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ENG 2014 Differential Equations

This document discusses differential equations. It defines a differential equation as any equation involving one or more derivatives. It identifies the key components of a differential equation as the dependent variable, independent variable, and parameters. It also describes ordinary and partial differential equations, and discusses how to determine the order, degree, and linearity of differential equations. It provides examples of solving algebraic, transcendental, and differential equations. Finally, it explains the concepts of general and particular solutions and how to solve initial value problems.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
207 views18 pages

ENG 2014 Differential Equations

This document discusses differential equations. It defines a differential equation as any equation involving one or more derivatives. It identifies the key components of a differential equation as the dependent variable, independent variable, and parameters. It also describes ordinary and partial differential equations, and discusses how to determine the order, degree, and linearity of differential equations. It provides examples of solving algebraic, transcendental, and differential equations. Finally, it explains the concepts of general and particular solutions and how to solve initial value problems.

Uploaded by

Jc San Pedro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENG 2014 Differential Equations

A differential equation is any equation which involves one or more derivatives either
directly or implicitly through the presence of differentials.

ANATOMY OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION


Dependent variable

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
+3 − 4𝑦 = 5 sin 20𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Independent variable
Parameters

ENG 2014 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering


▪ Dependent variable
▪ Variable whose derivative is being taken

▪ Independent variable
▪ Variable with respect to which the derivative of another variable is being taken

▪ Parameters
▪ Constants which may appear either as coefficients of variables and derivatives or as
separate terms in the differential equation

ENG 2014 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering


▪ What are the independent and dependent variables?

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
+ + 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑥 2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝜕2𝑉 𝜕2𝑉 𝜕2𝑉


+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

ENG 2014 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering


▪ Ordinary differential equations
▪ Involves ordinary derivatives, which are derivatives of functions of a single independent
variable

▪ Partial differential equations


▪ Involves partial derivatives, which are derivatives of functions of two or more independent
variables

ENG 2014 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering


▪ Determine whether the equation is an ODE or a PDE.

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
+ + 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑥 2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝜕2𝑉 𝜕2𝑉 𝜕2𝑉


+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

ENG 2014 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering


▪ Order of a differential equation
▪ Order of the highest-ordered derivative appearing in the differential equation

▪ Degree of a differential equation


▪ Algebraic degree of the highest-ordered derivative after the equation has been
rationalized to clear the fractional exponents occurring in all derivatives

ENG 2014 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering


▪ What are the order and degree of the following differential equations?

3𝑦 2𝑦 4
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 2 3 + 2𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 5𝑦 5 + 8𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

3
𝑦′′ 4 = 1 + 𝑦′ 2

𝑑2𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑3𝑦
+ 4𝑥 = − 3𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3

ENG 2014 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering


▪ Linearity of a differential equation
▪ An ordinary differential equation of order n is called linear if it may be written in the
following form:

𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑏0 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥

ENG 2014 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering


▪ Determine whether the following equations are linear or not.
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Hint: Form of linear D.E.: 𝑏0 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑦 ′′ 3
+ 𝑦′ 4
−𝑦 =0

𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑒 𝑡 =𝑡+ 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑦′ + 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥2

𝑦 ′′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0
ENG 2014 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering
▪ What are the solutions of the following equations?

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 3

sin 2𝑥 = 1

1
ln 2 =0
𝑥 −3

𝑦 ′ − 5𝑦 = 0

ENG 2014 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering


▪ What are the solutions of the following equations?
▪ Algebraic
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 3 Solution: values 𝑥 = −3 or 𝑥 = 1
▪ Transcendental
sin 2𝑥 = 1 Solution: values 𝑥 = 45 ± 360

1
ln 2
= 0 Solution: values 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = −2
𝑥 −3

▪ Differential
𝑦 ′ − 5𝑦 = 0 Solution: relation 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 5𝑥

ENG 2014 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering


▪ Solving a differential equation means finding the FUNCTION or RELATION that
satisfies the equation.

▪ General solution
▪ A solution which contains as many independent arbitrary constants as the order of the
equation.
▪ It is the equation of a family of curves that satisfy the differential equation

▪ Particular solution
▪ A solution obtained from the general solution by giving specific values to the arbitrary
constants.

ENG 2014 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering


▪ Example: Find the solution of the
following differential equation.

𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥

General solution: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶

ENG 2014 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering


▪ Example: Find the solution of the
differential equation 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 at
𝑦 0 = 2.

General solution: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶

Particular solution: 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 2

INITIAL VALUE PROBLEM

ENG 2014 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering


▪ Find the general solution of the following differential equations.
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦′ = 4 cos 6𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2
= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 4

3
𝑦′ = 2
𝑥 +𝑥

𝑑2𝑦
2 = 12𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

ENG 2014 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering


▪ Solve the following initial value problems.

𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑒 −3𝑥 , 𝑦 = 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝜋
= 4 sin 2𝑥 , 𝑦 = 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 2 + 3 + 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑦 = −1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥

ENG 2014 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering


▪ Reyes, F.G. and Chua, J.L. (1992). Elements of calculus and analytic geometry. Manila,
Philippines: UST Publishing House
▪ Rainville, E.D., Bedient, P.E., & Bedient, R.E. (2002). Elementary differential
equations. Singapore: Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd

ENG 2014 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering

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