CHAPTER ONE

Ex.1
One face of a copper plate 3 cm thick is maintained at 400 ◦C, and the other
face is maintained at100◦C. How much heat is transferred through the plate?

Solution:

Ex.2
An aluminum pan whose thermal conductivity is 237 W/m · °C has a flat
bottom with diameter 20 cm and thickness0.4 cm. Heat is transferred steadily
to boiling water in the pan through its bottom at a rate of 800 W. If the inner
surface of the bottom of the pan is at 105°C, determine the temperature of the
outer surface of the bottom of the pan.

A =  r² = (0.1 m)² = 0.0314 m²

Under steady conditions, the rate of heat transfer through the bottom of the
pan by conduction is
T T T
Q  kA  kA 2 1
L L
Substituting, 105C
T2  105C
800W  (237W/m  C)(0.0314m 2 ) 800 W
0.004m 0.4

T2 = 105.43 C

Ex.3
Air at 20◦C blows over a hot plate 50 by 75 cm maintained at 250 ◦C. The
convection heat-transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2 ·◦C. Calculate the heat transfer
 CHAPTER ONE

Ex.4
2-m-long, 0.3-cm-diameter electrical wire extends across a room at 15 °C, Heat
is generated in the wire as a result of resistance heating, and the surface
temperature of the wire is measured to be 152°C in steady operation. Also, the
voltage drop and electric current through the wire are measured to be 60 V
and 1.5 A, respectively. Disregarding any heat transfer by radiation, determine
the convection heat transfer coefficient for heat transfer between the outer
surface of the wire and the air in the room

Ex.5
CHAPTER ONE

Ex.6
One way of measuring the thermal conductivity of a material is to
sandwich an electric thermofoil heater between two identical rectangular
samples of the material and to heavily insulate the four outer edges.
Thermocouples attached to the inner and outer surfaces of the samples record
the temperatures. During an experiment, two 0.5-cm-thick samples 10 cm _10
cm in size are used. When steady operation is reached, the heater is observed
to draw 35W of electric power, and the temperature of each sample is
observed to drop from 82°C at the inner surface to 74°C at the outer surface.
Determine the thermal conductivity of the material at the average temperature.

Q  35 / 2  17.5 W
A  (01 . m)  0.01 m2
. m)(01
T  82  74  8 C
Then the thermal conductivity of the material
becomes

T 
QL (17.5 W)(0.005 m)
Q  kA 
 k    1.09 W / m.  C
L AT (0.01 m2 )(8 C)

Ex.7
Consider a sealed 20-cm-high electronic box whose base dimensions are 40
cm _ 40 cm placed in a vacuum chamber. The emissivity of the outer surface
of the box is 0.95. If the electronic components in the box dissipate a total of
100 W of power and the outer surface temperature of the box is not to exceed
55°C, determine the temperature at which the surrounding surfaces must be
kept if this box is to be cooled by radiation alone. Assume the heat transfer
from the bottom surface of the box to the stand to be negligible.

Analysis Disregarding the base area, the total heat transfer area of the
electronic box is
As  (0.4 m)(0.4 m)  4  (0.2 m)(0.4 m)  0.48 m 2
100 W
The radiation heat transfer from the box can be expressed as
 = 0.95
CHAPTER ONE

Q rad   As (Ts  Tsurr )

4 4


100 W  (0.95)(5.67  10 8 W/m 2 .K 4 )(0.48 m 2 ) (55  273 K) 4  Tsurr
4

which gives Tsurr = 296.3 K = 23.3C. Therefore, the temperature of the
surrounding surfaces must be less than 23.3C.

Ex.8
Consider a person standing in a room at 23°C. Determine the total rate of heat
transfer from this person if the exposed surface area and the skin temperature
of the person are1.7 m2 and 32°C, respectively, and the convection heat
transfer coefficient is 5 W/m2 · °C. Take the emissivity of the skin and the
clothes to be 0.9, and assume the temperature of the inner surfaces of the room
to be the same as the air temperature.

Q rad  As (Ts4  Tsurr

4
)  (0.90)(5.67 10 8 W/m2 .K 4 )(1.7 m 2 )[(32 + 273) 4  (23 + 273) 4 ]K 4
= 84.8 W

Q conv  hAs T  (5W/m 2  K)(1.7m 2 )(32  23)C  76.5W Tsurr

and 23C
Q total  Q conv  Q rad  84.8  76.5  161.3W
Qrad
32C

=0.9
Qconv
CHAPTER ONE

Class work
1.What is the thickness required of a masonry wall having thermal
conductivity 0.75 W/m.k if the heat rate is to be 80% of the heat rate
through a composite structural wall having a thermal conductivity of 0.25
W /m.k a thickness of 100 mm both walls are subjected to the same
surface temperature difference.
CHAPTER ONE

Class work
2.One side of a plane wall is maintained at 100◦C, while the other side is
exposed to a convection environment having T =10◦C and h=10 W/m2 · ◦C.
The wall has k =1.6W/m· ◦C and is 40 cm thick. Calculate the heat-transfer
rate through the wall.
CHAPTER ONE

H.W
1–A transistor with a height of 0.4 cm and a diameter of 0.6 cm is mounted
on a circuit board. The transistor is cooled by air flowing over it with an
average heat transfer coefficient of 30 W/m2 · °C. If the air temperature is
55°C and the transistor case temperature is not to exceed 70 °C, determine
the amount of power this transistor can dissipate safely. Disregard any heat
transfer from the transistor base.

2–Four power transistors, each dissipating 15 W, are a mounted on a thin

vertical aluminum plate 22 cm _ 22 cm in size. The heat generated by the
transistors is to be dissipated by both surfaces of the plate to the
surrounding air at 25°C, which is blown over the plate by a fan. The entire
plate can be assumed to be nearly isothermal, and the exposed surface area
of the transistor can be taken to be equal to its base area. If the average
convection heat transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2·°C, determine the
temperature of the aluminum plate. Disregard any radiation effects.
52
HEAT TRANSFER
3-A freezer compartment consists of a cubical cavity that is 2 m on a side
.Assume the bottom to be perfectly insulated. What is the minimum
thickness of Styrofoam insulation(k= 0.030 W/m. k ) that must be applied
to the top and side walls to ensure a heat load of less than 500W , when the
inner and outer surface are -10 and 35°C .

4- A 1000-W iron is left on the iron board with its base exposed to the air at
20°C. The convection heat transfer coefficient between the base surface and
the surrounding air is 35 W/m2 · °C. If the base has an emissivity of 0.6 and
a surface area of 0.02 m2, determine the temperature of the base of the iron.