NUMBER  Real numbers are made up of all possible

Natural Numbers: Numbers which are used for rational and irrational numbers.
counting purpose are called natural numbers.
 An integer is a whole number.
Ex: 1, 2, 3, 4, …………….100, ……………….
Whole Numbers: Natural numbers including 0 are  A prime number is divisible only by itself and
called Whole Numbers. by one (1). 1 is not a prime number. It has
Ex: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …………………….. only two factors. 1 and the number itself.
Integers: Positive natural numbers, negative natural  The exact value of rational number can be
numbers along with 0 are called integers. written down as the ratio of two whole
Ex.: …………………, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ……………
numbers.
Rational Numbers: Numbers which are in the form  The exact value of an irrational number
𝑝 cannot be written down.
of 𝑞 (q ≠ 0) where p and q are positive or negative
whole numbers are called rational numbers.  A square number is the result of multiplying
1 3 −5 49 a number by itself.
Ex: 2 , 4 , 7 , −56 …………………..
Ex: 12, 22, 32, ……………. i.e. 1, 4, 9, ……………..
Irrational Numbers: Numbers like 2 , 𝜋 cannot  A cube number is the result of multiplying a
be expressed as rational numbers. Such types of number by itself three times.
numbers are called as irrational numbers. Ex: 13, 23, 33, …………………. i.e. 1, 8, 27,………
Ex: 5 , 17 , ………….  The factors of a number are the numbers
which divide exactly into two.
Terminating Decimals
eg. Factors of 36
These are decimal numbers which stop after a
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18
certain number of decimal places.
For example,7/8 = 0.875, is a terminating decimal  Multiples of a number are the numbers in its
because it stops (terminates) after 3 decimal places. times table.
eg. Multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, …
Recurring Decimals
These are decimal numbers which keep repeating a Significant figures;
digit or group of digits; for example Example;
137/259,=0.528 957 528 957 528 957 ...., is a 8064 = 8000 (correct to 1 significant figures)
recurring decimal. The six digits 528957 repeat in 8064 = 8100 (correct to 2 significant figures)
this order. Recurring decimals are written with dots 8064 = 8060 (correct to 3 significant figures)
over the first and last digit of the repeating digits, 0.00508 =0.005 (correct to 1 significant figures)
e.g. 0.528 957 0.00508 = 0.0051 (correct to 2 significant figures)
 The order of operations follows the BODMAS 2.00508 = 2.01 (correct to 3 significant figures)
rule:
Decimal Places
Brackets
Example
Powers Of
0.0647 = 0.1 (correct to 1 decimal places)
Divide
0.0647 = 0.06 (correct to 2 decimal places)
Multiply
0.0647 = 0.065 (correct to 3 decimal places)
Add
2.0647 = 2.065 (correct to 3 decimal places)
Subtract
 Even numbers: numbers which are divisible Standard Form:
by 2, eg, 2, 4, 6, 8, … The number a x 10n is in standard form when
 Odd numbers: numbers which are not 1≤ a < 10 and n is a positive or negative integer.
divisible by 2, eg; 1, 3, 5, 7 … Eg: 2400 = 2.4 x 103
0.0035 = 3.5 x 10-3

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 Conversion Factors:
Mass:
Length: 1 kg = 1000 gm where kg means kilogram
1 km = 1000 m 𝑘𝑚 means kilometer 1 gm = 1000 mgm gm means gram
1 m = 100 cm 𝑚 means meter 1 tonne = 1000 kg mgm means milligram
1 cm = 10 mm 𝑐𝑚 means centimeter
𝑚𝑚 means millimeter Volume:
1 litre = 1000 cm3
1 m3 = 1000 litres
1 kilo litre = 1000 litre
1 dozen = 12

Time:
1 hour = 60 minutes = 3600 1 week = 7 days
seconds 1 leap year = 366 days
1 minute = 60 seconds. 1 light year = 9.46 × 1012 km.
1 day = 24 hours
1 year = 12 months
= 52 weeks
= 365.25 days.

Percentages:
 Percent means per hundred.
 To express one quantity as a percentage of another, first write the first quantity as a fraction of
the second and then multiply by 100.
 Profit = S.P. – C.P.
 Loss = C.P. – S.P.
𝑆𝑃−𝐶𝑃
 Profit percentage = 𝐶𝑃 × 100
𝐶𝑃−𝑆𝑃
 Loss percentage = × 100
𝐶𝑃

where CP = Cost price and SP = Selling price

Simple Interest: Compound Interest:

r n
To find the interest: A = 𝑝 1 + 100
𝑃𝑅𝑇
 𝑖= where
100
P = money invested or borrowed Where,
R = rate of interest per annum 𝑨 stands for the amount of money accruing after 𝑛
T = Period of time (in years) year.
𝑷 stands for the principal
To find the amount: 𝑹 stands for the rate per cent per annum
 𝐴 = 𝑃 + 𝐼 where A = amount 𝒏 stands for the number of years for which the
money is invested.

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Speed, Distance and Time:
 Distance = speed x time
 Units of speed: km/hr, m/sec
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒  Units of distance: km, m
 Speed =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒  Units of time: hr, sec
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
 Time = 5 D
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑  km / hr × = m / sec
18
18 S T
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒  m / sec × = km / hr
 Average speed = 5
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
ALGEBRA

Quadratic Equations:
An equation in which the highest power of the variable is 2 is called quadratic equation. Thus
ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c are constants and a ≠ 0 is a general equation.
Solving quadratic equations:
We can solve quadratic equation by method of,

a) Factorization
b) Using the quadratic formula
c) Completing the square

(a) Solution by factors:

Consider the equation c × d = 0, where c and d are numbers. The product c × d can only be zero if either c
or d (or both) is equal to zero.
i.e. c = 0 or d = 0 or c = d = 0.

(b)Solution by formula:
The solutions of the quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 are given by the formula:

−𝑏± 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥 =
2𝑎
(c) Completing the square
 Make the coefficient of x2 , i.e. a = 1
 Bring the constant term, i.e. c to the right side of equation.
𝑏
 Divide coefficient of x, i.e. by 2 and add the square i.e. ( 2)2 to both sides of the equation.
 Factorize and simplify answer

Expansion of algebraic expressions Factorization of algebraic expressions

 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐
 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
 (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2
 (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 (𝑎 − 𝑏)
 a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab
 a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)

Ordering:
= is equal to ≥ is greater than or equal to
≠ is not equal to < is less than
> is greater than ≤ is less than or equal to

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Variation:

Direct Variation: Inverse Variation:

y is proportional to x y is inversely proportional to x
1
y x y
x
k
y = kx y=
x
MENSURATION

PYTHAGORAS’ THEOREM

For all the right angled triangles “ the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the
sum of the squares on the other two sides”
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

𝒄 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝒃 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 𝒂 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑏2

Area and Perimeter:

Figure Diagram Area Perimeter
Rectangle
b Area = l × b perimeter = 2( 𝑙 + 𝑏 )

l
Square a

a a
Area = side × side perimeter = 4 × side
a = a×a =4×a

Parallelogram Area = b × h

perimeter = 2(a + b )

Area = 2ab sin 𝜃

where a, b are sides and 𝜃 is
the included angle
Triangle
1
Area = × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑕𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡
2

1
Area = 2 𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶 perimeter = a + b + c

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Trapezium
perimeter = Sum of all
1
Area = 2 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑕 sides

Circle
r
Area =  r2 circumference = 2  r

Semicircle 1 2 1
Area = r perimeter =  d + d
r 2 2
Sector 𝑟  
Area =  r  360 length of an arc = 2 r 
2

𝜃 360

Surface Area and Volume:

Figure Diagram Surface Area Volume
Cylinder curved surface area = perimeter of base X height
Volume =  r h
2
curved surface area = 2πrh
total surface area = 2πrh + 2πr2

Cone curved surface area = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 1 2

Volume = πr h
where l = (r 2  h 2 ) 3
total surface area = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + πr2

Sphere 4 3
Volume = πr
Surface area = 4πr2 3

Pyramid 1
Volume = × base area ×
Base area + area of the shapes in 3
the sides perpendicular height

Cuboid

Surface area = Area of all faces Volume = 𝑙 × 𝑏 × 𝑕

Cube
Surface area = 6𝑙 2 Volume = 𝑙 3

2 3
Hemisphere Curved surface area = = 2 r2 Volume = r
3

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