Numerical Analysis: Lecture - 3
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khizarNumerical Analysis: Lecture - 3
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khizarNUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Lecture -3
Page 1 of 17
ERROR IN MULTIPLICATION
Suppose exact value of a number be= x1
Suppose exact value of another number be= x2
Suppose approximate value of a number be= x1
Suppose approximate value of another number be= x2
Error in first number: e1=x1-x1
Error in second number:e2=x2-x2
Let Z be the product of two numbers=Z=x1.x2
Let Z be the product of approximate values=Z=x1.x2
Error=ez=Z-Z
= (x1.x2 )- (x1.x2)
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= x1.x2- (x1- e1)(x2-e2)
=x1x2-( x1 x2- e1x2-e2x1-e1e2)
= x1x2-( x1x2- e1x2-e2x1)
Neglecting e1e2 as it is very small
=x1x2-x1x2+e1x2+e2x1
So ez =e1x2+e2x1
Absolute error=|ez|=|e1x2+e2x1|≤|e1x2|+|e2x1|
And =|ez|≤|e1x2|+|e2x1|
Relative error= R.E=Absolute Error/|Z|
=|e1x2+e2x1|/|x1x2|
=| e1x2 +e2x1/x1x2 |
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=| e1x2/x1x2 + e2x1/x1x2 |
R.E=| e1/x1 + e2/x2|≤| e1/x1|+| e2/x2|
So R.E≤| e1/x1|+| e2/x2|
ERROR IN QUOTIENT
Suppose exact value of a number be= x1
Suppose exact value of another number be= x2
Suppose approximate value of 1st number be= x1
Suppose approximate value of 2nd number be= x2
Error in first number = e1=x1-x1
Error in second number=e2=x2-x2
Let Z be the quotient of two numbers=Z=x1/x2
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Let Z be the quotient of approximate values: Z=x1/x2
Error=ez=Z-Z
=x1/x2-x1/x2
=x1/x2 - x1-e1/x2-e2
= x1/x2 - x1(1-e1/x1)/x2(1-e2/x2)
= x1/x2 -x1(1-e1/x1) × x2(1-e2/x2)-1
= x1/x2 - x1(1-e1/x1) × x2(1- (-1 )e2/x2)
[As (1+x)n=1+nx+…]
= x1/x2-x1(1-e1/x1)×x2(1+e2/x2)
= x1/x2-x1x2 (1-e1/x1+e2/x2)
= x1/x2-x1/x2+e1/x2-x1/x2×e2
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= e1/x2 - x1/x22 × e2
R.E=A.E/|Z|
≤| e1/x2-x1/x22. e2|/|x1/x2|
≤|(e1/x2-x1/x22. e2 )/ x1/x2|
≤|e1/x1 - e2/x2|≤|e1/x1| + |e2/x2|
𝑒1 𝑒2
⟹ |𝑒𝑧 | ≤ | | + | |
𝑥1 𝑥2
ERROR IN POWER
Let a number be=x
Such that Z=xn
Appraximate Value of ‘x’=x
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Error in x: e=x-x
Error in Z: e=Z-Z
=xn-(x)n
=xn-(x-e)n
=xn-xn(1 - e/x)n
=xn-xn(1+n(-e/x))
=xn-xn+nexn-1
So ez = nexn-1
R.E=|nexn-1|/|xn|
=| nexn-1/xn|
=|ne/x| =|n||e/x|
Page 7 of 17
EXAMPLE # 1
4.0643
Given the data then estimate the relative error, maximum
37.487
absolute error, the range in which true answers lie.
Solution:
Let x1=4.0643 e1=1/2×10-4
Let x2=37.487 e=1/2×10-3
Z=x1/x2
= 4.0643/37.487
= 0.1084.
R.E≤ e1/x1 + e2/x2
≤ 1/2×10-3/4.0643 + 1/2×10-3/37.487
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≤ 2.5640 × 10-5
A.E ≤ R.E×ǀ Zǀ
≤ 0.1084×2.5640×10-5
≤ 2.779376×10-6
Max. Absolute Error=2.779376×10-6
The range in which true answer lies
Z-A.E ≤ Z ≤ Z+A.E
0.1084-2.7794×10-6≤Z≤0.1084+2.7794×10-6
0.108397 ≤ Z ≤ 0.108402
(Correct to 3 d.p)
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EXAMPLE # 2
Given the data √48.425 the estimate the relative error ,
maximum Absolute error and the range in which answer lies.
Solution:
Z=(48.425)1/2
=6.9588.
LET x=48.425 e=1/2×10-3
R.E=ǀn ǀ × |𝑒/𝑥 |
=ǀ1/2ǀ(1×10/2×48.425)
= 5.1626×10-6
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Maximum Absolute error = R.E × ǀZǀ
=5.1626×10×6.9588
= 3.5925×10-5
The range in which true answers lie:
Z-A.E ≤ Z ≤ Z+A.E
6.9588- 3.5925× 10-5 ≤ Z ≤ 6.9588- 3.5925 ×10-5
6.9518 ≤ Z ≤ 6.9588
(Correct to 2 d.p)
EXAMPLE # 3
If given numbers are rounded estimate the relative error and
absolute error in the product 4.0643×0.37487
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Solution:
Let x1=4.0643 e1=1/2×10-4
Let x2=0.37487 e2=1/2×10-5
Let Z= x1 × x2
= 4.0643×0.377487
= 1.52358.
A.E : ez ≤ ǀx1 . e2 ǀ +ǀ x2 . e1ǀ
≤ (4.0643×1/2×10-3)+(0.37487×1/2×10-4)
≤ 3.9065×10-5
R.E ≤ ǀ e1/x1 ǀ + ǀe2/x2 |
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≤
1×10-4 / 2×4.0643 + 1×10-5 / 2×0.37487
≤ 2.5640 × 10-5
EXAMPLE # 4
6.2343×0.82135
Given √ find relative error, absolute error and the
2.7268
range in which true answer lies.
Solution:
6.2343×0.82135
Z= √
2.7268
= √1.8778
= (1.8778)1/2
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Z = 1.37034 n=1/2 e=1/2×10-4
R.E≤1/2×1/2×10-4/1.8778
A.E ≤1.33134×10-5
≤R.E×|Z |
≤1.33134×10-5× 1.37034
≤1.82438×10-5
Z-A.E ≤ Z ≤ Z+A.E
1.37034-1.82438×10-5≤Z≤ 1.37034+1.82438×10-5
1.37032 ≤ Z ≤ 1.370358
(correct to 4 d.p)
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EXAMPLE # 5. Let 65.43 and 17.0591 be correctly rounded to
the number of digits shown. What is the smallest interval in
which the exact sum of numbers lies.
SOL: x1=65.43 e1=1/2×10-2
x2=17.0591 e2= 1/2×10-4
Let Z=x1+x2
=65.43+17.0591
=82.4891.
A.E≤ez≤e1+e2
≤5×10-3+5×10-5
≤5×10-3
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R.E ≤A.E/|Z|
≤5×10-3/|82.4891|
≤6.06×10-5
Z-A.E ≤ Z ≤ Z+A.E
82.4891-5×10-3 ≤ Z ≤ 82.4891+5×10-3
82.4841 ≤ Z ≤ 82.4941
Page 16 of 17
Exercise
Q # 1:Given the data 1.57695 × 2.65897 .Then estimate the
relative error, maximum absolute error, the range in which true
answers lies.
2.0793
Q #2:Given the data then estimate the relative error,
47.345
maximum absolute error, the range in which true answers lie.
2.1254×0.7435
Q # 3:Given √ find relative error, absolute error
5.2745×1.2548
and the range in which true answer lies.
3.1354
Q #4:Given √ find relative error, absolute error
2.5428×3.2561
and the range in which true answer lies.
Page 17 of 17
