A

Report
On

Estimation of Fuel Consumption

For
partial fulfillment of award of the
B. Tech Degree in Information Technology

Under the Supervision of

Mr. Anand Bhushan Pandey

Submitted by:
Zoya Khan (1619213126)
Sakshi Keshri (1619231103)
Tanya Srivastava (1619213115)

Session :2019-2020

G. L. Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management

Greater Noida
 Acknowledgement
I would like to thank respected Mr. Anand Bhushan Pandey for giving me such a wonderful
opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines to present a
seminar report. It helped me a I lot to realize of what we study for.

Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as i went through my work
and helped to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs.

Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more organized and
well-stacked till the end.

Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word. It helped my
work a lot to remain error-free.

Last but clearly not the least, I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to complete
my report on time.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Relevant Work\Existing System
4. Proposed work
5. Architecture of estimation of fuel consumption
6. Process of estimation of fuel consumption
7. Methodology/Experimental Work
8. Conclusion and Future Scope
9. References/Bibliography
 Abstract
I investigate how to use machine learning to predict fuel consumption in heavy vehicles. I
examine data from several different sources describing road, vehicle, driver and weather
characteristics and I find a regression to a fuel consumption measured in liters per distance. The
thesis is done for Scania and uses data sources available to Scania. I evaluate which machine
learning methods are most successful, how data collection frequency affects the prediction and
which features are most influential for fuel consumption. I find that a lower collection frequency
of 10 minutes is preferable to a higher collection frequency of 1 minute. I also find that the
evaluated models are comparable in their performance and that the most important features for
fuel consumption are related to the road slope, vehicle speed and vehicle weight.
 INTRODUCTION

As urbanization accelerates, transport-related environmental issues deteriorate. The report of

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows that 20–30% of total greenhouse
gases (GHGs) are released from urban transportation operation including passenger and freight
transportation. Estimating and visualizing fuel consumption and emissions from transportation
provide an understanding of the energy cost and air pollution caused by travel or transportation.
However, previous studies often estimated fuel consumption/emissions without considering
vehicles’ activities and thus might lead to erroneous estimations. Therefore, this study proposes
approaches that estimate and visualize vehicles’ fuel consumption/emissions accurately by
considering vehicles’ mobile and stationary activities in a space-time-integrated framework with
vehicles’. Traditional ways to estimate air pollution rely on air pollution monitoring stations that
are located at specific sites throughout a city. Data collected by these monitoring stations can be
further used to evaluate the status of atmosphere according to clean air standards and historical
information. While these data are more reliable, monitoring stations are expensive to set up and
maintain [2], and thus there are usually a very limited number of monitoring stations in a
particular city. For the emissions and fuel consumption from the transportation sector, although
it is recognized that vehicular emissions and fuel consumption play a significant role in air
pollution and energy consumption, the exact volume and spatial distribution of pollution/fuel
consumption of vehicles remain unknown. As the exact volume emissions and fuel consumption
can only be measured with professional equipment installed on individual vehicles, such
measurement can hardly be implemented in practice. Therefore, emissions and fuel consumption
estimation approaches have been widely investigated in past decades
 RELEVENT WORK
One existing such model is the Scania Truck and Road Simulation (stars) which is a simulation
system that requires vehicle and driver specific configuration of the model to be able to perform
prediction. Simulation based approaches have the problem that they take a long time to run and
require considerable manual configuration in order to perform prediction. Modifying a
simulation-based model to take more parameters into account would also increase the prediction
complexity and potentially make it significantly slower. Further, a simulation-based model
cannot generalize to become manufacturer independent, since they require vehicle specific
configurations.

PROPOSED WORK

Numerous variables influence vehicle energy and emission rates. These variables can be
classified into six broad categories, as follows: travel-related, weather-related, vehicle-related,
roadway-related, traffic-related, and driver related factors. The travel-related factors account for
the distance and number of trips traveled within an analysis period while the weather-related
factors account for temperature, humidity, and wind effects. Vehicle-related factors account for
numerous variables including the engine size, the condition of the engine, whether the vehicle is
equipped with a catalytic converter, whether the vehicle’s air conditioning is functioning, and
the soak time of the engine. The roadway-related factors account for the roadway grade and
surface roughness while the traffic-related factors account for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-
control interaction. Finally, the driver-related factors account for differences in driver behavior
and aggressiveness.

MODULES:-

LIFE CYCLE
Machine learning has given the computer systems the abilities to automatically learn without
being explicitly programmed. But how does a machine learning system work? So, it can be
described using the life cycle of machine learning. Machine learning life cycle is a cyclic
process to build an efficient machine learning project. The main purpose of the life cycle is to
find a solution to the problem or project.

Machine learning life cycle involves seven major steps, which are given below:

o Gathering Data
o Data preparation
o Data Wrangling
o Analyse Data
o Train the model
o Test the model
o Deployment

1. Gathering Data:

Data Gathering is the first step of the machine learning life cycle. The goal of this step is to
identify and obtain all data-related problems.

In this step, we need to identify the different data sources, as data can be collected from various
sources such as files, database, internet, or mobile devices. It is one of the most important
steps of the life cycle. The quantity and quality of the collected data will determine the
efficiency of the output. The more will be the data, the more accurate will be the prediction.

This step includes the below tasks:

o Identify various data sources

o Collect data
o Integrate the data obtained from different sources

By performing the above task, we get a coherent set of data, also called as a dataset. It will be
used in further steps.

2. Data preparation

After collecting the data, we need to prepare it for further steps. Data preparation is a step where
we put our data into a suitable place and prepare it to use in our machine learning training.

In this step, first, we put all data together, and then randomize the ordering of data This step can
be further divided into two processes:

o Data exploration:
It is used to understand the nature of data that we have to work with. We need to
 understand the characteristics, format, and quality of data.
A better understanding of data leads to an effective outcome. In this, we find
Correlations, general trends, and outliers.
o Data pre-processing:
Now the next step is preprocessing of data for its analysis.

3. Data Wrangling

Data wrangling is the process of cleaning and converting raw data into a useable format. It is the
process of cleaning the data, selecting the variable to use, and transforming the data in a proper
format to make it more suitable for analysis in the next step. It is one of the most important steps
of the complete process. Cleaning of data is required to address the quality issues.

It is not necessary that data we have collected is always of our use as some of the data may not
be useful. In real-world applications, collected data may have various issues, including:

o Missing Values
o Duplicate data
o Invalid data
o Noise

So, we use various filtering techniques to clean the data.

It is mandatory to detect and remove the above issues because it can negatively affect the quality
of the outcome.

Hence, in this step, we take the data and use machine learning algorithms to build the model.

5. Train Model

Now the next step is to train the model, in this step we train our model to improve its
performance for better outcome of the problem.

We use datasets to train the model using various machine learning algorithms. Training a model
is required so that it can understand the various patterns, rules, and, features.
6. Test Model

Once our machine learning model has been trained on a given dataset, then we test the model. In
this step, we check for the accuracy of our model by providing a test dataset to it.

Testing the model determines the percentage accuracy of the model as per the requirement of
project or problem.

7. Deployment

The last step of machine learning life cycle is deployment, where we deploy the model in the
real-world system.

If the above-prepared model is producing an accurate result as per our requirement with
acceptable speed, then we deploy the model in the real system. But before deploying the project,
we will check whether it is improving its performance using available data or not. The
deployment phase is similar to making the final report for a project.

METHODOLOGY
Machine learning algorithms and data science have improved in recent years. In this study, fuel
consumption values are estimated based on real voyage data for a vessel by using machine
learning and data science. Firstly, the noon report (for 35 days of voyage) was taken from a
commercial ship. These data are divided into two parts as random as test (1/3) and train (2/3)
data. Equation 1 shows the multiple-linear regression method used for this study. The dependent
variable is y. The independent variable is x. The coefficients are shown as bi for i = 0 to n.

y=b0 + b1x1 + b2x2 +…..+bnxn.

• Dataset is a collection of related sets of information that is composed of separate elements

but can be manipulated as a unit by a computer.

• In machine learning dataset is divided into two parts-

1. Training Set

2. Test Set

T r a in in Test
g Set Set
P e rfo rm Test you r
a lg o r it h m m od el o n
o n t r a in in g te st d a ta se t
set
M a tch th e
C o n ti n u e r e s u lt o f
th e p ro ce ss you r m o d el
u n ti l y o u w it h
get o r ig in a l
a c cu ra te r e s u lt .
m od el

• Supervised learning algorithm of machine learning is applied to the training set and
generate model until we get the correct result of consumption.

• 100% accurate model is not possible but we will try to get the most accurate model.

• Linear Regression algorithm can be used to apply over the data set.
 CREATE SAMPLE MODEL

6 Series 3
5
4
3
2
1
0
1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4
Series 3

ORIGINAL MODEL
 Series 3
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4
Series 3

CONCLUSION

The paper presents microscopic fuel consumption and emission models that require
instantaneous vehicle speed and acceleration levels as input variables. The models, that were
developed using the ORNL data, estimate hot stabilized vehicle emissions for normal light duty
vehicles. The models are found to produce vehicle emissions that are consistent with the ORNL
data (coefficient of determination is excess of 90 percent). The development of these models
attempts to bridge the existing gap between traffic simulation models, traditional transportation
planning models, and environmental impact models. The models presented in this paper are
general enough to be incorporated within microscopic traffic simulation models. It is believed
that given the current power of desktop computers, the implementation of any of the models
presented in this paper adds an acceptable computational overhead to a microscopic simulation
model. The benefit of this integration would be substantial if one considers that current
environmental models are quite insensitive to traffic and driver related factors on vehicle
emissions. Currently, the models developed in this study have been incorporated within the
microscopic traffic simulation tool INTEGRATION to further demonstrate their application and
relevance to traffic engineering studies.

REFERENCE

www.google.com

www.wikipedia.org
Post, K., Kent, J.H., Tomlin, J., and Carruthers, N. (1984). "Fuel Consumption and Emission
Modelling by Power Demand and a Comparison with Other Models", Transp. Res. A, 18(3),
191-213.

Rakha H., Van Aerde M., Ahn K. and Trani A. (2000a), Requirements for Evaluation of
Environmental Impacts of Intelligent Transportation Systems using Speed and Acceleration
Data, Accepted for publication in the Transportation Research Record.