NanoVNA

A Vector Network Analyser covering

50kHz to 900MHz for under 50 Euros
===========================================
Item 1
„Getting Started Manual“ in three parts:

Part 1: The device

Part 2: Operation using a PC with the Software
„NanoVNA - saver V0.2.2.-1.exe“(including practical
examples)
Part 3: stand-alone operation
===================================
Item 2
The NanoVNA-H used up to 1500 (1300)
MHz
=============================
Item 3:
The NanoVNA as a TDR (Time Domain
Reflectometer)
============================
Version 1.6.
Author: Gunthard Kraus, DG8GB
Tettnang / Germany, March 15th,2019

1
Remark to Item 1:
Every part of the manual can be used individually and
independently

Those interested in the „NanoVNA“ device (and the accessories)

should read this first:
Part 1

Those who want to work with the software on a PC should start

with
Part 2

And if you only want to work with the device itself (battery or power
adapter operated) please use
Part 3

Information:
The software „NanoVNA-saver v0.2.2.-1.exe can be found on the
Web under

https://github.com/mihtjel/nanovna-saver/releases

2
Item 1
Index
Part 1: The device (with battery or power adaptor)
Content Page

1. A short introduction 5

2. What is inside? 6

3. What do we need / what should we order? 7

4. Information about the power supply of the device (battery operation 8

or external power supply)

Part 2: The NanoVNA on the PC

Content Page

5. Remeber this 9

6. Preparation 8

7. Starting the software 11

8. Display settings required 12

9. Sweep Settings 13

10. Sweep - programming for 1MHz to 900MHz 14

11. Start calibration with the calibration data 15

12. SOLT calibration 17

13. Testing the calibration quality 19

14. Testing a 110MHz low pass filter 23

15. Attenuation and Group Delay in the pass band of the low pass filter 24

16. Markers 26

17. A bandpass filter for 10.7MHz 27

17.1. Automatic Analysis 30
17.2. Set Sweep as Reference 34
17.3. Saving the Touchstone Files generated 36

3
18. Properties of a shielded filter coil 38

19. Ferrite Rod Antenna for VLF Experiments 40

20. Lambda Loop Antenna for the 70 cm - Band 42

Part 3: Standalone operation

Content Page

21. Operator menu for the NanoVNA 44

22. Familiarisation with the device 45

23. The first successful measurement: LOAD properties 46

24. The sweep options 47

24.1 Start-stop - operation 47
24.2. Centre / Span operation at 465MHz 47
24.3. CW operation at 465MHz 48

25. Calibration 49

26. Using measuring cables 50

27. SOLT calibration (50kHz to 900MHz) for C0 memory 51

28. First example: A Chebyshev - low pass filter with fg = 110MHz 53

and N = 5

29. Conclusions (good / bad / changes ...) 54

==============================================================

ITEM 2
The NanoVNA-H used up to 1500 (1300) MHz 55

Index
1. Presentation 56

2. Differencies between „NanoVNA“ and „NanoVNA-H“ up to 900 MHz 58

3. Using the Frequeny range up to 1500 MHz 59

4. The well known 110MHz LPF tested up to 1300MHz 62

4
Item 3
The NanoVNA-H as a TDR (Time Domain Reflectometer

Content
1. First some basics 65
1.1 S Parameters 65
1.2 From the frequency domain to the time domain 65

2. Measurement of cable lengths with the NanoVNA and the

NanoVNA-Saver software 66

2.1. Some questions 66

2.2. Practical project 67
2.3. Reduction of the measuring range for short cables 69
2.4. How can very long cables be measured? 71

5
Item 1
Part 1: The device (with battery or power adaptor)
1. A short introduction

The picture shows the small device

with the size of a cigarette packet
(54mm x 86mm x 12mm) including a
small LCD touchscreen (2.8 inches -
diagonal). It does not have a
complete case it only has a top and
bottom cover plate - so be careful
how you handle it!

On the left there are of two SMA sockets: the RF input and output. The upper socket is the
transmit port (CH0) and is the channel for S11 measurements (reflection). The lower
socket is the receive input (CH1) and used for transmission measurements (S21).

In the centre of the top is a USB type "C" connector. This has a symmetrical design so it
does not matter which way the USB cable is inserted. This USB port is used to supply the
device with +5V and send data to a PC. The blue LED next to it serves as the "Battery
LED" and lights up as soon as a supply voltage is applied. To the right is the on / off switch
followed by a blue "System LED". It flashes on certain events or states and finally on the
right there is the Multi Function Switch ("MFS") which has a dual function:

If it is pressed after switching on it calls up the main operator menu. Because the MFS is
also a rocker switch it can be used to effect the measurement results. It can move markers
along the frequency axis in both directions. That is how a certain frequency of interest can
be highlighted on the screen.

The most important features:

Measurement frequency: 50KHz to 300MHz (50KHz to 900MHz, extended firmware)

RF output: -13dbm (maximum -9dbm)

Measurement range: 70dB (50kHz to 300MHz), 60dB (300MHz to 600MHz), 50dB

(600MHz to 900MHz)
Port SWR: <1.1

Display: 2.8 inch TFT (320x240)

USB interface: USB type C communication mode: CDC (serial)

6
Power: USB 5V 120mA

Number of scanning points: 101 (fixed)

Display Tracking: 4 traces. Markers: 4, Saved settings: 5

Frequency error: <0.5ppm

2. What is inside?

There is something familiar in

the block diagram:

„It looks like the VNWA3 by

Thomas Baier, DG8SAQ!“

That is correct, the concept of

the electronics (e.g. the use of
a measuring bridge and mixing
the fundamental frequency of a
DDS oscillator in the range
from 50kHz to 300MHz, then
harmonic mixing for 300MHz to
600 MHz and 600MHz to
900MHz respectively). This is
followed by calculation in the
audio range of a few kHz. The software installed is very sophisticated and elaborate and is
operated using menus on the small screen with submenus and further submenus.

A detailed overview of the user menu can be found in part 3 of this manual. Take a closer
look and memorise it so that you know where and how to do something without searching.

7
3. What do we need / what should we order?

If you search for this device on Ebay (input: e.g. "vector network analyser" or "NanoVNA"),
you get countless hits, mostly in the range between 35 and 60 Euros. But you should
check exactly what is included with the device.

We need:

a) Two short coaxial cables (normally: RG174) with SMA connectors on both ends

b) A USB-C connection cable to a PC

c) A SOLT calibration set (SOLT = Short / Open / Load / Through). It consists of four
parts:
Short = Ideal short circuit in an SMA plug

Open = Ideal open circuit in the form of an SMA plug that just has a small
open tube inside.

Load = Ideal SMA Termination of 50Ω

Through = SMA coupling with sockets at both ends (SMA, Female to Female
adaptor)

There are also offers where a small flat

3.7V, 300 to 500mAh battery (height:
about 4mm) with wire connections to
soldering onto the circuit board. That was
not the case for me, therefore I have
purchased one on The Internet (about 6
Euros) and soldered it onto the board at
the marked points. This is a Lithium
polymer battery and you have to think
about the correct way to recharge this
type of battery.

The very nice picture (Source:

Blueskysea) shows the additional
shielding of the RF inputs and the
detector.

Important:
To obtain the best accuracy the VNA must be calibrated. This can be carried out later but
for this another SMA 50Ω termination and SMA Female to Female adaptor are
required. These can be purchased on The Internet.
It is also worth purchasing two particularly high quality Teflon SMA cables
approximately 30cm long (e.g. from Huber Suhner). The two cable included in the kit
are, unfortunately, poor quality.

8
4. Information about the power supply of the device (battery operation
or external voltage source)

a) The simplest method is to supply the NanoVNA from a PC via the USB connection. The
board contains appropriate protection for the +3.7V circuits when a +5V supply is used. A
blue "Battery LED "indicates whether the supply voltage is correct and a blue "status LED"
lights up when the NanoVNA is switched on.

b) There is room on the circuit board for a modern flat Lithium polymer battery and two
solder points on the PCB are marked with "+ / - / Battery". The battery should not exceed
4mm in thickness otherwise the bottom plate will not fit.

I have ordered one of these batteries on The Internet

(6 Euros) and discovered that it contains a tiny
circuit board.
The test circuit shown was used
to test the function of this circuit board:

Result:
The charging current of the battery is (even when turning up the power supply up to +20V)
correctly limited to exactly 0.35A (1/10 of the Ah rating). If the power supply is set to +5V
(USB connection) then the current drops after 1 to 2 hours until it reaches zero (battery
fully charged).

First conclusion:
There is no risk of overcharging when soldering the battery onto the board and
using a USB +5V supply for the NanoVNA.

The battery was soldered onto the board and the NanoVNA switched on. It took almost
four hours for the screen to go dark and the electronics to stop. At a current consumption
of about 110mA the battery stored energy was about 440mAh - that is about right. Once
the USB connection is made to a PC it recharges the battery. This was checked after a few
hours to be true!

Second conclusion:
The battery should remain soldered to the board. Without USB it provides power
(e.g. outdoors when measuring an antenna). When a USB connection is made to a
PC the battery is correct recharged. A "power bank" as used for smartphones can
extend the time without USB power to several days.

9
Part 2: The NanoVNA on the PC
5. Remember this

If you have already and completely worked through this chapter and then switch off your
PC, then this list will help you what must be done when starting for a new session.

Start your program

Connect NanoVNA and PC via USB C

Install the USB connection on the screen

Set sweep range and number of segments

Use „averaging sweep“ to reduce noise and artefarcts on your

diagrams

Load the correct Calibration File

Choose the desired diagrams

Sweep and wait

Enjoy the result

10
6. Preparation
Unfortunately the two SMA cables included in the kit can cause trouble: not only their
characteristic impedance may not be quite correct (between 52 and 54Ω instead of 50Ω
when measured with a time domain reflector), but at one end the SMA connector fell off
because the crimping of the plug onto the cable was poor. This means that the result of
calibration often gives meaningless values.

The solution is to purchase two very high

quality cables (Huber Suhner with blue
black outer), these are specified up to
18GHz. They should remain permanently
attached to the NanoVNA having been
fitted using an SMA torque wrench
purchased from The Internet. If that is
done the reproducibility of the calibration
for S11 will only have a deviation up to
0.1....0.2dB.

To find these cables:

Look closely at and below all the tables

at HAM radio flea market to see if the
cables can be found.

11
7. Starting the software

Very quickly clear result can be presented with large diagrams on a PC screen for those
who have access to a PC with its constant power supply for the NanoVNA. That will be
described now with help and advice from Andreas Zimmermann, DG3SAZ. All that is
required is the NanoVNA, the USB connection cable and the necessary PC program.
Once the free software is downloaded from The Internet, just switch the NanoVNA on. The
most popular software is called:

NanoVNA - saver v0.2.0.exe

It can easily be copied to a USB stick and operated from there. After starting the program,
wait 10 seconds because a dark DOS Screen appears followed by this picture:

Turn the NanoVNA on and establish the

USB connection to the PC by clicking on
"Connect to NanoVNA" on the PC
screen (bottom left). If necessary with
rescan to make sure that the valid USB
port is recognised.

If everything works the message

changes to "Disconnect".

12
8. Display settings required
This menu is called up via a button in the lower left corner of the screen. Among the many
possible options, four settings are important at the beginning:

1: The input reflection S11

should be represented as a
negative dB value.

2: Thin lines should be shown

between measuring points
and the diagram background
should be black. (This can be
changed for any colour – and
the same for the curves).

3: Point size and line width

are preset to 2 pixels. Please
change if necessary.

4: Up to 6 diagrams can be
displayed at the same time on
the screen (mostly four are
enough). For each individual
diagram the following options
can be selected:

S11 Smith Chart S21 Polar Plot

S11 Return Loss S21 gain

|S11| |S21|

S11 |Z| S21 phase

S11 phase S21 Real / Imaginary

S11 VSWR S11 & S21 LogMag

S11 R + jX TDR

S11 Quality Factor None

S11 Real / Imaginary

Please examine the rest of the options in the menu.

13
9. Sweep Settings

Start by clicking on "Sweep

Settings" in the upper left half of the
screen:

Usually a single sweep is used but

there is the option for a "Continuous
Sweep".

More interesting options are in the

violet frame We can have an
averaged sweep to reduce the
effects of the noise or artifacts. The
number of readings used to calculate
the average can be chosen to
improve the quality of the display.

Another clever option is to specify

the number of outlying sample to
discard. This is specified as the
measured value number followed
by segment Number.
The following values must be
separated by a comma. (see the
examples for demonstration in the
red coloured second frame)

There is still another option:(= pink frame):

It is a collection of all Radio Amateur Frequency Bands and if you choose one of them,
everthing for a correct simulation is automatically set. Please try it out!

14
10. Sweep - programming for 50 kHZ to 900MHz
For this the frequency range and the number of segments are selected.

Set the frequency range by the

starting frequency of 50kHz and the
stop frequency of 900MHz.

Concerning the unit you can choose

between
numbers (e. g. 50000) or

expontial form (50e3) or

units (kHz, MHz).

But now: the segments!

This is a very clever solution. One segment always consists of 100 steps giving 101
measurement points. The sweep speed is constant for one segment.
If the chosen frequency range is now divided into 20 segments, each segment consists
again of 100 steps.

So we find in our example a resolution of 445.5 kHz/step and thus the the accuracy
is considerably increased (see the pink frame).

But this will also increase the calculation time and you should watch the green progress
bar during sweeping.

15
11. Start calibration with the calibration data
Kurt Poulsen, who determined the calibration data for the VNWA3 has supplied:
"Calibration data for the NanoVNA with the supplied SOLT - Calibration set ". Thanks
for that!
In our case using firmly connected, high quality measuring cables with male SMA plugs
this specifies the following values to be entered for the three SOL-standards (Short /
Open / Load) for male SMA plugs:

SHORT: Delay = 51.16ps

OPEN: C0 = 50fF Delay = 48.63ps
LOAD: R = 49.86Ω Delay = 61.59ps
THROUGH: Delay = 50.7ps

Because the three standards (= SOL) are specified as „male“ - versions you need a
„Through“ adapter (= SMA female - female) for the connection to the measuring cables
with male pluges. But this causes an additional delay of 50.7 Picoseconds = an
additional phase shift...

This is the hardware setup for the OPEN

calibrating process:

The SMA - female – female - Adapter

(„Through“) shifts the actual Reference
Plane to the SMA plug of the OPEN
standard.
This means a signal delay of 50.7 ps
(equal to a phase shift) and the software
has now to do the necessary correction
for „back shifting“to the Desired
Reference Plane.

You find the complete „Calibration Setting File“ on the next page.

Remark:
The software wants to know the resistance value of the LOAD standard as precise as
possible.
If you don't own a high presicion measuring set for this purpose simply use the ideal value
of 50 Ω. This gives s small and visible but acceptable error.

I own an old but very accurate analogue Wheatstone Bridge. So I found my personal
LOAD Standard value of 49.85 Ω for the following list.

16
Here comes the „Calibration standards“ list with the values to be entered:

Step 1:
Click „Calibration“ on the screen

Step 2:
Delete „Use ideal values“(= pink
frame)

Step 3:
Enter all data values.

Step 4:
Search for „New“ in the small
window for the settings name, click
on „Save“ and enter another name
for the Calibration settings (green
frame)

E.g.: I use
bug fixed_Poulsen_02

Step 5:
Click on „LOAD“.to use these
settings

17
12. SOLT Calibration
At the middle of the Calibration Menu you find the „Calibration assistent“ which guides
you during the SOL calibration process for S11.

The SOLT calibration kit must be available.

The pictures show a practical tip for storing the SOLT components. It is an empty
pill box that came as a small gift from my pharmacy.
The letters "S", "O" and "L" have been scratched onto the three standards using a
needle.

OK starts the procedure, just follow the instructions. Please do not loose patience if
it takes a long time. The green bar in the sweep field shows the progress!

The "SOL" process announces each stage (Short / Open / Load), continue with
"Yes". Finally the missing calibration for S21 uses "Isolation" and "Through".

If everything is done, click on „apply“ to terminate the calibration process

18
.

Important:
You should also save this calibration using a name to your choice......might be
that in the future more special calibrations for other frequency ranges are
necessary...

Example: my calibration file is named

Poulsen_Suhner 30cm_50k – 900MHz_20Seg

But:
Never forget to load the correct Calibration File for your actual project when you
start your PC next morning or the next time....

And now follows a final proof to test the success of this work!

19
13. Testing the calibration quality

Attention:
The curves are only reliable and reproducible if you have used a
SMA torque wrench for every SMA connection!
Let's start with the SHORT standard and use all new features of software version V0.2.0.
The frequency range is always 50kHz ….900MHz.

Remark:
You can use the scroll wheel of your mouse to zoom the diagrams!

Not so bad....

20
Now the OPEN-Standard from 50 kHz to 900 MHz:

OK.

21
Connect the two Huber Suhner measuring cables via the Through adapter together to
get S21:

22
At last: the reflection coefficient S11 of the LOAD standard:

Compare the quality of the NanoVNA to the well known VNWA3 regarding the S11 values
of a Huber Suhner High Precision Termination:

Remark:
When testing in the frequency range up to 12 GHz you'll know at once why the
Huber Suhner is the favorite solution and not the LOAD Standard supplied with the
kit (...but Suhner is more expensive...).

23
14. Testing a 110 MHz - Lowpass Filter

The SMA sockets are solded to two bended

copper sheets. Thus the central conductor of the
socket touches the central Microstrip Line and is
then solded. This gives a transition with low
reflection.

This is S11 for the 50kHz to 900 MHz frequency

range. The passband can be identified without
any efforts (= low reflection) and in the stop band
we get a total reflection with S11 = 0 dB

S21 decreases after leaving the pass band down

to -80 dB. But even up to 900 MHz the maximum
value is -38 dB (= minimum stop band
attenuation)

The decrease of the stop band attenuation at

rising frequencies is caused by self resonant
effects of the used parts.

24
15. Attenuation and Group Delay in the Pass Band of the LPF

If you want to see these features: first click right on the S21 gain diagram and open
„Frequency Axis“ to reduce the frequency span to 50kHz ...200MHz.

Afterwards click once more on the diagram and choose „Data Axis“. Set the data axis
range to 0....-1 dB-

Add Marker 1 set to f = 100MHz.

Warning:

25
Never change the span of the frequency axis by
entering new values for start or stop frequency
followed by a new sweep without a new
calibration procedure!
Otherwise:

In this case you could loose the SOLT

calibration if you do not exactly hit the
saved frequency values in the
calibration file.

So the screen will look like this in

such a case!

Remember:
You can save five independent calibrations in the registers c0...c4 on the NanoVNA
board itself.

But if you work with the NanoVNA -saver software you can create and save on the
PC as many calibrations as you like.

The „original calibrations c0...c4“ of the board are frozen and you have again acces
to them when disconnecting the board from the PC and using the Recall -
command.

26
16. Markers
Marker 1 (below the Sweep Menu) has been activated for a frequency of 100 MHz. Use
the mouse (= drop and drag) for shifting to other frequencies in a diagram.

Up to three Markers can

be used independently.

Enter the frequency and

choose the colour of a
marker. At once this marker
is displayd on all curves.

At the side of the sweep

menu you find this list of
all marker properties which
can be displayed.

a) When entering a marker

frequency the programm
chooses the nearest
adjacent frequency which
can be found in the calibration file (for instance: entering 100 MHz gives a frequency value
of 99,8956 MHz in the marker list)

b) Marker size,
colour, number and
type can be set on
the marker menu and
on „Display setttings

c) If you hit „hide

data“ the marker
property list
disappears and all
6 diagrams can be
displayed.

27
17. A Bandpass for 10.7 MHz

That is it!
A Chebchev BPF with a centre
frequency of 10.7 MHz, realised with
Amidon ferrite ring cores (Q = 150).

The Aluminium case is milled.

Step 1:
Generate a SOLT Calibration File for a frequency range of 5 MHz to 15 MHz using 20
Segments.

Step 2:
Save this file under a new name, e.g.:
„Suhner 30cm_Poulsen_5M-15M_20Seg“
and load it.

Step 3:
Start a sweep from 5 MHz up to 15 MHz using 20 Segments and add Marker 1 for 10.7
MHz

Result for S11

The left illustration uses a frequency range from 5....15 MHz, the right one from 10...11.5
MHz

28
The same procedure for S21:

The left illustration shows a remarkable stop band attenuation of -90 dB for f = 5 MHz
and -60 dB for 15 MHz.

In the right illustration you see the pass band with a minimum attenuation of 2.1 dB at f =
10.9 MHz. (..it is true: the alignment procedure should be repeated and improved...)

In a Smith Chart you get nice loops when presenting S11 of the pass band and you can
easily demonstrate this:

The curve starts at f = 5MHz at the point

5 MHz / +1
(= right end of the horizontal axis).

Then the curve turns like a watch pointer

and ends at the same point

(+1 for 15 MHz)

29
Now a special S11 and S21 test:

Please load the

Calibration File for the
range

50 kHz up to 900 MHz

and sweep this range.

This gives an
overview of the stop
band attenuation S21
and the wide band
reflection S11.

S21 is below -50 dB

up to 650 MHz.

The rest is a problem

caused by self resonant
effects of the parts.

30
17.1. Automatic Analysis
Really fine because you automatically get all parameters of a filter after a sweep.
We want to have a look at the 10.7 MHz Filter from the last chapter. But pay attention to
work through the preparation in the correct manner.

Step 1:
Do a SOLT calibration with a higher resolution for a reduced frequency span. My
new Calibration File is applied and saved as

Suhner 30cm_Poulsen final_50k - 50MHz_20 Seg_avg = 3

This file contains the following information:

Suhner cables, length = 30cm

Calibration settings = newest version from Kurt Poulsen (see last chapter)

Sweep range from 50kHz to 50MHz

Sweep range divided into 20 Segments

After opening „Sweep settings“ the „Averaging Sweep using 3 values“ was selected.
This reduces the influence of noise

Step 2:
A sweep from 9.5 MHz to 10.5 MHz with 20 Segments is used.

Step 3:
Open the menu „Analysis“ (at the middle of the lower
border of the screen) and delete „Run automatically“.

Then choose „Band-pass-filter“ on the left menu.

Now mark „Run automatically“ again

Step 4:
Set Marker 1 at the centre frequency of 10.7MHz.

Step 5:
Start the sweep.

31
This ist the result:

All details shown in the left hand window are described on the following page:

„1“ = Marker frequencies.

„2“ = Marker 1 indicates the exact centre frequency (10.771488MHz) with a gain of
S21 = -2.207dB

„3“ = Marker 2 gives the lower corner frequency (10.485MHz). S21 has decreased by
3dB and is now -5.207 dB

„4“ = Marker 3 gives the upper corner frequency (11.065774MHz). S21 has
decreased by 3dB and is again -5.207dB

„5“ = Minimum value of VSWR (1,103 or S11 = -26.227dB at 10.7962MHz)

Maximum value of S21 = -2.185 dB at f = 10.8002MHz

Minimum value of S21 = -48.421 dB at f = 9.50190MHz

32
More information can be found when opening the „Analysis“ Menu:

33
34
17.2. Set Sweep as Reference

If you do that, then the next result will be shown together with the first ( but with another
colour). So you can compare and recognise any variation.

Step 1:
(Red frames). If you use a dark background for your diagrams you should first change to a
bright colour for the reference sweep (Yellow or Pink). Default is „Dark Blue“ and this
does not work very well on a black screen...

Remember the content of the green frame:

Here you can modify a lot of marker properties (show marker number / hollow or
filled triangle / marking the data point by the center or the bottom of the triangle)

Step 2:
Sweep and tab on

Set current as reference

(In the lower left half of the screen)

35
Step 3:
After the first sweep I have misalignded the BPF slightly followed by a new sweep.
Any differencies caused can always be best seen using the S11 presentation:

If you want to terminate this option:

Click

Reset reference

to delete the reference curve.

Personal remark:
The sweep speed is too low for „real time alignment of a good or misaligned filter“ and
cannot be changed or increased. So the reference sweep option is better used for final
testing of production filters against a good reference filter.

36
17.3. Saving the Touchstone Files generated

Open the „Files“ menu at the left lower edge of the

screen....

….then export and save at first the S1P File, followed by

the S2P File.

Give a name and choose a folder for saving.

After a new align procedure of the filter:

This is a test simulation with the saved S11 file using the software „Ansoft Designer
SV“ which can be downloaded from my homepage (www.gunthard-kraus.de)

37
This is the S21 result:

38
18. Properties of a shielded filter coil

See the peparation:

The coil (= an older Neosid
version) is soldered to a SMA
socket and then connected to
channel CH0 of the NanoVNA.

What we want to know:

a) R and X for the frequency range from 50 kHz up to 100 MHz

b) Quality factor Q = f(f) for this range

c) Exact values of inductance „L“, quality factor „Q“ and series resistance „R“ at a
frequency of f = 30 MHz

Now the correct Calibration file (50 kHz ...900 MHz) must be loaded and the sweep
started.

Here come the results:

a) R and X = f(f)

The inductance value L starts to

increase at 50 MHz. (X curve is rising)

But the losses (= R curve) are exploding

at frequencies higher than 50 MHz.

Due to these effects the Quality factor Q

must show a maximum

39
b) Q = f(f)

The maximum value is Q =

119 at f = 30 MHz

c) In the Marker 1 window you

find all interesting values for
f = 30 MHz:

R = 1.606 Ω

L = 992.48 nH

Q = 119-1

40
19. Ferrite Rod Antenna for VLF Experiments
These antennas came with old valve radio sets and are a good choice for Very Low
Frequency (= VLF) experiments in the range of a few Hertz up to 150 kHz or so. There you
find signals of Submarine Communication, the „Schumann Resonances of the Globe“,
Time and Frequency Standard Transmissions like DCF77 and so on.

You can determine every property

of such a ferrite rod using your
NanoVNA.
Simply use 10 turns of enameled
copper wire (diameter = 0.5 mm),
connect the two ends to an SMA
socket and connect it to the
NanoVNA.

At first create a new Calibration File for the frequency range from 50 kHz up to 5 MHz
and 20 segments. Save this file under a new name and load it.

Now sweep S11 and

examine R and X for
this frequency range.

R is low up to 1....1.5
MHz. Then follows an
exponential rise. This
will dramatically
reduce the quality
factor Q.

(Now you recognise that

0...1600 kHz was the
used frequency range of
the antenna when
operating in a MW radio)

41
 The decrease of Q in the upper
range is presented in this diagram.

But Q = 157.7 at f = 1 MHz is a good

result...

Marker 1 at f = 1 MHz
delivers all interesting
information.

Using
L = 8.6244 µH and N = 10 turns

gives an „AL-factor“ of AL = L / N2 = 8622.4 nH / 100 = 86.22 nH

Attention:
Due to fringing effects of the magnetic flux the inductance for other turn values will
vary and not strictly follow the formula „ L = AL x N2“. It is better to choose
the turns given by the formula for a desired inductance and to test the result with
your NanoVNA. Then do a correction of the turn number and measure again.

42
20. Lambda Loop Antenna for the 70cm - Band

This antenna consists of a wire with a

diameter of 2mm and a length equal to the
wavelength of a signal with f = 433 MHz (l =
693 mm). The wire forms a circle (diameter =
220 mm).

We need an impedance matching transformer

which includes symmetric output for the
antenna but unsymmetric operation at the
SMA input socket.
This is done by an arrangement using quarter
wave cioaxial lines.

This is a 4NEC2
simulation of the 3D
radiation pattern.

Maximum gain is
approx. 3.5dBi.

43
Measured S11 at the Input Socket:

Result for the VNWA3.

It is the same as for a professional

measuring set (hp8410B + hp8620
+hp8745A)

Results for the NanoVNA (f = 350.....500 MHz):

Marker 1 is the source for further

information at 437.5 MHz

44
Part 3: Standalone operation
21. Operator menu for the NanoVNA

45
22. Familiarisation with the device

First, make sure that both RF inputs are open and switch on. If the battery is missing
power the NanoVNA via the USB cable supplied connected to a laptop or PC. The
computer must be turned on to provide the +5V we need for a power supply.

Unfortunately, nothing happened for me, no LED lit after switching the power switch on
and the screen remained dark. This signalled the first rework because the USB C socket
on the board was poorly made so that when the cable was plugged in there was no
contact. It was reworked carefully by bending the tiny PCB inside the socket until it was
exactly central AND the metal sheath of the shield ensured a snug fit for the plug. Do not
forget to test that turning the plug through 180 degree also makes contact.

Now it really shows life (the Battery

LED flashes blue).

Fit the LOAD resistor on the TX

output (Channel 0).

As shown in the picture, three

differently coloured curves and a
Smith Chart are displayed on the
NanoVNA screen.

The corresponding information text is tiny with this small screen size but everyone has to
see how they gets along with it (I've been working for a long time, for example, soldering
using a stereo magnifier).

46
23. The first successful measurement: LOAD properties

Leave the LOAD resistor on the TX port

and tap on the screen with your finger or a
"stylus" ("Stylus" = pen with rubber cap or
a pencil fitted with small eraser).

This opens the main operator menu on the

right edge of the screen giving access to
the four curves by tapping on "Display"
then on “Trace”. Select the purple curve
first and tap "OFF". In the same way the
blue curve at the bottom of the display can
be removed.

The screen should now only show S11 in the Smith Chart and Cartesian form from
50kHz to 900MHz.

Now press the Multi Function Switch

(MFS) to the right and hold it there. The
marker moves from the start at 50kHz
towards the higher frequencies. Try f =
468MHz, it will show 468.042MHz. The
display has a scale on the left hand side
with 10dB divisions as well as the top
"Zero dB point".

The S11 data ("LOGMAG") for the

Cartesian curve fluctuates around -47dB.
But it will only be the result for the very
first measurement displayed.

The Smith Chart only shows one marker for such a small reflection this is in the centre of
the chart (50Ω). The corresponding series connection for the input impedance at 468MHz
is shown on the top, far right as:

49.5 Ω in series with 1.7 to 4 Nanofarads

No wonder there is such a big spread. With such small voltage levels and the noise that
can be seen. Because this noise increases with frequency it is better to use the middle of
the S11 curve to estimate from the Cartesian diagram.

Task:
Move the marker (by pressing the MFS to the left) to 144MHz and determine the S11
values there.

47
24. The sweep options

The main menu has an option "Stimulus". When this is chosen there are the following
options:

a) Using "Start" and "Stop" we sweep over the chosen range

b) Using "Centre" and "Span" we select a certain centre frequency as well as a span
around this centre frequency

c) Using "CW Freq" a fixed frequency is used.

Finally there is the option to switch between "Pause" and "Sweep"

24.1. Start-stop - operation

101 frequency points are always used. If the range of 460MHz to 470MHz is required:

Step 1: Open the "Stimulus" menu

Step 2: Tap on "Start" followed by a tap on the right edge of the box showing the
displayed frequency (right bottom corner of the screen). This will open a small
keyboard to enter the new starting frequency as "460.0M"

Step 3: Do the same again for the stop frequency but enter "470.0M"

Finished!

24.2. Centre / Span operation at 465MHz

Step 1: Open the "Stimulus" menu

Step 2: Tap on "Center"

Step 3: Enter the frequency "465.0M"

Step 4: Tap on "Span"

Step 5: Enter the frequency "5M"

Step 6: Check if it the sweep starts at 462.5MHz and stops at 467.5MHz

48
24.3. CW operation at 465MHz

Step 1: Open the “Stimulus” menu

Step 2: Tap on "CW Freq"

Step 3: Enter the CW frequency “465M”

Step 4: Check the result on the screen

49
25. Calibration

Important:

Everything practised so far would not provide accurate results and would be meaningless
without a prior calibration.

So if the fequency range changes, calibration should be carried out IMMEDIATELY!

What does calibration involve:

a) A maximum of five different calibrations (C0 to C4) can be stored.

b) The currently active calibration will be shown in the middle of

the left hand display border displayed as shown in the picture.

At switch on the data from C0 is automatically used

When the device is purchased a factory calibration can be

found in C0 from 50kHz to 900MHz. With the maximum possible
number of frequency points being 101 it is very coarse (step size
about 9MHz). In addition it was not done with the "SOLT" (SOLT =
Short / Open / load / through).components therefore it is not
perfect fit.

The first thing to do is a basic calibration of the NanoVNA.

If you want to make measurements over a narrower frequency range (e.g. an antenna or
bandpass filter), then extra calibrations are required with the results stored in one of the
memory locations C1 to C4. These can be selected next time the associated frequency
range is used and the calibration data will be setup automatically.
Before a practical example is explained take a closer look at the information on the left
side of the screen. This should be checked before taking an important measurement to
make sure that everything is activated. When the NanoVNA is switched on the data in
memory C0 is used to activate "Error Terms” stored from a previous calibration
determined. These are:

C0 (default calibration data)

D (Directivity)

R (Reflection tracking)

S (Source Match)

T (Transmission Tracking) X (Isolation)

50
Note:
The topic is explained well in the Application Note

NanoVNA RF Calibration Considerations and Procedure

This can be found on The Internet. It is worth downloading!

26. Using measuring cables

The SMA sockets on the NanoVNA should always be protected from damage using one of
these two options (changing a socket on the board in case of damage is a very delicate
mission):

a) Fit an SMA Male to Female adaptor onto each socket using the suggested torque
(torque spanners are available on The Internet). This means that the measuring cables
only come in contact with these adaptors that would be easy to change if required.

b) As already mentioned, the two SMA cables included in the kit can cause trouble. Not
only is their characteristic impedance not quite correct (54Ω instead of 50Ω as measured
with a time domain reflectometer) and an SMA connector just dropped off one of mine!.
This was because the crimping of the plug onto the cable was poor. The result of
calibration is often meaningless until this is known

The solution is to purchase and to use

two very high quality cables (Huber
Suhner with blue black outer), they
are specified to 18GHz. They should
be permanently attached to the
NanoVNA.

They can often be found by looking

under all the tables at the HAM Radio
flea markets.

51
27. SOLT calibration (50kHz to 900MHz) for C0 memory

1) Start the NanoVNA and permanently connect the SMA cables to the two RF ports (CH0
and CH1)
=========================================
2) Open the main menu (tap the screen) and select "DISPLAY" followed by "TRACE".
Select the yellow curve "TRACE 0" and then "SINGLE". Select "BACK". then tap on
"FORMAT" then "LOGMAG”
=========================================
3) Do the following actions for Trace 1: BACK / DISPLAY / TRACE / TRACE 1 then
FORMAT and LOGMAG

Then the screen should look like this

screen shot.

CH 0 = yellow curve = S11

CH 1 = blue curve = S21

==========================================
4) The Start - Stop settings required are:

50kHz to 900MHz
==========================================
5) Start the calibration process with a reset so that all old calibration data is deleted: From
the main menu (begins with "DISPLAY") tap CAL then tap on RESET.
================================================
6) The CAL menu also contains CALIBRATE, tap that option.

This opens a list that starts with OPEN. Attach

the SMA OPEN calibration standard to the
end of the cable connected to CH0 using the
Female to Female coupler.
Tap on OPEN to start the calibration process.
The next step continues with SHORT
highlighted in green. Replace the "OPEN"
standard with the "SHORT" standard and tap
on SHORT. The next step continues with LOAD
highlighted in green . Replace the "SHORT"
with the "LOAD" standard and tap on LOAD.
==============================================

52
 Attention:
The manual recommends that, if possible, both inputs CH0 and CH1 should be
terminated at the cable ends by 50 Ω.

This requires another Female to Female SMA adaptor and another terminaton for
CH1. This is the only way to get the last one little bit of accuracy.
The next step continues with ISOLATION highlighted in green. For this CH0 and CH1
should be terminated with 50Ω. Then tap on ISOLATION.
================================================
The last step is THROUGH highlighted in green. For this the terminators are removed and
both cable ends are connected using the Female to Female adaptor. Then tap on
THROUGH to complete the calibration process.
=================================================
Finally tap "DONE" and store the result in memory C0 with "SAVE 0". Now accurate
measurements can begin.

To be absolutely sure, look at the left edge of the display to see if it shows the following:

C0 / D / R / S / T / X

Then everything is OK.

Finally a practical tip for storing the SOLT standard kit:

The empty pill box came as a small gift from my pharmacy. The letters "S", "O" and "L"
have been scratched on the standards using a needle.

53
28. Example: A Chebyshev - low pass filter with fg = 110MHz and N = 5

Since the current calibration is from 50kHz to

900MHz this is a good object to measure. The
picture shows the test piece. It is a printed circuit
board with SMA connectors attached using right
angle copper sheets. The inner conductors of the
SMA connectors form a low reflection connection on
the central microstrip.

As soon as the measuring cables are connected to

the test piece this picture appears.

To take a closer look from 1MHz to 200MHz a SOLT

calibration is required for that range:

Step 1: Set the sweep range from 1MHz to 200MHz

Step 2: Check that CH0 and CH1 are on the "LOGMAG" display. If necessary switch off
Trace 3 (= the Smith Chart).

Step 3: Open the main menu and then select CAL / CALIBRATE

Step 4: Carry out a complete SOLT calibration and save the result using SAVE 4 in C4.

Step 5: Measure and admire the result.

Note: The frequency marker

can be moved using the MFS
rocker action either left or
right. All the data is shown at
the top of the screen.

54
29. Conclusions (good / bad / changes ...)

It is great: a small, handy device with sufficient accuracy for practical use.

Cheap price.

With a battery very handy for outdoor measurements directly on antennas.

Saves up to three older 19 inch devices (hp8410 / hp8745 / hp8620) on the work bench.

High frequency stability (0.5ppm). Absolute frequency accuracy approximately 2.5ppm

With a USB connection and the free software (NanoVNA-saver v0.2.2.-1.exe) from
The Internet a PC can be used very comfortably to control the device and display the
results on elaborate diagrams. It behaves like a big machine.

Then comes "Well, yes ...."

Very small screen with even smaller font size. Touch screen operation is not easy with a
finger but better with a stylus. Better operation using a PC and the program "NanoVNA -
saver version 0.2.2.-1.exe".

In standalone operation there are only 101 measuring points: this makes measuring
filters difficult so careful consideration is needed for the sweep range selected. (this is no
longer a criticism when using a PC)

The Micro USB C connector on the board is a bit wobbly and at first mine was
unreliable. It required rework but works now fine.

The SMA cables supplied had a wide tolerance (52....54Ω instead of 50Ω) and were
poorly crimped. In fact one connector fell off! High quality Teflon cables or, if necessary,
Semirigid cables are recommended as replacements.

Difficult menu navigation using the NanoVNA screen compared to PC operation. It is

often easier to go back to the main menu (starts with DISPLAY ..) using BACK to return
and search from there for the desired option.

The Multi Function Switch (MFS) is a somewhat delicate device and requires very gentle
use.

SOLT calibration data is not included with the purchase. This is now available for
PC operation using the NanoVNA Saver software (thanks to Kurt Poulsen) as
described in Part 2.

55
Item 2:

Using the NanoVNA-

H up to 1500 (1300)
MHz

56
1. Presentation
The NanoVNA-H was more expensive than the
„Standard Version“, but now the price has dropped
below 50 Euro.

You get a very noble case including all

accessories:
1 SOLT Kit,
2 SMA cables,
1 adaptor cable „USB-C to USB-A“ =
connection to the PC,
1 adaptor cable „male USB-C to male USB-C“

Now the analyser is fitted into a

nice case, this gives a good
mechanical protection.

After „Power ON“ you get the

Start Screen with a lot of
information (= build date and
version of firmware...).

Now the fifth harmonic of the

internal oscillator (= max.
300MHz) is used to extend the
measuring range up to
1500MHz.
But we'll discuss the result and
the qualtity of this modification
later.

Other details:

Built in battery

Usage like the „normal“ NanoVNA. So all details, recommendations and andvices of
part 1 in the manual are valid and can be applied. No problems...

Also the software „NanoVNA-saver.com v0.2.2.-1.exe“ written by Rune Bromberg can

be used.

If you know the chinese language please have a look on the homepages „NanoVNA.com“
and „eddy555“ for further details like the following:

57
2.

58
Differencies between „NanoVNA „and „NanoVNA-H“ up to 900 MHz

Even a calibration with a lot of segments cannot avoid

„Artefarcts“, caused by noise. It is necessary to
calibrate using an averaging sweep with more than
3...5 values.

Open the „Sweep Settings“ menu to use this option. An

interesting possibility can be found there: you can write
a list with all values to be dropped.

When this is done the Huber Suhner Precision Termination of chapter 13 can be tested.
The result is an improvement to the normal NanoVNA when regarding the S11 values
from 50kHz up to 1300MHz.

Measuring this set of points is a joy with the new marker function in program version
v0.2.1. Simply click on any curve point on any diagram and at once a marker is set on all
curves in all diagrams.
Shifting the marker to another point is possible using one of these three options:

a) click on another curve point or

b) drag the marker with the mouse or

c) use the left / right arrow tabs on the keyboard.

You find a list with all marker properties at the left side of the diagrams.

59
3. Using the Frequeny range up to 1500 MHz
This is the summary:

At f = 1500MHz there is such a lot of noise that only a data range of 0....-20dB could
be used. (But my friend Hardy. DL1GLH, says: „better than nothing at this frequency...“)

Thus the upper usable frequency is set to f = 1300MHz

in this manual (It is the same as for the VNWA3 – good for comparison)

And now:
Calibrate for the frequency range from 50kHz up to 1300 MHz using 20 segments and
avg =3. Load and save the calibration file.

Now measure the SOL standard for this frequency range.

Important:
The calibration is only reliable and reproducible if all SMA connections are
tightened using an SMA torque wrench (torque is 4 inch . Lb = 0.45Nm)

a) Short Standard

60
b) Open Standard

c) Through Standard

61
At last the results for the NanoVNA-H and the VNWA3 are compared using the same
Huber Suhner Precision Termination.

a) VNWA3 - Result for S11

b) NanoVNA - Result for S11

62
Result:
Up to 600MHz the same.....
Between 600 and 1300MHz the NanoVNA is slowly getting inacurate.

A professional VNA (Rohde and Schwarz) confirms this. But the accuracy of the VNWA3 is
true over the complete range.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. The well known 110MHz LPF tested up to 1300MHz

The curves shows the same results. But upwards of = 900MHz the inaccuracy increases
to a value of -3dB for S11.

63
Item 3:

The NanoVNA as a
TDR (Time Domain
Reflectometer)

64
1. First some basics

1.1 S Parameters
The NanoVNA is a device for determining the S parameters (Reflection S11 or
Transmission S21) in the frequency domain. The signal from a generator is sent from
CH0 to a measurement object input via a cable as the "Incident Wave Uinc1" and
measuring bridge determines the echo (Reflected wave Urefl1) produced by the input. So
S11 = "input reflection", can be calculated as the ratio of these two waves (the output of
the “two port” is terminated with the system resistance of 50 Ohms).
In addition, the NanoVNA has a receiver tuned to the same frequency with its input
connected to CH1 that can be connected to the output of a "two-port" (example: amplifier).
If the transmitter is connected to CH0, we can measure the Gain or Attenuation of the
object being tested by measuring the output as the "Incident Wave Uinc2". We use this to
calculate the Reinforcement or Attenuation as a ratio of Unc2 to Uinc1 (this ratio is
officially called "Forward Transmission S21" with everything operating in a 50 ohm
system).
There is more information required about the component regarding its internal feedback so
the measurements are reversed. The NanoVNA transmitter now sends its signal to the
output of the component and checks the echo. The NanoVNA receiver, on the other hand,
looks at what the comes back to the input. This is how we determine the “Output
Reflection S22” and the “Reverse Transmission S12”.
Now one measurement frequency after another is processed and in the end we get the
famous "S-parameter file for a certain frequency range".

1.2 From the frequency domain to the time domain

The properties of a building block can be determined in the frequency domain (here:
based on the S parameters) as well as a voltage profile in the time domain.
Both methods are completely equivalent and ultimately only two sides of the same coin.
The great thing is that using maths (Fourier or Inverse Fourier transformation) you can
switch from one to the other at any time!
The NanoVNA -software only uses a very small part of these possibilities and only for the
input reflection S11.
The NanoVNA uses individual measuring frequencies in succession and thus determines
the S11 curve. But: a Dirac pulse with infinitely short pulse length and infinitely high
amplitude contains ALL frequencies with the same spectral power density. If you send it (or
an approximate signal) to the input of our test object, then the measurable echo in the
time domain automatically corresponds to the S11 curve in the frequency domain!
But now the real power of the NanoVNA comes as a TDR:
The measured S11 curve in the frequency domain is saved as a file. Now Fast Inverse
Fourier transformation in the time domain must run over this file giving this result:

The S11 curve converted to the time domain is identical to the

echo produced by a Dirac pulse!
Example:
If the generator output CH0 is connected to a short-circuited cable, we can calculate
the cable length from the time delay of the (theoretical) Dirac pulse reflected at the
end of the cable!

65
2. Measurement of cable lengths with the NanoVNA and the NanoVNA-
Saver software

2.1. Some questions

Apart from the problem of the correct use of the NanoVNA – Saver software for this
purpose, there are some questions that we have to clarify in advance:

a) In principle, how does the maximum displayed cable length depend on the used
sweep range?

b) How must the sweep range be adjusted for very short cable lengths or very long
cable lengths?

c) Where can the maximum frequency step be found quickly when sweeping?

d) How does this frequency step depend on the displayed maximum cable length?

e) Where to get the cable data (material and associated cable speed)?

Solution and example

It is well known that the NanoVNA always measures 101 points in a set sweep range
and therefore generates 100 frequency steps. Choosing a span from 1MHz to 101MHz,
then every step has a width of

(101MHz - 1MHz) / 100 = 1MHz

In the time domain, this corresponds to a time step of 1/1MHz = 1µs = 1000ns
for each measurement.
But since we want to see the echo from the end of the cable its return time to the
generator must be considered. Thus we have a maximum time step of 1000ns / 2 = 500ns
for the distance measurement. In the NanoVNA Saver program this value is reduced by
half (by the Software author) so a maximum time measuring range of 500ns / 2 = 250ns
is available.
Let us now examine a Teflon cable with a cable speed of 70% of the speed of light. Then
we get from the formula

Path length = cable speed * time

a maximum value for the measurable cable length of

0.7 * (3 * 10exp8 meters per second) * 250 * 10exp-9sec = 52.5m

Now let's try to check it out in a very practical way!

66
2.2. Practical project
Step 1:
Connect the NanoVNA to the PC via a USB-C. The measured object is an approximately.
30cm long Teflon cable. Start the software NanoVNA - Saver V0.2.2.-1 and switch on the
NanoVNA. Establish the COM connection to the NanoVNA in the menu.

Step 2:
Open "Calibrate" and then
a valid calibration
standard.
For me it means the
"Poulsen_final" as used in
Chapter "B)" of this tutorial.
(See left illustration).

Then we open a suitable

calibration file from our
saved files.
For me it covers up to
1300MHz and is called:

VNA_H_Suhner
30cm_Poulsen final_50k -
1300M_20Seg_avg = 3

Do you remember? I work

with a NanoVNA-H and a
30cm Suhner Cable that
remains screwed tightly to
CH0. The SMA connector at
the open end forms the
reference plane.
Calibration runs from 50kHz
to 1300MHz with 20
segments, in addition an average of 3 measurements taken saved at each measuring
point.

Step 3:

We program the start frequency of 1MHz

and the stop frequency of 101MHz i.e. 101
measuring points.
In the red frame we now see the "Span" of
100MHz followed by the 1MHz step.

Clicking on "Sweep" starts the measurement.

67
 Step 4:
Now it's getting exciting! Clicking on “Time Domain
Reflectometry ” (on the left edge of the image in
half the picture height) solves the necessary
inverse fast Fourier transformation (IFFT) and
then we see the following result (yellow curve):

The Teflon cable and its properties can be found and set from the menu behind the
Button.

The maximum distance that can be represented (cable length) is 52.5m (see above).

The maximum echo appears with a cable length of 37cm.

The real cable length measured mechanically (from centre to centre of both SMA
connectors) is approximately 35cm. Not so bad!

Important:
The applied IFFT software version used does NOT differentiate between open or short
circuit at the end of the cable - there is only one echo with one maximum. There is also
(still?) no programming for determining the sign of the echo, impedance jumps, complex
additional loads and similar features. So lets hope for the future....

68
2.3. Reduction of the measuring range for short cables
This is no longer difficult:

The larger a frequency step in the frequency

domain, the smaller its reciprocal time step in
the time domain and thus the maximum cable
length.

With the NanoVNA we can reasonably sweep up

from 50kHz up to 900MHz and work with 101
points (1 Segment).

Attention:
In this case, please keep the number of segments set as small as possible (so choose
1 segment). Only then will the biggest frequency step be used giving the smallest
reciprocal as time Step and so the shortest associated maximum cable length.

Let us at first use the „normal“ NanoVNA. We work with a frequency range of 50kHz to
900MHz and a single segment. Then the IFFT is started:

The measuring range has dropped to 5.8m.

The measuring accuracy has improved and with 36cm we are almost at the real
cable length of 35cm.

Note:
Clicking on the yellow curve, a cursor appears which can be moved with the mouse along
the curve to indicate the actual cable length at every point.

Task:
Check again with a calculation whether the maximum cable length of 5.8m is correct.

69
Now the procedure is repeated for the NanoVNA-H.
With this version a sweep from 50 kHz up to 1500 MHz is possible“:

The measuring range droppes to 3.5m.

The measuring accuracy has improved and with 35cm we are at the real cable
length of 35cm.

70
2.4. How can very long cables be measured?
According to the formulas above, now the largest possible time step is needed and this
means a very small step in the frequency domain. We can do this in two different ways:

Choose a small sweep area (span) with only one segment

OR

Simply increase the number of segments used for the actual sweep .
(But if possible don’t do this because it increases the computing time proportionally).

In the end, both methods deliver the same result.

Example:
Sweep only from 1MHz to 2MHz with 1 segment and get 100 steps each of 10kHz.

The measurement range increases to 5246 meters, but the measurement result is very
close to the zero point and - like with any real measuring device! – unfortunately quite
inaccurate (0,64m).
As a user, you should avoid this case.

Improved example:
Make the span bigger (with 1 segment) and sweep from 1MHz to 20MHz:

The new measuring range of 276m now provides a cable length of 0.37m. Much better
and closer to the reality....

71