of girl child

Particulars Frequency

Equal 20

Boys are greater than girls 60

Girls are greater than boys 20

Total 100

Graph no.3

Source: Frequency Table Obtained From Table No.3

Findings: the birth rate of girl child in our hospital is 60 % boys are more than girl ND
20 % is equality of gender.

4.Do you think a girl child is important for a world development?

72
  Yes
 No
 May be
Table No 4:

Particulars Frequency

Yes 80

No 0

May be 20

Total 100

Graph no.4

Source: Frequency Table Obtained From Table No.4

Findings:here we observed that 80% people think girl child is important for a world
development and 20% people are against girls.

5.Do you think a girl child is a liable for their family?

73
  Yes
 No
Table No 5:

Particulars frequency

Yes 50

No 50

Total 100

Graph no.5

Source: Frequency Table Obtained From Table No.5

Findings: It is observed that 50% girls are liable to family and 50% are not.

6.Is a girl child getting equal opportunities in all fields?

 Yes
74
  No
 May be
Table No 6:

Particulars frequency

Yes 44

No 23

May be 10

Total

Graph no.6

Source: Frequency Table Obtained From Table No.6

Findings:It is observed that 80% girl child getting equal opportunities in all fields and
10% are not getting equal opportunities.

7.According to you what is the cause of declining sex ratio?

 Illiteracy
75
  Unawareness
 Social beliefs
 All of the above
Table No 7:

Particulars Frequency

Illiteracy 60

Unawareness 10

Social beliefs 10

All of the above 20

Total 100

Graph no.7

Source: Frequency Table Obtained From Table No.10

Findings: It is observed that the cause of declining sex ratio is 60% due to illiteracy,10%
due to unawareness,10% due to social beliefs and 20% due to all of the above.

8.Is making laws and forming organisation only can save a girl child in India?
76
  Yes
 No
 May be

Table No 8:

particulars Frequency

Yes 90

No 0

May be 10

Total 100

Graph no.8

Source: Frequency Table Obtained From Table No.10

Findings:It is observed that 90% making laws and forming organisation only can save a
girl child in India making laws and forming organisation only can save a girl child in Indiav

9.What you think female foeticide is bad?

 Yes

77
  No
 May be

Table No 9:

Particulars Frequency

Yes 70

No 20

May be 10

Total 100

Graph no.9

Source: Frequency Table Obtained From Table No.9

Findings:it is observed that 70% people think female foeticide is bad and 20% people is
think its good.

10.Is government rules and regulations effect the girls across the nation?

78
  Yes
 No
 May be
Table No 10:

Particulars Frequency

Yes 80

No 10

May be 10

Total 100

Graph no.10

Source: Frequency Table Obtained From Table No.10

Findings:it is observed that 80% of government rules and regulations effect the girls
across the nation and 20% are think its not effects.

11.Does Beti Bachao Beti Padhao clause of Indian government effects the society?

79
  Yes
 No
 May be

Table No 11:

Particulars Frequency

Yes 70

No 10

May be 20

Total 100

Graph no.11

Source: Frequency Table Obtained From Table No.11

Findings:it is observed that 70% people are think it effects the society and
remaining thinks doesn’t effect the society.

12. Do you want to contribute to save a girl in India?

 Yes
 No
80
 Table No 11:

Particulars Frequency

Yes 90

No 10

Total 100

Graph no.11

Source: Frequency Table Obtained From Table No.12

Findings:it is observed that 90% people want to contribute to save a girl in India and
10% people are not interested.

81
HYPOTHESIS TESTING

82
Hypothesis 1
1. What do you think about the birth rate of girl child in your hospital?
 Equal
 Boys are greater than girls
 Girls are greater than boys
Table No 3:Birth rate of girl child

Particulars Frequency

Equal 20

Boys are greater than girls 60

Girls are greater than boys 20

Total 100

Graph no.3

Source: Frequency Table Obtained From Table No.3

INTERPRETATION: It is observed that the birth rate of girl child in our hospital
is 60 % boys are more than girl and 20 % is equality of gender.

83
Hence we accept H1 hypothesis and reject H0 hypothesis
Hypothesis 2
2. What you think female foeticide is bad?
 Yes
 No
 May be
Table No 9:

Particulars Frequency

Yes 70

No 20

May be 10

Total 100

Graph no.9

Source: Frequency Table Obtained From Table No.9

INTERPRETATION:it is observed that 70% people think female foeticide is bad
and 20% people is think its good.

Hence we accept H1 hypothesis and reject H0 hypothesis

84
 Hypothesis 3
3. Is government rules and regulations effect the girls across the nation?
 Yes
 No
 May be
Table No 10:

Particulars Frequency

Yes 80

No 10

May be 10

Total 100

Graph no.10

Source: Frequency Table Obtained From Table No.10

INTERPRETATION: it is observed that 80% of government rules and regulations
effect the girls across the nation and 20% are think its not effects.

Hence we accept H1 hypothesis and reject H0 hypothesis

85
 LIMITATION

 The geographical area is restricted to Mumbai and the sample size is restricted to 50 only.
Hence the end result of the study could differ across the country.
 Study is based on personal views and opinions of the respondents which are always subject
to personal experience and prejudice. It may not be representative of the population
experience
 Stipulated short span of time for survey.
 We were totally new to the field of research.
 Budgeting was also the big issue faced by us.

86
CONCLUSIONS

87
 SUGGESTIONS

The need to protect girls is urgent and pervasive whether it is in public spaces or in child care
institutions or in family spaces. The hidden nature of violence against girls especially in
situation of labour in domestic service and in early marriage needs to be highlighted. What
emerges clearly is that the adolescent girl faces a whole new gamut of protection issues like
domestic violence as a wife, sexual abuse in domestic service and a whole gamut of unwanted
sexual advances in streets and public spaces.

The efforts of the government to bring about an independent authority such as the National
Commission for Protection of Child Rights supported by state-level commissions and recent
legislations that have expanded the definitions of sexual assault deserve a positive mention.
Protecting the girl child requires greater seriousness at the level of communities where
community-level vigilance might ensure that girls are abused less or are not married off early
or sent off to work in cities as domestic helps. Perhaps the need of the hour is to make the
“invisible” visible so as to ensure that the girl is more secure in her home, community and
ultimately in the country

88
 FINDINGS

 It was found that in India girl face various socio-economic issue such as child marriage,
child labour and dowry system etc. and the main reason is conservative mind set of the
people.
 We also get to know about sex ratio in India is decline and the main reason is there is
large number of male in India as compare to female.
 From our project we also get to know about saving girl child have great impact in our
society because we should treat both girl and boy equal and provide equal opportunities
to both of them.
 We also get to know about initiative taken by the government such as “Beti Bachao Beti
Padhao” that help the girl child to empower them self by providing girl proper education
she needed.We also get to know about there are different NGO’s such as CRY (Child
Rights and You), Nanhi Kali etc.
 There are various brave women’s who proved time to time that women are equal to or
even better than man.

89
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Save Girl Child Organization Hand Book

2. Websites

http://www.savegirlchild.org/

3. http://www.indianchild.com/

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_India
http://www.childlineindia.org.in/

5. https://www.importantindia.com/save-the-girl-
child/http://www.infochangeindia.org/

90
 QUESTIONNAIRE
1.Gender

2. Age group of Samples

3. What do you think about the birth rate of girl child in your hospital?

 Equal
 Boys are greater than girls
 Girls are greater than boys

4.Do you think a girl child is important for a world development?

 Yes
 No
 May be

5.Do you think a girl child is a liable for their family?

 Yes
 No

6.Is a girl child getting equal opportunities in all fields?

 Yes
 No
 May be

91
7.According to you what is the cause of declining sex ratio?

 Illiteracy
 Unawareness
 Social beliefs
 All of the above

8.Is making laws and forming organisation only can save a girl child in India?

 Yes
 No
 May be

9.What you think female foeticide is bad?

 Yes
 No
 May be

10.Is government rules and regulations effect the girls across the nation?

 Yes
 No
 May be

11.Does Beti Bachao Beti Padhao clause of Indian government effects the society?

 Yes
 No

92
  May be

12. Do you want to contribute to save a girl in India?

 Yes
 No

93