2015 13th International Conference on Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility (INCEMIC)

Analysis of Rectangular and Triangular Microstrip

Antenna Arrays using HFSS
A.R.G.Chandra Mouli.K1, Dr M.Satya Anuradha2, Darshana Kuppili3,Dattatreya Gopi4
A.R.G.CHANDRA MOULI.K Dr M.SATYA ANURADHA
Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Assistant Professor
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, INDIA Electronics and Communication Engineering
FKDQGUDPRXOL#JPDLOFRP A.U College of Engineering, Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam, INDIA
UDGKDPVD#JPDLOFRP

DARSHANAKUPPILI DATTATREYA.GOPI
Dept of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, INDIA Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, INDIA
GDUVKDQDNXSSLOL#\DKRRFRXN GDWWDWUH\DJRSL#JPDLOFRP

Abstract - This work presents an analysis and comparison of line. 50 ohms is now a days the standard characteristic
Rectangular Patch antenna Arrays and Triangular Patch impedance for RF transmission line.
Antenna Arrays. Several Arrays namely 1x2, 2x1, 2x2, 4x1, 2x4, In this work we have presented the Simulation
4x2 of both Rectangular and Triangular shapes are analyzed Results of 1x2,2x1,2x2,1x4,4x1,2x4,4x2 Rectangular and
using the HFSS Simulation Software Tool. The Antenna
Triangular Patch Antenna Arrays.
Parameters Gain, Directivity and Return Loss are analyzed. The
Antenna Arrays are analyzed at a resonant frequency of 2.2GHz
which are suitable for ISM Band, WLAN and Aerospace
II. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Applications.

Keywords²Microstrip Antenna , MicroStrip Antenna Arrays,

Rectangular Microstrip Antenna, Triangular Microstrip Antenna.
Resonant frequency of rectangular and triangular Patch Antenna.

I. INTRODUCTION

Antennas made of metal patches which may be

places on dielectrics and feed by microstrip or one of the co-
planar transmission lines. These are small light and easy to
fabricate.These are sometimes called as Microstrip integrated
antennas[1].These anennas are suitable for microwave
applications.They have Immence application in Portable
Devices , Aircraft , Military Devices, Satellites. These Patch
Antennas have different shapes like Square, Rectangular, Fig2.1 Geometry of rectangular patch antennas
Circular, Trapezoidal, Triangular . These Patch Antennas are
excited using different feeding techniques like line feed, The Microstrip Patch Antenna is a trendy solution
probe feed, aperture feed, proximity coupling feed . There are for the present requirement of Light Weight, Inexpensive ,
different mathematical tools like Method of Moments(MoM), Highly Reliable, Highly Efficient Antennas. These antennas
Finite Element Method(FEM),FDTD. consists of Ground Plane, Dilectric, Patch Conductors.
The frequency is choosen to be in a licence free The feed introduces an electric field between ground
frequency band and the choice for microstrip patch elements layer and patch , the antenna may be reguarded as a cavity
at this frequency will allow for ease into realisation.The study with electrically conducting top and bottom walls and
of Microstrip Patch Array Antenna has a considerable magnetically conducting side walls.This cavity imposes
importance because increase in the number of Elements will boundary conditions on the em fields .Since the side walls are
have a corresponding increase in the Gain and Directivity.All not perfect magnetically conductive, the electric fiels lines
the sub-systems including rectangular microstrip patch are not compleately perpendicular to the top and bottom
radiator are designed for connection to 50 ohm transmission layers at the positions of side walls.These so called fringe
fields gives rise to radiation leaking from the cavity,thus

978-1-5090-5350-6/15/$31.00©2015 IEEE
25
making the antenna operation possible.In this antenna design A. Micro strip Series Feed Network
process,it is assumed that the mutual coupling effects are A series feed micro strip array is formed by
negligible. Therefore the distance between the array elements interconnecting all the elements with high impedance
is considered to be sufficiently large. transmission line and feeding the power at the first element.
The length and width of the Rectangular Patch are Here two successive patch elements are matched by using
calculated using the below equations[3] quarter wavelength transformer method. Since, the feed
arrangement is compact, the line losses associated with this
1
 type of array are lower than those of the corporate feed
H r  1 H r 1 ª hº 2
H reff  1  12 » (1) type[7] .
2 2 «¬ W¼

'L
H  0.3¨  0.264 ¸
reff
§w ·
0.412 © h ¹ (2)
h
H reff  0.258¨  0.8 ¸
§w ·
©h ¹
1 2 -0 2 (3)
W
2 f r P 0H 0 H r  1 2 f r H r  1 Fig3.1 2x1 rectangular and triangular array
1
L  2'L (4)
2 f r H reff P 0H 0

Where Hr is the permittivity of the substrate,

H reff is the effective permittivity, h is the height of the
substrate, f r is the Resonant Frequency, W is the width of Fig3.2 2x1 rectangular and triangular array
the patch, L is the length of the patch.
B. Micro strip Corporate Feed Network
Side Length and Resonant Frequency[3] Corporate feed arrays are general and versatile. This
method has more control of the feed of each element and is
ideal for scanning phased arrays, multi beam arrays. The
phase of each element can be controlled using phase shifters
while amplitude can be adjusted using either amplifiers or
attenuators [7].

Fig2.2 Geometry of triangular patch antennas

Fig3.3 1x2 rectangular and triangular array
Based on the cavity model, the resonant frequency
of the Equilateral Triangular patch antenna, of side length -a, C. Microstrip Corporate-Series Feed Network
can be calculated using the following formula[3] The combination of series feed and corporate feed
2c are frequently used for array antennas to get benefits of both
fr (5)
feeding networks[7].
3a H r

III.ANTENNA ARRAY STRUTURES

In the microstrip array, elements can be fed by a single
line or multiple lines in a feed network arrangement. Based
on the feeding method the array are classified as

A. Series Feed Network

B. Corporate Feed Network Fig3.4 2x2 rectangular and triangular array
C. Corporate ± Series Feed Network

26
 XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1 $162)7
0.00 Curve Info
dB(St(Port_T1,Port_T1))
Setup1 : Sw eep

-2.50

dB(St(Port_T1,Port_T1))
-5.00

-7.50

-10.00

Fig3.5 2x4 rectangular and triangular array

-12.50
1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]

Figure 4.1.2(a) Return Loss - Triangular

Fig3.6 4x2 rectangular and triangular array

IV. RESULTS
Here we have analysed 1x2,2x1,2x2,1x4,4x1,4x2,2x4
array structures for both Triangular and Rectangular with a Figure 4.1.2(b) Polar Plot ± Triangular
substrate permittivity of 4.4 , Resonant frequency of 2.2 GHz
and a substrate height of 1.6mm, the rectangular patch is of B. 1x2 Rectangular & Triangular Patch
XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1 $162)7

length 32.57 mm and width of 31.93 mm. The side of the 0.00 Curve Info
dB(St(Patch_T1,Patch_T1))
Setup1 : Sw eep

equilateral triangular patch is of 43.33mm. -5.00

dB(St(Patch_T1,Patch_T1))

-10.00

A. Single Element Rectangular and Triangular Patch

-15.00
Name X Y Return Loss Patch_Antenna_ADKv1 $162)7
0.00 2.3688 -29.3576
m1 Curve Info
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
-20.00
-5.00

-10.00
-25.00
1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]
-15.00
dB(St(1,1))

-20.00 Figure 4.2.1(a) Return Loss ± Rectangular

-25.00

m1
-30.00

-35.00

-40.00
2.20 2.25 2.30 2.35 2.40 2.45 2.50 2.55 2.60
Freq [GHz]

Figure 4.1.1(a) Return Loss ± Rectangular

Figure 4.2.1(b) Polar Plot ± Rectangular

XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1 $162)7

0.00 Curve Info
dB(St(PORT_T1,PORT_T1))
Setup1 : Sw eep

-5.00
dB(St(PORT_T1,PORT_T1))

Figure 4.1.1(b) Polar Plot ± Rectangular -10.00

-15.00

-20.00

-25.00
1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]

Figure 4.2.2(a) Return Loss ± Triangular

27
 D. 2x2 Rectangular & Triangular Patch
XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1 $162)7
0.00 Curve Info
dB(St(Patch_T1,Patch_T1))
Setup1 : Sw eep

-5.00

dB(St(Patch_T1,Patch_T1))
-10.00

-15.00

-20.00

-25.00
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
Freq [GHz]

Figure 4.2.2(b) Polar Plot - Triangular

Figure 4.4.1(a) Return Loss ± Rectangular

C. 2x1 Rectangular & Triangular Patch

XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1 $162)7
0.00 Curve Info
dB(St(P2_T1,P2_T1))
Setup1 : Sw eep
-2.00

-4.00
dB(St(P2_T1,P2_T1))

-6.00

-8.00

-10.00

-12.00

-14.00

-16.00
1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]

Figure 4.3.1(a) Return Loss ± Rectangular Figure 4.4.1(b) Return Loss ± Rectangular
XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1 $162)7
0.00 Curve Info
dB(St(PORT_T1,PORT_T1))
Setup1 : Sw eep
-5.00

-10.00
dB(St(PORT_T1,PORT_T1))

-15.00

-20.00

-25.00

-30.00

-35.00
1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]

Figure 4.4.2(a) Return Loss - Triangular

Figure 4.3.1(b) Polar Plot ± Rectangular
XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1 $162)7
0.00 Curve Info
dB(St(P2_T1,P2_T1))
Setup1 : Sw eep

-2.50

-5.00
dB(St(P2_T1,P2_T1))

-7.50

-10.00

-12.50

-15.00
1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]

Figure 4.3.2(a) Return Loss - Triangular Figure 4.4.2(b) Polar Plot - Triangular

E. 4x1 Rectangular & Triangular Patch

XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1 $162)7
0.00 Curve Info
dB(St(Patch_T1,Patch_T1))
Setup1 : Sw eep
-2.50

-5.00
dB(St(Patch_T1,Patch_T1))

-7.50

-10.00

-12.50

-15.00

-17.50
1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]

Figure 4.5.1(a) Return Loss ± Rectangular

Figure 4.3.2(b) Polar Plot - Triangular

28
 Figure 4.5.1(b) Polar Plot ± Rectangular
XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1 $162)7
0.00 Curve Info
dB(St(Patch_T1,Patch_T1))
Setup1 : Sw eep Figure 4.6.1(b) Polar Plot ± Rectangular
-2.00

-4.00
dB(St(Patch_T1,Patch_T1))

-6.00 XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1 $162)7

0.00 Curve Info
dB(St(PORT_T1,PORT_T1))
Setup1 : Sw eep
-8.00 -2.50

-5.00
-10.00

dB(St(PORT_T1,PORT_T1))
-7.50

-12.00
-10.00

-14.00 -12.50
1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]
-15.00

Figure 4.5.2(a) Return Loss - Triangular -17.50

-20.00

-22.50
1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]

Figure 4.6.2(a) Return Loss ± Triangular

Figure 4.5.2(b) Polar Plot - Triangular

Figure 4.6.2(b) Polar Plot ± Triangular
F. 2x4 Rectangular & Triangular Patch
XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1 $162)7
0.00
Curve Info
dB(St(PORT_T1,PORT_T1))
Setup1 : Sw eep
-2.50

-5.00
dB(St(PORT_T1,PORT_T1))

-7.50

-10.00

-12.50

-15.00

-17.50

-20.00

-22.50
1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]

Figure 4.6.1(a) Return Loss ± Rectangular

29
 XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1

G. 4x2 Rectangular & Triangular Patch

$162)7
0.00 Curve Info
dB(St(PORT_T1,PORT_T1))
Setup1 : Sw eep
XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1 $162)7
0.00 -2.50
Curve Info
dB(St(Patch_T1,Patch_T1))
Setup1 : Sw eep

dB(St(PORT_T1,PORT_T1))
-5.00 -5.00

-10.00
-7.50
dB(St(Patch_T1,Patch_T1))

-15.00
-10.00

-20.00

-12.50

-25.00

-15.00
-30.00 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]

-35.00
1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]
Figure 4.7.2(a) Return Loss - Triangular
Figure 4.7.1(a) Return Loss ± Rectangular

Figure 4.7.1(b) Polar Plot ± Rectangular

Figure 4.7.2(b) Polar Plot - Triangular

V.COMPARISION BETWEEN RECTANGULAR AND TRIANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA ARRAYS

GAIN(dB) Directivity(dB) Return Loss(dB)

Feed Network Patch
Rectangular Triangular Rectangular Triangular Rectangular Triangular
2x1 3.4 4.5 8.3 6.5 -15 -14.2
Series Feed
Network
4x1 5.5 3.2 9.7 9 -17.5 -13
Corporate
1x2 4.5 4.9 8.2 1.23 -25 -23.5
Feed Network
4x2 7 4.9 11.3 9.4 -32 -13
Corporate
Series Feed 2x2 5.5 3.5 9.7 7.6 -24 -10
Network
2x4 5.8 6.4 12.5 12.3 -21 -14.5

Table I- Comparision Between Rectangular And Triangular Patch Antenna Arrays

VI.CONCLUSION
In this work the Rectangular and Triangular Patch Antenna of different feed networks are analysed . In which the
analysis of triangular patch antenna array of dimensions 2x2,2x4,4x1,4x2 were studied for the first time to our knowledge .
Based on our analysis, as the size of the array increases , the Gain , Directivity Increases.The gain of the Rectangular
Patch Antenna Arrays is more when compared to Triangular patch Arrays.The Directivity of 4x1 and 2x4 of both Rectangular and
Triangular Patch Arrays are approximately equal and in all the remaining arrays studied ,the Rectangular Arrays have better
Directivity when compared with Triangular Arrays.The side lobe levels are decreased in Triangular Patch Antenna Arrays when
compared with Rectangular Patch Antenna.The Return loss of 1x2 and 2x1 of both Rectangular and Triangular Patch Arrays are
approximately equal and in all the remaining arrays studied ,the Rectangular Arrays have better Return Loss when compared with
Triangular Arrays.The Corporate Feed Network have high Gain, Directivity and Return Loss when compared with the Series Feed
Network of Same Number of Elements.

30
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[6@*XKD' 6LGGLTXL-<³5HVRQDQWIUHTXHQF\RIHTXLODWHUDOWULDQJXODUPLFURVWULSSDWFKDQWHQQDZLWKDQG
[7] Md. Tanvir Ishtaique-ul Huque, Md. Kamal Hosain, Md. Shihabul Islam, and Md. Al-$PLQ &KRZGKXU\ ´Design and
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