STATISTICS

3rd Quarter
SAMPLE SPACE AND EVENTS D: the outcome is either odd or even
● Statistical Experiments - any procedure that can
be repeated, theoretically, an infinite number of C = {Ø} (null set - mutually exclusive)
times, and has a well-defined set of possible D = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
outcomes
EX: rolling a dice, coin toss 3. Compute the number of elements in the
● Sample Outcomes - result of an experiment sample space and list the elements of the given
● Sample Space - set of all possible outcomes, event A
usually denoted by ‘S’ A: three coins are tossed, which has atleast two
EX: 1. What is the sample space when a dime is heads
tossed?
S = {head, tail} S = {(H, H, H), (H, H, T), (H, T, H), (H, T, T), (T, H, H),
2. A spinner has 4 equal sectors colored yellow, (T, H, T), (T, T, H), (T, T, T)}
blue, red, and green. What is the sample space of
the spinner? A = {(H, H, H), (H, H, T), (H, T, H), (T, H, H)}
S= {yellow, blue, red, green}
3. What is the sample space for choosing 1 letter at 2. Construct a sample space for the experiment
random from 5 vowels? that consists of rolling a single dice. Find the
S = {a, e, i ,o ,u} events that correspond to the phrases “an even
4. What is the sample space for choosing 1 letter number is rolled” and “a number greater than
from the word DIVIDE? two is rolled.”
S = {D, I, V, E}
● Event - a subset A of the sample space of an S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
experiment, usually denoted by a capital letter, A = {2, 4, 6}
followed by either a description or a list of all the B = {3, 4, 5, 6}
outcomes which are included
EX: 1. If we roll a dice and observe the number that 3. Write the sample space for the interval [3, 9].
comes up, two possible events that can be
defined are: S = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A: the outcome is odd
B: the outcome is atleast 4 [ ] → included
( ) → not included
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A = {1, 3, 5} Let A and B be two events defined over the
B = {4, 5, 6} same space S, then:
● Intersection of A & B (A ∩ B) - the event
2. For the experiment in the previous example, whose outcomes belong to both A and B
consider the events: ● Union of A & B (A U B) - the set of all
C: the outcome is atleast 7 outcomes in A or B (or both)

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Arts & Design 11- A
STATISTICS
3rd Quarter
● If A ∩ B = Ø, then the events A & B are said EX: 1. Stephen asked 100 coffee drinkers whether
to be mutually exclusive they like cream or sugar in their coffee. According
● Complement of A - set of outcomes in S, to the Venn Diagram below, how many like:
not in A ; usually denoted by A¹ a. Cream? 16+20 = 36
b. Sugar? 35+20 = 55
c. Sugar but not cream? (S ∩ C’) 35
d. Cream but not sugar? (C ∩ S’) 16
e. Cream and sugar? (C ∩ S) 20
f. Cream or sugar? (C U S) 16+20+35 = 71
g. Neither cream or sugar? 100-71 = 29
AUB A∩B
2. Eon asked 60 students whether they listen to two
popular radio stations, MOR and FM. He found that
Complement of A in 23 listen to MOR, 18 listen to FM, and 8 listen to both.
U How many students in Eon’s survey listen to:
a. MOR but not FM? (M ∩ F’) 15
b. FM but not MOR? (F ∩ M’) 10
● De Morgan’s Laws - for any two events A & B, c. Neither MOR nor FM? (M U F’)
15+10+8 = 33
60-33 = 27

3. Oshkosh did a study of the colors used in African

national flags. He found that 38 flags have red, 20
have blue, 13 have both red and blue. How many
flags:
we have (A U B)’ = A’ ∩ B’ and (A ∩ B)’ = A’ U B’
a. Have red but not blue? 25
b. Have blue but not red? 7
c. Were included in the study? 25+13++7+8 = 53

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF COUNTING

● Rule of Sum (Addition Principle) - if a particular
action can be done in m ways and another in n
ways, and the two actions cannot be done at
(A U B)’ = A’ ∩ B’ (A ∩ B)’ =A’ U B’
the same time, then there are m + n ways of
doing exactly of these actions

EX: 1. Jobelle wants to travel from Cebu to

Bacolod. She sees that there are two (2)
possible flights and five (5) possible ferries for

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Arts & Design 11- A
STATISTICS
3rd Quarter
today. Assume that she wants to travel today
Red tea Rainbow jelly
and that she has no restrictions on which mode
of transport and schedule. Aloe vera

As it is not possible to take a flight and a ferry at If black tea is chosen as the tea base, notice
the same time. that one now has five (5) possible drinks,
depending on which of the five sinkers we
ANS: 2+5 = 7 ways for Jobelle to get to Bacolod select.
from Cebu.
Therefore, the total number of possible drink
2. Mark is designing a presentation and is combinations: 4 x5 = 20
choosing which template to use for his
presentation. Suppose that he has (3) folders of 2. Currently, the format for license plates for
templates, containing 12, 23, and 30 different vehicles in our country is three(3) letters followed by
designs, respectively. Assuming, he can only use four (4) numbers.
one design template for his presentation. a. How many different plates can be made?

ANS: 12+23+30 = 65 possible choices There are 26 choices for each letter and 10
choices (0 to 9) for each of the numbers. Thus,
● Rule of Product (Multiplication Principle) - if a there are distinct license plates that can be
particular action can be done in m ways and made.
another in n ways, then there are m x n ways of
doing both actions (one after the other) ; given 26x26x26 (for the 3 letters) x 10x10x10x10 (for
K actions, if the first action can be done in n₁ the 4 numbers) = 175,760,000
ways, the second action in n₂ ways, and so on,
then there are n₁ x n₂ x . . . n₅ b. How many different plates are there if letters
can be repeated but no two numbers can be
EX: 1. Suppose, for instance, that a milk tea shop the same?
allows you to construct your own milk tea drink.
You can select one tea base and one order of We still have 26 choices for each of the three
sinkers. The choices are given as follows: letters. Since numbers cannot be repeated,
there are 10 choices for the first number, 9
TEA BASE SINKERS choices for the second, 8 choices for the
third, and 7 four the fourth. This gives possible
Black tea Pearls license plates.

Green tea Nata de coco

26x26x26 (for the 3 letters) x 10x9x8x7 (for the 4
Earl grey tea Pudding numbers) = 88,583,040

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Arts & Design 11- A
STATISTICS
3rd Quarter
c. How many different plates can be made if
beverage
repetition of numbers and letters are allowed
except that no plate can have four zeroes?
This problem requires the use of both the Rule of
Sum and the Rule of Product
Here, it is easier to just subtract the license
plates with four zeroes from the grand total of
By the Rule of Sum, there are 180+144+60+240 =
plates as computed in part (a).
624 possible three-course meals.

To compute the number of license plates with

four zeroes, note that there are still 26 choices
for each letter, but just 1 choice for each
number (it must be equal to 0). Hence, we
LET’S PRACTICE
have:
Ben can take any one of three routes from
school to the town center and can then take five
26x26x26 (for the 3 letters) x 1x1x1x1 (each of
possible routes from the town center to his home.
these must be 0) = 17,576 plates with four
He doesn’t retrace his steps. How many different
zeroes. Subtracting this from the total number
possible ways can Ben walk home from school?
of plates gives us our final answer of
175,760,000 - 17,576 = 175,742,424 possible
By the Basic Counting Principle, the total number of
license plates.
routes Ben can take is 3x5=15

3. A restaurant offers a choice of three (3)

Sarah goes to her local pizza parlor and orders
appetizers, twelve entrees, five desserts, and
a pizza. She can choose either a large or a medium
four beverages. How many different meals are
pizza, has a choice of seven different toppings, and
possible if a customer intends to order only
can have three different choices of crust. How
three courses? (Consider the beverage to be a
many different pizzas could Sarah order?
“course.”)

By the Basic Counting Principle, the number of

COURSES NUMBER OF POSSIBLE different pizzas Sarah could order is 2x7x3 = 42
MEALS

Appetizer, entree, 3x12x5 = 180 The Mathematics Department must choose

dessert either a student or a faculty member as a
representative for a university committee. How
Appetizer, entree, 3x12x4 = 144
many choices are there for this representative if
beverage
there are 37 members of the Mathematic faculty
Appetizer, dessert, 3x5x4 = 60 and 83 Mathematics majors and no one is both a
beverage faculty member and a student.

Entree, dessert, 12x5x4 = 240

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Arts & Design 11- A
STATISTICS
3rd Quarter
By the Sum of Rule, it follows that there are 37+83 = 4. 10!
120 possible ways to pick a representative
(10)(9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 3,628,800
4. Suppose that the format for license plates in a
certain state is 2 letters followed by 4 numbers. 5. 7! = (7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
a. How many different plates can be made if
repetitions of numbers and letters are allowed 5! = (5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
except that no plate can have four zeroes?
(7)(6) = 42
If the repetition of numbers and letters are
allowed except no plates can have 4 zeroes 6. 9! = (9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
with no restriction at all
(8-2)! = (6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1)

26x26 x 10x10x10x10 = 6,760,000

26x26 x 1x1x1x1 = 676 (9)(8)(7) = 504
6,760,000-676 = 6,759,324
● Permutation - an arrangement of things in a

PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS certain order

● Factorial - a number is the product of all the

whole numbers from the number down to 1 ; the If no letter can be used more than once, there

factorial of 0 is defined to be 1 (0! = 1) are 6 permutations of the first 3 letters of the

5! = (5)(4)(3)(2)(1) (“five factorial”) alphabet: ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, and CBA

EX: 1. 9! 1st letter: 3 choices

2nd letter: 2 choices

(9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 362,880 3rd letter: 1 choice

2. 8! = (8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) The product can be written as factorial (3)(2)(1)

= 3! = 6
6! = (6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
If no letter can be used more than once, there are
(8)(7) = 56 60 permutations of the first 5 letters of the alphabet,
when taken 3 at a time: ABE, ACD, ACE, ADB, ADC,
3. 10! = (10)(9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) ADE, and so on.

(9-2)! = (7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) 1st letter: 5 choices

2nd letter: 4 choices
(10)(9)(8) = 720 3rd letter: 3 choices

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Arts & Design 11- A
STATISTICS
3rd Quarter
60 = (5)(4)(3) There are 120 permutations. This means that 3 of 6
60 = (5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 5! books can be arranged in 120 ways.

(2)(1) = 2! 3. Find the number of orders in which all 7 soup cans

can be arranged on a shelf.
nPr = n!
(n-r)! 7P7 = 7! = 7! = (7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1)

n = total number (7-7)! = 0! = (1)

r = number of conditions
7P7 = 5,040
EX: 1. Jim has 6 different books. Find the number of
orders in which the 6 books can bee arranged on a There are 5,040 orders in which to arrange 7 soup
shelf. cans.

6P6 = 6! = 6! = (6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) 4. There are 7 soup cans in the pantry. If the shelf
has only enough room for 4 cans, find the number
(6-6)! = 0! = (1) of ways 4 of the 7 cans be arranged.

7P4 = 7! = (7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
the number of books is 6
↳6P6↰ = 720 (7-4)! = (3)(2)(1)
the books are arranged at a time
7P4 = (7)(6)(5)(4) = 840
There are 720 permutations. This means there are
720 orders in which the 6 books can be arranged There are 840 permutations. This means that 7 cans
on the shelf. can be arranged in the 4 spaces in 840 ways.

2. If the shelf has room for only 3 of the books, find ● Combination - a selection of things in any
the number of ways 3 of the 6 books can be order
arranged.
If no letter is used more than once, there is only
6P3 = 6! = 6! = (6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) 1 combination of the first 3 letters of the
alphabet. ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, and CBA
(6-3)! = 3! = (3)(2)(1) are considered to be the same combination of
A, B, and C because the order does not matter.
6P3 = (6)(5)(4) = 120

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Arts & Design 11- A
STATISTICS
3rd Quarter
If no letter is used more than once, there are 10 to buy 4 DVDs, find the number of different sets he
combinations of the first 5 letters of the can buy.
alphabet, when taken 3 at a time.
12C4 = 12! =12! = (12)(11)(10)(9)(8)(7)(6)
There are 6 permutations are all the same (5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
combination. In the list of 60 permutations,
each combination is repeated 6 times. The 4!(12-4)! = 4!8! = (4)(3)(2)(1) (8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)
number of combinations is 60/6 = 10. (2)(1)

nCr = nPr = n! 12C4 = 495

r! r(n-r)!
EX: 1. Mary wants to join a book club that offers a 4. If Harry wants to buy 11 DVDs, find the number of
choice of 10 new books each month. If Mary wants different sets of 11 DVDs he can buy.
to buy 2 books, find the number of different pairs
she can buy. 12C11 = 12! = 12! = (12)(11)(10)(9)(8)(7)(6)(5)
(4)(3)(2)(1)
10C2 = 10! = 10! = (10)(9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1)

2!(10-2)! = 2!8! = (2)(1) (8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) 11!(12-11)! = 11!1! = (11)(10)(9)(8)(7)(6)(5)

(4)(3)(2)(1) (1)
10C2 = (10)(9) / (2)(1) = 45 There are 12 combinations. This means that Harry
can buy 12 different sets of 11 DVDs.
There are 45 combinations. This means that Mary
can buy 45 different pairs of books. LET’S PRACTICE
1. A team of 8 basketball players needs to choose
2. If Mary wants to buy 7 books, find the number of a captain and co-captain. Permutation.
different sets of 7 books she can buy. 2. Rob and Mary are planning trips to nine
countries this year. There are 13 countries they
10C7 = 10! = (10)(9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) would like to visit. They are deciding which
countries to skip. Combination.
7!(10-7)! = (7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) (3)(2)(1) 3. 9!

10C7 = (10)(9)(8) / (3)(2)(1) = 120 (9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1)= 362,880

There are 120 combinations. This means that Mary 4. 9! = (9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1)

can buy 120 different sets of 7 books.
5! = (5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
3. Harry wants to join a DVD club that offers a
choice of 12 new DVDs each month. If Harry wants ANS: 3,024

Maan Eusebio
Arts & Design 11- A
STATISTICS
3rd Quarter
6. Alphabet
5. There are 8 hot air balloons in a race. In how
many possible orders can all 8 hot air balloons If an event can occur in N mutually exclusive
finish the race? Permutation. and equally likely ways and if M of these possess a
trait, E, the probability of the occurance of E is read
8P8 = 8! = 8! = (8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) as P(E) = m/n

(8-8)! = 0! = (1) THE TWO APPROACHES

Classical Probability or the A Priori Approach
8P8 = 40,320 Relative Frequency or the A Posteriori Approach

6. A group of 12 people are forming a committee. CLASSICAL PROBABILITY

How many different 4-person committees can the classical method of computing probabilities
be formed? Combination. requires equally likely outcomes
an experiment is said to have equally likely
12C4 = 12! = (12)(11)(10)(9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3) outcomes when each simple event has the same
(2)(1) probability of occuring
if an experiment has n equally likely simple
events and if the number of ways that an event E
4!(12-4)! = (4)(3)(2)(1) (8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3) can occur is m, then the probability of E, P(E) is:
(2)(1)
P(E) = number of ways that E can occur = m
12C4 = 495
number of possible outcomes =N
PROBABILITY
- is a measure of the likelihood of occurance of So, if S is the sample space of this experiment, then:
an event
P(E) = N(E)
N(S)
P(event) = number of favorable outcomes
EX: 1. In a single roll of a fair six-sided dice, what is
number of possible outcomes the probability of obtaining a number that is a
perfect square?
EXAMPLES THAT USE PROBABILITY
1. Dice S= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
2. Spinners E= {1, 2}
3. Coins
4. Deck of Cards
5. Evens/Odds P(1,4) = 2 = 1

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Arts & Design 11- A
STATISTICS
3rd Quarter
6 3
0 > 20,000 4

2. A raffle draw has eight possible outcomes 20,001 > 50,000 9

labeled as letters S, H, O, U, L, D, E, and R. These
50,001 > 100,000 15
letters are written on chips and placed in a box.
These chips are loaded in such a way that each 100,001 > 150,000 22
vowel is twice as likely to occur as the
150,001 > 30
consonant. What is the probability of drawing a
vowel?
Relative frequency = 15 = 0.1875
S= {S, H, O, U, L, D, E, R} 80
S= {S, H, O, O, U, U, L, D, E, E, R}
E= {O, O, U, U, E, E} LET’S PRACTICE
A dice is rolled, find the probability that an even

P(vowel) = 6/11 number is obtained.

RELATIVE FREQUENCY S= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

- it is used to express the probability of an event E= {2, 4, 6}
- usually it is expressed as a decimal and
sometimes as a percentage P(E) = n(E) = 3 = 1
- used to solve problems n(S) = 6 = 2

RELATIVE FREQUENCY = successful trials Two coins are tossed, find the probability that
two heads are obtained.
number of trials
S= {(H, T), (H, H), (T, H), (T, T)}
EX: 1. The stock market has gone up in five of E = {(H, H)}
the last eight year. Find the relative frequency
for it rising this year. P(E) = n(E) = 1
n(S) = 4
Relative Frequency = 5 = 0.625
8 Construct the relative frequency table for the
following data: 1, 4, 9, 6, 3, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2, 8, 2, 5, 8, 5, 8,
2. 400 motorcycles are manufactured each 1, 10, 4, 2
day. Twenty eight have faulty tyres. What is the x f Relative Frequency
relative frequency of faulty tyres? Write your
answer as percentage. 1 2 2/20 = 1/20 = 0.1

2 3 3/20 = 0.15
KILOMETRES TYRES

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Arts & Design 11- A
STATISTICS
3rd Quarter
b. What percentage of the students earned
3 2 2/20 = 1/10 = 0.1
Grade A or B?
4 2 2/20 = 1/10 = 0.1
P(A or B) = 30 + 27 + 57 = 39.86%
5 3 3/20 = 0.15
143 143 143
6 1 1/20 = 0.05
c. What percentage of the students was male?
7 1 1/20 = 0.05

8 3 3/20 = 0.15 P(male) = 60 = 41.96%

143
9 2 2/20 = 1/10 = 0.1

10 1 1/20 = 0.05 d. What percentage of the students was

female?

Thus, the above relative frequency table gives us

P(female) = 83 = 58.04%
the relative frequency or the proportion or
143
percentage that each of the digits present in the
data set.
e. What percentage of the male students
secured grade A?
4. The project grades obtained by the students in
a class is given below:

GRADES MALE FEMALE TOTAL P(male students who got Grade A) = 10 = 6.99%

A 10 20 30
143

B 15 12 27 What percentage of the female students got

grade C?
C 8 24 32

D 18 11 29 P(female students who got grade C) = 24 = 16.78%

143
F 9 16 25

TOTAL 60 83 143 The following table shows us the number of

males and females who buys two types of cars,

a. What percentage of the students earned either, the Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) or the Sports

Grade B? Car in a survey

GENDER SUV SPORTS TOTAL

P(B) = 27 = 18.88% CAR
143
M 21 39 60

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Arts & Design 11- A
STATISTICS
3rd Quarter

F 135 45 180
P(A) = 1 - P(A’)
TOTAL 156 84 240 If there is “contain”

a. Find out the relative frequency of the number of P(A’) + P(A) = 1

male who buys Sports Car For checking

P(male who buys sports car) = 39 = 13 = 0.1625 EX: 1. Suppose you know that the probability of

240 80 getting the flu this winter is 0.43. What is the

probability that you will not get the flu?

b. Find out the relative frequency of the number of

females who buys SUV Let the event A be getting the flu this winter. We
are given P(A) = 0.43. The event not getting
P(female who buys SUV) = 45 = 3 = 0.1875 the flu is A’.
240 10
P(A’) = 1 - P(A)
c. Find out the relative frequency of the number of P(A’) = 1 - 0.43
females who buys both the types of car P(A’) = 0.57

P = 180 = 3 = 0.75 2. A three digit number that does not begin with
240 4 zero, must be formed from the numbers 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, and 5. Repetition of digits is allowed.
d. Find out the relative frequency of both female What is the probability that the formed
and male buying Sports Utility Venicle (SUV) three-digit number contains the number “2”
at least once?
P(both male & female buying SUV) = 156 = 13 = 0.05
240 = 20 STEP 1: Get the Sample Space.

5 x 6 x 6 = 180

SOME RULES OF PROBABILITY STEP 2: Let A be the event that the number
● Complement - a mutually exclusive pair of formed contains the digit “2” at least once. Then
events are complements to each other its complement A’ is the event that the number
a. Rule of Complement - suppose that event A formed does not contain the digit “2” at all.
and its complement A’ are defined on a
sample space S. Then: 4 x 5 x 5 = 100

P(A’) = 1 - P(A) Thus, the probability that the number formed

If there is “not” contains the number “2” at least once is

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Arts & Design 11- A
STATISTICS
3rd Quarter
P(A) = 1 - P(A’) P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)
P(A) = 1 - (100/180)
P(A) = 1 - (5/9) EX: MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
P(A) = 4/9 A single 6-sided dice is rolled. What is the
probability of rolling a 2 or a 5?
3. Three letters are randomly selected to form a
“word” (meaningful or not) from the letters R, A, I, N, GIVEN: P(2) = ⅙
B, O, and W. What is the probability that the word P(5) = ⅙
formed contains the letter “W”?
P(2 or 5) = P(2) + P(5)
STEP 1: Get the sample space. P(2 or 5) = ⅙ + ⅙
P(2 or 5) = 2/6
7P3 = 210 elements in the sample space P(2 or 5) = ⅓

STEP 2: Let A be the event that the word formed 2. A glass jar contains 1 red, 3 green, 2 blue, and 4
contains the letter W. Then its complement A’ is the yellow marbles. If a single marble is chosen at
event that the word formed does not contain the random from the jar, what is the probability that
letter “W” at all. it is yellow or green?

6P3 = 120 words GIVEN: P(yellow) = 4/10

P(green) = 3/10
Thus, the probability that the word formed contains
letter W is: P(yellow or green) = 4/10 + 3/10
P(yellow or green) = 7/10
P(A) = 1 - P(A’)
P(A) = 1 - (120/210) EX: NON-MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
P(A) = 1 - (4/7) 1. A single card is chosen at random from a
P(A) = 3/7 standard deck of 52 playing cards. What is the
probability of choosing a king or a club?
b. Rule of Union - suppose that A and B are two
mutually exclusive events defined on a sample GIVEN: P(king) = 4/52
space S. Then: P(club) = 12/52
P(king of clubs) = 1/52
For mutually exclusive events (cannot be done at
the same time ; single) P(king or club) = P(king) + P(club) - P(king of
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) club)
P(king or club) = 4/52 + 13/52 - 1/52
For non-mutually exclusive events (can do at the P(king or club) = 16/52
same time) P(king or club) = 4/13

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Arts & Design 11- A
STATISTICS
3rd Quarter
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) x P(B)
2. In a Math class of 30 students, 17 are boys, and P(A ∩ B) = 3/10 x 9/10
13 are girls. On a unit test, 4 boys and 5 girls P (A ∩ B) = 27/100
made an A grade. If a student is chosen at
random from the class, what is the probability of A coin is tossed and a single 6-sided dice is
choosing a girl or an A student? rolled. Find the probability of landing on the head
side of the coin and rolling a 3 on the dice.
P(girl or A) = P(girl) + P(A) - P(girl and A)
P(girl or A) = 13/30 + 9/30 - 5/30 GIVEN: P(head) = ½
P(girl or A) = 17/30 P(3) = ⅙

c. Rule of Independence - Let A and B be two P(head and 3) = P(head) x P(3)

events defined on a sample space S. Then A P(head and 3) = ½ x ⅙
and B are independent if and only if P(head and 3) = 1/12

P(A ∩ B) = P(A) x P(B) LET’S PRACTICE

A survey was conducted among 600 men and
EX: 1. A dresser drawer contains one pair of socks each of them was asked their opinion regarding
with each of the following colors: blue, brown, red, the issue of the passing of a bill allowing divorce in
white, and black. Each pair is folded together in a the country. The men were classified as college
matching set. You reach into the sock drawer and students, working professionals, and retired. The
choose a pair of socks without looking. You replace observed responses, whether they were in favor of,
this pair and then choose another pair of socks. against, or undecided are summarized as follows:
What is the probability that you will choose the red
pair of socks both times?

DIVO COLLEG WORKIN RETIRED TOTAL

P(red) = ⅕ RCE E G (F)
P(red and red) = ⅕ x ⅕ BILL STUDENT PROFESSI
P(red and red) = 1/25 (D) ONAL (E)

In 74 76 5 155
2. Consider two urns. Urn A has seven blue marbles
favor
and three white marbles. Urn B has nine white (A)
marbles and one blue marble. A marble is drawn at
random from each urn. What is the probability that Again 158 207 40 405
st (B)
both marbles are white?

Unde 18 17 5 40
GIVEN: P(A) = 3/10 cided
P(B) = 9/10 (C)

Maan Eusebio
Arts & Design 11- A
STATISTICS
3rd Quarter
A man is randomly selected among the 600 men. X = {0, 1}
Find the probability that he is:
a. Is in favor of the passing of the divorce bill So, we have an experiment (such as tossing a
coin), we give values to each event. The set of
155/600 = 31/120 values is a random variable.

b. Is a working professional 2. An absent-minded security guard at a bank

randomly returns 3 umbrellas to 3 clients named
300/600 = ½ Alice, Belle, and Carla, who have previously
checked them in.
c. Is retired and against the passing of the divorce
bill
ELEMENTS OF X
S
40/600 = 1/15
ABC x(ABC) = 3 3

d. Is a college student or undecided about the

ACB x(ACB) = 1 1
passing of the divorce bill
BAC x(BAC) = 1 1
272/600 = 34/75
BCA x(BCA) = 0 0

RANDOM VARIABLE CAB x(CAB) = 0 0

● Random Statistical Experiment/Random
CBA x(CBA) = 1 1
Experiment - used to refer to a procedure that
generates well-defined outcomes where the
outcomes cannot be predicted 3. In a rolling a pair of fair dice, say a green dice

● Random Variable - a function that assigns a and a red dice, the sample space would consist of

unique real number to each element in the 36 outcomes that are equally like to occur. If we

sample space ; a real-valued function whose write the outcomes in the form (g, r), where g is the

domain is the sample space S; denoted by outcome on the green dice and r is the outcome

upper case letters (X or Y); a particular value of on the red dice, then we enumerate the 36
a random variable X is usually denoted by a outcomes as follows:

lower case letter(x or k); a set of possible values

from a random experiment 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)

EX: 1. Tossing a coin
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
Let’s give them the values Heads= ) and Tails =
1 and we have a random variable “x” 3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3,3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)

4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)

Maan Eusebio
Arts & Design 11- A
STATISTICS
3rd Quarter

5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6) 2 2

6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6) 3 7

4 6
Suppose we define the random variable X as the
sum of the spots on the two dice. Then x can only 5 5
assume the values 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, . . ., 11, 12.
n=5
4. A green dice and a red dice are rolled. The 𝞢x = 27
random variable x is the absolute value of
difference between the number of spots on the SOLUTION:
green dice and the number of spots on the red
dice. x (bar) = 𝞢x
n

1 2 3 4 5 6 = 27
5
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6) x (bar) = 5.4

2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)

VARIANCE
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3,3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6) - a square of standard deviation

4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)

1st formula:
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
s² = 𝞢(x - x (bar))²
6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
n-1

MEAN 2nd formula:

- average

Variance = s²
x (bar) = 𝞢x
n
x (x - x(bar)) (x - x (bar))²

x = scores/data
n = size of sample 1 7 7-5.4 = 1.6 1.6² = 2.56

2 2 2-5.4 = -3.4 -3.4² = 11.56

x
3 7 7-5.4 = 1.6 1.6² = 2.56
1 7
4 6 6-5.4 = 0.6 0.6² = 0.36

Maan Eusebio
Arts & Design 11- A
STATISTICS
3rd Quarter
● For a discrete random variable x, the probability
5 5 5-5.4 = -0.4 -0.4² = 0.16
mass function (PMF) of x, denoted by P(k) is
defined as a function P(k) = P(x=k)
𝞢x = 27
● A PMF of a discrete random variable may be a
𝞢(x - x(bar)) = 0
table or a formula that lists down all the possible
𝞢(x - x (bar))² = 17. 2
values that the random variable can assume,
along with the corresponding probabilities of
s² = 𝞢(x - x (bar))²
those values
n-1
= 17. 2
NORMING PROPERTY
4
s² = 43
𝞢P(xₖ) = 1
S = 14.22
if there is a missing value

Variance = s²
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
= 14.22²
- a variable which takes an infinite number of
Variance = 202.21
possible values
- usually refers to measurements
STANDARD DEVIATION
- not defined at a specific value but it is defined
- wideness of your distribution
over an interval of values
EX: 1. Height of a person
ang formula sng standard deviation is ang
2. Weight of a dumbbell
square root sng variance :)
3. Room temperature
4. Amount of sugar in one slice of cake
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
5. Time required to run a mile
● Discrete Sample Space - if the sample space of
a random experiment consists of a finite number
The Counterpart of the Probability Mass
of elements as there are counting numbers
Function (PMF) in a Discrete Random Variable is a
● Discrete Random Variable - a random variable
Probability Density Function (PDF) in Continuous
defined over a discrete sample space
Random Variable
Probabilitiy Density Function (PDF) - in
EX: 1. Number of students present
Advanced Mathematics, it can be solved by
2. Number of red marbles in a jar
Integral Calculus
3. Number of heads when flipping three coins
4. Students’ grade level
DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS?
5. The number of typhoons that enter the
Number of children in a family. Discrete
Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) in a year
The time until a bulb goes out. Continuous
6. The sum of the spots when a pair of dice is
The number of defective light bulbs in a box of
rolled
ten. Discrete

Maan Eusebio
Arts & Design 11- A
STATISTICS
3rd Quarter
4. The Friday night attendance at a cinema.
Discrete
5. The volume of coke in a can. Continuous
6. The length of a randomly selected telephone
call. Continuous

Maan Eusebio
Arts & Design 11- A