q1 + q2 + ...

+ q6 = 360°
Geometry In general, q1 + q2 + ... + qn = 360°
[Cheat Sheet]
3. No. of sides = 360°/exterior angle.
Parallel Lines: Two straight lines are parallel if
they lie on the same plane and do not intersect 4. Area = (ns2/4) × cot (180/n); where s = length
however of side, n = no. of sides.
far produced.
Transversal: It is a straight line that intersects 5. Perimeter = n × s.
two parallel lines. When a transversal intersects
two
parallel lines then
1. Corresponding angles are equal, (that is: For
the following figure)
1 = 5; 2 = 6; 4 = 8; 3 = 7
2. Alternate interior angles are equal, that is
(Refer following figure)
4 = 6; 5 = 3 TRIANGLES (D)
3. Alternate exterior angles are equal, that is A triangle is a polygon having three sides. Sum
2 = 8; 1 = 7 of all the angles of a triangle = 180°.
4. Interior angles on the same side of transversal Types
add up to 180°, that is 1. Acute angle triangle: Triangles with all three
4 + 5 = 3 + 6 = 180° angles acute (less than 90°).
2. Obtuse angle triangle: Triangles with one of
the angles obtuse (more than 90°).
Note: we cannot have more than one obtuse
angle in a triangle.
3. Right angle triangle: Triangle with one of the
angles equal to 90°.
4. Equilateral triangle: Triangle with all sides
equal. All the angles in such a triangle measure
60°.
POLYGONS 5. Isosceles triangle: Triangle with two of its
Polygons are plane figures formed by a closed sides equal and consequently the angles
series of rectilinear (straight) segments. opposite the
Example: equal sides are also equal.
Triangle, Rectangle… 6. Scalene Triangle: Triangle with none of the
Polygons can broadly be divided into two types: sides equal to any other side.
(a) Regular polygons: Polygons with all the sides Properties (General)
and angles equal. • Sum of the length of any two sides of a triangle
(b) Irregular polygons: Polygons in which all the has to be always greater than the third side.
sides or angles are not of the same measure. • Difference between the lengths of any two
Polygon can also be divided as concave or sides of a triangle has to be always lesser than
convex poly-gons. the third
Convex polygons are the polygons in which all side.
the diagonals lie inside the figure otherwise it’s • Side opposite to the greatest angle will be the
a concave polygon Polygons can also be divided greatest and the side opposite to the smallest
on the basis of the number of sides they have. angle
Polygons can also be divided on the basis of the the smallest.
number of sides they have. • The sine rule: a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C = 2R
(where R = circum radius.)
Properties • The cosine rule: a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
1. Sum of all the angles of a polygon with n sides This is true for all sides and respective angles.
= (2n – 4)p/2 or (n – 2)p Radians = (n – 2) 180°
degrees

2. Sum of all exterior angles = 360°◊

i.e. In the figure below:
 2. ASA congruency: If two angles and the
In case of a right –, the formula reduces to a2 =
included side of one triangle is equal to two
b2 + c2
angles and the
Since cos 90 = 0
included side of another, the triangles are
• The exterior angle is equal to the sum of two
congruent. (See figure below.)
interior angles not adjacent to it.
Here, –A = –P
–ACD = –BCE = –A + –B
–B = –Q
and AB = PQ
So DABC is congruent to DPQR

Area
1. Area = 1/2 base × height or 1/2 bh.
Height = Perpendicular distance between the 3. AAS congruency: If two angles and side
base and vertex opposite to it opposite to one of the angles is equal to the
2. Area = √ s (s−a)(s−b)(s−c) (Hero’s corresponding angles and the side of another
formula) triangle, the triangles are congruent. In the
where S = abc figure
3. Area = rs (where r is in radius) below:
4. Area = 1/2 × product of two sides × sine of the –A = –P
included angle –B = –Q
= 1/2 ac sin B and AC = PR
= 1/2 ab sin C So DABC is congruent to DPQR
= 1/2 bc sin A

4. SSS congruency: If three sides of one triangle

4. Area = abc/4R are equal to three sides of another triangle, the
where R = circum radius two
Congruency of Triangles Two triangles are triangles are congruent. In the figure below:
congruent if all the sides of one are equal to the AB = PQ
corresponding sides of another. It follows that BC = QR
all the angles of one are equal to the AC = PR
corresponding angles DABC is congruent to DPQR
of another. The notation for congruency is .
Conditions for Congruency
1. SAS congruency: If two sides and an included
angle of one triangle are equal to two sides and
an
included angle of another, the two triangles are 5. SSA congruency: If two sides and the angle
congruent. (See figure below.) opposite the greater side of one triangle are
Here, AB = PQ equal to
BC = QR
and –B = –Q
So DABC is congruent to DPQR
the two sides and the angle opposite to the have seen a toy Maruti car which is built in a
greater side of another triangle, then the ratio of 1:25 of the original car. The result of this
triangles are is that the toy car would look very much like the
congruent. The congruency doesn’t hold if the original car (of course if it is built well!!). Thus if
equal angles lie opposite the shorter side. In the you have ever seen a father and son looking
figure below, if exactly like each other, you have experienced
AB = PQ similarity!!
AC = PR You should use this principle to identify similar
–B = –Q triangles. In a figure two triangles would be
Then the triangles are congruent. similar simply if they look like one another.
i.e. DABC is congruent DPQR. Thus, in the figure below if you were to draw the
radii OB and O¢A the two triangles MOB and MO
¢A will be similar to each other. Simply because
they look similar. Of course, the option of using
Similarity of triangles Similarity of triangles is the different rules of similarity of triangles still
a special case where if either of the conditions of remains with you.
similarity of polygons holds, the other will hold
automatically.
Types of Similarity
1. AAA similarity: If in two triangles,
corresponding angles are equal, that is, the two
triangles are equiangular then the triangles are
similar. Equilateral Triangles (of side a):
Corollary (AA similarity): If two angles of one 1. (\ sin 60 = √3/2 = h/side)
triangle are respectively equal to two angles of h =a√3/2
another triangle then the two triangles are 2. Area = 1/2 (base) × (height) = 1/2× a√3/2 × =
similar. The reason being, the third angle √3/4a2
becomes equal automatically. 3. R (circum radius) =2h/3 = .a/√3
4. r (in radius) = h/3= .a/2√3
2. SSS similarity: If the corresponding sides of
two triangles are proportional then they are
similar.
For DABC to be similar to DPQR, AB/PQ = BC/QR
= AC/PR, must hold true.
Properties
3. SAS similarity: If in two triangles, one pair of
1. The incentre and circumcentre lies at a point
corresponding sides are proportional and the
that divides the height in the ratio 2 : 1.
included angles are equal then the two triangles
2. The circum radius is always twice the in
are similar.
radius. [R = 2r.]
D ABC ~DPQR
3. Among all the triangles that can be formed
If AB/BC = PQ/QR and B = –Q
with a given perimeter, the equilateral triangle
Note: In similar triangles; the following identity
will
holds:
have the maximum area.
Ratio of medians = Ratio of heights = Ratio of
4. An equilateral triangle in a circle will have the
circumradii = Ratio of inradii = Ratio of angle
maximum area compared to other triangles
bisectors
inside
While there are a lot of methods through which
the same circle.
we see similarity of triangles, the one thing that
Isosceles Triangle
all our
Area =b/4√(4a2-b2)
Maths teachers forgot to tell us about similarity
In an isosceles triangle, the angles opposite to
is the basic real life concept of similarity. i.e.
the equal sides are equal.
Two things are similar if they look similar!!
If you have been to a toy shop lately, you would
have come across models of cars or bikes which
are made so that they look like the original—but
are made in a different size from the original.
Thus you might
Right-Angled Triangle 1. Median A line joining the mid-point of a side
Pythagoras Theorem In the case of a right of a triangle to the opposite vertex is called a
angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is median. In
equal to the the figure the three medians are PG, QF and RE
sum of the squares of the other two sides. In the where G, E and F are mid-points of their
figure below, for triangle ABC, a2 = b2 + c2 respective
Area = 1/2 (product of perpendicular sides) sides.
R(circumradius) =hypotenuse /2 • A median divides a triangle into two parts of
Area = rs equal area.
(where r = in radius and s = (a + b + c)/2 where • The point where the three medians of a
a, b and c are sides of the triangle) triangle meet is called the centroid of the
1/2 bc = r(a + b + c)/2 triangle.
r = (bc)/(a + b + c) • The centroid of a triangle divides each median
in the ratio 2 : 1.
i.e. PC : CG = 2 : 1 = QC : CF = RC : CE

In the triangle ABC, Important formula with respect to a median

DABC ~ DDBA ~ DDAC 2 × (median)2 + 2 × (1/2 the third side)2
(Note: A lot of questions are based on this = Sum of the squares of other two sides
figure.) 2(PG)2 + 2 ×(QR/2)2
Further, we find the following identities: = (PQ)2 + (PR)2
1. DABC ~ DDBA
AB/BC = DB/BA 2. Altitude/Height A perpendicular drawn from
AB2 = DB × BC any vertex to the opposite side is called the
c2 = pa altitude. (In
2. DABC ~ DDAC the figure, AD, BF and CE are the altitudes of the
AC/BC = DC/AC triangles).
AC2 = DC × BC • All the altitudes of a triangle meet at a point
b2 = qa called the orthocentre of the triangle.
3. DDBA ~ DDAC • The angle made by any side at the orthocentre
DA/DB = DC/DA and the vertical angle make a supplementary
DA2 = DB × DC pair
AD2 = pq (i.e. they both add up to 180°). In the figure
below:
Basic Pythagorean Triplets –A + –BOC = 180° = –C + –AOB
Æ 3, 4, 5 Æ 5, 12, 13 Æ 7, 24, 25 Æ 8, 15, 17 Æ 9,
40, 41 Æ 11, 60, 61 Æ 12, 35, 37 Æ 16, 63, 65 Æ
20, 21, 29 Æ 28, 45, 53.
These triplets are very important since a lot of
questions are based on them.
Any triplet formed by either multiplying or
dividing one of the basic triplets by any positive
real number will be another Pythagorean triplet. 3. Perpendicular Bisectors A line that is a
Thus, since 3, 4, 5 form a triplet so also will 6, 8 perpendicular to a side and bisects it is the
and 10 as also 3.3, 4.4 and 5.5. perpendicular
bisector of the side.
Similarity of right triangles Two right triangles
are similar if the hypotenuse and side of one is
proportional to hypotenuse and side of another.
(RHS–similarity–Right angle hypotenuse side).
Important Terms with Respect to a Triangle
• The point at which the perpendicular bisectors (B) Area = 1/2 × diagonal × sum of the
of the sides meet is called the circumcentre of perpendiculars to it from opposite vertices =
the triangle d*((h1+h2)/2
• The circumcentre is the centre of the circle
that circumscribes the triangle. There can be
only one such circle.
• Angle formed by any side at the circumcentre
is two times the vertical angle opposite to the (C) Area of a circumscribed quadrilateral
side. A =√{(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)}
This is the property of the circle whereby angles Where S =(a+b+c+d)/2
formed by an arc at the centre are twice that of (where a, b, c and d are the lengths of the sides.)
the angle formed by the same arc in the opposite
arc. Here we can view this as: Properties
–QCR = 2 –QPR (when we consider arc QR and 1. In a convex quadrilateral inscribed in a circle,
it’s opposite arc QPR) the product of the diagonals is equal to the sum
of the products of the opposite sides. For
4. Incenter example, in the figure below:
• The lines bisecting the interior angles of a (a × c) + (b × d) = AC × BD
triangle are the angle bisectors of that triangle.
• The angle bisectors meet at a point called the
incentre of the triangle.
• The incentre is equidistant from all the sides of
the triangle.
• From the incentre with a perpendicular drawn
to any of the sides as the radius, a circle can be 2. Sum of all the angles of a quadrilateral = 360°.
drawn touching all the three sides. This is called
the incircle of the triangle. The radius of the TYPES OF QUADRILATERALS
incircle is known as inradius. 1. Parallelogram (|| gm)
• The angle formed by any side at the incentre is A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with opposite
always a right angle more than half the angle sides parallel (as shown in the figure below.)
opposite to the side. (A) Area = Base (b) × Height (h)
This can be illustrated as –QIR = 90 + 1/2 –P = bh
• If QI and RI be the angle bisectors of exterior
angles at Q and R then,
QIR = 90 – 1/2 –P.

(B) Area = product of any two adjacent sides ×

sine of the included angle.
= ab sin Q
(C) Perimeter = 2 (a + b)
where a and b are any two adjacent sides.

Properties:
QUADRILATERALS (a) Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each
Area other.
(A) Area = 1/2 (product of diagonals) × (b) Bisectors of the angles of a parallelogram
(sine of the angle between, them) form a rectangle.
(Diagonals in a rhombus intersect at right
angles)
(since sin 90° = 1)
(c) A parallelogram inscribed in a circle is a
rectangle.
If q1 and q2 are the two angles made between (d) A parallelogram circumscribed about a circle
themselves by the two diagonals, we have by the is a rhombus.
property of intersecting lines Æ q1 + q2 = 180° (e) The opposite angles in a parallelogram are
Then, the area of the quadrilateral = ½ *d1 *d2 equal.
sin θ1 = ½*d1*d2 sin θ 2.
(f) The sum of the squares of the diagonals is Properties
equal to the sum of the squares of the four sides (a) Diagonals are equal and bisect each other at
in the right angles.
figure: (b) Side is the diameter of the inscribed circle.
AC2 + BD2 = AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + AD2 (c) Diagonal is the diameter of the
= 2(AB2 + BC2) circumscribing circle.
Diameter = a√2
Circumradius =a/√2

2. Rectangles
A rectangle is a parallelogram with all angles 90°
(A) Area = Base × Height = b × h

5. Trapezium
A trapezium is a quadrilateral with only two
sides parallel to each other.
(a) Area = 1/2 × sum of parallel sides × height =
1/2 (AB + DC) × h—For the figure below.
Properties of a Rectangle (b) Median = 1/2 × sum of the parallel sides
(a) Diagonals are equal and bisect each other. (median is the line equidistant from the parallel
(b) Bisectors of the angles of a rectangle (a sides)
parallelogram) form another rectangle. For any line EF parallel to AB
(c) All rectangles are parallelograms but the
reverse is not true.

3. Rhombus
A parallelogram having all the sides equal is a
rhombus.
(A) Area = 1/2 × product of diagonals × sine of
the angle between them.
= 1/2 × d1 × d2 sin 90° Properties
= 1/2 × d1 d2 (A) If the non-parallel sides are equal then
Area = product of adjacent sides × sine of the diagonals will be equal too.
angle between them. REGULAR HEXAGON
(a) Area = [(3 )√3/2] (side)2
Properties =3√3* a2
(a) Diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
(b) All rhombuses are parallelograms but the
reverse is not true.
(c) A rhombus may or may not be a square but
all squares are rhombuses.
4. Square
(b) A regular hexagon is actually a combination
A square is a rectangle with adjacent sides equal
of 6 equilateral triangles all of side ‘a’.
or a rhombus with each angle 90°
Hence, the area is also given by: 6 × side of
(a) Area = base × height = a2
equilateral triangles = 6 ×√3/4 a2
(b) Area = 1/2 (diagonal)2 = 1/2 d2 (square is a
(c) If you look at the figure closely it will not be
rhombus too).
difficult to realise that circumradius (R) = a; i.e
(c) Perimeter = 4a (a = side of the square)
the side of the hexagon is equal to the
(d) Diagonal = a√2
circumradius of the same.
(E) In radius =a/2
CIRCLES
(a) Area = pr2
(b) Circumference = 2 pr = (r = radius)
(c) Area = 1/2 × circumference × r
Arc: It is a part of the circumference of the
circle. The bigger one is called the major arc and
the smaller one the minor arc.
(d) Length (Arc XY) = θ/360× 2pr of the common chord.
(e) If two chords of a circle are equal, then the
centre of the circle lies on the angle bisector of
the
two chords.
(f) Equal chords of a circle or congruent circles
are equidistant from the centre.
(e) Sector of a circle is a part of the area of a (g) Equidistant chords from the centre of a circle
circle between two radii. are equal to each other in terms of their length.
(f) Area of a sector = θ/360× πr2 (h) The degree measure of an arc of a circle is
Segment: A sector minus the triangle formed by twice the angle subtended by it at any point on
the two radii is called the segment of the circle. the
(h) Area = Area of the sector – Area DOAB = alternate segment of the circle. This can be
θ/360× pi r2 – × r2 sin θ clearly seen in the following figure:
With respect to the arc AB, –AOB = 2 –ACB.

(i) Perimeter of segment = length of the arc + (i) Any two angles in the same segment are
length of segment AB equal. Thus, –ACB = –ADB.
=θ/360 × 2pr + 2r sin(θ/2) (j) The angle subtended by a semi-circle is a
= + 2r sin(θ/2) right angle. Conversely, the arc of a circle
subtending a
(j) Congruency: Two circles can be congruent if
and only if they have equal radii. right angle at any point of the circle in its
Properties alternate segment is a semi-circle.
(a) The perpendicular from the centre of a circle (k) Any angle subtended by a minor arc in the
to a chord bisects the chord. The converse is alternate segment is acute, and any angle
also subtended by a
true. major arc in the alternate segment is obtuse.
(b) The perpendicular bisectors of two chords of In the figure below
a circle intersect at its centre.
(c) There can be one and only one circle passing
through three or more non-collinear points.
(d) If two circles intersect in two points then the
line through the centres is the perpendicular
bisector
of the common chord.
(e) If two chords of a circle are equal, then the –ABC is acute and
centre of the circle lies on the angle bisector of –ADC = obtuse
the Also q1 = 2 –B
two chords. And q2 = 2 –D
(f) Equal chords of a circle or congruent circles \q1 + q2 = 2(–B + –D)
are equidistant from the centre. = 360° = 2(–B + –D)
(g) Equidistant chords from the centre of a circle or –B + –D = 180°
are equal to each other in terms of their length. or sum of opposite angles of a cyclic
(h) The degree measure of an arc of a circle is quadrilateral is 180°.
twice the angle subtended by it at any point on (l) If a line segment joining two points subtends
the equal angles at two other points lying on the
alternate segment of the circle. This can be same
clearly seen in the following figure: side of the line, the four points are concyclic.
With respect to the arc AB, –AOB = 2 –ACB Thus, in the following figure:
(d) If two circles intersect in two points then the If,q1 = q2
line through the centres is the perpendicular
bisector
Then ABCD are concyclic, that is, they lie on the ELLIPSE
same circle. • Perimeter = p (a + b)

• Area = pab

STAR
Sum of angles of a star = (2n – 8) × p/2 = (n –
(m) Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent 4)p
circles) subtend equal angles at the centre (at
the
corresponding centres.) The converse is also
true.
(n) If the sum of the opposite angles of a
quadrilateral is 180°, then the quadrilateral is
cyclic.
Secant: A line that intersects a circle at two
points.
Tangent: A line that touches a circle at exactly
one point.
(o) If a circle touches all the four sides of a
quadrilateral then the sum of the two opposite
sides is
equal to the sum of other two
AB + DC = AD + BC

(p) In two concentric circles, the chord of the

larger circle that is tangent to the smaller circle
is
bisected at the point of contact.

Tangents
• Length of direct common tangents is
=√{(Distance between their centers )2 – (r1-
r2)2}
where r1 and r2 are the radii of the circles
=√{(OO’)2 – (r1-r2)2}

Length of transverse common tangents is

=√{(Distance between their centers )2 –
(r1+r2)2}
==√{(OO’)2 – (r1+r2)2}