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Data Encryption Standard PDF

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173 views5 pages

Data Encryption Standard PDF

Uploaded by

ishita chakraborty
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© © All Rights Reserved
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DATA ENCRYPTION STANDARD

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cryptography/data_encryption_standard.htm Copyright © tutorialspoint.com

The Data Encryption Standard DES is a symmetric-key block cipher published by the National
Institute of Standards and Technology NIST.

DES is an implementation of a Feistel Cipher. It uses 16 round Feistel structure. The block size is
64-bit. Though, key length is 64-bit, DES has an effective key length of 56 bits, since 8 of the 64 bits
of the key are not used by the encryption algorithm functionascheckbitsonly. General Structure of DES
is depicted in the following illustration −

Since DES is based on the Feistel Cipher, all that is required to specify DES is −

Round function
Key schedule
Any additional processing − Initial and final permutation

Initial and Final Permutation


The initial and final permutations are straight Permutation boxes P − boxes that are inverses of each
other. They have no cryptography significance in DES. The initial and final permutations are shown
as follows −
Round Function
The heart of this cipher is the DES function, f. The DES function applies a 48-bit key to the
rightmost 32 bits to produce a 32-bit output.

Expansion Permutation Box − Since right input is 32-bit and round key is a 48-bit, we first
need to expand right input to 48 bits. Permutation logic is graphically depicted in the
following illustration −

The graphically depicted permutation logic is generally described as table in DES


specification illustrated as shown −

XOR Whitener. − After the expansion permutation, DES does XOR operation on the expanded
right section and the round key. The round key is used only in this operation.

Substitution Boxes. − The S-boxes carry out the real mixing confusion. DES uses 8 S-boxes,
each with a 6-bit input and a 4-bit output. Refer the following illustration −

The S-box rule is illustrated below −


There are a total of eight S-box tables. The output of all eight s-boxes is then combined in to
32 bit section.

Straight Permutation − The 32 bit output of S-boxes is then subjected to the straight
permutation with rule shown in the following illustration:

Key Generation
The round-key generator creates sixteen 48-bit keys out of a 56-bit cipher key. The process of key
generation is depicted in the following illustration −

The logic for Parity drop, shifting, and Compression P-box is given in the DES description.
DES Analysis
The DES satisfies both the desired properties of block cipher. These two properties make cipher
very strong.

Avalanche effect − A small change in plaintext results in the very grate change in the
ciphertext.

Completeness − Each bit of ciphertext depends on many bits of plaintext.

During the last few years, cryptanalysis have found some weaknesses in DES when key selected
are weak keys. These keys shall be avoided.

DES has proved to be a very well designed block cipher. There have been no significant
cryptanalytic attacks on DES other than exhaustive key search.
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