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AovbLVO, MaQttOC; 1992

1. Walter Bagehot, Physics and Politics (Aovorvo 1887),00. 20-21.

12

EE>NH KAI EE>NIKI~MO~ AlIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

EI:EAfQrH

13

OOVIlE, vo xa'tav0tl0EL 'to rtQ6~ATJlla rou EElVLXLOIlOV, xm YLa vc ou~ATJQWOOVIlE 'to EQYO'tOV A. D. Smith, «Nationalism, A Trend Report and Bibliography», 'to onoto rtEQLEXEL 'tL~ rtEQLOO6'tEQE~ avmpoQE~ O'tO eElla IlEXQL ExECvTJ 'tTJV XQOVLXtl O'tLYlltl·2. 'OXL 6'tL XWtOLO~ ea EmElvllovOE vu ovO'ttlOEL ro roou rtoAM nou YQuqn;TJxav O'tL~ rtQOTJYO'UIlEVE~ nsQL66ov~. 0 xmuAoyo~ avayvwollu'tWV Ila~ ea rtEQLELXE rtoM A(ya art6 amu nou YQuqn;TJxav O'tTJv xAaOLxtl rtEQ(060 rou CPLAEAE'llElEQLOIlOV rou 6EXU'tOV EVU'tOV mwva, YLa A6yov~ OL OrtO(OL ea y(vow oacpE(~ aQYo'tEQa, aAAu ErtLOTJ~ ErtEL6tl, IlE El;aLQWTJ tnv EeVLXLO'tLXtl xm Qa'tOLO'tLxtl QTJ'toQLXtl, rtoM ALya ELxav YQacpEL IlEXQL rote. Kcu tu xaAv'tEQa EQya EXELVTJ~ 'tTJ~ rtEQL66o'll tl'tav O'tTJv rtQaYIla'tLx6'tTJ'ta rtoM OVVOrt'tLXU, 6rtw~ ru xEcpuAma rou John Stuart Mill rtUVW 0' am6 'to eElla O'tO EQyo rou Considerations on Representative Government xm TJ rtEQLCPTJIlTJ 6LUAEI;TJ rou Ernest Renan Qu'est-ce que c 'est une nation?3

o Xa'tUAOYO~ ~L~ALWV ea rtEQLELXE IlEQLXU a:n:aQaL'tTJ'ta art6 LO'tOQLxtl oxomu ~L~ALa, xaew~ xm IlEQLXU :n:QomQETLxu avayvwolla'ta a:n:6 rnv rtQw'tTJ OTJllav'tLxtl rtQOo:n:uSELa YLa EcpaQlloYtl TTJ~ aIlEQ6ATJrt'tTJ~ aVUA'llOTJ~ 0't0 SElla, xaSw~ Xat 'tL~ 0:n:ov6aLE~ xm v:n:O'tLIlTJIlEVE~ OV~TJ'ttlOEt~ avullwa otoix llaQI;LO'tE~ 'tTJ~ L'lEmEQTJ~ L'lLEevov~ rtUVW 0' am6 nou a:n:oxaAovoav «to ESVLX6 ~tl'tTllla».

Sa 60VIlE aQy6'tEQa YLa't( OL EI;EXO'llOE~ rtQoowmx6'tTJ'tE~ rou 6LESvov~ oOOLaALO'tLxoV XLVtlllaTO~ - xm rtEQLELXE IlEQLXOU~ E~mQE'tLxu oTJllaV'tLxov~ bLavoovllEVOV~ - aOxoAtlSTJXaV Il' av't6 'to :n:Q6~Arllla: 0 Kaut-sky xm TJ Luxemburg, 0 Otto Bauer xm 0 AEVLV, YLa v' avacpE-

QOVIlE IlEQLXOV~.4 llLeaVW~ Sa :n:EQLELXE IlEQLXU art6 'ta EQya rou Kautsky, aocpaAw~ 'to Die Nationalitiitenfrage rou Otto Bauer, aAAu ea XQELa~6'tav, ErtLOTJ~, vc rtEQLEXEL 'to EQYO rou ~'tUALV Marxism and the National and Colonial Question, 6XL t600 YLa tL~ I-lE'tQLE~, aAAu 6XL a!-LEATJ'tEE~ - av xm xaS6Aov :n:QW't6Tv:n:E~ - rtVEV!-LaTLXE~ a;LE~ 'tOV, aAM IlUMOV YLa 'tTJv IlE'tE:n:Et'ta rtOAL'tLXtl E:n:LQQOtl'too.S

L'lEV Sa U;L~E, XaTU rnv XQLOTJ uou, vu :n:EQLEXEL aQxE'tu EQya mt6 tl)v mOXl\ EXELVWV :n:ou ovo!tuoElTJxav «OL bLbv!tOL LbQ'U'tLXO( :n:a'tEQE9) 'tTJ~ axabTJ!-La'Lxtl~ IlEM'tTJ~ rou EElVLXLO!-LOV, !-LE'tu tOY A' Tluvxoouto IloAE!tO: 'tOV Carleton B. Hayes xoa tou Hans Kohn.6 TC:n:O'tE bEY tl'tav mo cp'UOLx6 art6 'to vn :n:QOOEAXVOEL amo 'to SElla mv rtQOOOXtl, 010 !-LLa sreQLobo rtou 0 XUQ'tTJ~ 'tTJ~ E'llQwrtTJ~ ;avaxaQuxSTJXE YLa :n:Qw'tTJ - xm 6:n:w~ a:n:obEix,Ell)XE I-lOval'lLxtl - cpoQu oU!tqJwva !tE TTJV aQXtl 'trov EElVOTtl'twv, xm rtou 'to AE;LAOYLO rou EVQw:n:a'Lxov EElVLXLO!-LOU VLOSETtlElTJXE art6 ru VEa XLvtl!-LaTa 'tTJ~ artEAEuSEQWOTJ~ tWV a:n:OLxLwv tl 'tTJ~

2. AD. Smith, ,"Nationalism, A Trend Report and Bibliography", O'tO Current Sociology xxl/3, Xriyt] xcu IIaQim 1973. BI... en:i<J"l']~ ne; ~L~l..wYQmpiEe; ore eQya t01) Loiou auYYQwpEa Theories of Nationalism (AovOivo, 2t] EX.O. 1983) xm The Ethnic Origins of Nations, (O~qJ6QOt] 1986). 0 xa61]YTit'lje; Antony Smith stvm m]f.lEQa 0 x.uQwe; o01]y6e; 0' aut6 to 1tEOlO YLa rou; avayvwO'tEe; t"I]~ ayyl..LXtl~ yl..<.Oooae;.

3. Ernest Renan, Qu' est que c'est une nation? (~uf.l1t6mo 1(01) eYLvE om ~oQ~6v1] O'tLe; 11 Mcpnou 1882), (IIaQioL 1882). John Stuart Mill, Considerations on Representative Government (Aovotvo 1861), X.EqxXAaW XVI.

4. Ttc f.lLa xatriM1]I..t] ELoayroYtl, 1(01) va 1tEQU~XEt f.lLa E1tLI..OYtl troy Xnf.lEvrov tcov xOQuqJa(rov f.lUQ~LO'tWV auYYQmpErov 11]e; E1t0Xll<; BI... Georges Haupt, Michel Lowy x.m Claudie Weill, Les Marxistes et la question nationale 1848-1914 (IIaQim 1974). Otto Bauer, Die Nationalitdtenfrage und die Sozialdemokratie (BLEvVtJ 1907, 1] OEmEQt] EX.OO<J"l'] tOU 1924 1tEQLEXEL !!La <J"I']!!avtLxrj YEa noayroyrj)' Eivm 1tEQiEQYO 6n 10 EQYO oev Exn !!EtaqJQaO'tel omv ayyl..Lx.rj yl..ooooa. Itn !!La 1tQooqJat"l] arr6JtELQu, Horace B. Davis, Toward a Marxist Theory of Nationalism (N€a YOQX.1], 1978).

5. To x.n!!EVO t01) 1913 ex.M6t]x.E !!ati IlE riMa yQ=ri tOU Irom]qJ ktril..LV, Marxism and the National and Colonial Question, (AovOivo 1936) Of EVUV tOIlO 1(01) EiXE O'rlllavtLx.rj OLEElvrj E1tLQQorj, 6XL uovov avrillEOU O'toue; XOllllouvLO'tEe; aI..I..ri x.m nOLXOtEQa O'tOY E~UQ1W!!EVO X.OO!!o.

6. Carleton B. Hayes, The historical evolution of Modem Nationalism (Nea Y6Qxt], 1931) xm Hans Kohn, The Idea of Nationalism. A Study in its Origin and Background (Nee YogX1] 1944)' xm ta Mo ~L~l..ia JtEQLfXOUV JtOl..mL!!O LO'tOQLX6 1.lI..Lx6. H qJQ6.<J"I'] ''loQutLxoi 1tat€QE~" 1tQOEQXEtm arro t'ljv al;Lol..0Y1] !!El..Et'lj omv LO'toQiu t"l]e; qJLl..ol..oyiae; x.m omv LO'toQia troy LOEWV, tOU A. Kemilainen, Nationalism, Problems Concerning the Word, the Concept and Classification (Jyvaskyla 1964).

14

EE>NH KAI EE>NIKI~MO~ AIlO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

EI~AfQrH

15

bll::xbf1.(.'YJOTJ~ nov bLXaLw!-ta:twv t01J TQLto1J Kcouou, om oJ'toLa 0 Hans Kohn t01JAaXLatOV £bWOE !-tEYUA'YJ o'YJ!-taoLa.7 06tE 1JJ'tUQXEL xa!-tLu «ucpL~oALa OtL ta YQaJ'ttu a1Jt~~ t'YJ~ J'tEQLObo1J J'tEQL£X01JV J'tA~eO~ 1JALXO J't01J avtA~S'YJxE aJ'to rnv J'tQOYEV£atEQ'YJ CPLAoAoYLa, oiors va an:aAAUOEtal 0 CPOLt'YJt~~ aJ'to £va !-t£yUAO !-t£QO~ t'YJ~ ~aOLX~~ !-tEAEt'YJ£ tWV nvnYVWO!-tUtWV. 0 XUQLO~ Myo~ J't01J tELVEL va EXAEL'ljJEL £va rooo !-tEYUAO !-t£QO~ a1Jtwv rorv YQaJ'ttwv XEL!-t£VWV ELVaL OtL 0 J'tQWtaQXLxa~ VEWtEQLO!-tO~ aut~~ t'YJ~ J'tEQLOb01J, J't01J J'taQE!-tJ'tLJ'ttoVtW~ uvuuevorov aJ'to t01J~ !-taQ~Lat£~, £XEL YLVEL XOLVOtOJ'tLa, YLa OA01J~ EXtO~ coro T01J~ ESVLXLat£~. Ta £SV'YJ, OJ'tW~ YVWQu;,01J!-tE tWQa - xatu !-tEYUAO !-t£go~ !-t£OW rcov J'tQooJ'taSELWV t'YJ~ EJ'tOXtj~ nov Hayes XaL Kohn - bEV ELVaL oJ'tw~ VO!-tL~E 0 Bagehot, «tOOO J'taAaLU 000 'YJ LatOQ(a».8 H a'6YXQOV'YJ I£VVOLa t'YJ~ AE~'YJ~ bEV ELVaL J'taAaLotEQ'YJ aJ'to tOY bEXatO oyboo aLOlva, av XaL XUJ't01J XUJ't01J 1JJ'ttjQ~av J'tQOYEV£atEQE~ avacpoQ£~. H axab'YJ!-taLxtj CPLAOAOYLa YLa tOY ESVLXLO!-tO J'tOAAaJ'tAaOLuat'YJXE, aAAa bEV J'tgOXWQ'YJO£ J'tOAU atL~ EJ'tO!-tEVE~ bEXaEtLE~. MEQLXO( Sa SEWQouoav to EQYO t01J Karl Deutsch, 0 0J't0(0~ rovioe tOY QOAO t'YJ~ EJ'tLXOLVWVLa~ atYJ bLa!-toQcpWOTJ tWV ESVWV, W~ !-tLa o'YJ!-tavtLxtj J'tQooStjx'YJ 0' a1Jt~v, J'tagoAo J't01J £Yw bEV Sa SEwQouoa amov tOY O1JYYQacp£a LbLa(tEQa OTJ!-tavtLXO.9

LlEV E(VaL aJ'toA1Jta oacp£~ YLatL 'YJ CPLAoAoYLa YLa ru £Sv'YJ XaL tOY ESvLXLO!-tO ELat]ASE OE !-tLa tOOO xaQJ'tocpoQO CPUOTJ J'tQLV aJ'to ELXOOL XQOVLa J'tEQln:01J, XaL OvtW~ 'YJ EQWt'YJOTJ J'tQOXUJ'ttEL !-tOVOV YLa EXELV01J~ J't01J to J'tLatEU01JV. Axo!-t'YJ, bEV J'tQaXELtaL YLa !-tLa xaSOALXU EbgaLw!-t£v'YJ uJ'to'IjJ'YJ. To J'tQo~A'YJ!-ta Sa E~EtaOSE( oro tEAE1Jta(o XECPUAaLO, uv XaL 0XL ~lE !-tEYUA'YJ AEJ'tto!-t£QELa. ~E XUSE J'tEQ(J'ttWOTJ, XatU t'YJv uJ'to'IjJ'YJ t01J 1JJ't0CPaLVO!-tEV01J, 0 aQLS!-to~ tWV £QYwv J't01J bLacpWt(~o1JV yV~OLa rnv EQWt'YJO'YJ YLa to tL E(VaL ta £Sv'YJ XaL ta ESVLXU xLv~!-tata XaL tL QOAO J'ta(~o1Jv ornv LatOQLX~ avuJ'tt1J;'YJ, ELVaL IlEyaMtEQo~ ornv J'tEQ(obo

1968-88 aJ'to oJ'tOLab~J'tOtE J'tQOYEV£atEQ'YJ J'tEQ(obo !-tE bLJ'tAaOLO bLUQXELa. To XEL!-tEVO J't01J aXOA01JSEL Sa J'tQ£J'tEL va xatabE(;EL J'tOLa aJ'to amu SEWg'YJoa LbLaLt£QW~ EvbLmp£QoVta, aAAu LOW~ E;1JJ't'YJQEtEL va avacp£Qo1J!-tE !-tEQLXOV~ OTJ!-tavtLXOu~ t(tA01J~, uvdueon at01J~ OJ'tOL01J~ 0 uaoqxnvouevoc aJ'tocpEuYEL va O1J!-tJ'tEQLAU~EL ru bLXU t01J 0XEtLXU EQya, EXtO~ aJ'to £va.10 0 aXOA01JSO~ oiivtouoc xatuAoyo~ !-tJ'tOQEL vc XQ'YJOL!-tEVOEL W~ ELoaywy~ oro aVtLxE(!-tEVO. IIQoxELtaL YLa Wa aAcpa~'YJtLX~ J'taQ01JOLaOTJ tWV ovYYQacpI£wv, ue E;aLQEOTJ to £QYo t01J Hroch, ue to OJ'tOLO UVOL~E 'YJ XaLVouQLa EJ'tOX~ omv aVUA1J0'YJ t'YJ~ O1JVS£OEW~ ttov ESVLXWV aJ'tEAE'USEQWtLXwV XLV'YJllutWV.

Hroch, Miroslav. Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe (K£!-tJ'tQLt~, 1985). Amo to £QYo O1Jvb1Ju~EL ta OV!-tJ'tEQuo!-tata tWV bUo EQYWV J't01J b'YJIlOOLEuS'YJxav aJ'to tOY avYYQacp£a at'YJV IIQuya to 1968 XaLTO 1971.

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities, (Aovotvo, 1983). Armstrong, J. Nations before Nationalism (Chapel Hill, 1982). Breuilly, J. Nationalism and the State, (MUvtOEatEQ, 1982).

Cole, John W.XaL Wolf, Eric R. The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley, (Nee YOQx'YJ XaL AovbLVO, 1974).

7. BA.. 'ta EQYa roo History of Nationalism in the East (AovOivo 1929), Nationalism and Imperialism in the Hither East (Nita YOQxT] 1932).

8. Bagehot, Physics and Politics, o, 83

9. Karl W. Deutsch, Nationalism and Social Communication. An Enquiry into the Foundations of Nationality (KeJ.UtQI't~ Mao. 1953).

10. Aurd Eivat, EX'tO£ ruto 'ta xE<pUA.mU Eni tou 8EflU'tO£ oro The Age of Revolution 1789-1848 (1962), The Age of Capital 1848-1875 (1975), xU! The Age of Empire 1875-1914 (1987): H a'tuaT] nov A.a·(xolv ni;EOlv nQo£ 'tu E8vLXU XLv~flu'tU YLU uVE;uQtT]oiu (KEA.'tLXU flEQT] 'tTJ£ MEyaA.T]£ BQl':'tuviu£) oro Commission Internationale d' Histoire des Mouvements Sociaux et Sttructures Sociales, Mouvements Nationaux d' independence et classes populaires aux XIXe et XXe siecles en Occident et en Orient, 2 rouot (IIuQim 1971), 'tOflO£ 1,00.34-44 "Some re-flections on nationalism»., oro T.J. Nossiter, A. H. Hanson, Stein Rokkan (esnu.) Imagination and Precision in the Social Sciences: Essays in Memory of Peter Nettl (Aovotvo 1972 00.385-406). «Reflections on 'The Break- Up of Britain'»., (New Left Review, 105, 1977). «What is the worker's country?», (XE<p. 4 rou OLXOV uou Worlds of Labour, Aovotvo 1984. «Working-class internationalism»., oro F. van Holthoon Xat Marcel van der Linden (smu.) oro Internationalism in the Labour Movement (AULvtEV - Nsn YOQXl] - KonEyxuYl] - KoA.wviu 1988, 00. 2-16).

16

E8NH KAI E8NIKll:MOl: A1IO TO 1780 MEXPI l:HMEPA

EIl:AfQfH

17

J. Fishman (£m~.) Language Problems of Developing Countries, (NEa Y6QxT], 1968).

Ernest Gellner. Nations and Nationalism, (O~cp6Q~T], 1983). Hobsbawm, E. J. Xat Ranger, Terence (smu.) The Invention of

Tradition, (KE~QL't~, 1983).

Smith, A. D. Theories of Nationalism, (2T] £x~., Aov~(vo 1983). Szucs, Jeno. Nation and Geschichte: Studien, (Bou~aJtEatl], 1981). Tilly, C. (emu.) The Formation of National States in Western Europe,

(IIQLvO'tov, 1975).

I' au'ta'ta EQya Sa JtQ60SE'ta 'to SauflaoLO ~OXL!-lLO 'tOU Gwyn A.

Williams, «When was Wales?» 0't0 EQYO 'tOU The Welsh in their History (AOV~LVO Xat Ka~JtEQa 1982), ztou YQacp'tT]XE aJt6 'tT] oxorud 'tT]~ uzoXEL!-lEVLX~~ 'tU1hLOT]~ us Eva «E8vo~» Xat us !-lLa oJtCivLa aL08T]0T] 'tOU LO'tOQLXQ'I) JtAato(ou Xat 'tT]~ EUJtAaO't6'tT]'ta~ rou,

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'Exouv Y(VEL (JUxva JtQooJtaSELE~ va xa8LEQw80uv av'tLXEL~EVLXa

XQL1:~Qla 1:600 YLa 1:0V OQLOll0 1:0U «E8vou~» 600 Xat YLa 1:OU~ ),,6your; YLa rou; OJtOLOU~ OQLOIlEVE~ O!-la~E~ EYLvav «E8vl]» Xat aUE~ 6XL' OL JtQooJta8ELE~ au'tE~ ~ao~oV'tav EL'tE OE IlE!-lOVWIlEVa XQL't~QLa 6Jtwr; T] YAwooa ~ T] ESVLx6'tT]1:a, EL'tE OE ouvoucouo XQL1:llQLWV 6Jtw~ T] YAwooa, 'to XOLv6 E~acpo~, T] XOLV~ LO'toQLa, XOLva JtOAtn0IlLxa xaQax'tT]QLO'tLxa ~ O'tL~~JtO'tE aAAo. 0 oQLO!-l6~ rou I'taALv ELVat JtL8ava o rno yvw- 0't6~, allallE xavEva 'tQ6Jto 0 llova~Lx6~.11 'OAOLOL OQLOIlOL ztou uxoAou80uv mrroii 'tOU 'tuJtou ru aV'tLXEt!-lEVLXa XQL't~QLa EXOUV aJto'tuXEL Yla tOY Ellcpav~ A.6yo on, EVW !-lJtoQouv ovd Jtaoa O'tLYIl~ va JtEQLYQa'\jJouv Eva «ESVO~», aV1:aJtoxQlVOV1:at OE !-lEQlxa uovo IlEAT] 'tT]~ EUQElar; 'ta~T]~ rcov olla~wv au'twv Xat xma (JUvEJtELa JtaV1:a unooouv va JtQoxU'\jJouv E~atQEOEL~.

Kat OL ~uo JtEQLJt'tWOEL~ rtou av'tlO'tOLXOUV orov OQLOll6 ELVat oacpw~ 1lT] «E8vT]» (~ 6XL ax6!-la ESVT]), ~ ~EV xmExoV'tat coro ESVLXEe; CPLAo~o~LE~, ~ avallcpLo~~'tT]1:a ama ''ta «ESVT]» ~EV cvtcotoxptvovrrn OE Eva XQl~QLO ~ O£ ouvouuouo rcov XQL'tT]QrWV. IIwe; 8a ~OQOUOE JtQayucn, va OUIl~arVEL aAALwr;, ~E~OIlEVOU on JtQooJtaSoullE va EV1:a~oU!-lE LO'tOQLXW~ xatVocpavEL~, JtQww-E!-lcpavL~6IlEVE~, ll€'tmQEJt6IlEVE~ Xat, ax61la Xat o~IlEQa, ~L6Aou JtavavSQwJtLVE~ 0V1:6'tT]1:E~ OE Eva oX£A£1:6 llovLIl6'tT]'ta~ Xat JtayxooIlL6'tT]we;;

A.AAwO'tE, 6Jtw~ Sa ~ouIlE, 'ta XQL't~QLa Jtou XQT]OLIlOJtOL~ST]Xav YL' au't6 'to oxoJt6 - T] YAwooa, T] ESVLx6'tT]1:a, ~ on~~JtO't£ aUo - ELVat cero uov« rou; 80Aa, IlE'tmom~6!-lEVa Xat ~LCPOQouIlEva, xca.rooo aXQT]O'ta 600 ELVat YLa 'tOY JtQooavmoALoll6 'tOU 'ta~L~LW1:T] W OX~llaW nou ~T]IlLOUQYouv 'ta ouvvEcpa ouyxQLv61lEVa IlE oooonuo. Auro, cpuOLxa, 'ta xa8LO'ta ~oALxa YLa JtQoJtayav~lO'tLxOU~ Xat JtQoYQalllla'tLxou~ oxoJtoue;, OE aV1:rSEOT] us rou; JtEQLYQacpLxou~. 'Eva JtaQa~ELY!-la 'tT]~ E8vLXLO'tLX~~ XQl1OT]e; Ev6~ 'tE'tOLOU «aV1:LXEtIlEVLXOU» OQLOIlOU 'tT]~

11. "Eva EevO~ feVaL IlLa W'WQLXU E!;fAlYIlEVI], O'taeEQ~ xOlv6trJta YAooaaa~, Eliucpou~, OlXOVOlllX~£ 1;ol1j£ XaL 'i'UXOAOYlX~£ aUO'talJ1]£ nou fxlil']AOOVOvtaL Of IlLU nOAl'tlOlllxlj xowormc" Iwaljcp l:tUALV, Marxism and the National and Colonial Question, 0.8,11'] Exli" 1912.

18

E0NH KAI E0NIKI~MO~ AIlO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

EI~AmrH

19

ltgOOqJaTl]\"; ltOALTLX~\"; ~w~£ Tl]\"; AOLa\";, ~!J'tOgfL va XUVfL rc ltagaltuvw oaqJ~:

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o oxono\"; aUTO'll TOU ltagacfLYllaTo£ fLVaL oaqJ~£: fJtLOWlXfL va ~l]T~OfL Tl]V amovollLa ~ tnv aVf;agTl]OLa YLa [tLa ltfgLOX~ no'll ltfgLygUqJETaL w\"; «ltagaltuvw alto to Eva TgLtO rou Vl]OLOV» 'tl]\"; ~gL Arivxc, us XgLT~gLO TOV f8vLXLO[t0 TWV Ta[tLL TLltOTf UAAO 0XfTLXU us aUTO Of V fLVaL OltW\"; qJaLVnaL. IIaQa~A€ltfL to ycyOVO\"; OtL b'lio XWQLO'tE\"; yfWYQaqJLXU ltfQLOXE£ xaTOLXOVVTaL ceto av8Qwltou£ rtou [tLAOVV Tl]V Ta[tLA, OL onOLOL 0IlW\"; EX0'UV ('naqJOQfUX~ ltQOEAfU011 (L8aYfVfL\"; xaL LVOO( fgYUTf\"; zou ustcvdoreuouv ltgooqJaTa aV'tLO'toLxW\";). IIaQa~MltEL EltL011\"; 'to ycyOVO\"; OU OE OQLO[tEVf£ YEWYQaqJLXE\"; ~WVf£ Tl]\"; nsQLOX~\"; rcou aVExa8fV XaTOLXOVOav OL Tall(/... fyxa8LO'taV'taL EltL011\"; xoTU TO 1/3 0XEOOV u'tOlla rtou [tLAO'llV T11 OLvxaA€~Lx11 YAwooa XaL xaTu 41 % u'tO[ta lto'U IlLAO'llV [tEV Tl]V Ta[tLA, aQvoVVTaL o[tw\"; va 8EWQ~00'UV rou; faUTO'll\"; rou; W\"; TallLA XaL ltQOTL[tOVV va OVOIlU~OVTaL 1l0'U00'UA[tUVOL (OL «Moors»), LTl]V nQaYllaTLXoT11'tU, axo[ta XL av aqJ~OO'U[tf XaTU [tEQO£ Tl]V XEVTQLX~ ltEQLOX~ TWV IlETaVaoTwv, Of V ELVaL xa80AO'U ~Exu8aQo OTL TO EoaqJO\"; Tl]\"; [tEyaAUTEQl]£ O'llVEXOU\"; xrrrotXl]Ol]\"; TWV Ta[tLA, nou refQLAa[t~UVEL ltEQLOXE\"; ou[tltayov\"; OLXLO[tOV TWV Ta[tLA (cero 71 % EW\"; 95% - Batticaloa, Mullaitivu, Jaffna) XaL ref-

QLOXE£ Olto'U OL a'U'tOavayvwQL~Of-LfVOL W\"; Taf-LLA areOTfAOVV TO 20 tl 33% (Amparal, Trincomalee), 8a f-Ll'tOQOVOE va refgLYQaqJEL, EXTO\"; alto xa8aQu xaQ'tOYQaqJLxov\"; oQo'U\";, W\"; fVLaLo\"; xwgo\";. LTl]V reQaYf-LaTLXOmro, XaTU U\"; OLareQaY[taTEVOfL\"; rtou oO~Yl]oav TEALXU 0't0 TEAOS rou ff-LqJ'llALO'U reoMf-Lo'U Tl]\"; LQL Auvxa TO 1987,11 areoqJao11 a'llT~ ~Tav f-LLa E'U8EW\"; reOAL'tLX~ ureoXwQl]Ol1 O'tL\"; a;LwofL\"; TWV E8vLXLO'tWV Taf-LLA. 'Orew\"; ~Ol] EX0'Uf-Lf OEL l] «YAWOOLX~ OV'tOT11Ta» ouyxaA'llrc'tfL TO aOLaqJLAOVLXl]'tO YEYOVO\"; OU OL aUTox80VE\"; Taf-L(/..., OL [tE'taVUO'tE\"; IVOOL XaL OL Moors ELVaL - W\"; Twga - Of-LOLOYEV~£ reAl]8'll0f-L0£ f-LOVO XaTU T11 qJLAOAOYLX~ svvoux, XaL orew\"; 8a OOVf-LE, LOW\"; OVTE XaL aUTO LOXVEL. '000 YLa TO «~fXWQLO'tO LOTogLXO reaQEA80v», l] qJQU011 fLVaL XaTU ltOA'll ~E~aLa avaXQOVLO'tLX~, YEf-LUT11 fQWT~f-LaTa ~ TOOO aogLO'tl] WO'tE vo. E(VaL UVEU O11f-LaOLa\";. MltoQEL, qJ'llOLXU, va aV'tLTax8doTL Ta EXOl]Aa regoltayavOLO'tLXU f-LaVLqJEOTa Of V 8a Eregfltf va E;ETU~OVTaL E;OV'UXLO'tLXU XaL vo 8EWgELTaL OU OUf-L~UAAO'UV O'tL\"; XOLVWVLXE\"; fJ'tLOT~f-LE\";' Of-LW\"; veYOVO£ fLVaL OU oXfMv XU8f Ta~LVOf-Ll]Ol] XUltOLa\"; XOLVOTl]Ta\"; 00£ «EBvo;» ~UOfL ltaQOf-LOLWV qJaLVOIlEVLXU aVUXfLf-LEVLXWV XQL't11QLWV, ElVal aVOLXTtl Of TETOLf£ aV'tLggijofL£, EXT6£ av 0 xagaXTl]gLOf-L6£ T% 00£ «E8vo\";» 8a unopooos va ~aOL08fL OE UAAO'U£ A6yo'U£.

IIOLOL 8a urtopotiorrv va E(VaL OL UAAOL A6ym; 0 fvaAAaXTLXO£ OE Evav aV'tLXfLIlEVLXO OQLOf-LO fLVaL 0 'UreOItELf-LfVLXO\";, flTE ElVaL OUAAOYLXO\"; (ouuqxovo f-LE U£ altO'ljJfL\"; rou Renan, «Eva E8vo£ fLVaL Eva xa8l]f-LEgLVO Ol]f-LO'ljJtlqJLOf-La») ELTE mOf-LLXO£, XaTU TOV TgOltO TWV «uoroof-LaQ;LO'tWV, YLa TO'U£ onotoix l] «E8vL)toTl]'ta» f-LreogovoE va reQooo08f( Of reQOOWlta, oreO'UO~nO'tE XaL IlE onOLOVCtlreO'tE ~ovoav, xm EV ltU011 ltfQLmWOEL EUV fltEAcyav va Tl] OLEXOLXOVV.13 KaL OL Mo ltgooreu8ELE\"; E(VaL EXOl]AO on fJ'tLOLWXO'UV va nrtoqnivouv roue ltEgLOQLOf-LOV£ rou a priori avuxfLf-LfVLOf-L0V, vL08nwvTa\"; xm ou£ OVo refQLreTwofL£, av XaL Ilf oLaqJoQETLXO TQoreo, 'toy OQLOf-LO rou «E8vo'U£» YLa EOUqJl] oto olto(a ouvureuQXovv UTOf-La ue oLaqJoQEuxE£ YAWOOf\"; tl una «aVTL-

12. Ilankai Tamil Arasu Kadchi, The case for a federal constitution for Ceylon, Kosouno 1951, ~A. oro Robert N. Kearney, "Ethnic conflict and the Tamil separatist movement in Sri Lanka", (Asian Survey, 25, 9 ~E:1t1EIl~Q(oU 1985, a. 904).

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20

EeNH KAI E8NIKIl:MOl: xno TO 1780 MEXPI l:HMEPA

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t6.O'tuOTJ "EltLA.EYltfVTj EA.EU8EQa, de jure, a:n:o to 6.t0l-l0 :n:O'U EXEL EVTJA.LXLW8EL, Xat EX ItEQ01J<; tWV UVTjA.CXO)v, a:n:o tou<; VOItLItO'U<; XTJbEIt0VE<; rooc". Synopticus, Staat und Nation (BLfVVT], 1899) 0.0. 7 x.f.

• H Hindi eCvm ItCa a:n:6 n<; e:n:COTJItE<; yA.U>OOE<; tT]<; IvbCu<;· 0ItLA.E(tm xUQ~ 0'tT] BOQELO IvbLa (l:.t.M.)

22

E9NH KAI E9NIKIIMOI AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI IHMEPA

EIIArQrH

23

14. E. J. Hobsbawm, "Some reflections on nationalism", a. 387

15. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, a. 1. A1)To£ 0 ~um'Ku 7WALTL'KO£ oQWJ.lO£ EXEt EltLOT]£ YLVEL aJtOC€'KTO£ 'Kat cero J.lEQt'KOU£ UAA01)£ auYYQU<P€L£, It.X. John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State, a. 3.

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'OOOV U<POQ6. tu Ult6AOLltU, 11 8EOTJ rou unoqxnvousvou [tltOQEL VU ouvo'IjJLo8EL 00<; E1;~<;:

(1) XQl1OL[tOltOLW 'tOY 6Qo «E8vLXLO[t6£» E'tOL 6ltoo<; 'tOY 6QLOE 0 Gellner, I'lTJAul'l~ «:n:QWLLO'tU 00<; U1;Loo[tU :n:ou 8EooQEL 6'tL TJ :n:OALtLX~ xm 11 E8vLX~ evomrc ltQEltEL vc OU[t:n:L:n:'touv».15 eu :n:QooE8E'tU 6n UUL~ 11 uQX~ OTJ[tULVEL EltLOTJ£ ltoo£ to ltoALtLx6 XQEO£ rtov POUQLtaVWV* ltQo<; rnv :n:OAL'tELU zrou :n:EQLotOLX~EL xm UV'tL:n:QOOooltEUEL 'to QOUQL'tUVLX6 E8vo<;, U:n:EQLOXUEL 6AooV rorv aAAoov I'lrl[tOOLooV U:n:OXQEWOEooV, XaL 010 ESmQE'tLxE<; ltEQLlt'tWOEL£ (6ltoo£ :n:oM[tou<;) 6AooV'tooV anoov Ult0XQEWOEooV O:n:OLOUI'l~:n:O'tE ELl'loU£. Au't~ TJ :n:Qoult68EOlJ I'lLUXQLVEL 'to oUYXQovo E8vLXLO[t6 coro 6.AAE<;, xm ALy6'tEQO Ultm'tTJtLXE£, [tOQ<PE<; E8vLX~£ ~ O[tUI'lLX~<; 'tuunOlJ<;, n<; OltOLE<; EltLOlJ£ 8u ouvcvnioooue.

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16. Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, 00.48-49.

17. Antonio Sorella, "La televisione e la lingua italiana" (Trimestre Periodico di Cultura, 14,2-3-4 1982), 00. 291-300.

vu, nou Xa'tao%EUu~OvtUL OU<JLaO'tLXU UV008EV, aua 'ta onoto bEV unoQOVV vc xU'tavol]80uv naQu uovov EUV avaAu80vv EX 'toov xrirro, bl]Aabt] aU[tcpoova us 'tL~ nQoiin08EOEL~, 'tL~ EM(6E~, 'tL~ aVUYXE~, n~ Em- 8U[t(E~ XUL ru OU[tcpEQOV'ta 'tOU anAov Aaov, ru ono(a bEV E(VaL anaQaL'tt]'too~ E8vLXU XaL axo[ta ALYO'tEQO E8vLXLO'tLXU. H [tEYaAV'tEQl] XQLnxt] nou EXoo va xuvoo 0't0 EQYO 'tOU Gellner E(VaL O'tL EmAEYOvta~ oo~ nQOOEYYLOl] 'tOY UV())8EV EXauYXQOVLO[tO, xa8LO'tu 6VOXOAl] 't11 [tEAE'tl] 'tOU EXauYXQOVL<J[tOV EX nov XU'too.

Autr] mv un01jJl] EX rcov XU'too, bl]Aabt] to E8vo~ 8EooQOV[tEVO 0XL ano rqv nAEUQU nov XU~EQVrjOEoov, tcov ExnQoownoov XaL ayooVLO'twV rorv E8vLXLO'tLXWV (rj [tl]-E8vLXLO'tLXWV) XLVl] [tutooV, aAAu ano 'tl]V nAEUQU'tooV anAwv av8Qwn())v, rrou E(VaL 'ta «vuxstuevc 'tl]~ bQuOl]~ XaL tl]~ nQonayuvba~ 'tOU~, E(VaL E~aLQE'tLXU 6VOxoAo va rnv cvcxnAV1j!OU[tE. EUtUXW~ OL XOLV())VLXO( L<JtOQLXO( EXOUV [tU8EL nw~ va EQEUVOVV rnv LO'tOQ(a rorv LbEWV, rrov an01j!Eoov XaL rorv aL08l][tutoov 010 Eva EUQv'tEQa CPLAOAOYLXO m(nEbo, omoo~ WO'tE at][tEQa EXOU[tE ALyOtEQE~ nL8avotl]tE~ va auYXEOU[tE, onoo~ XunotE Exavav OL LO'tOQLXO( xa8' E~LV, rc xUQLa uQ8Qa 010 EmAEY[tEvE~ ECPl][tEQLbE~ ue 'tl]v XOLVrj yvw[tl]. Aev yvooQ~OU[tE ue ~E~aLO'tl]ta noAAu. 'O[too~, tQ(a nQuY[tata ECvaL ~Exu8aQa.

Ilportov, OL En(Ol][tE~ LbEOAOY(E~ rcov xQatwv XaL rorv XLVl][tUtooV bEV cerorexouv 06l]Yov~ YLa amo rrou ~QLOXEtaL oro YOU axo[ta XaL rorv nAEov VO[tL[tOcpQOvoov noALtWV t] onabwv. dEVtEQOV, XaL mo auYXEXQL[tEva, bEV [tnOQOV[tE va un08EOOU[tE on YLa tOU~ nEQL<JOO'tEQOu~ av8Qwnou~ l] E8vLXrj tamotl]ta - onou unuQXEL - anoxAELEL t] 10(Val nUvtOtE avWtEQl] coto 'ta unoAE([t[tU'ta 'tOU cuvcsou rcov 'tamo'ttjttov nou auVLO'tOVV to XOLVooVLXO ELVaL. ~tl]V nQaY[tatLXOtl]ta, auvbuu~EtaL nuvto'tE [tE tamLOEL~ uUou E(bou~, axo[ta XL orov unUQXEL l] a(- 08l]0l] O'tL unEQEXEL coro aUtE~. TQL'tOV, l] E8vLXt] mu'totl]ta XaL onbt]note mO'tEVEtaL on au'ttj Ol][taLVEL, [tJtOQE( va aAAU~EL XaL va uercrom08EC [tE 'to XQOVO, axo[ta XaL <Jtl] bLUQXELa aQXEtu oiivroucov nEQLOboov. Krrrd tl]V XQLOl] [tOU auto ELVaL to nEbLO rorv E8vLXWV [tEAEtWV YLa to onoto oij[tEQa unUQXEL EnE(youoa avuyxl] O'toxao[tov XaL EQEuva~ .•

24

E9NH KAI E9NIKI~Mm: xno TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

EI~AmrH

25

(5) H avun'tu~l] rcrv E8vwv XaL tOU E8vLXLO[tOV 010 naAaL08EV LbQu[tEva xQUtl], onoo~ l] BQEtaVLa XaL l] raAALa, ELVaL Eva 8E[ta nou o» XaL 6EV EXEL IlEAE'tl]8EL noAU evtrrnxd 0't0 naQEA80v, nQooEAxVEL tWQa to EvbLacpEQov rrov EQEUVl]'twv.18 H vnaQ~l] autOV rou XEVOV avabELXVVEtaL nEQLOOOtEQO O'tl] Bpercvto, onou l] [tEAEtl] onOL())vbt]nore nQO~Al][tutoov nou OXEt~OVtaL ue tOY ayyALxo E8VUtLO[t0 - Evav OQO rtou axovYEtaL naQU~Eva 010 noAAu aunu - ELVaL EV'tunooOLaxu ItLXQOtEQl] ano autt] nOU acpoQu O'tOV E8vLXLOllO turv ~XO'tOE~ooV, rcov OuaAwv XaL nooo [tuAAOV rorv IQAavbwv. Ano tl]v UAAl] nAEuQu tu tEAEutaLa XQOVLa EXOUV YLVEL [tEyuAa ~ij[tU'ta <JtYI [tEAE'tl] rcov E8vLXWV XLVl][tUtooV nou CPLAobo~ouv vo y(VOUV XQu'tl], axoAou8wV'ta~ xUQ(oo~ n~ EXtO~ nEna'tl][tEVl]~ OUYXQLtLXE~ [tdEtE~ ron Hroch YLa ta [tLXQU EUQoonaixu E8vLXU xLvrj[tU'ta. dVO Ol][tECa tl]~ ESOXl]~ aVuAUOl]~ cnrroii tOU oUYYQacpEa evotourrrorvovtrn orn bLXrj uou, Ilooreov, l] «E8vLXt] auVELbl]Ol]» avaJttUoOEtaL rivtou avu[twa O'tL~ XOLVooVLXE~ O[tUbE~ XaL nel2tOxi~ [tLa~ XWQa~' amrj l] xU'tu nEQLoXE~ bLacpoQono(l]Ol] XaL OL ULtLE~ nOU mv nQoxaAovv ayvorj8l]xav 010 a~LOOl][tE(ootO ~a8[t0 0't0 naQfA8ov. OL nfQLoOotEQOL EQEUVl]tE~ 8a oouqxovoiioov, naQE[tnLntovtoo~, OtL onOLa6t]notE XL av ECVaL l] cpVOl] nov XOLVooVLXWV Of.tUboov zrou XU'tEArjcp8l]oav nQWtE~ ano tl]V «E8vLXt] auvELbl]ol]», OL Aa'LxE~ [tU~E~ - EQyutE~, unl]QEtE~, XooQLXO( - E(VaL OL 'tEAEUta(E~ nou Enl]QEu~ovtaL ano autt]v. dEV'tEQOV, XaL ~UOEL rorv nQOl]you[tEVooV, axoAou8w tl] XQrjOL[tTJ 6La(QWl] tl]~ L<JtoQ(a~ ttov E8vLXWV XLVl][tutoov Of 'tQEL~ CPUOEL~ onoo~ nQO'tE(VEL 0 Hroch. ~tl]V EUQwnl] rou bEXU'tOU EVU'tOU aLWvc, YLa rnv onoto; avaJttUx8l]XE, amt]l] 8EooQ(a, l] cpuOl] A rj'tav xa8aQU nOALtLO'tLxrj, AOYOtEXVLXrj XaL AaoYQacpLxt]· XaL bEV nEQLE(XE LbLaLtEQa nOAL'tLXE~ rj axo[tl] E8vLXE~ vV~EL~, nEQL<JOOtEQO coro 000 nEQLE(xav OL EQEUVE~ (ano [tl]-A8(yyavou~) tl]~ Gypsy Lore Society (Etm-

18. fLU 't'l]v ex'taOT) IlLa~ 'tf'tOLU~ EgyuaLa~ ~I... Raphael Samuel (zmu.), Patriotism. The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity, (3 't61l0L, AovliCvo 1989). Bgrjlta 'to egyo tl']~ Linda Colley LlimL'tEga EvoLmpegov, 1t.X. "Whose nation? Class and national consciousness in Britain 1750-1830" (Past & Present, 113,1986), 00. 96-117.

26 E0NH KAI E0NIKIl:MOl: AIlO TO 1780 MEXPI l:HMEPA

-------------------

EIl:AfQrH

27

QELa MEAEt1l~ t1l~ AaoYQacpLa~ rorv A8Lyyavwv) IlE naQEIlCPEQr] nvnxELIlEva. nQOXwQWvta~ ot1l cpao1l B clLaxQLvoullE Eva oWlla nQwtonoQWV xm unEQllaxwv t1l~ «E8vLXr]~ L()£a~» xa8w~ mLO'll~ xm tL~ anaQX€~ avantUS1l~ nOALtLxr]~ nQonayavba~ YLa rnv nQow81l0r] t'll~. To IlEyaMtEQo Il€Qo~ tOU €Qyou tOU Hroch aoxoAELtm IlE autr] t'll cpa01l xm t'llv aVaAU01l1:wv anaQXwv, tYJ~ mlV8EOTJ~ XaL 1:'l]~ Xatavollr]~ aU1:r]~ tYJ~ minorite agissante* . To c:JLXO 1l0U EvbLacp€Qov 0' auto 1:0 ~L~ALO otQ€cpE1:m nEQLo06tEQO orn cpa01l F orov - xm 0XL nQO'llyoull€VW~ - ta E8vLXLotLXa nQoYQallllata coroxroov lla~Lxr] UnOotr]QLS'll, r] 1:0UAaXLOtOV xanOLo ll€QO~ ano t'll lla~Lxr] unootr]QLS1l rtou OL E8vLXLot€~ LOXUQ~OV1:m OtL ExnQoownouv. H llE"ta~ao1l cero t'll cpao'll B ot1l cpao'll I' ELvm nQocpavw~ llLa xa80QLotLXr] otLYIlr] ornv nOQELa avantuS'll~ tWV E8vLxwv xLvTlllatWv. MEQLX€~ cpoQ€~ onw~ omv IQAavbLa, auto auft~aLvEL nQLv ano t1l b'llllLOuQYLa EVO~ E8vLXOU xQa1:Ou~· nOAu OUXV01:EQa bE, oUIl~aLvEL xrrromv, w~ ouv€nELa t'll~ b1l11LouQYLa~ 1:OU. MEQLX€~ cpoQ€~, onw~ ornv nEQLntW01l tOU anoxaAOUIlEvOU TQL1:0U KOOIlOU, bEY aull~aLVEL OUtE xm tors.

TeAlxci, bEY IlnoQw naQa vn nQo08€ow OtL xav€va~ oo~aQo~ totoQLXO~ 1:WV E8vwv xm rou E8vLXLOIlOU bEY f,tnoQEL vn ELvm Evtayf,t€vo~ nOALtLXa E8vLXLotr]~, naQa f,tOVO ue rnv €vvOLa rtou ELvm OL nLotOL OtYJv xata "{Qal1l1a aA1l8ELa tWV fQU<IlWV, rcou EVm ElVaL aVl1<.aVOL vo. aul1(:3aAOUY OtYJv ESEALXtLXr] 8EwQLa, bEY anoxAELOvtm ano 1:0 vc. auf,t~aAoUv ornv aQxmoAoYLa xm t1l 01lf,tLtLXr] CPLAoAoyLa. 0 E8vLXLOf,t0~ anmtEL unEQ~oALXr] nLot'll OE Xa1:L nou nQocpavw~ bEY XQELa~Etm roon, 'Onw~ ELnE 0 Renan: «H Aav8aof,t€v1l aV1:LA1l'tjJ'll1:'ll~ LotoQLa~ tou ELvm Il€Qo~ 1:'ll~ unaQS'll~ EVO~ €8vou~».19 OL LotOQLXOL ELvm unoXQEW!.l€VOL ano to maYYEAf,ta 1:O'U~ vn f,t1lv t1lv avtLAaf,t~avovtm Aav8aof,t€va, r] 1:0UAaXLorov vo xavouy f,tLa nQoona8ELa YL' auto. To vo ELvm xanoLo~ IQAav-

M~ xm LbLaLtEQa nQooxOAA'llf,t€VO~ ornv IQAavbLa - axof,ta xm to vu ELvm cpaVatLXO~ xa80ALxo~ IQAavM~ r] nQOtEotavt1l~ IQAavM~ ano 1:0 Ulster" - bEY dvm auto xa8aU1:0 aauf,t~L~aotO ue t'll oo~aQr] f,tEMt1l t1l~ LQAavbLxr]~ LOtoQLa~. To vn ELvm xanoLo~ cpEvLavo~* * r] ano rnv OQayy'll, VOf,tL~W OtL bEY ELvm ALYOtEQO oUIl~atO, an' 000 tLvm €va~ OLWVLotll~ OtYJv nQoona8ELa tOU vc. au"{YQa'tjJEL f,tLa avtLXELf,tfVLXr] LotoQLa tWV E~QaLwv. Auto f,tnoQEL vo OUf,t~EL uovov o» 0 LotOQLXO~, orov f,tnaLVEL orn ~L~AL08r]x1l r] 1:0 onouOaatr]QLo acpr]vEL €sw tL~ xenOL8r]oEL~ 1:OU. MEQLXOL E8vLXLot€~ LotOQLXOL bEY urtoootiouv vc 1:0 xaVOUY. Eut'UXm~, SEXLVmVta~ va YQa'tjJw aU1:o to ~L~ALO bEY XQELaot1lXE vc acpr]ow nLow tL~ f,t1l-LotOQLX€~ uou nEnOL8r]oEL~.

19. Ernest Renan, Qu' est-ce que c' est une nation?, 00. 7-8: "H AijSYjlWL Su EAeyu 1:0 (OLO TO LatOQLX6 MSo£, eCVaL EVU£ ltaQUYOvtU£ ~(J)'tLx6£ yLa tOY OXYjIlUtLO[l6 ev6£ EOvO'U£ XaL Etat YjnQ6ooo£ nov LatOQLXWV ono'Ul\wv eLVaL O'UXVU Evar; XLVI\'UVO£ yLa rnv eSv6tYjtu".

• 0 6Qo£ Su [l1toQouoe vc [lEtu<pQuoSeL W£ "1\'UVU[lLXij [leLmVYj<pLU" (:~:.t.M).

TOEeNO~Q~NEQTE=P~~=M~O=~ ~

KE<I>AAAIO I -~.---

xsvroo 'tE'tOLOOV ogL0f.tWV, 'to'UA.UXLO'tOV orov L~1']gLxo xoouo, To nacion (E8vo£) E(VaL'tO «conjunto de los habitantes de un pais regido por un mismo gobierno» (1'] Ef.t<pa01'] E(VaL OLXl1 f.t0'U).2 * To naciio (E8vo£) 1:1']£ (ngoo<pa't1']£) Enciclopedia Brasileira Merito3 E(VaL «1'] xowornr« 'tOOV xa'tOLxwv EVO£ xgu'to'U£, OL onotoi to'UV xu'tw ano 'to LOW xa8EO'tw£ 11 X'U~EgV1']01'] xm EX0'UV XOLVU EvOLa<pEgOvta' 'to oUVOA.O rorv Xa'tOLXWV f.tLa£ xwga£ f.tE XOLVE£ nagaMoEL£, <pLA.OOOSLE£ xm EVOLa<pEgOvta, nov usuiyetai oe uta "'Evt{!l')oj E~ovaia nov eivcu EmrpO{!TWJl{VTJ va OtaT7]{!el T7]V EVOT7]Ta T7]t; ouaoas; (1'] Ef.t<pa01'] OLXl1 uou): 0 A.ao£ EVO£ xgutouc, EX'tO£ 't1']£ X'U~Egvwoa£ ESo'UoLa£». EJtLnA.Eov, 0't0 AESLXO 1:1']£ IonavLxl1£ Axab1]f.tLa£ 1'] 'tEA.LXl1 ExboXl1 rou «E8vov£» anaV'tuTat f.tETU 'to 1925, oaors nEgLygu<pE'tm W£ «ro oUVOA.O TWV rrtouorv nou EX0'UV rnv LOLa ESvLXl1 xa'taywYl1 XaL, YEVLXW£, OIlLA.oVV tlJv LOta yA.WOoa xm OLa8E't0'UV f.tLa XOLVl1 naguoo01']».

H Gobierno, (1'] X'U~EgV1']01']), W£ sx totirou OEV O'UvME'taL O'UyXEXgLf.tEva f.tE 't1']v LOEa roo nacion (E8vo'U£) f.tEXgL'tO 1884. KL amo bLmL, xc- 8w£ 8a ngo'tELVE 1'] <pLA.OA.0yLa, 1'] ngW't1'] OTIf.taOLa tlJ£ A.ES1']£ «E8vo£» vnoOnxVUEt TTJV agXl1l1 tlJV xa'taywYl1: «naissance, extraction, rang» * * YLa va naganEf.t'ljJoVf.tE OE Eva A.ESLXO naA.mwv yaA.A.LXWV, 'to onoto naga8E'tEL ano 'tOY Froissart «je fus retourne au pays de rna nation en la conte de Hainault» * **.4 Km EVW 1'] ngoEA.E'U01'] 11 1'] xaTaywYl1 O'UVOEOvnn ue f.tLa olluoa av8gwnwv, a'U'to( OEV Enagxouv YLa 'to OX1']f.tmLOf.tO EVO£ xgu'tOv£ (EX'tO£ av ngoxEL'tat yw rnv nEQLmw01'] rrov 1']YEJlOvroV 11 ttov O'UYYEVWV roix), Eqxioov ro xgu'to£ O'UvOEo'tav ue xunOLa Eba<pL-

To t()vo~ w~ VeWTe(!IOf.lO~: WEO mv e1ravauraOf/ otov cptAeAev8e(!IOf.lO

To ~amxo xaQaXtlJgLO'tLXO 'too oUYXgovo'U E8vo'U£ xm O'tLOl1nO'tE O'UVME'taL ue au'to E(vm ou ngoXEt'tat YLa XU'tL YEO. Auto 'twga YLVETat JtLO xmavo1']'to, nagoA.o rtou 1'] aV'ti8E't1'] un08E01'], O'tL 1'] E8vtxl1 'tam6tTj'ta ELvm 'tgonov 'tLVU rooo <pVOLXl1, aQXEYov1'] Xat oLagXl1£ WO'tE va ng01']YELTaL T1]£ LO'togLa£, EJtLxga'tE( rooo EUgEW£ WO'tE (OW£ ECVm Xgl1- OLf.tO va oLEuxgLvllOOVf.tE nooo VEW'tEQLO'tLXO ECVm 'to A.ESLA.OytO rou LOCou rou aV'ttXEt)tEVOU. To AESLXO tlJ£ BaOLA.LXl1£ IonavLxll£ Axa<>1']f.tLa£, 1:1']£ ono(a£ OL OLU<pOgE£ ExMoEL£ EXOUV EA.EYX8E( ESOVVXLO'tlXU YL' amo 'to oxono,l OEV XQ1']OLf.tOnOLEL 1:1']V ogOA.oyLa 'tOU XQu'tOU£, E8vou£ xaL yA.WOoa£ xmu 1:1'] oUYXgOV1'] uno'ljJ1'] ngLv ano mv EXOOO1'] 'tOO 1884. Eow YLa ngW't1'] <pogu f.ta8aLvoullE on 1'] lengua nacional (E8vLXl1 yA.WOoo) E(VaL «1'] m(01']f.t1'] xm 1'] A.0YO'tEXVLXl1 yA.wooa f.tLa£ xwga£, xm amrl nou Of.tLA.E('taL YEVLXU 0' EXELV1'] 't1'] xwga, OE aV'ti8E01'] JlE 'tL£ oLaA.€x'tou£ xaL 'tL£ yA.WOOE£ uUwv E8vwv». To A.l1f.tf.ta «OLUA.EX'tO£» xa8LEgwvEl a'UT-rlv rnv (OLa OXE01'] f.tETaSV 1:1']£ OLaA.Ex'tOu xm 't1']£ E8vLXl1£ yA.wooa£. IIgLv ano 'to 18841'] A.ES1'] nacion anA.w£ o1]f.taLVE «to oUVOA.O rcov xa'to(xorv f.tLa£ EnagXLa£, f.tLa£ xwga£ 11 EVO£ ~aOLA.ELou» xa8w£ EnL01']£ XaL «€vav aMoOano». AMu'twga QJtoOLOE'tm W£ «Eva xgu'to£ 11 noA.mxo OWf.ta'to onoto avayvwgctEL Eva avw.mo xEV'tgo XOLVl1£ OLaxuI3Egv1']- 01']£» xa8w£ Xat <<t1']v EJtLxgu'tELa nou xa80gctE'taL ano EXELVO 'to xgu'to£ xm ru u'tolla rtou to xaTOLXOVV XaL 8EWgElTaL Eva oUVOA.O», XaL E<pESl1£ 'to O'tOLXELO EVO£ XOLVOV XaL uvortrrtou xgu'tou£ E(Vat oro En(-

1. Lluis Garcia i Sevilla "Llengua, nad6 i estat aI diccionario de la real academia espanyola", (L 'Aven~, 16 MaCou 1979,) 00. 50-55.

* To nacion (EevO~) ECVUL «to mlVOAO nov xatoC1«Jlv I-Ila~ XWQa~ to o:n:oCo

XUI3EQVUtUL a:n:o fua EVlaCa xul3eQVlJO'lJ».(~.t.M) * * yEVVT]Ol], xatayOlylj, tU~T] (~.t.M)

*** «E:n:EatQEtjJU atT] YEvetEIQu uou, atT] XWQu tOU Hainault»

2. Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo Americana, (BaQxEAWVl) 1907-34) t61-1. 37, 00. 854-67, "nacion",

3.(Sao Paulo - Rio - Porto Alegre 1958-64), t61-1. 13, o. 581.

4. L. Cume de Sainte Pelaye, Dictionnaire historique de l' ancien langage francois, (Niort, XOlQC~ XQovoAoyCa), 8 t0l-l. "nation".

30

EeNH KAI EeNIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEP A

TO EeNO~ Q~ NEQTEPILMO~

31

X~ EltLxQ(i1:Ela, O'U!AJt1:w~atlxu uovov anotEAouOE nOAmx~ evornro, xm OU()EnOtE noAU ~EyUA1]. Tic to Ionavlxo AE~lXO tOU 1726 (1] nQwtl] tOU Exboo1]) 1] AE~1] patria (natQtba) ~, xatu t1]V mo b1]~OqJlA~ XQ~01], tierra, «11 natQwa Y11» ~~aLVE uovov <<tOY roao, xWfLonoA11 rj XWQa onou YEW~S1]XE xunmo£», ~ «onmab~notE nEQLox~, EnaQXta ~ nEQLcpEQELa onmaob~nOtE EbacpLx~£ xUQLOt11ta£ ~ xQutou£». Aut~ 1] OtE~ Ewma t11£patria rnv oxoto 1] oUYXQov11 Lonavlx~ XQ~01] bLEXQLVE avayxaOtLXu «no rnv EUQEta Ewma t1]£patria chica, «~LXQ~ natQwa Y1]», EtVm OXEMv nayxoo~La nQLv coto tOY Mxato EVatO mwva ~E E~atQE- 01] EXEtvOU£ nou Etxav xAaOLx~ nmbEta xm ~EMt1]oav t1]v aQxa(a PW~11. Movo ~Etu to 1884 11 tierra O'UvMS11XE ~E to xQutO£, xm uovo ~EtU to 1925 oxoiiue t1] O'UvmOS1]fLatLxij voto rou oUYXQovou rtrrrpuotL0fLOU, 0 oxoto; oQ~EL rnv patria w£ «bLXO ~a£ ESVO£, ~E to O'UVOALXO uSQmo~a rcov UALXWV xm UUAWV nQaYltutWV, naQEASovtwv, naQovto)v xm )tEMOvtWV, rtou xatQouv tTt£ ayun1]£ xm t1]£ acpootw01]£ rcov natQLWtWv». O~OAOYOU~EVW£, 1] Ionovtc tOU bEXutOU EVUtOU morvn bEY ~QLoXOtav aXQl~w£ omv E~ltQooSO<p1JAaX~ 't11£ lbEOAOYlX~£ nQoobou, aAAa 1] Kao'tLAT] - xm ~lAa~E YLa t1] YAwooa t1]£ KaOtLA1]£ - ~tav Eva ano ta nQwta ~aoLA€La t'1£ EUQwn1]£, ore onoLa b€v Sa *av un€Q~oAlXU €~wltQay~atLxo va bWOOUfL€ tOY thAO «ESVlXO xQUtO£,>. ~€ xuS€ lt€Qtmw01], ~noQEt va a~cplO~1]t1]S€L €UV 1] BQEtaVLa xm 1] raAAta rou b€xu'tOu ovooou mwva un~Q~av «€SVlXU xQut1]» ue ~la nOAu blacpoQEtLXij evvoto. H E~EAl~1] tou OX€tLXOU AE~lAOYtOu fLnoQ€L w£ €X 'toutOU vo. EXEL Eva Y€VlXO €VblacpEQov.

~tL£ AatlVOY€V€L£ YAWOO€£ 1] AE~1] «ESVO£;» ELvm amoxSwv. Ortonb~notE aAAou EXH XQ1]OL~onm1]SEL ~EXQL tWQa, Etvm ~EVO MVElO. Auto ~a£ EnL'tQEltEL va xaQuSou~E oacpEOtEQa tl£ blaxQtOEL£ Ot1] XQ~01] 't1]£. "Etot ornv Avo: xm Kmro rEQ~avLa 1] M~1] Volk (Aao£) EXEL nQOcpavwe; oij~EQa ~EQlXOUe; (blOUe; O'UOXEtLO~OUe; onwe; xm ot MSELe; nou nQoEQXOvtm coro to «natio», 1] aAAT]AE:rttbQao1], OfLW£, EtVm oUvSE't1]. E(vm cpavEQo OtL Ot1] ~wmwvLx~ Kdno rEQ~avLa 0 oQoe; (natie), onou EXEL XQ1]m~Onm1]SEt - xm ano 't1] AmLvLx~ xataywy~ rou ~noQEt xaVEL£ va ~avtE'ljJEL on Sa tOY XQ1]OL~onmouoav EA.aXlOtm ~Etasu rcov f,tOQCPWf,tEVO)V ~ €x€ivwv nou *av aJtol3aOLAlx~, EUY€VLX~ xm aQX0vtt-

x~ YEVlU - bEY EXEL axo~a tl] O1]~aota rou Volk, rnv orroto aQX~H va anoxtu ~OAle; OtOV Mxato EXtO mwva. ~1]~a(vEL, ono»; xm Ot1] usornWVtX~ yaAAlx~ YAwooa, YEW1]01] xm o~uba xataywyije; (Geschlechtj.>

'OJtw£ XaL aAAou, ° oQo£ E~€Aioo€tm nQo£ rnv xatEuBuv01] t'1£ xeQlYQacp~e; EUQUtEQWV o~ubwv nou *av amuQxEL£, onwe; oi O'UvtEXVLEe; ij uAAa ow~mELa tn oJtota ~'1tOUV va bLaxQtSOuv ano uAAa ~E tn onotc O'UVUltuQXouv: W£ ex roiitou 0 oQoe; «ESVOe;» XQ1']OL~OnOLE(taL we; ouvorvouo t1]e; A.E~1']e; aAAobanoe;, onwe; xm Ot1]V lonaVtxij yAWooa· XQ1']OL~OltmEitm mt01]e; Yla va JtEQtYQU'ljJEL rou; aAAObaltoue; E~noQoue; «<~EVEe; XOLVOt1]tEe; U~laC'tEQa E~OQWV nov ~OUV 010 ~ta nOA1'] xm anoAa~~uvovv tWV nQOVO~LWV EXEL)6, xaBwe; Ent01]e; xm tt£ O~UbEe; 'tWV CPOtt1]'tWV oro aQxata ltaVEltLOtij~La. TEAOe; E'tal E~1']YEttm xm 1] AlYOtEQO yvwOt~ CPQu01] «Eva oUvtay~a coro to ESVOe; rou AOU~E~~ouQyou»7. 'Ouo»; cpatVE'tm xaSaQu OtL 1'] ~ta E~EAl~1] tOVL~E tOY tono ~ to Ebacpoe; t1']£ xataywy~e; - 't1']v pays natal (YEvESAla XWQa) EVOe; naAmou yaAAlxou OQlO~OU, 0 oaotoc EuxoAa ytvEtm, 'tOUAuXlOtOV 0t1] OXE'ljJ1] torv ~EtaYEvEOtEQWV AE~LXOYQUcpwv looMva~oe; ~E t1']v «EnaQXta»·g UAAOL o~we; tov~ouv nEQwOOt€Qo t1']V o~uba XOLV~e; xmaywyij£, xm Etm XtVOUvtat nQoe; t1']V xat€uBuv01] t1']£, E8vtxot1']ta£, oJtw£ cpaLVEtm ornv oAAavbLxij Em~ovij Yla t1']V aQXlxij O1]~aota 't1']e; natie we; «to u8QOLo~a rcov avSQwltWV rtou unoAoY~Etm OtL avijxouv oro tblO "stam?».

EttE ~E tOY Eva'tQono ELtE fLE 'tOY UAAO, 'to nQo~Arl~a 't1]e; OXE01]e;, axo~1] xm EVOe; rooo EXtEta~EVOu aAAU amoxSOvoe; «ESVOUe;», nQoe; 'to XQU'toe; ltaQE~HVE mVty~atLxo, btott *av ltQocpavEe; Ott ouuqxovo; ~E ESVlXOUe;, YAWOooAoytXOUe; ij UAAOUe; oQoue;, ta nEQlooo'tEQa xQUt1] ~E onOLab~notE EXta01] bEY ~'tav ouoiovevri, xm O'UVE:rtWe; bEY ~o-

5. Dr. E. Verwijs xm Dr. J. Verdam, Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, t6f.l.4

(XaYTJ, 1899), (IT. 2078.

6. Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, tou, 9 (XaYTJ 1913), (IT. 1586-90.

7. Verwijs xm Verdam, Middelenderlandsch Woordenboek, rou, 4.

8. L. Huguet, Dictionnaire de la langue francoise du 16e siecle t6f.l. 5 (IIuQLm 1961), a. 400.

32

E0NH KAI E0NIKILMOL AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI LHMEPA

TO E0NOL QL NEQTEPILMOL

33

Qovoav vn loo(')uvaft0vv ftE ESVT]. To OAAav(')u~o AESlXO O'UYXEXQlftEvn (')laxQLvEl we; l(')laltEQ6tT]ta nov rUAAWV Xal AYYAWV to Otl XQT]OLft0:n:OLOVV tl] A.€ST] «ESVOe;» Yla va U:n:O(')lJAWOOUV tOUe; avSQw:n:oue; nou aV11xo'UV OE Eva xQutOe; aXOfta Xl av aUtOL bEV OftlAOVV tT]V L(')La YAWOoo.? MLa :n:oM blmpwtLotlX11 O'U~*lJOT] autov tOU YQL<POU :n:QOEQXEtal a:n:o tTl rEQftaVLa tOU (')EXutOU oyboou alwva.10 I'io tOY EYXUXAO:n:al(')lot11 Johann Heinrich Zedler to 1740, to ESVOe;, omv :n:QaYftatlx11 Xal aQXlx11 OT]ftaOLa tOU ollftalVE svcv aQl8fto EVWftEVWV Burger (ELVal xoMtEQO :n:QOXELftEVOU Yla tl] rEQftaVLa torv ftEOWV tOU bExutou oyMou alwva v« a<P11oouftE autli tl] MST] ornv :n:EQL<pT]ftT] aft<pLOT]ftLa tl]e;), rn o:n:oLa ftOlQU~ovtal Eva oVVOAO a:n:o ESlfta, tlST] Xal vououc, Alto auto O'Uft:n:EQaLVEtal OtL (')EV ftltOQEL va EXEl xaft(a El'la<pLxtl onucoto, orpoti ro ftEAT] (')La<poQwv ESvWV (nou XWQ~ovtal a:n:o «(')la<poQEe; orov tQo:n:o ~W11e; - Lebensarten - Xal ota E8lfta») ft:n:oQovv va ~0'UV fta~L omv L(')la :n:EQL<pEQELa, aXOfta XL cv auttl ELVal ftLXQtl. Edv 1'a t8vTj ELXav ftLa oUOLaotlXtl OXEOT] ftE 1'0 Eba<poe;, ot BEV(')Ee; otTj rEQftaVLa 8a E:n:QE:n:E va OVOftU~Ovtal rEQftavOL, xun :n:ou :n:Qo<pavwe; bEV ELVal. 'EQXE1'al E'tOt <pUOLXU oro YOU Tj sixovu EVOe; ou1;ova AOYLOU, E1;olXELWftEVOU us tOY 1'EAEutaLO - Xal axoftT] E:n:L~o)vta - oAa~Lxo :n:AT]8uofto ftEOa ot1] YAWOOLXU xa80QLOftEVT] fEQftaVLa, Xal tOY O:n:OLO axofta bEY EXEL (')LaVOTj8EL vu ovoJ.!UOEL ue tOY aft<pLO~Tj1'tlOLJ.!O oQo «ESVLXtl J.!ELOVOtT]t'a». Tic tOY Zedler T] M1;T] :n:ou :n:EQLYQU<PEL 1'0 oVVOAO rorv av8Qw:n:wv OAWV rcov «ESVWV» :n:ou ~0'UV ftEOa omv L(')la E:rcaQXLa tl xQu1'oe; ELVal Volck. AAM, (')uOtuXwe; Yla 1'T]v Euta1;La tlJe; OQoAoYLae;, :rcQax1'lxu 0 oQoe; «Nation» (E8voe;) O'UXvu XQTjOLftO:n:OlELt'aL ue 1'T]V L(')la EWOla o:rcwe; 'to «Volckx Xal ftEQlXEe; <pOQEe; we; Evae; O'UVWVUftOe; oQoe;, Yla 1'0 «Xttlfta» tl]e; xOlvwvLac; (Stand, ordo) Xal UAAEe; <pOQEe; YLa XU8E UAAO oVAAOYO tl xOLVwvLa (GesellschaJt, societas).

O:rcOla(')tl:rcOt'E Xl av ELVal T] «OWottl Xal aQXlXtl» tl o:n:Ola UAAlJ EV-

VOla tOU «ESvOUe;», T] OT]ftaOLa rou oQou ELVal EvtEAwe; bla<pOQEtLXtl a:rco tl] oVYXQOVT]. "Eroi ft:rcOQOVftE, XWQLe; va (')lELo6VOOUftE :n:EQal1'EQW oro ~*T]fta, va a:rcobEx80VftE ou otT] oVYXQOVT], Xal ~aOLXU :rcOAltLXtl, EWOlU tl]e; T] LMa 'tOU nation (i&Vov~) ELvm LotOQlXU :rcOAV yea. IIQuyurrn, auto u:rcoYQaftft~Et'al ceto Eva UAAO YAwOOLXO ftVT]ftELO, to New English Dictionary, to O:rcOLO 1'0 1908 1'OVl~E O1'l Tj :rcaAalU oT]ftaOLa tT]e; M1;T]C; anELxovl~E anAwc; tT]V E8vlXtl EVOtT]ta, aAAu 11 nQoo<patT] XQtlOT] tTjC; 1'OVL~E «rqv LMa tl]C; nOALtLxtlC; EvOtT]1'ac; Xal aVE1;aQ1'TjOLae;».l1

ME bEbOftEVO 'tOV lotOQlXO VEW1'EQL0I-L0 tl]e; oVYXQOVlJe; avtLAT]'\jJT]e; «tou ESVOUe;», 0 xaAmEQOe; 1'Qonoc; YLa vc xa1'av0tloOUftE tl] <pV0T] tOU ELVal, onwe; nQOtELVW, va naQaxoAou8tloOUftE EXElVOUC; nou uQXloav O'UOtT)ftatLXU va AEL'tOUQYOvv ue auttl rnv aVt'(ATj'\jJTj orov nOALtLXO Xal XOLVWVlXO rou; A6yo xatu 1'T] bluQXELa tT]C; EnoXtlC; tWV EncvcorcoeWV, Xal ELblXU EV OVOfta1'L «tT]e; aQXtlC; 1'WV E8vottl1'WV», ano to 1830 rtsQUwu Xal E1;tic;. AUttl 11 UOXTjoTj ornv Begriffsgeschichte (latoQ(a nov lbEWV) bEV ELVal EVXOAT], EV ftEQEL blOtl, onwe; Sa (')OVftE, ot oVYXQOVOL tTjC; bEV ELxav XaftlU EnLYvWOT] tT]C; OlJftaOLac; rorv MSEWV nou XQlJOLftOnototiocv Xal EV J.!EQEL blO1'l lJ L(')la MSTj tautOXQova oriuowe, tl unoQOVOE va OT]ftUVEl, nOAv bla<poQE1'lXU nQuYJ.!ata.

H nQw1'aQXlXtl OT]!lao(a rou «ESvOUe;», Xal auttlnou Xatu ~uOT] nEQaoE OtT) AOYOt'Exv(a, tltav T] nOAltLXtl· Auttl ES0J.!OLWVE «1'0 Aao» us to xQutOe; otiuqxovo, J.!E 1'0 rtVEvfta tl]e; AJ.!EQlxaVlXtlc; Xal faAAlXtle; Eacvdoroonc, E1;oJ.!OLWOTj lJ onotn ELVal yvwattl OE <PQUOELC; onwe; «1'0 E8vlXO xQu1'oe;», rn «Hvrousv« 'E8vT]», tl 1'T] QT]'tOQlXtl nov nQoEbQwv ron tEAOUe; rou ElXOatOV cuovc. 0 nQwlftOC; nOAltLXOC; AOYOC; otlC; HIIA nQo1'LftOVOE va OJ.!lAEL Yla «to Aao», «rnv EVWOTj», «1'T]V ouoonovoto», «rnv XOlVij !lac; XWQa», «to XOlVO», <<tTl (')T]J.!oOLa nQovOla» tl «1'T]V XOlvornro», ue oxono vu ano<pVYEL ne; O'UYXEvtQwtLxEe; Xal EVwtlXEC; 0Tjftao(EC; rou oQou «ESvOC;» ztou atQE<povtaV xa1'u tWV bLXalWftUtwv rorv ouoonovocov nOAltELWv.12 Ll101'l orqv EnoXtl rtov E:n:aVaotUOEwv eve-

9. VVoordenboe~ (1913),at. 1588.

10. John Heinrich Zedler, Grosses vollstiindiges Universal-Lexicon aller Wissenschaften und Kiinste ... , tOil. 23 (AlmpLu - Halle 1740, uvuwn. Graz 1961), at. 901-3.

11. Oxford English Dictionary, tOil. VII (Ol;qJoQ61'] 1933), o, 30.

12. John J. Lalor (enq.t.), Cyclopedia of Political Science (Nsc YOQXI'] 1889),

34

E0NH KAI E0NIKI~MO~ AnO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

TO E0NO~ Q~ NEQTEPI~MO~

35

JtooJtaO'to ftEQO~ 't1]~ LMa~ rou E8vOll~ ~tav, ~ ~E~ma EYLVE oiivrouc, l'] avtLAl']tjJl'] OtL EJtQEJtE vc 10 Lvm, aUft<pwva ue t1'] yaAALx~ <pQao1'] , «Eva xm a~haLQEto».13 ~vft<pwva ue all~ 't1] 8WlQ1']0l'], to «E8vo~» ~taV to owfta tWV JtOALtWV, l'] auAAOYLX~ xllQLaQXLa nov OJtOLWV rou; auyxQotOVOE 010 Eva xQato~, to OJtOLO ~taV 1'] JtOALtLX~ tOll~ EX<pQaOl']. ~LOtL, OtLO~JtOtE ciAAO XL uv ~tav Eva E8vo~, to O'tOLXE(O t1']~ JtOALtoYQa<p1']Ol']~ xm 't1]~ ftal;,Lx~~ auftftEtOX~~ ~ EXAoy~~, JtOtE OEV aJtolloLal;,E coto rnrto, o John Stuart Mill oev OQLOE aJtAw~ to E8vo~ ~aoEt t1']~ uJtaQ~1']~ E8vLxou auvmo8~ftato~. TIQ008WE EJtLOl']~ xm OtL ro ftEAl'] ftLa~ E8vLXO't1]ta~ «EJtL811ftOVv va llJtayovtm orqv LOLa Xll~EQV1']Ol'] xm EJtL81JftOVV vc Xll~EQvouvtm aJto roug LOLOll~ rou; EalltoV~ rou; ~ aJto ftLa ftEQLOa rou; aJtoXAEtO'tLxa»_14 TIaQat1']QouftE XWQL~ EXJtA1']~1'] OtL 0 Mill aul;,1']ta rqv LMa 't1]~ E8vLXotl']ta~ 0XL 010 Eva LOLaLtEQo OriftOOLEllfta rou YL' allt~, aA.A.a xaQaX't1]QLO'tLxa - xm ouvorruxd - 0't0 JtAaLmo t1']~ ftLXQ~~ JtQaYftatELa~ tou, Considerations on Representative Govemrne';t.

H E~LOWOl'] E8vo~ = xQato~ = Aao~, xm EtOLXa xllQLaQXo~ Aao~, aVaft<pL~oAa auVEOEE to E8vo~ ue to EOa<po~, E<pOOOV 1'] OOft~ xm 0 OQLOftO~ tWV xQatWV ~tav JtAEOV ollmaO'tLxw~ EOa<pLxa. ~~ftaWE EJtLOl']~ ftLa JtoAAaJtAOt11ta cero E8vLxa xQat1'] auYXQOtYlftEVa u' allto tOY tQoJto xm amo ~tav ovro»; aJtaQaLt1']tl'] auvEJtEta t1']~ Aa'Lx~~ amooLa8EOl']~ oJtw~ to 8EtEL 1'] raA.ALX~ ~Lax~Qll~l') rcov ~LXmWftatwv rou 1795:

"XU8E, A.a6<; E(vm aVE;UQTlrto<; xm x'UQ(aQX0<;, OLOOOtjltO'tE XL av E(vm 0 aQL8!!o<; tcov U'tO!!WV nou 'tOY altO'tEAEC xru T] Ex'taOT] rou EOU<pO'U<; nou xo'tEXH. A'U'ttj T] X'UQLaQxCa E(vm avan:aMO'tQ(W'tTj".15

'to!!. II, o, 932: "Nation". Ta OXEnxu 1..tj!!!!a'ta EX0'UV ava't'UltOO8E(, tj !!MAOV uero<pQa08E(, E'UQEWC; an:o lta1..aLmEQa ya1..1..LXU EQya.

13. «0a G'UvEltaymav altO aUTO 'tOY OQLO!!O on Eva EBvoC; E(VUL ltQOOQLO!!EVO va OXT]f,!U't(OEL f,!OVO Eva xQu'tOC; XaL on G'UVLa'tU Eva aOLa(QE'to 01..ov» (o.n o, 923). o OQLO!!OC; cero rov onoto aUTO «8a G'UvEltaymav» EiVUL on Eva E8vo<; E(vm «Eva oVv01..0 av8Qw:rtoov nou O!!L1..oUv TIlv (OLa y1..wooa, EXouv t'(1 (OLa E8L!!a, xm e(vUL ltQOLxLO!!EVOL !!E OQLO!!EVEC; Tj8LXEC; aQ£'tE'; OL OltO(E<; roue OLaxQ(vouv alto dMEC; O!!UOEC; ue :rtaQO!!OLa qnJOTj». AUTtj E(vm f,!(a coro tLe; lt01..l!UQL8!!f<; aoxljofLe; orqv tEXVTj TIle; EX!!ULEUEOOC; EQOO'tljOEOOV ltQoe; ne; OltO(Ee; 'tOOO OUXVU Eivm ETtLQQEJtlje; 0 E8vLXI.a'tLXOe; Myoe;.

14. J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism, Liberty and Representative Government, (EXO.

Everyman, Aovotvo 1910),00.359-366.

AAM l'] ~Lax~Qll~1'] EAEYE JtoM ALya OXEtLXa ue to tL auVLO'tOVOE Evav «A.ao». ~llYXExQLftEVa OEV lllt~QXE XaftLa AOYLX~ aUvOEOl'] ovdueoa 0't0 oWfta tWV JtoA.L'tWV EVO~ EOa<pLxa JtQOOOWQLl;,OftEVOll xQatov~ altO tl'] ftLa JtA.EllQa, xm tl']v tautl']ol'] EVO~ «E8vOll~» 010 E8vLX~, yAwomx~ ~ aMl'] ~aOl'] ~ oiiuqxovu ft' aAAa XQL't~QLa ta onoto EJtEtQEJtav 't1] auAAOYLX~ avayvwQLOl'] 't1]~ talltotl']ta~ rcov ftEAWV tl']~ OftaOa~. llQayftatL EXEL llltOO'tl']QLX8EL OtL 1'] raMLx~ Enovdotcon «~tav EvtEAW~ ~Ev1'] w~ ltQo~ rnv aQX~ ~ to aCo8l']fta tl']~ E8vLXOtl']ta~· ~taV ftaMOV EX8QLX~ w~ JtQo~ amo»_16 'OJtw~ 0 OMavM~ AE~LxoYQa<po~ Ol']ftELWOE !!E OLOQatLx6't1]ta> l'] YAwooa OEV ELXE XaftLa OXEOl'] xamQXr!v ue to vn ELvm xavEL~ AyyA.o~ ~ raAAo~, xm JtQayftatL, OltW~ 8a OOVftE, OL yciAAOL EtOLXOL EJtQOXELtO vu aywvLo80uv EJtLftOVa svnvnov xa8E JtQooJta- 8ELa~ nou 8a xa8LO'tovoE 't1]v Xa80ftLAOVftEVl'] YAWooa XQLt~QLO E8vLxotl']ta~, l'] onotc, oJtw~ aVtOL LOXllQU;Ovtav, xa80QLl;,otaV aJtAw~ aJto tl'] yaA.ALX~ JtOALtoYQa<pl']Ol']. H YAwooa nou ftLAOvoav OL AAOatOL ~ OL I'coxorvor *av aVE~aQ't1]'t1] ftE1:l'] 8EOl'] tOll~ w~ ftEAl'] rou yaMLxov A.aou.

llQaYftatL, aUlJ.<pwva IJ.E 't1] Aa'Lxo-EJtavaO'tatLx~ altotjJl'), 8EIJ.EAELWOEL~ EVVOLE~ oJtw~ E8vLxo't1]ta, YAwooa, ~ aME~ JtaQOftOLE~, OEV unoQouoav va aJtOtEAoVV XOLVO yvwQLOlJ.a rou «E8vov~», JtaQoA.o nou ta xQL~QLa ama *av EVOE~EL~ avaYVWQLOl']~ EX ftEQOll~ ftLa~ Oftaou~ OtL

15. Mnope] (owe; va ltaQaTllQT]8E( on OEV 'UltUQXEL xa!!(a ava<poQu oro OLxa(oo!!a tWV "awv yta xUQLaQx(a xrn aVE~aQ'tTjo(a a'tT] ~LaxljQ1J~Tj tOO¥ ~LXatWf.tUtOOV lOU 1789lj rou 1793. BA. Lucien Jaume, Le Discours jacobin et La democratie, (IIaQ(m 1989), IIaQaQ'tllf,!a'ta 1-3, 00. 407-14. 'Of,!OOC;, OL O. Dann %aL J. Dinwiddy (ErtLf,!.),Nationalism in the Age of the French Revolution, (AovO(vo 1988), o, 34, YLa TIlv (OLa UltotjlTj 'to 1793,

16. Maurice Block, "Nationalities, principle of», oro J. Lalor (smu.), Cyclopedia of Political Science. rou .. II, o, 939.

36

E0NH KAI E0NIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

TO E0NO~ Q~ NEQTEPI~MO~

37

avtlXft a' auto. '01t(1)(; EXft TovLaEL 0 Pierre Vilar.!? aVT01tOV xaQaxT~QL~E TOV E8vLXO Aao, rirov aXQL~W£ TO yeyovo£ on aVTL1tQoaW1tEVE TO XOLVO crull<PEQOV EvaVTLOV cruYXEXQLIlEVWV cruWPEQOVTWV, TO XOLVO xcM EvaVTLOVTWV 1tQOVOIlLWV, 01tW£ 1tQaYllaTL nQOTELVEt 0 OQO£ nov ot AIlEQLxaVOL XQT]OLIlOnOLT]OaV nQtV ano TO 1800 YLa va OT]Awoovv TT]v E8vLxOTT]Ta av XaL anE<pevyav TT] XQtlOT] TT]£ AEST]£ am~£ xa8eavTtl£· OL OLa<poQE£ TWV E8vLXWV OllaOwV tiTav ano a~ TT]v maVaOlaTLxtl - OrllloxQaTLX~ anO'ljJT] '1'000 oEmEQEvovaE£ 000 qxnvorcv aQyoTEQa OlOV£ oOOLaALOlE£. IIQocpavw£ outo nov SEXWQL~E TOV£ allEQLxavov£ anoLxov£ anD TO BaOLALa fEWQYLO XaL TOV£ vnOOlT]QLX'tE£ rou OEV *av oirre T] YAwooa omE T] E8vLxoTT]Ta, XaL aVTLOlQo<pW£, T] raAALXtl AT]lloxQa'tLa OEV OVOXOAEVTT]XE xa80Aov va EXAESEt TOV AYYAo-aIlEQLxavo Thomas Paine OTT]V E8vocruVEAEVotl TT]£.

Q£ EX rootoo rn XQLn)QLa nO'\J nQOExmjJav ano TL£ tWT]QE£ crutT]TtlOH£ TWV 8EWQT]TLXWV rou OEXaTOV EVaTO'U aLwva onw£, E8vLxOtT]Ta, XOtV~ yvwoaa, 8QT]OXELa, Eoa<po£, xOtVO LOlOQLXO naQEA80v (YLa va naQa8Eoo'UIlE TOV John Stuart Mill YLa aXOIlT] IlLa <poQa)18 XaL Ta oaote, IlETaYEvEOlEQa, oOtlYT]oav OTT]v OLxoMIl1]OT] rcov ESvWV - xQaTWV, MaxoAa IlnoQovllE vti Ta EVTonLoo'UIlE OlO «EnavaOlanxo E8vo£». 'Onw£ ELoaIlE, EXTO£ cero Eva EOa<po£, rou onOLO'U T] EXTaOT] *av axa80QLOlT], (XaL LOW£ TO XQWlla rou OEQllaTO£) xaVEva ano a'UTa Ta XQLTtlQLa OEV Evwoav TO YEO allEQLxavLxo ESvO£. EmnAEov, xa8w£ TO «IlEya E8vo£» TWV raMWV EnESE'tELVE ta oVVOQa rou Xata TT] OLaQXHa'tWV EnavaOlatLXwv XaL NanOAEOVTHWV IIoAEIlWV 01' nEQLOXE£ nou OEV *av yaMLxE£, oiiuqxov« Ill' ta naQanavw xQLTtlQLa TT]£ u1taywy~£ 0' Eva E8vo£, *av SExa8aQo OtL xavEva ano auto. OEV cero'tEAWE t1] ~aOT] YLa TT] cruyxQOTT]OT] TOU yaMLxov E8vou£.

EVTOmOt£, ru OLa<POQa OlOtXELa no'll XQT]OLIlOnOttl8T]xav aQyOtEQa

YLa va oQLaovv TT]v EX'tD£-XQa'to'U£ ESvLxOTT]m, titav avall<PLl3oAw£ 1taQOVTa, XaL ELtE cruOXEn~OtaV Ill' to EnavaOlanxo E8vo£ ELtE 01]llto'UQyovoav nQo~Atlllata 01' amo. KaL 000 1tEQLOOOtEQO rnrro to E8vo£ 1JnooTtlQL~E OtL ELVaL Eva XaL aOLaLQEtO, rooo nEQLoaOtEQa 1tQo~Atlllarn OT]IlLO'UQyovaE T] EtEQoYEVEta IlEaa oe amo. AEV 'UnaQXEt all<pL~oALa OtL YLa rou; 1tEQLOOOTEQO'U£ Iaxw~Lvo'U£ Eva£ raMO£ rtou OEV Ilt- 1.01301' yaAALxa titav vnomo£, XaL OtL Ol1]V nQaS1] to E8vo-yAwOOOA.0YLxo XQLTtlQLO t1]£ E8vLXOTT]Ta£ cruxva ywOtav anoOExTo. 'Onw£ to E8wE o Barere Ol1]V ava<POQa rou YLa 'tL£ YAWOOE£ nQo£ T1]V EnLtQontl ArIIlOo(a£ AO<paA.ELa£:

"Iloioc, ore ALetJ,lEQ(aJ,lct1:et rou Avco Privou xm'tou Kdno Privou Evw6T]XE ue tou; 11:QO<'l6'tfe:; xm 11:QOaxaAWf TOUe:; IIQwaoue:; xm TOUe:; AUotQLUXoUe:; om xct'tU11:ct'tT]J.I£VU oUvoQa J,lue:;;" Etvrn 0 xa'tOLxoe:; 'tT]e:; (AAaet'tLx1'je:;) E1tUQX(ete:;, uu'toe:; 11:0U J,lLAU rnv (<'ILU YAwaau J,lE TOUe:; EX6QoUe:; J,lete:; xm E11:0I.tEVWe:; 6EWQE( 'tOY eouro rou we:; U<'IfAqJO 'tOue:; xm UUJ,l1t01..('tT] 1tetQa we:; u<'IE1..qJ6 xm UUJ.l1t01..('tT] nov faMwv 1tOU tou U1tEUSVvoV'tm Of J,lLetV aMT] y1..wooa xm £Xouv aMet £6LJ,let.19

H yaMLxtl mLllovtl OTT] YAWOOLxtl OIlOLOlloQ<pCa ano TT]v E1t0Xtl TT]£ EnaVaOlaOT]£ ECVaL nQaYllan aSLOOT]IlEL(J)'t1] XaL anotEAEC ESaLQEOT] YLa Exdv1] t1]v Enoxtl. ea EnavEA80'UIlE a' amo naQaXatw. AMa auto nov ELVaL aSLOOT]IlEC(J)'tO ELVaL, OtL OTT] 8EwQLa OEV *av 1] EX YEVEttl£ XQtlOT] TT]£ yaMtXtl£ yA.WOoa£ nou xa8LOlovoE Eva rirouo raMO - nw£ 8a ~OQOVOE ESaMO'U Otav T] COta T] EnaVaOlaOT] SOOE'ljJE TOOO noM ano to XQovo TT]£ YLa va anOOELSEt nooo ACyOt av8QwnOt OTT] raMLa

17. P. Vilar, "Sobre los fundamentos de las estructuras nacionales" (Historia, 16/Extra V Met<'lQC'tT], MQ(1..LOe:; 1978), o, 11.

18. John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, Liberty and Representative Government,

00. 359-366.

19. 0.11:.11:. oro M. de Certeau D. Julia xm J. Revel, Une Politique de la langue.

La Revolution Francoise et les patois: L' enquete de l' Abbe Gregoire. (IIuQ(oL 1975), o, 293. Tur TO YEVLx6 11:QO~A1']J.let 'tT]e:; fetMLX1'j,; Enuvdoruorp; xrn 't1']'; E6vLX1'j,; YAwaaet,;, ~1... E11:COl]e:; Renee Balibar xm Dominique Laporte, Le Francais national. Politique et pratique de la langue nationale sous la Revolution, (IIetQCm 1974). Ttc TO UUYXEXQLJ.I£VO 11:QO~1..1']J.let 'tT]e:; AAOetTCete:; ~1... E. Philipps, Les Luttes linguistiques en Alsace jusqu' en 1945, (~'tQeta~ovQYo 1975) XctL P. Levy, Histoire linguistique d'Alsace et de Lorraine, (2 'tOJ,lOL, ~TQctO~OVQYo 1929).

TO EeN02: Q2: NEQTEPI2:M02:

39

--------------------------

38

EeNH KAI EeNIKI2:M02: AnO TO 1780 MEXPI 2:HMEPA

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20. De Certeau, Julia xaL Revel, Une Politique de la langue, passim.

21. «LE OXEOTJ !!E ro xguto£, OL no)Jre~ (JUVL(]tOUv tOY lao' OE OXEOTJ !!E tTJV av8gwTCLv1l CPUA1l, amOL (JUVL(]t01JV to iOvor;», J. Helie, "Nation definition of ", oro Lalor, Cyclopedia of Political Science. tou. II. o. 923 .

22. IlagaTCof!TC1l oro E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution 1789-1848, (AovliCvo 1962),00.91-2.

40

EeNH KAI EeNIKILMm: AnO TO 1780 MEXPI LHMEPA

TO EeNOL QL NEQTEPILMO!

41

__________________________________ 0

x6 UYYLYIW. ~'tr)v ,,[EAE'UtuCa O'tE'\jJlJ nQLV cero "[lJ bLX1) roo, "[0 1774, un1)Qxav 2.400 uLOlla.23 H bLabLxaoCa ExblJIlOXQaLW[WU nou naQa'tr)QEl,,[aL [.LE,,[U "[0 1870 EVLECVEL "[600 "[0 nQ6j3AlJlla "[lJe; VOIlLIl6"[lJLae; rcov aQx6VLwv 600 XaL am6 "[1']e; XLV1']LOnOL~OEWe; "[(J)V nOAL1:COv. rta ,,[Le; xuj3EQV1)OELe; "[0 j3amx6 O'tOLXECO orqv E~COW01'] XQULOe; = E8voe; = A.a- 6e;, 1)"[av anAWe; "[0 XQULOe;.

AAM noic ~LaV 1'] 8E01'] tou ESvOUe;, ~, EV nQoXELIlEVW, 1'] E~COW01'] xQu"[oe; = E8voe; = Aa6e; ue onOLab~n01:E OELQu nov oocov, om 8EWQ1'],,[LX~ au~ljL1']01'] EXELVWV OL onotoi, OE ,,[EAEu"[aCa avuAU01'], anoWnwoav "[0 xaQax"[1)Qa LOUe; noM svrovu orov EUQwna·Lx6 Mxa"[o EVaLO aLWva, XaL ELbLXU O'tlJV nEQCobo onou lJ «aQX1'] rcov E8v01:ljLwv» uAAa!;E "[0 XUQ,,[1'] "[TJe; IlE LOV mo bQa[.LaLLX6 "[(>6no, bTJAab1) ,,[TJV nEQ(obo an6 "[0 1830 O'tO 1880: OL CPLAEAEU8EQOL «orot XaL OL bLavooullEVOC roue; Ax6- Ila XL av ~8EAav, 1)LaV MoxoAo va IllJV aaxoATJ80uv IlE "[0 naQanuvw ltQ6j3ATJlla - bTJAab~ ltOLa ELVaL 1'] 8E01'] EVOe; E8voue; - LbLaL,,[EQa xa"[u 'tr) bLuQXELa rorv rtevrivm E,,[WV (1830-1880) onou TJ EUQWlta"Lx1) LooQQonCa bvvUIlEWV IlELaj3uUE,,[aL QL~LXU: IlE rnv EllcpuVL01'] Mo IlEYUAWV buvuIlEWV ltOU j3ao~oVLav O'tr)v E8vLX~ aQX1) (rEQllavCa XaL haACa), IlE rov ano"[EAWllaLLXO bLallEALollO IlLae; "[QC'tr)e; YLa LOUe; CbLOUe; Myoue; (AuO'tQ(a - OvyyaQ(a IlE,,[u "[TJ ~vv8~xTJ rou 1867), IlE ,,[TJv avayvwQL01'] EVOe; aQL81l0u IlLXQO"[EQWV nOALLLxwv OVL01:ljLwV we; aVE~uQ"[TJLa xQu'tr) nov a~Cwvav "[0 VEO status we; AaoC j3am~oIlEvOL ornv E8vO'tr)"[a, OTJAab1) and "[0 BEAYLO O'tTJ 1'.1301'] we; "[a xQu"[TJ ltOV bLaMX"[lJxav"[lJv 08wllaVLX~ AmoxQaLoQCa O'tTJ N01:LOava,,[oALx~ EVQwltTJ (EUuba, ~EQj3Ca, Pouuovto, BovAyaQLa), XaL ,,[Le; Mo E8vtXEe; EnavaO'tuoELC; rorv ITOAWvwv xou a!;Cwvav 'tr)V avaauyxQO'tr)~ "[oue;, aUllCPwva 11' aULo nov 8EwQouoav we; ESvLXO xQu"[oe;. OU,,[E ~8EAav va "[0 altocpUyouv. Ttn rov Walter Bagehot 1'] «OTJIlLOvQyCa rou E8vovC;» 1)LaV to OVOtwbEC; ltEQLEX61lEVO "[lJe; E!;EAL~1']e; rou bExutoU EVU"[OU aLwva.24

'OIlWe;, Ecp600v 0 aQL81l6e; rcov E8vLXWV xQa"[Wv O'tLe; aQXEe; tOU bExutOV EVULOV aLwva ljLav IlLxQ6e;, "[0 ltQocpavEe; ~1)"[TJlla YLa rou; EQEVV1'],,[Ee; 1)tav nOLOL an6 LOVe; nOAuuQt81l0ue; EVQwna·LXOUe; nATJ- 8u0IlOUe; rtou f.L1toQouoav va La~LVOIl1']80uv we; «ESv6tTJ"[a» yta tOY &cpa ~ j3~"[a Myo, f.L1toQouoav va crtoxtrjoouv Eva xQutOe; (~XUltOLa xa,,[W,,[EQTJ lloQCP~ XWQL~e; ltOALLLX1)e; 1) bLOLXlJLLX~e; avayvwQWTJe;), XaL noco alto La nOAvuQL81la xQu"[TJ nou un1)Qxav 8a btanVEoVLav an6 "[1']v LMa tou «E8vove;». H La~LV61l1101'] tcov XQL"[T)QCWV j3UOEL ,,[OJV onouov 8a anobCboVLav T) OUV1']LLX1) ~ oumaO'ttx~ LbLO"[YJLa rou E8vove; E~UnlJQELOUOE nQWtLO'ta am6 to oxono. 'EbELXVE va E(VaL nQocpavEe; ott OUtE OAa "[a XQU"[lJ 8a auvEntmav IlE ESvTJ, OmE aVLLO'tQOcpWe;. Anri ,,[lJV IlLa ltAEVQU, TJ ltEQ(CPTJIlTJ EQW'tr)01'] rou Renan «ytat( E(vm TJ OMavbCa iva E8voe;, EVW bEY E(VaL to AvOj3EQO XaL "[0 MquAo 1'.ouxuto "[1']e; ITuQf!ae;;»25 avax(vlJOE IlLa OELQu avaAULLxwv ~TJ"[T]llutwv. Alt6 ,,[TJv UAATJ ltAEVQU, TJ naQaL~QTJ01'] rou John Stuart Mill 6LL lJ xa8LEQw01'] EVOe; E8vLXOU XQULOUe; EnQEnE va E(VaL a) ECPLxt~ xat 13) Em8uIl1']~ ceto tTJv (bLa rqv E8vO'tr)"[a, nQoxuAwE uAAa ~TJt~llata. Au"[6 ljLav "[600 anA6 YLa "[OVe; E8vLXLO'tEe; tWV IlEOWV 'tr)e; j3Lx,,[wQLav~c; Enox~e; nou bEY ELxav xallLU altOAU"[We; aIlCPLj30ACa YLa ,,[TJv anuVL1']OlJ XaL ore Mo E(bTJ EQW1:1)OEWV, 600 aoxoAouVLav IlE tlJ bLX~ rou; E8vLX6'tr)La ~ to xQutOe; O'tO onoto LbQu8TJXE. 1'.LOtL ax61la XaL aULo( OL (bLOL j3QE8TJxav va XOLtu~0'lJV ,,[LC; a~LwoELC; UAAWV E8vLX~,,[WV XaL xQa"[wv IlE iva '\jJUXQOtEQO j3A.Elllla.

'OIlWe;, orov l;EnEQUOOUIlE am6 "[0 O1']IlE(o, ouvovtotiue, orov CPLAEAEUSEQO A.6yo rou bEXULOV EVU"[OV uuovo, Evav EXltA1']XTLX6 j3a81l6 ltVEVllaLLX1)e; aoucpELae;. Am6 bEY OCPELAETaL T600 noM OE uurv abvvaIlCa va atoxaO'touv ndvco 0't0 nQ6j3ATJlla roo i8voue;, 600 oro 6TL vnt- 8ELaV nwe; bEY ljLav anaQat'tr)To va EJtE~lJYlJeE(, Eq:>60ov 1)LaV ~OTJ nQocpavEe;. Qe; EX TOmOV, IlEYUAO lliQoe; 'tr)e; CPLAEAEU8EQlJe; 8EwQCae; TWV E8vwv E[tcpaV~E,,[aL uovov, oro nEQL8wQLO rou A.6yov TWV CPLAEAEu8E-

23. Marc Bloch, Les Rois thaumaturges, (IIug(m 1924) 00. 402-4.

24. Walter Bagehot, Physics and Politics, (Aovotvo 1887), xerp, III, IV YIU"tO "Nation-making".

25. Ernest Renan, "What is a nation?", om Afred Zimmern (smu.), Modem

Political Doctrines, (O~cp6gol] 1939), o, 192. .

42

EeNH KAI EeNUm:Mm: AnO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

TO EeNO~ ill: NEQTEPI~MO~

--~~-~----~------------- ---

43

26. John Rae, The Sociological Theory of Capital, avawJtwO'll T01J The New Principles of Political Economy by John Rae (1834) (eJtLJ-I.) C. W. Mixter (N€a YOQ%T] 1905), o, 26.

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QOlV ouYYQacpEOlv. Emn"-Eov, onOl~ Sa Cl015f.tE, Eva paOLxo XOf.tf.tU'tL 'tOU CPLAEAE15SEQOU SEOlQ1']tLX015 Myou 6uOXEQavE 't1'] 6uvato't1']'ta f.tLa~ EV'tEAW~ 6LaV01']'tLx~£ SEWQ1']Ol]~ tou «E8vou~». ea EmXfLQ~O'oUf.tE 0't0 UltOAOLltO au'to15 ro» xEcpaAa(ou va avaxa'taoxEuUOOUf.tE f.tLa ouvEn~ CPLAEAE'lJSEQ1'] aO'tLx~ SEOlQLa 'tOU «ESVOU~», us Evav 'tQono naQof.tOLO f.t' uurov n:ou OL aQxmoAOym avaouvSE'toUV toix Ef.tltOQLXOV~ &QOf.tOU~ alto 'ta altOSEf.ta'ta rcov VOf.tLOf.tU'tOlV.

o xaAV'tEQo~ 'tQOltO~ ELvm va aQxLoouf.tE f.tE 'tl] ALyo'tEQo LXaVOltOL- 1']tLX~ EvvOLa 'tOU «ESvOU9>, 61']Aa6~ 't1']V svvour ue 't1']V onoto 0 Adam Smith XQ1']OLf.tOnoLEL 't1'] "-E;T] O'tOV 'tL'tAO rou f.tEyUAOU EQYOU rou, fLa'tL aUf.tcpOlva f.tE 'to SEOlQ1']tLXO ltAaLOLo rou Adam Smith 1'] EvvOLa'tou «ESvou~» 6EV OTIf.taLVEL 'tLltO'ta ltEQLOOO'tEQO alto Eva EClacpLxo xQUtO~, ~ aUf.tcpOlva xm us ru MYLa rou John Rae - 01;u6EQXOU~ OXOWE~OU ouYYQacpEa rtou ltEQLltAaV~S1']XE O'tL~ aQXE£ rou 6Exumu svdrot: mwva 0't1'] BOQELa Af.tEQLx~ - aoxwV'ta~ xQLnX~ otov Smith, «XUSE ;EXOlQLO't~ XOLVO't1']'ta, xOLvOlv(a, E8vo~, xQu'tO~ ~ Aao~ (OQOL OL On:OLOL, ooov acpoQu'to 8Ef.ta f.ta~, !11toQovv va 8EOlQljf:lovv OUVWVUf.tOL)>>.26

AM<i TJ oX£1jJTJ rou DLUOTIf.t0U CPLAEAE158EQOV n:OALnX015 oixovouoxdyou ltQEltEL aocpaA6>~ va OUaxE't~E'tm us tou~ cpLAEAEU8EQov~ usoocorou; O'toxaO'tE~ nou 8EOlQOVV 'to «E8vo~» altO uAATJ oxosuri, axof.ta XL av 6EV ri'tav, onOl~ 0 John Stuart Mill, OL L6LOL OLXOV0f.t0AOyOL, ~ onOl~ 0 Walter Bagehot, EXDmE~ tOU The Economist. 'Htuv uQaYE LO'tOQLX~ O'uyxuQLa, 'to YEYOVO~ OtL 1'] xAaOLx~ En:OX~ rou CPLAEAEu8EQlof.toV xm rou EAEv8EQou Ef.tltOQLOU OUVEltEOE ue mv EltOX~ 't1']~ «6rlf.tLouQyLa~ rou E8vou~», DLa6lxaoLa nou aUf.tcpOlva ue 'tOY Bagehot, Ult~Q1;E xUQLaQX1'] orov Mxa'to evoro moivu; ME uAAa AOyta, ELXE to E8vlXO XQU'tO~ f.tta OUYXEXQtf.tEV1'] AEL'touQYLa OltOl~ au't~ ornv ltOQELa 't1']~ xartl'taAtO'ttX~~ av<in:w1;1']~; 'H f.tUAAov: lt6>~ EL6av OL aUYXQOVOL cptAEAE15SEQOL avaAmE~ au't~ 'tl] AEltouQYLa;

44

EE>NH KAI EE>NIKI~Mm: AnO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

TO EE>NO~ Q~ NEQTEPI~MO~

45

a:n:oMxovtav rn EJ'tLXElQ~llaTa T'J]£ xAaOlx~£ :n:oAmx~£ OlxovoIlLa£, *av on !lJ'toQouoav va avayvooQLoOUV T'llV OlXOVOIlLX~ o:n:OUOaLOt'llTa rtov EElVWV OT1Jv :n:Qci~1), aUci 0XL OT1) ElEooQLa. H xAaOLXl1 :n:oAmx~ OLxovouto, ltaL xUQ(oo£ au~ TOU Adam Smith, E(XE oLa1lOQqJoo8E( 00£ Ilea XQLTLX~ TOU «EIl:n:oQLXoU ouOT~llaTo£», l'l'llAal'l~ aXQL~w£ TOU OU~fl.UTO£ IlE TO onoto OL XU~EQvtlOfL£ IlETaXfLQCl;oVTav TL£ EElVLXE£ OLXOVOIlLE£ 00£ aUvoAa :n:OU E:n:QE:n:E va avaJ'tTUxElouv IlE T'llV XQaTLX~ :n:Qoo:n:ciElfLa XaL :n:OALTLX~. To EAEuElEQO E!lJ'tOQLO XaL 1) EAEuElEQ'll ayoQci xaTEuEluvoVTav evovrtov a~£ aXQL~w£ T'll£ aVTLA'lltjJ'll£ T'll£ E8vLX~£ OLXOVOIlLX~£ avciJ'tTU~lJ£, T'J]V ozoio 0 Smith :n:(OTEUE :n:oo£ ELXE a:n:oI'lE~EL OtL ~Tav avtlJ'taQayooYLx~. 'ETm 'll OLXOVOIlLX~ ElEooQLa ava:n:WxEI'llXE a:n:oXAfLOTLXci OT'll ~ciOll TWV ueuovrousvcov fJ'tLXfLQTlllanxwv uovdocov - avElQw:n:oov 11 ETaLQELWv - nou OQ80AOYLXci IlEYLOTO:n:OLOUV tn xEQb'll TOU£ XaL EAaXLOTo:n:OLOUV TL£ ~'llIlLE£ TOU£ OE IlLa ayoQci rtou I'lEV ELXE xallLci OUYXEXQLIlEV'll XOOQoTa~Lx~ EXTaOll. To OQLO ~Tav, xm OEV !lJ't0- QOVOE :n:aQa va ELVaL, 'll :n:ayxoollLa ayoQci. naQoAo :n:ou 0 Smith I'lEv *av avt(ElETo£ IlE IlEQLXE£ AfLTOUQYLE£ T'll£ xU~EQV'llOll£ rtou *av OXEnXE£ IlE T'llV oixovoutc xm aqJoQouoav 0T1J YEVLX~ 8EooQLa T'll£ OLXOVOIlLX~£ avciJ'tTU~'ll£, I'lEV :n:QOE~AfJ'tE xavEva QOAO YLa TO E8vo£ ~ YLa o:n:Olal'l~:n:OTE ciU'll OUAAOYLx6T'J]Ta I-1EyaAmEQlJ a:n:o a~ IlLa£ ETaLQELa£, ~'ll.~lla'tU :n:OU OU!lJ'tToollaTLXci I'lEV TOV a:n:aOXOAlJoav aQXETci.

'ETOL, aXOIl'll XaL 0 J. E. Cairnes, OTO a:n:oYELo T'll£ qJLAEAEuElEQ'll£ E:n:OX~£, aqJLEQoooE 6Exa OEALI'lE£ YLa va OU~'ll~OfL oo~aQci T'llV :n:QOtaon OtL I'lEv l'\Tav a:n:aQaLT'J]T'J] IlLa ElEooQLa I'lLE8vou£ EIl:n:oQLOU nou Ela TO I'lLEXQLVE ceto o:n:OLob~:n:OTE ciAAO E!lJ'tOQlO IlE'tU~V rorv LI'lLWTWv.27 LU!lJ'tEQav£ OtL, EVW OL I'lLEtlv£L£ ouvaUaYE£ YLvOVTav avall<pL~OAoo£ OAoEva XUL J'tL0 EUXOAE£ a:n:EIlEvav ax61la aQx£TE£ aVTLElEofL£, :n:ou I'lLxaLOAoyouoav T'J]V ~EXooQL~ ElEooQ'llOll TOU :n:QO~A~llaTO£ TOU I'llaxQaTLxou EIl:n:OQLOU. 0 YEQl-\-av6£ qJLAEAEuElEQO£ oeeovouosovo; Schonberg allqJE~aAE uv au~ xa8Eua~ 'll EWOLa TOU «E8vLXOU fLOOI'll'\llaTO£» ELXE

xci:n:OLa O'IlllaoLa. EXELVOL :n:ou bEv OTallaTOuV a' Eva :n:QWTO E:n:L:n:EOO avciAuOll£ LOoo£ va ELxav !lJ'tfL OTOV :n:fLQaollO va T'J]V :n:LOTEtjJOUV, XciTL rtou Ela ~Tav U:n:EQ~OALX6 aXOIl'll XL av OL U:n:OAOYLOIWL TOU «E8vlXoU :n:AOUToo» miuqxov« IlE TOU£ VOIlLOllaTLXOU£ OQOU£ l'\Tav AavElaoIlEvOL.28 o Edwin Cannan-? ElEWQ'llOE OtL TO «E8vo£» TOU Adam Smith a:n:OTEAouVTav uovov a:n:o TO aUVOAO rcov aT61lOOV noo ~OUV OTa El'lciqJ'll Ev6£ XQciTOU£ XUL avaQWT~EI'llXE ov TO YEYOVO£ OtL OE ExaTO XQOVLa OAOL amOL OL civElQoo:n:OL Ela ELVaL :n:EElaIlEVOL, xaElLOTouoE al'luvaTO va ,.ttAOUI!E YLa TO «EElvO£» 00£ I!LU OLUQXW£ u:n:ciQxouoa OVTOT1)'tU. ME oQoo£ 3t0- ALTLXl'\£ avciAuOll£ am6 ol'l'llYOUOE ornv :n:E:n:o(El'llOll on uovov 'llI'lLci8EOll nov a:n:08£f..lciTooV IlEOoo TlJ£ ayoQci£ l'\'tUv 'll xaAUTEQ'll, XaL on IlEOoo T'J]£ AfLTouQYLa£ T'J]£ rn OUIl<PEQoVTa trov LI'lLWTWV 8a :n:aQ~yayav amollciToo£ Ta OUllqJEQOvta TOU OUVOAOU - EqJ600v U:n:l'\QXE XWQo£ orn 8EooQLa YLa IlLa EWOLa o:n:oo£ to OUllqJEQovta 6A'll£ T'll£ xOLvoT'J]Ta£. AVTLOTQo<poo£, 0 John Rae EYQatjJE TO ~L~ACo TOU TO 1834 fLl'lLXci YLa va a:n:oI'lE(~fL, aVTLTL8EIlEVO£ OTOV Smith, OtL rn LOLWTLXci xm tn E8vLXci OUllqJEQOVTa OEV ~'tUv TauToOlllla, l'l'llAal'l~ on OL aQXE£ nou 00'llyouoav TOY LI'lLWT'll OT'llV EJ'tLOLoo~'ll TOU amO-OUllqJEQOVTO£ I'lEV au~civouv a:n:aQaLT'J]'tU OTO IlEYLOTO TOV :n:AOmO TOU E8vou£.30 'O:n:oo£ 8a 1'l0VIlE, EXELVOL:n:oo aQv~8'llxav va I'lEX80uv ciVEU 6Qoov TOV Smith I'lEv 8a E:n:QE3tE vu ayvo'llOoiiv, :n:aQoAo rtou OL OLXOVOIlLXE£ TOU£ 8EooQLE£ I'lEv !lJ'toQouoav va ouvayoovL080uv T'J]v xAamxti oxoAl'\. 0 oQo£ «E8vLXl'\ otxovoutc» euqxrVCl;ETUL uovo OToAe~I,,6 IJOA1Tl,,1j~ Otxovouiai; TOO Palgrave OE OXEOll IlE Tll YEQllaVLXl1 OLXOVOIlLX~ 8EooQLa. 0 LI'lLO£ 0 oQo£ «E8vo£» ELXE E~aqJavLOTEL a:n:o TO avtLOTOLXO yaAALxo EQYO TlJ£ OExaETLa£ TOU 1890.31

Krn 61-100£, ax61la XUL OL 3tLO avtL:n:Qoooo:n:EmLxo( XAaOLXO( OLXOVO-

27. J. E. Cairnes, Some Leading Principles of Political Economy Newly Expounded, (Aovotvo 1874), oo, 355-65.

28. Dr. Gustav Schonberg (E1tLIl.), Handbuch der politischen Oekonomie, ·toll. I (Tiibingen 1882), oo. 158 X,f,

29. Edwin Cannan, History of the Theories of Production and Distribution in English Political Economy from 1776 to 1848, (Aovowo 1894), oo. 10 X,f,

30. Rae, The Sociological Theory of Capital.

31. Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Economie Politique, (smu.), Leon Say XaL Joseph Chailley (IIuQ(m 1892).

ESNH KAI ESNIKIIMOI ArlO TO 1780 MEXPI IHMEPA

----------------

46

47

---------------------------------~--------------

TO ESNOI QI NEQTEPIIMOI

1l0Myot ~'tav u,WXQEwllEVOL va AEL'tOUQYouv IlE 'tllv tMa Ilta~ E8vtx~~ otxovoutng. 'Onw~ cvoxotvrooe 0 Saint-Simonian Michel Chevalier anoAoYll'tLXU, ~ aO'tELEUOIlEVO~, 0't0 EvaQx't~QtO llu811IlU 'too w~ xa811- Yll~~ IloAL'tLx~~ Oixovoutce; 0't0 College de France:

«Mnc em~aA.Ae'tUL vu UOXOA01Jflum:e us tn yevLxa <J1JflqJEQOV'tU 'tOJV uv- 8Qwmvwv XOLVWVLWV, XUL oev flU~ anuyoQeue'tUL va e~e'ta~OUf.-lE :7tOLU eLVal ELOLx6'teQu T] xU'tam:uOl] 'tT]~ XOLVWVLU~ f.-lEau O"tT]V O:7tOLU ~ouf.-le.32»

'H, onw~ EnQoXEL'to va 'to 8EOEt 0 Lord Robbins, YLa Ilta axolla

cpoQu 010 OXEOT] IlE 'tOU~ xAaOLxou~ nOAL'tLXOU~ OLxovolloMyou~, «ALya O'tOLXELa unuQXouv nou vc anOCEtXVUOUV o'tt au'tO( OUXvu nQoxwQllonv nEQa ano 'tT] XQllOLllono(T]OT] rou E8vLXOU nAEOvEx't~llmo~ W~ EVO~ xQt'tT]Q(ou nOAmx~~ O'tQa'tT]Ytx~~, XaL axolla AtYO'tEQO CE o'tt *av I'ha'tE8EtIlEVOL va oXEcp80uv 'tT] CtUAUOT] rrov E8vtxwv cWllwv»}3 ~UVoJt'ttxu, amol OmE !-lJtoQouoav OU'tE ~8EAav va anollaxQuv80uv ceto 'to «EOvo;», 'tT]v nQooco rou onotou naQaxoAou80uOE 0 Porter IlE EuxaQl- 0'tT]0T] ano 'to 1835 Xat E~~~, EJtW~~, VOllt~E, ou xunOLo~ 8a ~8EAE «va E1;axQt~woEL trr IlEoa IlE 'ta ortour xunOLa XOtVO'tT]'ta EnE'tUXE va urteQtOXUOEt IlE'tal;u ttov E8voJv». LlEV XQELU~E'tat vc: nQoo8EOEL xavd~ O'tt IlE 'to «xdrtoiu xoworqro» au'to~ EVVOOUOE, <<'tT] CtX~ rou xowo'tT]'tu».34

AA~8ELa, nw~ !-lJtOQOUOE xavEL~ va aQvT]8EL 'tL~ OtXOVOlltXE~ AEt'tOUQY(EC; xat axollU tn OCPEAT] 'tOU E8vtxou xQu'tOu~; H unuQI;T] xQmwv IlE vOIlLOlla'ttXO llovonwAtO Xat IlE 6T]IlOma EI;06a XaL OUVEJttO~ OtXOVOlltX~ nOAL'tLX~ XaL cQaO'tT]Qto'tT]'tE~, *av Eva YEYOVO~. AmE~ OL OtXOVOlltXE~ cQUO'tT]Qt6'tTj'tE~ CEV !-lJtoQouoav va xmaQYT]80uv, uxolla XaL ano EXELVOU~ rtou EJtL8ullOUOav va El;uAELljJOUV 'tt~ ~Aa~EQE~ naQEIl~u-

OH~ 'tou~ ornv oixovourc. EJtLnAEOV, axolAa XaL oi aXQalOL cptAEAEU8EQOL 8a Mxo'tav, onw~ 0 Molinari, O'tt «0 ctaxwQLOllo~ 'tT]~ av8Qwn6'tTjru; 010 mrcovou« E8vT] E(VaL oUOLaO'ttXU OLXOVOIlLXO~».35 L'UO'tL'tO xQu'tO~ - O'tTI IlEmEnavaO'tmtx~ Enox~ 'to E8vtxo xQu'to~ - 'tEAtXU !-lJtoQou- 010 va EYYUT]8EL rnv aocpuAELa 'tT]~ nEQtOUOLa~ XaL nov OUf-t~OAULWV, XaL, onw~ 'to E8wE 0 1. B. Say, - yvwO'to~ EX8Qo~ trov CT]IlOOLWV EJtLXELQ~OEWV - «xavEva E8vo~ CEV anEx'tT]OE nO'tE xunOLo EnLnECo nAou'tOu XWQL~ va XU~EQVU'taL uno f.-lta mLOT]IlT] XU~EQVT]0T]».36 at AEL'tOUQYLE~ 'tT]~ XU~EQVT]OT]~ 8a !-lJtoQouoav uxolla XaL va oQyavw80uv OQ80AOytO'tLxa ano 'tT] CPLAEAEV8EQT] oecovouro, ~aOEt 'tOU EAEVOEQOU avmywvt- 0IlOU. "Etot 0 Molinari unoO't~QtI;E ott «0 xmaxEQllmtOllO~ 'tT]~ av- 8Qwno'tT]'ta~ 010 E8vT] ELVat XQ~Otllo~, 0't0 ~a81l0 rtou ovcorniooet I_uav ESaLQE'tLXa toxuQ~ aQX~ 'tT]~ OLXOVOlltX~~ alltAAa~».37 AVECPEQE 'tT] MEyaAT] 'Ex8wT] rou 1851 yta va O'tllQLSH rnv an01jJ~ rou. AAM axoIla XaL XWQL~ rnv naQa8EOT] 'tE'tOLWV CtXaLOAOYLWV, T] AEL'touQYLa 'tT]~ XU~EQVT]OT]~ ornv OLXOVOlllX~ avun'tUl;T] ~'tav CECOIlEVT]. a 1. B. Say, nov CEV 1l0QOVOE va bEL, !!E'tUSV EVOC; E'8vouC; XaL nov YEL'tOVWV rou, xall(a EJtLnAEOV ctacpoQa ano o,'tt IlE'tasu Mo YEt'tOVtXWV EnuQXtoJv, EV'tOU'tOt~ xa'tT]YOQT]OE 'tT] raAALu - CllAUC~ 'to YUMtXO xQa'to~ XaL 'tT]V XU~EQVT]OT] - 0'tL aIlEAT]OE vu avamUsEt 'tOY EYXWQtO nAOV'to 'tT]~ XtOQac; XaL o'tt uvr' amou anOAalA~aVE xamx~oEt~ 0't0 ESW'tEQtXO. I'ur va OUV01jJLOOVIlE, XUVEVU~ OLXOVOlloAOYO~, axolla XaL rcov JtLO aXQaLwv cptAEAE'lJ8EQWV nEnot8~OEWV, CEV 8a naQE~AEJtE ~ 8a UIAEAOUOE va M~El un01jJT] rou 'tT]v E8vtx~ oixovoutc. Movov ot CPLAEAEU8EQOL OLXOVO- 1l0AOYot CEV ~OEAav ~ CEV ~I;EQav nwc;, vu IALAOUV yt' amo 'to ~~'t'l]lAa.

AAM one XtOQE~ rtou EJtLCLWXaV 'tT]v E8vLX~ OLXOVOIALX~ avunws'l] aV'taywVt~OIlEVEC; tnv tOxuQ~ OLXOVOIlLU 't'l]C; BQE'taVLac;, OL ano1jJEtC; 'too

32. Michel Chevalier, Cours d' economie politique fait au College de France, 'tof.-l. 1 (IluQLm 1855), a. 43. H OLaA.E~T] eLXE 008eL aQXLxa 'to 1841.

33. L. Robbins, The Theory of Economic Policy in English Classical Political Economy, (2T] EXO., AovOLVO 1977) co. 9-10. IlQE:7tEL Df.-l(J)~ va XaVOUf.-lE f.-lLU E~ULQ£on YLU 'tOY aqJaLQLxD Bentham.

34. George Richardson Porter, The progress of the Nation, in its various social and economic relations from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present time;, 2 f.-lEQT] (Aovotvo 1836), IlQDAoyo~.

35. Molinari oro Dictionnaire d'economie politique (IluQLaL 1854), uvmu:7t.

O'tO Lalor, Cyclopedia of Political Science, 'tDf.-l. II, a. 957: "Nations in political economy".

36. D.:7t. co, 958-9.

37. D.:7t., a. 957.

48

E8NH KAl E8NIKI~Mm: AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

TO E8NOL QL NEQTEPI~MO~

49

----------_ ... _ .. -_ ..

Smith YLa El-lnoQLo qxuvotcv ALy6tEQO EAX'llO'tLXE~. EXEL bEV AELnO'llV tn (ito~ta no'll 8' nvurtouovoiiocv va O'll~1]ttlao'llV YLa t1]V E8vLXtl OLXOvout« w~ Eva aVVOAO. a ayv01]IlEVO~ oxoro-xovcooc Rae EXEL tlb1] IlV1]lloVE'll8EL. A'llto~ EW1]Ytl81]XE 8EWQLE~ nou nQoXutaAall~UVO'llV rc MYlluta YLa 'llnoxutuO'taOl] rcov ELaaywywv Xat Ewaywytl t1]~ tEXVOAOYLa~, t% aLXOVOIlLXtl~ EJ'tLtQonij~ tWV HVWIlEVWV E8vwv YLa t1] AntLVLXtl AIlEQLXtl 0't1] bEXaEtLa tou 1950. AXOIl1] J'tL0 EIl<pavw~, 0 IlEYUAO~ cpEvtEQaALO'ttl~ Alexander Hamilton O'tL~ HIIA O'llvEbwE to E8vo~, to xQUtO~ xrn rnv oixovoufn, XQ1]aLIlOnOLwvta~ amtl t1] OXEa1] YLa va bLXatOAOytlaEL tnv LOX'llQij E8vLXtl X'll~EQV1]Ol] no'll 'llnoO'ttlQL~E os ovn- 8EOl] nQo~ roue ALym:EQO O'llYXEvtQWtLXOV~ nOALtLXOv~. a XatUAoyo~ ttov «IlEYUAWV E8vLXWV IlEtQWV» rou, -xou O'llvtUX81]XE ano to O'llYYQa<pEa rou uQ8Qo'll «E8vo~» oe IlLa IlEtaYEVEO'tEQ1] allEQLxavLxtl Eyx'llxAona(bELa- E(Vat anOXAELO'tLXU OLXOVOIlLXO~: 1] CbQ'llOl] IlLa~ E8vLXtl~ tQunE~a~, 1] E8vLXtl E'lJ8vv1] YLa ta xQatLXU XQE1], 1] bYIIlLO'llQY(a EVO~ E8vLXOV XQEO'll~, 1] nQoO'taa(a rorv EyXWQLWV XataaXE'llaO'twv IlE- oto rou 'll'IjJ1]AoV baalloAoy(O'll Xat 0 avayxaO'tLxo~ <poQo~ XatavaAWaEw~.38 'Ioux, O'll!lJ'tEQa(VEL 0 O'llYYQa<pEa~, oAa amu ru IlE'tQa vc «0%0- rtsunv va avamVso'llV to aJtEQlla t1]~ E8vLxOt1]ta~», tl (aw~, oJtw~ ornv JtEQ(mwOl] UAAWV cpEvtEQaALO'twv rtou IlLAOvaav EAuXLO'ta YLa to E8vo~ Xat nEQLaaOtEQo IlE OLXOVOIlLXU EJtLXELQtlllata, va ata8avm:av OtL to E8vo~ 8a <PQOvtL~E tOY Eamo ron av 1] alloanovbLaXtl X'll~EQV1]Ol] CPQovtL~E YLa tl]v OLXOVOIlLXtl avu:rt't'lJs1]: oe XU8E nEQLmWOl] E8vo~ at}llatVE E8vLXtl oixovoutc Xat t1] O'lJO'tl]llutLXtl xaMLEQYELU tl]~ ceto to xQu'tO~, XUtL nou tOY bExato EVatO atwva atlllatvE JtQoO'tatE'lltLaIlO.

Oi allEQLxavoL OLXOVOIlOAOYOL tl]~ AvuJtwS1]~ rou bEXUtO'll EVUtO'll atwva tltav, EV YEVEL, JtOAV IlEtQLOL WmE va O't1]QCSO'llV 8EWQ1]tLXU tOY xallLAtovLavLall6, oJtw~ EJtLXE(Q1]aaV va XUVO'llV 0 Carey Xat UMOL.39 Ildvrox, amtl1] uJto'IjJ1] JtaQO'llaLUO'tl]XE IlE bLavYELa xat IlE E'll<pQubELa

aJto YEQllavou~ oeeovouosovoi«, IlE EJ'tLXEcpaAtl~ tOY Friedrich List, 0 onotoc E(XE aJtoxl'tiaEL tL~ LME~ tou, EIlJtvE'llaIlEVO~ XatEsOXtlV ceto tOY Hamilton, XutU 't1] bLuQXELa t1]~ JtaQallovtl~ roo O'tL~ HIIA 0't1] bExaE'[(a rou 1820, orov E(XE A<i~EL IlEQO~ O'tL~ E8vLXE~ OLXOVOIlLXE~ O'll~1]ttlOEL~ ExECv1]~ t1]~ JtEQLObo'll.40 Fie tOY List to EQYO tl]~ OLXOVOIlLxtl~ EmO'tTjIll'J~, nou OL rq)llavo( E<PESTj~ ELxav tl'JV tuOl] va OVOIlU~O'llV «E8vLXtl OLXOVOIl(a» (Nationaloekonomie) tl «oixovoutc rou Aaov» (Volkswirthschaft) JtaQu «noALtLxtl otxovouto», Tjtav va «JtEWXEL t1]v otxovotuxr] avu:rt't'lJsl'J rou E8vo'll~ Xat va JtQOEtoLIlUOEL rnv E(aobo rou ornv JtayxoallLa xOLvwv(a rou IlEAAOvto~».41 !lEV XQELU~Etat xcv va JtQoa8EoO'llIlE on a'llttl1] aVUm'lls1] 8a EJtatQVE t1] 1l0QCPtl to'll XamtaALOtLXOV EX~LOIll'JxaVLaIlOV YLa tOY onoto Jt(E~E IlLa bQaattlQLa Ilwa(a tUSl'J·

'aIlW~, mrro nou ELVat EvbLacpEQOV Xutu tl]V unO'IjJTj Ila~ YLa tOY List, Xat tl] IlEtaYEVEO'tEQ1] «LO'tOQLXtl OXOAtl» rtov YEQllavwv oixovouoMywv xou E!lJ'tVEVO'tl]XE aJto mrrov - onw~ Xat UAAOL E8vLXLO'tE~ OLXOvouosovo; UAAWV XWQwv oJtw~ 0 Arthur Griffith ornv IQAavbLa42 -ELVat OtL bLawJtwaE IlE aacptlvELa Eva xaQaXtl]QLO'tLXO tl'J~ «CPLAEAEV8EQl'J~» avt(Al'J'ljJ1]~ rou E8vo'll~, nou O'llvtl8w~ Aall~UVOtav w~ bE6oIlEVO. 'EJtQEJtE amo va 6La8E'tEL LxavoJtOLl'JtLXO IlEYE80~ WO'tE va OX1]llat(aEL ~LWCJLIl1] llovu6a avu:rt't'lJs1]~. Av EJtEcp'tE XUtW an:o a'llto to OQLO, 6EV ELXE xallLa LO'tOQLXtl bLxa(wCrrj. Am6 qxnvotov rooo mnovonro WO'tE bEV xQ(8l'JXE avayxaLa l'J 6LawJtwOl] EmXELQ1]llutWV YLa tl]v 'llJtOattlQLstl rou, To Dictionnaire politique rou Gamier-Pages 'to 1843, 8EWQOVOE

38. 6.Jt., c. 933.

39. I1Qf\A. J. Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis, (O!;qJ6QoTl 1954), 00.515-16.

40. Am:6<; EYQmjlE to EQYO, Outline of American Political Economy (<I>Lf..UOEAqJELU 1827), to OJtOLO JtQoxmuf..ul-lf\avEL tL<; l-I€tUY€VEOt€Q€<; uJt6ll'EL<; rou. fLU tOY List omv AI-I€QLXlj flA. W. Notz "Friedrich List in Amerika", (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 29, 1925,00. 199-265 xm t61-1. 22, 1925,00. 154-82 xm "Frederick List in America" (American Economic Review, 16,1926,00.249-65).

41. Friedrich List, The National System of Political Economy, (Aovo(vo 1885), 0.174.

42. flu I-ILU XUAlj JtEQLATllVTl tWV uJt6ll'€ooV tou E. Strauss, Irish Nationalism and British Democracy (Aovotvo 1951),00.218-20.

E8NH KAI E8NIKILMm: AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI LHMEP A

TO E8NOL QL NEQTEPILMOL

51

50

--- ----~.-~~

43. "Nation" alto'tOv Elias Regnault, Dictionnaire politique us ~La fwaywy1'j tOU Garnier Pages (Ilag(OL 1842), oo. 623-25. «~fV uJ't<lgXfL xutL to ltaguAoyo oro va ovo~U~OU~f to BEAYLO Eva €Ovo,,;;»

44. Consideration on Representative Government, oto Utilitarianism, a. 365.

45. Oxford English Dictionary, VII, o. 30.

46. 6.:Tl., 00. 175-6.

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~uo OUVEnELEe:; nQoExu1jJav coto au~ 't1'] SE01'], 1'] ono(a EYLVE OEX~ OXE66v xaSoALxa. an6 rou; Ol]f.lavtLXove:; moxamEe:;, ax6f.la XL 6'tUV autoL OEV 't1'] 6Lawnwoav us 't60l] oa<p~vna 60l] OL rEQf.lavoL, OL OJtOLOt t1']v uno~Qt1;av yta auYXEXQLf,tEVOUe:; LmoQLxoue:; Myove:;.

Iloorrov, Enax6AouSO ~'tUv O'tL 1'] «aQX~ ttov ESVO't~'twv» LOXUE O'tl]v nQa.1;1'] uovo YLa ESVlXO'tl]'tEe:; xa.noLou f.lEYCSOUC:;. 'EtOL E1;1']YEL'tUL XUL'tO UMAf,We:; o1;vf.loQo yqov6e:; 6'tL 0 Mazzini, 0 an6moAoe:; aut~e:; 't1']e:; aQX~e:;, OEV OQaf.lU'tLOS1']XE rnv aVE1;aQ't1']OLa 't1']e:; IQAavoLae:;. '000 YLa nxofla f.lLxQatEQEe:; ESVLX6t1']tEe:; ~ OUV1']'tLXEe:; ESVLXO't1']'tEe:; - ~LXEAOL, BQE'taVOL, OuaAOL - at a1;LWOELe:; tou; OEV XQELa~a'tUv va avtLf.lE'tW:rtLOSOVV mo oo(3aQa.. ~'tl]v nQaYf.la'tLxo't1']'ta, 1'] M1;1'] Kleinstaaterei (ro aUO'tl]f.la tWV f.lLXQOaxO:rtLXWV xQa'twv) ELXE WXEf,tf.lEva f,tELW'tLx6 xaQax~Qa. "Htrrv aut6 oro onoto avtE6Qaoav OL YEQf,taVOL ESVLXLatEe:;. H M1;1'] «(3aAxavonOL1']Ol]» (Balkanization), no'll nQo~ASE cero 'tOY 'tEf.laXLOf.l6 tWV E6a<pwv 'tl]e:; nQw1']v TOUQXLX~e:; Au'toxQa'toQLae:; 010 oLa.<poQa f.lLXQa. aVE1;a.Qt1']'ta xQa.'tl], OLU't1']QEL ax6f.la mv aQv1']tLX~ 'tl]e:; Ol]f.laOLa. KUL ot &Vo 6QOL xU'taxwQ~S1']xav oro AEl;tMyw nov nOAL'tLXWV nQoo(3oAWV. Aut~ 1'] «aQX~ rou OQ LOU » * naQLata.VE'tUL d;ULQE'tLXa. an6 'to Xa.Q'tl] 'tl]e:; f.lEAAouoae:; EUQwn1']e:; nov ESVWV 'tOY oaoto 0 L6LOe:; 0 Mazzini xa.Qal;E 'to 1857: OUf.lnEQLAaf.l(3avE f.lOALe:; f.lLa 6woExa.Oa xQa.'t1'] XUL Of.lOOnOvOLEe:;, EX 'tWV onOLWV f,tOVO f,tLa (bEV XQELa.~EtUL va to nOVf,tE, 1'] haALa) OEV f.lnOQOVOE nQmpavwe:; va 'tUl;tVOf.l1']SEL we:; nOAuE8vLX~ ItE f.lE'tUYEVEatEga XQL~gLa.48 H «aQX~ 'tWV ESV~'tWV» XU'ta. rqv OUtAoOVLX~ 6law-

«YEAOLO» 'to va ELVUL 'to BEAYW XaL 1'] I10g'toyaALa aVEl;a.Q't1']'tU ESV1'], m£l(~~ ~'tUV nQmpavwe:; 't600 f.llXQa..43 0 John Stuart Mill 6lXULOMy1']- 010 tOY EvtEAWC:; avaf,t<pwf3r]'t1']'tO ESVLXWf.l6 tWV IQAavowv f3aOL~6f,tEvOe:; oro 6tL 010 'tEAEutaLa ava.AuOl], XaL Aaf.l(3aV0f.lEVWV un61jJ1'] OAWV tWV atOLXELWV, ~'tav «aQxEta. JtOAUa.QlSf.l0t oiots va ELVUL LxavoL va cnorsMoouv uurv al;LOoE(3aat1'] ESvO'tl]'ta».44 A.AAOL, f.lE'tUl;u rorv oaotrov 0 Mazzini XUL 0 Cavour, av XUL ~'tav an6atoAOL 't1']e:; aQx~e:; torv ESVO't~'tWV, 6la<pwvovoav. I1Qa.yltatL, to LOLO 'to New English Dictionary 6QL~E 't1'] M1;1'] «ESVOe:;» 6Xt us to ouv~S1'] 'tQ6no nou ~'tUv OLXELOe:; orn BQE'tavLa ano TOV J. S. Mill, aAAa. we:; «Eva extetouevo aUVOAO atof,twv» ue ro unrntotiuevu xaQaX'tl]QlO'tlXa. (1'] unoYQa.ItItW1'] ELVUL OLX~ ltae:;).45

TWQa 0 List 6rjAWVE ompwe:; O'tL

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o xaS1']Y1']~e:; Gustav Cohn SEW(>1']OE O'tL tc OLXOV0f.llXa. OCjlEA1'] rtov xQU'twv f.lEYa.A1']e:;-xALf.laxae:; (Grossstaaten), xa'ta6ELxS1']XaV an6 't1']v to'togLa 'tflC; BQE'taVLac; XUL 'tl]c; raAALae:;. Avaf.l<PC(3oAa OEV 11'tUV ALYOtEQa ano EXELva f.lLae:; f.lOVa()LXrjC; nayx6ol-tLac:; OLXOV0f.lLUI;, aAAa. fI nayxoouio EVO't1']'tU, 6uatUxwe:;, 6EV rj'tav ax6f.la E<pLX't11. ~'to f,tE'tUl;u «oAa EXElVa YLa rn onotc EA:n:~£L 1'] avSQwn6't1']'tU YLa OA1'] rnv avSQw:rtLvfI <pUA~, .. EXOUV rjOT) 0' auto 'to Ol]f.lELO (zuruichst einmal) E:rtL'tEUXSEL yta

47. Gustav Cohn, Grundlegung der Nationaloekonomie, to~, 1 (~toutyugbl] 1885), oo. 447-9.

48. BA. Denis Mack Smith (smu.), II Risorgimento (M:n:ugL 1968), cr. 422. • 'Era! ~fta<pgu~ov~f 't'OV oQo «threshold principle» (~:r;.M)

52

EeNH KAI EeNIKIl:MOl: AnO TO 1780 MEXPI l:HMEPA

TO EeNOl: Ql: NEQTEPIl:MOl:

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49. Jochen Blaschke (Emil) Handbuch der westeuropdischen Regionalbewegungen (<I>QavxcpoUQTr] 1980).

50. Maurice Block oro Lalor, Cyclopedia of Political Science, t6J.t. II, o. 941.

54

E8NH KAI E8NIKI~MO~ AlIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

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51. Ttc TT] 01J!l~oAlj TOV Etbin Kristan 010 LUVEllQLO TOV xOllllaTo<; 010 Brunn (Brno), nov EnEt;fQYUOTllXf TO E8vLXO TOV nQoygalllla, ~A. Georges Haupt, Michel Lowy xm Claudie Weill, Les Marxistes et la question nationale 1848-1914, (llaQim 1937),00.204 - 7.

52. Mill, Utilitarianism, Liberty and Representative Govermment, 00. 363-4.

53. llQ~t.. Roman Rosdolcsky «Friedirch Engels und das Problem der geschichtslosen Volker» (Archiv fur Sozialgeschichte 4/1964, ao. 87-282)

56

E8NH KAI E8NIlm:Mm: xno TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

TO E8NO~ Q~ NEQTEPI~MO~

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54. BX Linda Colley, «Whose nation? Class and national consciousness in Brirtain 1750-1830" (Past & Present 113,1986), co. 96-117.

55. Ieuan Gwynedd Jones, "Language and community in nineteenth century Wales", OLO David Smith (smu.), A People and a Proletariat: Essays in the History a/Wales 1780-1980, (Aovotvo 1980), 00. 41-71 ELOlxOtEQa oo. 59-63.

56. 'EQEwa Yla tljv Exna([)wGl'j ornv OuaAia, Parliamentary Paper, 1847, XXVII, JlEQO£ II (Avorpood YLa 'tL£ KOl!lJ'tEiE£ tOU Brecknock, Cardigan xm Radnor), a. 67.

57. Haupt, Lowy and Weill, Les Marxistes, o, 122.

58

ESNH KAI ESNIKI~MO~ AlIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

TO ESNOI Q~ NEQTEPI~MO~

59

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58. Msou <J'tT]V Ionovtc OL ltOAL'tLOI-lLXEe;, YAwaOLxEe; xm 8WI-lLXfe; bLa<jJoQEe; aVUI-lEOa otou; AaoVe; rorv ~aOLA£Lwv 'tT]e; AQaywvLae; xm 'tT]e; Kam(AT]e; E(vm ltQPqJavELe;. L't1']V b£ IaltavLxlj AmoxQa'toQ(a, ceto 't1']V onotc ELXE anoxAELo8EL 1'] AQuywv(a, ltoM ltEQLaaO'tEQo.

59. Tullio de Mauro, Storia linguistica dell'Italia unita, (MmlQL 1963), 0. 41.

60. «Av xa( OAOL ~ovaav aE {va BaaCAELO "YEQl-laVLJoCOv E8vovC;" 0 Eva.;; bmw

60

E0NH KAI E0NIKI~MO~ AIlO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

------------------

TO E0NO~ Q~ NEQTEPI~MO~

61

To TQCtO XQLnlQLO, ltQEltEL &uOt'Uxwe:; va TO nooue, tiTav T] cerooebELYI-tEVT] LxaVOtT]ta YLa XaTaXTtloELe:;. L\EV umxQXEL TLltOTa nou XUVEL TOV ltA.T]8uOI-tO va EXEL OUVELbT]OT] tT]<; OUUoYLXtle:; TOU ultaQ;T]e:; alto to va ELVaL 0 A.aoe:; I-tLae:; aUtoXQaTOQLa<;, Oltwe:; YVWQL~E xaA.U 0 Friedrich List. Extoe:; autou YLa tOY 6Exato EVUTO aLWva T] XUTUXtT]OT] ltaQELXE tT] &aQ~LVLXtl aJt06n'i;T\ tT]e:; t'i;tA.LX'tLX1\e:; tJ'tL't'Ux(ae:; we:; XOWffi\lLXO t(60e:;.

AMOL UltO'ljJtl<PLOL YLa tT]V LbLOtT]'tU TOU Eflvoue:; OmE altOXA.ELOVTaV a priori, aMU OUTE XaL UlttlQXE XUltOLO a priori tEXl-ttlQLO UltEQ autwv. H ao<paMOtEQT] ltoQELa YL' autoue:; tiTav ltQo<pavwe:; va avtlXOUV 010 xultOLa ltOA.LtLXtl oveomrc T] onotc tiTav, miuqxovu I-tE ru I-tEtQa tOU <pLA.EA.EUflEQL0I-tOU TOU bEXUtOU EVUTOU aLwva, «E;aLQETLXtl», ltEltaA.aLWI-tE- V1], XaL XaTabLXaOI-tEVI] altO TT]V LOtoQLa XaL tT]v ltQo060. H OflWl-tavLXtl AutoxQatoQLa tltav TO EI-t<pavEOtEQO E;EA.LXTLXO altoA.C8wl-ta amou tOU ECboue:;, aA.A.u to CbLO tiTav XaL T] AmoxQatoQCa TWV A'ljJ~ovQYwv, Oltwe:; yw6Tav <pavEQo OA.OEVa XaL ltEQLOOOTEQO.

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Auro; 0 X00I-t0e:; fla Evwv6tav ax0l-ta XaL yA.WOOLXU. MLa I-t0VO lta-

YXOOI-tLa YAwooa, nou fla OUVUlttlQXE aval-t<pC~oAa I-tE TLe:; EflvLXEe:; yA.WOGEe:;, ltEQLOQL0I-tEVEe:; orov OLXLaXO XaL OUVaLoflT]l-tmLXO QOW rorv bLaMXtWV, ELxav xmu vouv tOOO 0 nQoEbQoe:; Ulysses S, Grant 000 0 Karl Kautsky.v- TEtOLEe:; ltQo~M'ljJELe:;, Oltwe:; YVWQ~OUI-tE TWQa, bEV tiTav EVTEA.We:; uO'£0XEe:;. OL ltQOOltUflELEe:; va xataOXEUaOtouv TEXVT]TEe:; lta'{ItOO\1Lte:; ,(AWOOt<;, ltOU E'(wav alto 'tT\ bE1-I.aE'tla tou 1880, axoA.ovflwVTae:; toue:; bLEflvECe:; TT]A.EYQa<pLxoue:; XaL OT]l-tatoboTLxoue:; XWbLXEe:; tT]e:; bEXaEtLae:; rou 1870, tltav OVTWe:; aVEltLTUXELe:;, ltaQoA.o nou I-tLa alto amEe:;, T] Esperanto, EltL~LWVEL aX0l-ta I-tETa;U I-tLXQWV Ol-tubwv EVflmlOLwbwv oltabwv XaL UltO tT]v aLYLba I-tEQLXWV xaflEOtWtwv ltOV ltQotlA.flav alto tOY OOOLaA.LOtLXo bLEflvLOI-tO amtie:; tT]e:; ltEQL6bou. Alto TYlv UAA.T\ ltAEUQU, 0 OXElttLXL0\10e:; roo Kautsky '{La ltaQO\1OLEe:; ltQOOltaflUEe:; XaL T] ltQO~AE'ljJtl TOU OTL I-tLa cero TLe:; LOXUQO'tEQ£e:; XQaTLXEe:; YAWOOEe:; fla I-tETal-t0Q<pwvO'wv 010 I-tLa de facto ltayx00I-tLa YAwooa, EXEL ltQuYl-taTL altobELxflE( ooxrrri. H ayyA.Lxtl EXEL yCVEL amti T] ltayx60l-tLa YAwooa, ltaQoA.o ltOU OU~A.lIQWVEL I-tUA.AOV ltaQu aVTLxaflLOtu TLe:; EflvLXE£ yAWOOEe:;.

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orov UMO, amo OEV Cl'lJllaCvH on OWL 0IlLAoUoav TC~ COLE~ OL<lAfKT01J~". Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, TOil. 1 (Movaxo 1987), 0.50.

61. B. Porter, Critics of Empire, British Radical Attitudes to Colonialism in

Africa, 1895-1914 (AovOCvo 1968), 6.331, 3tagaeEToVTa~ TO G. Lowes Dickinson, A Modem Symposium, (1908).

62. Itc IlLa OXETLX,lj 3taga3to!l3tlj <JTT]v EvaQx,T1jQLo ollLACa TOt) 3tgoEOg01J Grant, ~1.. E. J. Hobsbawm, The age of Capital 1848-1875, (Aovotvo 1975), EmYQa<PE~ oro KE<p. 3.

62

E8NH KAI E8NIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

TO E8Nm Q~ NEQTEPI~MO~

63

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Xat T01J 1938, ll'tuv, Xat 00£ xareoLo ~uElllo reuQE[!HVE, 0' OATt rou 'tTf ~~ EVU£ reuElLuoJ,tfVO£ EElvLXL~e; fEQ[!UVOe;, UV'tLTOEXO£ Xat UV'tL011[!L'tTf£ - o» Xat DLUXOlQLOf 'tTf 8£oTt Ta1J YLU TOV EyXAfLO[!O oAwv TWV E~Qu(wv Of O'tQU'toreEDU (J1JYXEV'tQOlOEW£, orewe; reQO'tHVUV ot UV'tL011Il(tE£ oUV'tQOcpo( t01J.64 Tnv (DtU O'tLYllll rirov CPUVUtLXO£ UV'tLXATtQLXO£ Xat llaALO'tU reOALTLxa UVllXE 0't01J£ CPLAEAEuElEQ01J£' (J1J[![!EtE(XE Ere(0Tte; O'tOV reLO cptAEAEuElEQO TtflEQllOLO runo T1]£ BL£VVTt£ xU'ta 'tl'] DLaQXfLU tTt£ I1QWTTt£ MI[!OXQU't(ue;. ~tU YQurcta t01J 0 EElVLXLO[!O£ Xat Tt E1JYOVLXll AOYLXtl (J1J[!~UDCl;,01JV I-lE tOY Ev801JOLUO[!0 YLU 'tTt ~LOIlTtXUVLXij EreuvaO'tu011 xru, xatL re01J ExreAijoofL reEQwOOtEQO, E(Vat 0 fvElO1JOLU0I-l0£ t01J YLU t1') D1')IlL01JQY(U ureo U1JttlV fVO£ OOlJ,tUTO£ «reOALTOlV Ta1J XOOJ,t01J» (Weltbiirger) ... 'to onoto ... areO[!UXQ1JOIl£VO ureo tOY mUQXLwtLO[!O tWV [tLXQOlV reOAEWV Xat 't01J£ OQCl;,OV'tE£ re01J reEQL~aUoV'tUv ureo 'ta XUIlTCUVUQLa tWV fXXATtmOlV, El' aVOLYE DLareAUta OAY) rnv OLX01J[!EVTt Of U1JtOU£ re01J reQ0TtY01J[!EVW£ tj'tUV CP1JAUXL0I-lEVOL O'tL£ reEQLcpEQfLmd£ YWVLE£ t01J£.65

l1uQOIlOLU tl'tUV, Amreov, y) UV't(ATtljJTt 't01J «EElV01J£» Xat t01J «EElVLXL- 0IlOU» orew£ t1]V E~AEreuv OL CPLAEAEuElEQOL O'tOXUO'tE£ 0't0 !lfOO1JQaV1l[!U t01J UO'tLXOU CPLAEAE1JElEQLOIlOU, re01J (J1JVETCLrctE [!E rnv Ereox~ XUTa rnv ozoto Tt «UQXT] tWV EElVOt~tWV» EYWE YLU reQW'tTf cpoQa I-lECl;,OV ~~'tTf[!U om [)LEElVtl reoALTLxij. 'Orew£ Elu 60UIlE Tt «UQXll'tWV E8vottlTwv» <'neCPEQE O11[!uV'tLxa 00£ reQo£ EVU t[!ll[!U 'tTf£ areo 'tTfV omAoovLx~ UQXT] 'tTf£ u1Jt06LaElE011£ 'tWV EElVOlV, UQXll re01J ElEWQTttLxa uorea~Etat Xat 0 AEVLVW[!O£ Xat Tt onoto X1JQLaQXYJOE Xat X1JQLUQXE( O'tL£ (J1J~TtttlOH£ YUQW coto uma Ta ~Tttii).Lata ureo ru tEATt 't01J 6Exa't01J EVat01J atOlVU xat ECPE;ll£· H aQXll amll 6EV tlTav ureoAmTt. Q£ reQo£ U1JtO 6LECPEQE xat uno 't1] QL~ooreaO'tLXll-[)TtflOXQatLxll areoljJ1], orew£ E(XE TEElEL otn ALaxllQ1J;1] tWV ALxatw[!atWV 'tTf£ fUAALxtl£ EreuvaO'tu011£ re01J reUQuElEOU[!f mo reavw, Tt onoto (J1JYXEXQLJ,tEVU are€QQLJttE TI']V «UQX~ ron OQ(OV». 'OIlW£, 0't01J£ IlLXQOV IlEy€ElO1J£ Aaov£, TO DLXaLWJ.LU TWV oreOLWV YLU XV-

63. Franz Pichler, Polizeihofrat P. Ein treuer Diener seienes ungetruen Staates.

Weiner Poliziedeinst 1901-1938. (BLI~WI] 1984). EUXUQLO'tW tOY Clemens Heller YL' UUtll 'tlJV rruQroto~.

64. o.x., a. 19

65. o.n. a. 30.

E9NH KAI E9NIKIl:MOl: AnO TO 1780 MEXPI l:HMEPA

TO E9NOl: Ql: NEQTEPIl:MOI

65

64

QLaQXLa xm amoDui8eOTJ l1'tav eyytJl]IlEVO, OL J.teyaAOL xm :7tL0 aQnaXtLXOL yeL'tovE£ LOu£ DEV rou; EnELQEnav vo coxouv orqv nQaSl] xavEva ano auta ta DLxmW!-lata, xm !-lE'taSV tWV neQLOOotEQWV ano amov£ Dev [3QLOXOvtaV nOMoL unOotl]QLXtE£ tWV aQXwv tOU 1795. <l>EQVH xaveC£ oro vou tOU ru (O'Uvtl]Ql]tLxa) eAev8EQa oQHva xuvroVLa tl]£ EA[3EtLa£, ta onoto Dev nQEneL va aneLxav nOAv ano tL£ ovnAl11jJEL£ rcov avayvwatwv rou Rousseau rtou O'UvEtase tL£ ALaXl]QvSEL£ nov ALxmwllaLwv 'tou Av8Qwnou ExeLvl] rnv EJt0Xl1. Ot !-lEQE£, tWV aQLatEQWV amovOIlLatLxWv " XLVl]¢'tWV aVEsaQ'tl]OLa£, OE tELOLE£ XOLVOLl]tE£ DEV ELxav EQ8EL oxouo,

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66. rrQ~A. to YQ<llllla to" <PQELOEQ(XOV 'EVYXEA~ ltQo~ ·tOV MltEQVO't<lLV, 22-5 <pE~QovaQ(ou 1882. (Werke, 'Oil. 35, 00. 278 xL) yLU ,0"£ ~M~ov~ 'toov BaAxavuov: «Axou« XL av a",<l 'tU ltaALX<lQLa ij'tav ,000 a~LOeaullaO'ta OltW~ OL Ixo'tOE~OL tcov OQELVWV ltEQLOXWV nou OO~<lOTl]xav ceto rov Walter Scott - uic aMt] olluoa altO CPO~EQOU~ ~WOXAE<ptE~ - 'to ltEQLOomEQo nou !ll't0QOUIlE va X<lVO"IlE E(VUL va xmaoLX<lOO"IlE to"£ rQ6nov<; IlE TOU~ Olto(ov~ t] xOLVwv(a to"~ IlETaXELQ~ETUL m1IlEQa. Av E(llamav ornv E~o"o(a;eat euek; ea EltQEltE va aO)(oAl]eOUIlE IlE TL~ Al]O'tE(E~ amwv tWV OWtgOqxuv, OL OltO(E~ E(VUL IlEQO~ Tl]~ XAl]QOvoIlL<l~ roue»,

nov oQeLvwv nEQLoxwV.

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'EtOL, YLa vu xa'tavoTjooullE to «£8v0£» Ll]£ xAamxTj£ <pLAEAEU8Elll]e; EnoxTje; ECvm OTJllavtLXO va £XOUJ.tE xata vou OtL l] «OLXODOIll]OTJ rou ESVOUe;», OOODl1noLE xUQiaQXl] XL av litav OLl]V LatoQCa rou Dexa-

----- ----- ------------------

E0NH KAI E0NIKI~Mm: AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

TO E0NO~ Q~ NHnEPI~MO~

66

67

TOV svdrou morvo, (OXVf !lOVOV Yla !lfQlxa ESVT]. KaL ovrox, T] a~(wOl] yw fcpaQ!loyrj TT]~ «aQxrj~ TWV fSVO'trj'tWV» bfv rj'tav xcv xaSoAlxrj. KaL w~ ClLfSVE~ J'tQo~AT]!la XaL w~ fOWTfQlXO JtOAlTLXQ JtQo~AT]!la frtT]QEa~f !lOVOV Eva J'tfQLOQlO!lEVO aQlS!lo Aawv rj JtfQLOXWV, axo!lu XaL !lEOU Of JtOMYAwooa XaL JtOAVfSVlxa XQaT1], OJ'tW~ mT]v AVTOXQUTOQiu TWV A'4'~O'I)QYWV, OJtOV OAocpaVfQU rjClT] XVQLaQXOVOf ornv J'tOAlTLxrj. L1fV Su rj'taV VJ'tfQ~OALXO VU AEya!lf on, !lfTa TO 1871 - f~aLQWV'tU~ J'taV'tOTf 'tT]V us uQy6 QvS!l6 UJ'tO(JlJV'tlSE~tfV1] OSW!laVlxrj AlJ'tOXQaTOQ(a - fAaXlmOl avSQWJ'tOl JtfQi!lfvav J'tfQaLTEQW 01]!lUV'tlXE~ UAAaYE~ oro xaQT1] TT]~ EVQwJ't1]~, XaL fAaXLmU fSVLxa JtQO~Arj!lUTa uvuyvwQioS1]xav W~ lxuva va TL~ J'tQOXUAEOOUV, fXT6~ ano 'to aLWVLO IlOAWVlx6 Zrj'tT]!la. KaL, OV'tW~, £~W aJ't6 TU BUAxaVlU, 1] !lOV1] aAAayrj orov fVQWJtaIxo xaQTT] oro ClLam1]!lU !If'ta~V TT]~ ClT]!lLOVQyia~ TT]~ rfQ!lUVLxrj~ Av'tOxQu'tOQ[U~ XaL TOV A' Ilovxooutou IloAE!loU rj'tav 0 ClLaXWQLO!l6~ T1]~ NOQ~T]y(u~ an6 T1] ~ov1]Cliu. EJtlnAEOV, !lfTa Tl~ fSVlX£~ f~aQofl~ XaL fxmQa'tf(f~ TWV XQovwv aJto TO 1848 w~ TO 1867, ClfV Su rjTUV UJ'tfQ~OAtx6 vc vnOSEOOU!lf OTL uxo!la Xat ornv AvmQoouyyaQiu 'ta nVfV!la'tu Su T]QflloVOUV. OnwoClrjnoTf, UlJ'tO rj'tav nov nfQi!lEVaV ot U~lW!la'tovxm TT]~ AlJ'toxQa'toQ(a~ TWV A'4'~ovQYwv OTUV (!laAAOV aJ'tQoSvIlU) «noqxiourcv va ClfXSOVV T1]V anocpuo'l TOV L1LfSvov~ ~'tanonxoo ~VVfClQiov omv AYLa IlfTQovnOA1] TO 1873 Xat va (JlJ!lJtEQLAa~OlJV !llU EQWTT]Ol] YlU TT] YAwooa ot«; !lfAAOV'tLXE~ unoYQacpE~' nQoTELvav, ouox, va uVU~aAOlJV trtv fcpaQlloyrj T1]<:; Yla !lfTa 'to 1880, ETOt wmE acprjvoV'tu<:; va nfQaOEl xanolO Cllam1]!la VU boSfi XaLQOt; ornv xmvrj YVW!lT] va XU'taAaYlaOfl.67 L1fV Sa !lJtOQovouv va f(xav AUSE'4'fl mo SWllunxa ornv nQoyvwarj TOV<:;.

<PvOtxo EnUXOAOVSO fiVaL EniOl]<:; OTt, 0' a'uTrj 'tT]V nfQioClO TU E8vT] Xat 0 fSVLXlO!lO<:; ClfV unO'tfAOVOUV !lf~OVU fOW'tfQlxa nQO~Arj!lUTa YlU Tl<:; nOAlTLXE<:; OV'tOTT]Tf<:; nov f(XUV <pTaOfL TO status TWV «E8vLXWV XQa'tWV», 000 Xl UV rj'taV f8vlXW~ ETEQOYEvrj oV!lCPWVU !lE TU oVYXQova

67. Emil Brix, Die Umgangsprachen in Altosterreicli zwishen Agitation und Assimilation. Die Sprachenstatistik in den zisleithanischen Volkszdhlungen 1880- 1910, (Bu~VVT], Koxrovto, I'xQU't\;, 1982).

!lETQU' anO'tfAovoav 0IlW<:; nQo~Arj!la'tU ¥tU Tl<:; !IT]-fSVlXE<:; UVTOXQUTOQCE~ nov bfv !lnoQovv (avaXQovLOTLxa) vc Ta~LvO!l1]SOVv w<:; «noAV€SVlXE~». KavEvu uno 'ta EVQwnaIxa xQa'tT] blJ'tlxa TOV Privou, !lEXQl TWQU, bEY UV'tl!lfTWnL~f OO~UQE~ EJtlnAoxE<:; 0' aVTO TO nfb(o, fXTO<:; ano t1] BQftUV[U nov 'tT]V xm;EtQfXf TO 1l6vLIl0 nQ6~A1]lla TOV LQAUVDtXOV ~1]trj!la'to<:;. Avto DfV Ol]!lU(Vfl OTL OL nOAlTLxoi DfV rj'tav fvrj!lfQOL YLU TOV~ Ka'tuAavov~ rj rou; Baoxo'U<:;, rou; BQf'tovov<:; rj TOV<:; <PAUIlUVDOlJ£", TOV<:; LXOTOE~OV<:; Xat TOV<:; OuUAOV<:;, uAAa OTL TOV£" UV'tl!lfTWm~uv xVQiw<:; w<:; xaTL nov nQooESETf rj ucpatQOVOf uno 'tT]V LOX'll xaJtOLUt; nOAlTLxrj<:; MVU!lI1<:; ava TT]V EJtlXQaTfla. OL ~XOTOE~m Xat oi OuuAoi AfLTOUQYOVOUV W<:; fVLOXVOfL<:; oro CPLAEAElJ8EQlO!l0, OL BQETOVOL xat OL <PAUllaVDoi orov nUQUClomuxo XUSOALXLOIlO. <l>vmxa Ta noAlTLxa ovmtjlla'tU TWV fSVlXWV XQUTWV wcpEA.OVV'tUV aXO!lU ano 'tT]V unouo(a 'tT]<:; fXAOYLXrJ<:; D1]IlOXQUT(a<:;, T] onoio EJtQOXELTO VU unovoueeOfl'tT] CPLAfAfVSEQ1] SEwQia Xat nQaXTlxrj TOV ESVOV~, onw<:; fnQOXflTO VU vnOVO!lfVO€L TOOU aAAU orov CPLAfAflJSfQL<J!lO TOV DfxaTOV evdtou atwva.

Amo<:; £LVat lOW<:; 0 Myo<:; nov 1] OXf'tLXrj us TOV fSvlXlO!lO SfWQT]Tlxrj cplAoAoyia £LVat !llXQrj TT]V Enoxrj TOV CPlAEAEVSEQlO!lOV Xat EXEL Evav aVf1t(01]IlO xaQaxtrjQa. IlaQuTI']QT]TE<:; onw~ 0 Mill Xat 0 Renan rj'tav uQxfTa aVExnxoL W~ nQo<:; 'ta mmXELa ta onoiu DT]!lLOvQyovoav TO «fSVLXO ovvaioST]!lU» - T11v fSVOT1]Ta - nUQa T1]V euuovr] TWV BLXTWQLUVWV Ilf 'tT] «<plJArj» - 'tT] YAwooa, 'tT] 8QT]OXfia, TO EDUcpo<:;, Tl']V lmoQiu, TOV nOAmO!lO Xat Ta unOAOLnu - fnflDrj nOAL'tLXW<:; DEV fiXE !lfyaA1] OYI!lUo(a, !lEXQL TOTf, UV xdnoto uno UVTU TU mOLXELU 8EWQOVvrcv mo 0l]!luV'tLx6 ano 'ta 'Un6Amnu. AAAa un6 TT] OfXUfT(U TOV 1880 Xat !lfTa 1] ov~rj't1]O'I1 YlU «TO fSVLXO ~*T]!lU» yiVETat OO~UQrj Xat EV'tOVT], flblxa !lfTa~v TWV OOOtaALmwv, EJtEtbrj 0 nOAL'tLXO<:; aV'tLX'tllno<:; TWV fSvtXWV ovv8T]!l(lTWV ml<:; !la~f<:; TWV nl8uvwv rj nQaY!lanxwv '4'11- CPOCPOQWV rj vnOOT11QlXTWV TWV !lU~lXWV nOAL'tLXWV XlVT]!laTCHV f~fAiXST]Xf TWQU 0' EVU ~*T]!lU a!lfOOV nQaXTlXOV fvblUCPEQOV'tO<:;. 'ETCH OL OV~1]trjOfL<:; YLa TETOLa ~1]Trj!lU'ta onw<:; 'ta 8EWQT]TLXU XQlTrjQlU T1]<:; EVVOLU<:; TOV ESVO'U<:; nOAA,anAUOta<J'tT]xav Enflbi] TWQU niOTflJUV on XU!l(U OVYXfXQl!lEV1] anaVTl'jOl] bfV Su ovvEnuyotav xanma LblUiTfQT]

68

E8NH KAI E8NIKI~MO~ AlIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

TO E8NOL Q~ NEQTEPI~MO~

69

!-lOQIPll JtOA.LtLXl1<; O'tQat'r]YLXl1<;, aywva XaL JtQoYQa!-l!lato<;. Auto l1tav Eva aT]!lavnxo ~l1tll!-la 0XL !-lOVO YLa n<; X1)~EQV110£L<; nou avtL!lEtWJtL~av ()LacpoQa EL()l1 ESVLXWV avataQaxwv 11 aJtaLttl0EWV, aMa XaL YLa ta JtoA.LtLxa xO!-l!lata Jt01) EJtE()LWXaV va XLVlltoJtOLl1001)V to EXA.0YLXO oW!-la ~aoEL ESvLXWV, !lll ESVLXWV tl avtamou ESvLXWV EXXA.110EWV. Ttc t01)<; OOOLaA.LO'tE<; ornv KEvtQLXl1 XaL AvatoA.Lxl1 E\)QWJtll ELXE !-lEyaA.ll cLacpoQa OE JtLa SEwQlltLxl1 ~aoll Sa oQL~otav to ESVO<; XaL to !lrMOV rou, 0 MaQ~ XaL 0 'EVYXEA.<;, oJtw<; 0 Mill XaL 0 Renan, ELxav nvnuetWJtLOEL JtaQo!-lOLa ~llttl!-lata w<; JtEQLSwQLaxa. 1:tll dnltEQll dLE9vl1 tetOLE<; O'U~llttlOEL<; ~QLoXovtaV oro mLXEvtQo, XaL Eva<; aO'tEQLO!lo<; E~EXO\)OWV JtQOOWJtLXot1ltWV, rj JtQOOWJtLXOttltwv JtO\) ()LaxQLSllxav omv JtoQELa, O'UvE~aA.aV !-lE aT]!-lavtLXa XEL!-lEva 0' amE<;: OL Kautsky, Luxemburg, Bauer, AEVLV XaL LtaA.LV. AMa av tEtOLa ~lltl1!lata unnoxoA.ouoav to\)<; !-laQ~LO'tE£ SEwQlltLXO'IJ£, 1ltav mLaT]<; ~l1tll!la o~ELa£ JtQaXtLxl1<; oJtO\)CaLotllta£ YLa t01)<;, a<; JtOU!-lE, KQoatE£ XaL LEQ~O'U£, «Moxsoove;» XaL B01)A.yaQo1)£, av TJ ESVLXOtTJta tWV LA.a~WV ro» Norou xaSoQL~otaV !-lE tOY Eva 11 tOY aA.A.o tQoJto.68

'EtOL, TJ «aQXrl torv E9vOtr]twv» t'r]v onoto O'U~TJtouoav OL ()LJtA.W!-latE£ XaL TJ onoto aMa~E to XaQt'r] tTJ<; E\)QwJtll£ O'tTJv JtEQLO()O aJto to 1830 W£ to 1878 rjtav CWCPOQEtLXll aJto to JtOA.LtLXO cpmvollEVO tOV ESvLXLOIlOU Jt01) YLVOtav 01.0 XaL JtEQLOOOtEQO XEvtQLXO SElla O'tTJV EJtOXtl t01) E'UQwJta·Lxou EXCTJ!lOXQatLOIlOU XaL tll£ JtOA.LtLXrl<; nov uc~wv. LtL£ !-lEQE£ to\) Mazzini CEV ELXE aT]!-laOLa av, YLa to !AEyaA.o IlEQO£ tcov ltaA.wv, to Risorgimento CEV \)JtrlQXE, OUtw<; WCrtE, oJtw£ JtaQac~EXSTJXE 0 Massimo d' Azeglio orqv JtEQLCPTJI-lYI cpQaaT] t01): «'EXOV!AE xaVEL tTJV ltaA.La, tWQa JtQEJtEL va XaVO\)IlE t01)£ ItaA.ou£».69 dEV ELXE xcv aT]!-lao(a YLa EXELV01)£ Jt01) JtaQatTJQouoav «to I10A.WVLXO ZrltTJ!-la» to on JtLSaVW£ OL JtEQLOOOtEQOL XWQLXOL Jt01) !lLA.OUOaV tTJV JtOA.WVLXtl yA.WOoa (YLa va f.tTJV avacp£(01)!lE to tQCto 't01) JtA.ll9vO!lOU t'r]£ JtaA.La£

JtQO t01) 1772 Rzecspopolita JtO\) !-lLA.OUOaV aMa LCLW!-lata) CEV aLoSavovmv axolla OtL tlwv E9vLXLO't££ I10A.WVOL, oJtw<; JtaQa()exSllXE 0 reA.LXO<; EA.E1)SEQO>ttl<; tTJ<; IIoA.wvLa<;, 1:\)vtaY!-lataQXTJ<; Pilsudski CrtTJ cpQaaT] t01): «To xQato<; xavEL to ESVO£ XaL 0XL to ESVO£ to xQato<;»)O AA.A.6. !lEta to 1880 ELXE 01.0 XaL JtEQLOOOtEQll aT]!laOLa Jtw£ eVLwSav OL aJtA.o( aV()QE£ XaL yvva(xE£ YLa tllv ESVtXot'r]ta to\)£. Q£ EX t013tov E(VaL OYI!lavtLXo va A.a~O\)!lE VJto'lj!TJ tTJ O'U!-lJtEQLcpoga XaL rc O'UVaLoStl!lata tWV aJtA.Wv av9QwJtwv tTJ£ JtQO-~LOIlTJxaVLxtl£ xOLVwvLa£, Jtavw orou; oaotoix TJ XaLvocpavrl£ EXXA.TJaT] rou JtOA.LtLXOU ESVLXLO!-lOU Sa !-lJtOQOUOE va O'tTJQLXSEL. LtO EJtO!lEVO xEcpaA.aLO Sa aoxoA.TJSOU!lE !AE amo.

68. rrQ~f... Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics (Ithaca XaL Aov6LVO 1984),.00.76-86.

69. Et1tw8l]XE otnv 1tQWTI] miv060 TI]£ B01)f..Tj<; '(01) VE01) Ev(OJ.tEV01J t'tClf..LX01J l3amf..EL01J (E. Latham, Famous Sayings and Their Authors, Nn'tQOL't, 1970).

70. H. Roos, A History of Modem Poland, (Aov6LVO, 1966), o, 48.

AAIKO~ I1PQTO-EeNIKI~Mm

71

KEcpAAAIO 2: --A--

Airtot ot bWIlO( E(Vat bUo Elbwv. IIQoYtov, unuQXouv UnEQ-'tOmXEC; 1l0QCPEr;:; AU"LXTjr;:; 'tUUtL0llr;:; OL OnO(Er;:; UnEQ~ULVO'UV UutEr;:; nou OQLSO'UV rou; nQUYllatlX01Jr;:; XWQOUC; onou OL UVElQO)JtOL nEQUOUV 'to IlEYUAmEQO IlEQOC; 'tllC; ~w1'jc; 'touC;: onwc; 11 IIuQElEvoC; MUQLU O'UvMEl 'touC; znO'tOVC; 'tllC; NEunoAllC;, IlE EVUV EUQll'tEQO XOOIlO, UXOllll Xat o» YlU nUQu nOAAovC; A.6youC; EnllQEu~El rou; uvElQwnouc; 't11C; NEunoAllC; O'UMOYlXU, EVW 0 AYlOC; Iuvoudoioc, 'to UL[AU tou onotou nQEnEl (xoi, [AE EVU cuov(wC; ESUOCPUAlO[AEVO Eluvllu O'UIl~ULVEl) vu uYQonolEL'tat YlU va Illlv O'U[A~EL xavEva xaxo ornv nOAll, 0XE'tLSnat noM mo ullwa IlE au'tTjv. L1EmEQov, unuQX0'UV OL nOAl'tlXOL bWlloL Xat 'ta AEslA.6Yla EmAEYIlEvrov oudocov rtou O'UV()EOV'tat mo ullwa IlE ru xQu'tll Xat rou; ElwllovC;, Xat EXOUV 'tllv lxav0'tl1'ta 'tEAlXU vu YEVlXEVOV'tat, vu blEUQVVOV'tat Xat va ExAa'LxEvoV'tat. Autot EX0'UV XU'tl nEQLooo'tEQO xowo IlE 'to oVYXQovo «E8voC;». MOAatav'tu, bEY vOlllllOnOlEL'tat 11 rcuuon rou oVYXQovou EElVlXWlloV Il' au'tOvr;:; rou; bEOllovr;:;, naQa 'tOY wxuQLOIlO O'tL ano'tEAEl nQoEx'taoTj roue, EJtElbTj auto( bEY ELxav Xat bEY EX0'UV anaQat'tTj'twc; 0XEOll IlE 'tllv evormn rou EbacpLxou nOAl'tlXOV oQyavLolloV nou unorsAEC anocpaoLO'tLxo XQL't1'jQLO mrroii no'll UV'tLAall~uv6IluO'tE oTjIlEQu wC; «EElvOC;»

AC; nUQoull!:: Mo uovo nQocpuv1'j nUQabELYftatU. MEXQl'to 1945, Xat A(YO nOAv IlEXQl OTjIlEQU, au'tOL rtou IllAovoav 'tLe; YEQllavlXEe; blaMX'tOUC; Xat ELblXO'tEQU 11 EAt. ztou XQlloLIlOnOL01JOE 'tllV xaEllEQwllEVll YQum1'j ftoQCPTj 'tllC; YEQftUVlXTjc; YAWOOUC;, ELXUV EYXataO'taElEL 0Xl 1l0- vov orqv XUQLWC; nEQloxTj rou; ornv KEV'tQlXTj EUQwnll, UAAU Xat OE nEQlOXEC; UYQO'tlXWV OlXl0ftWV OE OAll 'tllv AvatoAlxTj Xat NonouvctoAlXTj EUQwnll wc; llYE'tlxEC; 'tUSElC;, wC; uotor YlU va ftllV uvucpEQ80uIlE O'tlC; ftlXQEC; unOlxLEC; nou 0XllftU'tLSO'UV 'tll ElQllOXEU'tlxTj blaonoQa ornv AftEQlxTj. Aurot blaoxoQnLO'tllxav IlEoa uno ftlU OElQu XatUX'tTjOEWV, ftE'tUVUO'tEVOEWV Xat anOLxlolloU uno 'toy EvbExa'to WC; 'to bExu'to oyboo atWVU, nQoc; 'tllV aVatOAtl ftEXQl 'tOY xa'tw BOAya, (IIuQuAELnouue 'to 0XE'tlxa blUCPOQE'tlXO qxnvouevo 'tllC; IlE'taVUO'tEUOEWC; rou bEXUtou EVU'tOU nuovc), 'GAOL mrto], ~E~ULWC;, ElEWQououv 'tOUC; mutovc; 'tOUC; Xatu xunOlOV 'tQono «fEQIlUVOUr;:;» YlU v« blUXQLVOV'tat ana aAAEe; OllubEC; ovdusou O'tlC; onoLEC; ~ououv. TWQa, EVW un1'jQSav O'UXvu

natL Xat nwc;, IlLU eVVOLa 't000 un0ftUXQuOllevll ana rnv nQuYllu'tLxTj EftnElQLu'twV nEQLooo'tEQWV avElQwnLvUlv ovnov, onwc; 0 «EElVLXOC; natQLOJ'tLoIlOC;» EYLVE 't600 LOXUQTj nOAl'tlxTj MVUllll rooo YQTjyoQa; Etvc, ~E~atO nUlC; bEY UQXEL va EJtLXaAEO"tovIlE rnv OLXOUftEVlXTj EftnELg(a rrov uvElgwmvwv ovnov rtou avTjxouv OE OftabEC; oi ono(EC; eveYVWQLSO'UV 11 ftLa 'tllv UMll wc; ftEAll «O'UMoYlxO'tTj'twv» Tj XOLVo'tTj'tWV Xat xatu O'UvenELa uvuyvwQ~o'UV rou; aMouc; orrv SEVOUr;:;. To nQo~A:IULU no'll 'tCElE'tat svoimov ftac; nllyu~EL ana 'to YEYOVOC; 0'tL 'to oVYXQovo EElvOC;, ELtE wC; xQatoc; EL'tE wC; oWftU avElQwnwv nou CPlAObosouv vc OXYJftat(oouv Eva tetOLD xQa'tOC;, bta<PEQEt 0"t0 ftEYEElOC;, rnv XA(llaxu Xat 'tll cpUOll roo an6 'tLC; nQaYllatlxEC; XOlvOtlltEC; ue 'tLC; onoLEC; ta avElQwJtLVU ovtu EX01JV tau'ttoElE( xata 'tll btaQxELa 'tllC; to"toQLac;, Xat EXEt EV'tEAWC; btUCPOQE'tLXEC; anuL't1'joELC;. :2:vllcpwva Ill' mv EXCPQuOll tou Benedict Anderson E(Vat IlLa «xatu cpuV'tao(uv XOlVWV(U», Xat «voucp(~oAa autTj !l3tOQE( va btaOXEuaoElE( yta va nAllQWOEL 'to O'UVatoEllll-la'tLxo XEVO no'll acp'l]VEt 11 unoxwQ11011 Tj 11 anooVvElEOll, tlll EAAEL1jJll b'UVatO'tll'taC; vu unuQS0'UV ftEOU 0' umo ngaypaTt'Xic; uvElQwnlvEC; XOtVO'tll'tEC; Xat b(xwu' nUQallEVEL OftWC; UXOllll 'to EQwTTlfta, Ylat( oi avElQwnOl, acpou Exaouv 'tlC; nQuYftatlxEC; XOlVO'tll'tEC;, Ela EnQEnE vu cpaV'ta~oV'tat au'tov 'toy lblUL'tEQO .uno uvunATjQwoTjC; roix, "Evce; A.6yOC; !l3tOQEL va ELVat 'to YEYOVOC; O'tl OE nOAAa IlEQll tou XOOftOU, 'ta xQa'tll Xat tn EElvlXU XlVTjftatU Ela !l3toQovoav va xLVll'tonolTjoouv xanOlEr;:; naQaAAaYEC; 'tWV O'UVatoElllftu'tUlv 'tllC; O'UAAoytxTjC; EV'tUSllC;, nou Tjbll lJJt1'jQxav Xat Ela !l3toQovoav EvbEX0ftEVWC; va AEL'tOUQyTjoo'UV OE IlCa ftaxQonOAl'tlxTj xALllaxa nou Elu 'ta(Qta~E O"tU oVyXQova xQa'tll Xat EElvll. eu ovoudoco amovc; rou; bWIlOVC; «nQOJ'to-EElvlxOVe;».

72

E9NH KAI E9NIKILMOL AIlO TO 1780 MEXPI LHMEPA

AAlKOL IIPQTO-E9NIKILMOL

73

l1{)OO1{lL~E~ ava!lwa O'tou~ vtO:n:LOU~ rEQ!laVOU~ XaL aAAE~ EOVLXE~ O!laOE~, LOLaL,EQa onou OL I'souovot !lOvo:n:wAouoav !lEQLXE~ OU(JLWOEL~ AEL,ouQYLE~, :n:.X. o:n:w~ 11 aQxouoa ,al;l1 ,WV YaLOX'l1!lOVWV ornv :n:EQLOXll '11~ BaA'Lxll~, OEV yvwQLtw Xa!lLa aAAl1 :n:EQL:n:,WGl] :n:QLV a:n:o 'to MXaLO EVaLO aLwva onou va aVEXtnjJE Eva !lELtOV :n:oALLLxo :n:Qo~Al1- !la E:n:ELOll au,oL OL rEQ!laVOL ~QEOl1XaV va ~0'UV xa,w ceto !ll1-YEQ!lavou~ l1YE!lOVE~. Axo!ll1, EVW OL E~QaLOL, oLaoxoQ:n:LO!lEVOL ava rov xo- 0!l0 YLa !lEQLXE~ XLALELLE~, ouO£:n:mE E:n:auoav va au,oavayvwQLtovtaL, o:n:ouOll:n:mE XL av ~QLoxovtav W~ !lEAl1 EVO~ EXAEX,OU Aaou nou I;EXWQL~E EvtEAw~ a:n:o ,a OLacpoQa cpuAa ,WV a:n:LO'tWV, ava!lwa O'touC; O:n:OLOU~ ~ouoav, OE xaVEva O'taoLO, ,0uAaXLO'tov a:n:o 'l1V ErtLO'tQOCP~ rou; a:n:o '11 ~a~uAwvLaXll aLX!laAwoLa, OEV cpaLVE,aL au,o va U:n:OOELXVUE xa:n:OLa oo~aQll E:rtLOU!lLa YLa Eva E~Qa"(xo :n:oALLLxo xQa,o~, nooo !laAAov Eva EoacpLxo xQa'tO~, EW~ otou ECPEUQEOl1XE ° E~Qa·Lxo~ EOVLXLO!lO~, ore ,EAl1 LOU oExa,ou evritou nuov«, OE avaAoYLa ue ,OV XaLVO<paVll ounxo EOVLXLO!lO. HVaL EvtEAw~ aOE!lL,O va ,au,Ltou!lE 'ou~ OEO!lOU~ ,WV E~QaLWV ue 'l1v :n:QoYOVLXl1 Yl1 roo IOQallA, ,0 OCPEAo~ rtou :n:l1ya~EL a:n:o La :n:QOOxuVl1!laLa EXEL, 11 'l1v EA:n:LOa YLa ErtLO'tQOCPl1 EXEC OLaV EAOEL ° Meootce; - ECPOOOV amo~ :n:Qo<pavw~ OEV ELXE EAOEL aU!lqxovc ue 'l1V a:n:O'ljJl1 rrov E~QaLwv - ue 'l1V ErtLOU!lLa va (JUYXEvtQWOOUV oAOL OL E~QaLOL OE Eva aUYXQovo Eoa<pLxo xQa,o~ EUQLOXO!lEVO O'tOU~ aQxaLou~ AYLOU~ Tonoix. Sa !l:n:OQOUOE E:n:LGl]~ xa:n:OLo~ va LOXUQWOEL mL OL xaAoL !lOuoouA!lavOL, !lEYaAmEQl1 CPLAoool;La 'WV O:n:OLWV ELVaL va xovoov ,0 :n:Qooxuvl1!la aLl] Mexxo, us ,0 va ,0 :n:Qay!laLO:n:OL~OOUV :n:QO,(8EvtaL :n:QaY!lanxa va avaxl1QuXOouv :n:oAL'E~ au-r1l~ '11~ XWQa~ nou ,wQa ELVaL 11 ~aouOLXl1 AQa~La.

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aYQa!l!laLOUe;, av XaL OL ouo XOO!lOL OEV !l:n:oQOUV va OLaXWQLO'toUV EvtEAw~ acpou ° YQa:rtLO~ Myo~ E:rtl1QEaOE 'L~ LO£E~ au'twv :n:OU uovo !lLAouoav.1 OL avtLAl11j!ELe; 'tau Herder YLa LOV Yolk (Aao) OEV !l:n:oQouv va XQ110L!l0:n:OL1100UV w~ a:n:oOELl;l1 tcov OXE1j!WV nov XWQLXWV 't11~ BEO'tcpaALa~. 'Eva :n:aQaoELY!la !l:n:OQEL va oLacpWLLOEL YLa 'to nooo EUQU !l:n:OQOUOE va ELVaL au'to 'to xao!la !lELaI;U rorv EYYQa!l!la,wv XaL ,wvaYQa!l!la'twv.

OL rEQ!lavoL nou oxrl!la'tLoav rnv 'tal;l1 rcov cpEOuoaQXwv YaLox'l1- !lOVWV xaOw~ E:n:LGl]~ XaL ttov notorv XaL !lOQCPW!lEVWV O'tl"] BaA,Lxl1, moOavovtav cpuOLxa mL «11 EOVLX~ EXO(Xl1Gl] (JUVEXL~E va ErtLXQE!lE'taL w~ oa!loxAELo~ o:n:aOl1 :n:avw cero La xEcpaALa LOU~», ECPOOOV, o:n:w~ 'toVLOE ° Christian Kelch O'tl"] AL~OVLXl1 IO'toQLa LOU 'to 1695, OL WOOVOL XaL AELovo( XWQLXOL ELxav :n:OAAOU~ Myou~ YLa va 'tOU~ !lLOOUV (<<Selbige zu hassen wohl Ursache gehabt»). AAA' 6!lw~ OEV u:n:aQXEL Xa!lLa a:n:oOELl;l1 on OL W80VOL XWQLXOL OXE<pLovtav us 'tE'tOLOU~ EOVLXOU~ 0- QOU~. I1QWLa-:n:Qw,a OEV <paLvE'taL mL OEwQouoav rou; Eamou~ 'toue; we; !lLa EOvLxo-YAWO(JLXl1 o!laoa. H Ml;l1 «Eoflovo;» XQl1OL!lO:n:OL~Ol1XE !lOVOV !lELa 'l1 oExaE'tLa roo 1860. I1QOl1YOU!lEVW~ OL XWQLXOL a:n:Awe; a:n:oxaAouoav'tOv Eau,o rou; «maarahvas», Ol1Aaol1 «avOQw:n:oue; 'l1e; EI;0Xl1e;»· MU'tEQOV, 11 Ml;l1 saks (~al;wv) ELXE 'l1V xVQ{aQxrJ Gl]!luoLa «XUQLOe;» ~ «a<pEVLl]e;» XaL 11 Gl]!laOLa «rEQ!laVOe;» ~'tav OEU'tEQEuouoa. 'EXEL U:n:OaLl]QLXOEL aA1100cpavw~ (a:n:o Evav EI;EXOvta wOovo LO't0QLxo) O,L onou OL (YEQ!lavoL) !lOQCPW!lEVOL EQ!ll1VEUaV ne; avacpoQEe; OE EYYQacpa we; «rEQ!lav6~», OL XWQLXOL :n:LOav6,aLa svvoouonv a:n:Ame; «XUQLOe;» 11 «a<pEvtl1e;»:

Ano "to teAOe; tOU bEXUtOU oyboou aLwva oi t01tlXO( XAt]QtXOC XaL unuMt]AOt ItlwQovoav vu bLa~u~ouv tte; EQyaoCEe; nov bLmpu)ttmwv yta rqv XatUXtt]Ot] tt]e; EoElovCae; (oi XOlQtXOC bEY btu~a~av tetma ~t~A(a) XaL e,Etvav vu EQltt]VEVOUV ta MYLa rorv XOlQtXWV ItE evav tQono rtou ta(Qta~E orov I'lLxo tOUe; tQono oxeljlt]c;.2

1. BA. Roger Chartier, The Cultural Uses of Print in Early Modem France (Ilotvorov 1987), EtOaYOlylj· mCOt]e; E. J. Hobsbawm, Worlds of Labour (AovbCvo 1984),00.39-42, yta nc; oxEOEte; Aa"Lxlje; XaL t]YEflOVtxljC; XouAtovQae;.

2. LtmXE(a XaL rotOO1t<l0flata roto tOY Juhan Kahks' "Peasants', movements

EeNH KAI EeNIKI~MO~ AnO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

AAIKO~ TIPQTO-EeNIKI~MO~

75

74

ft' a'llto ae; aQxLOO'llf..lE ue f..lLa ano tLe; EAcixLO'tEe; ltQOOltciElELEe; rrou EYLVav YLa tl']v xaElLEQwOl'] tl']e; OXEtl'l']e; EXE(VwV ltO'll oltav(we; bLaf..loQrporvouv OUotl']f..latLxci altotl'ELe; ltcivw OE bYIf..lOOla ~l']t~f..lata xm ltOtE bEV tLe; xataYQcicpo'llv, OltWe; to ~L~ALO ton Michael Cherniavsky Tsar and People . .3 ~' a'Uto to ~L~ALO 0 Cherniavsky ESEtci~EL, f..lEtaSu ciAAWV ~l']tYIf..lcilWV, tl']V EVVOLa tl']e; «AYLae; PwoLae;» ij «tl']e; aYLae; QWOLxije; Yl']e;», Evav oQo ue tOY OltOLO ~Q~XE v' aVtLotOLXoUV OXEtLXci ACyOL, EX nov OltO(WV ltAl']OLEotEQOe; ELvm to «AYLa IQAavDLa». ea f..lltOQOUOE LOWe; va EXEL ltQOOElEOEL to «das heil'ge Land Tirol» (H aYLa Yl'] rou TLQOAO'll) YLa f..lLa EvbLacpEQO'llOa oUYXQLOT] xm avtCElEOT].

Av axoAo'll8ijoo'llf..lE tOY Cherniavsky, Evae; tOltOe; DEV f..lJtOQOUOE va YLVEL «ciywe;» f..lEXQLe; otou f..lltOQEOEL va ltQO~ciAEL uiov EVLaLa altaLTT]OT] crqv ltayxoOf..lLa OLXOVOf..lLa t'l'le; owtl']Qiae;, bl']Aab~ ornv ltEQilttwol'] tl']e; Pwoiae; f..lEXQL ru f..lEOa rou bExcito'll ltEf..llttO'll mwva oaots EYLVE l'] altOltELQa YLa OUVEVWOT] trov EXXAl']OLWV xm l'] lttWOT] tl']e; KcovorovnVOUltOAl']e; rtou E8wE tEAOe; otl'] PWf..la"Lx~ A'lltOXQatOQLa, acp~VOvtae; tl'] Poiotu we; tl'] f..lOVl'] oQ8oDOSl'] XWQa orov XOOf..lO xm tl'] MoOXa we; TT]V TQitl'] PWf..ll'], bl']AaD~ we; tl'] uovn ltl']Y~ OWTT]QLae; YLa ll']V av8Qwltotl']ta. TO'llAa.XLotOV a'llti) ijtav l'] ciltotl'l'] rou Torioou, IIaQof..lOLOL Of..lwe; OUAAOYLOf..loi, YLa va ELf..laotE aXQL~E(e; DEV ELvm ouvacpELe;, YLatL a'lltij l'] cpQciOT] DEV XQl']OLf..lOltOLij8l']XE E'llQEWe; f..lEXQL TT]v EltOX~ ttov avataQaxwv otu; aQXEe; rou DEXcito'll E~Mf..lOU mwva, orev 0 TociQoe; xm to xQcitoe; oixnconxc ESacpaVLotl']Xav. IIQciYf..latL, axof..ll'] XL av ult~Qxav, DEV 8a ELxav OUf..l~ciAEL orq XQijOT] tl']e; cpQciOT]e; acpou ELtE 0 TociQoe;, ELtE l'] YQacpELOxQatLa, l'] EXxAl']OLa ij OL LDEOMyOL tl']e; f..lOOXO~LtLXl']e; ESO'llOLae; oooenoxe Ef..lcpavLotl']Xav va rnv EXOVV XQl']OLf..lOltat~OEL ltQLV ~ ItEtci

altO TT]v moxij rcov avataQaxwv.4 Ev covroutc, l'] AYLa Pcootc rirov Evae; Aa"Lxoe; oQoe; non ltQocpavcoe; ESECPQa~E LCEEe; ro» Aaou. H XQTlOT] tOV cpavEQwVEtm ore Eltl'] tWV Ko~cixwv rou Nrov, rtov f..lEOWV TOV bExcitov E~Mf..lov morvo, OltWe; l'] «IIOLl']tLxij LotoQLa TT]e; ltOAwQxLae; rou A~ocp» (alto rou; TouQxO'lle;). Ecw OL ltOAtOQXlJ(.1EVOL xo~cixat rocyovbouv:

«6.EV 8a savaj)QE801JI-tE lt01:E omv AYLa Pcootu. 0 al-taQ'twAO<; 8UVaTo<; I-ta<; <pruvn ow; EQlll-t0U<;. TIE8aLVOUl-tE YLa n<; 8aUl-taTOUQYE<; aa<; ELXOVE<;, YLa 'tT} XQwnaVLXll nLO'tT], yw to ovouo rou TadQov Xat YLa 01..0 to I-tOaxOj3L'tLXO XQU'to<;».5

H aYLa QWOLxij Yl'] ouvmwe; oQ~Etm ano tLe; lEQEe; ELXOVEe;, tl']V ltC- 0tT], 'tOY Todoo, to xQcitoe;. ELvm fVW; bUVaf..lLXOe; ouvoucouoc, xm OXL f..lOVOV EltElCij OL ELXOVEe;, clJAabij oQatci oUf..l(3oAa 6ltwe; OL OT]f..laLEe;, ELVaL axof..ll'] at mo bLabEbo[tEVEe; f..lE8obOL YLa va altELXOVLOOVV a'Uto nou OEV f..lJtOQEL va altELxovL08EL. Km l'] AYLa PwoLa ELvm aVaf..lcpLo~ijTl']ta ~Ha Aa"Lxij, f..lla avmLOT]f..ll'] Mvaf..ll'], rtou bEV EXEL bl']f..lLO'llQYl']8EL civw8EV. Ae; ESEtcioovf..lE, OltWe; xdvat 0 Cherniavsky, f..lE EXELVl'] tl']V oSv6EQxELa xm AElttOtl']ta rtou tOV DLbaSE 0 bcioxaMe; rou 0 Ernst Kantorowicz,6 ll'] MSl'] «Poxno». H aVloxQatoQia torv Todotov, l'] ltOALtLXij evornto, ijlav l'] Rossiya, Evac; VEOAOYLOf..l0C; tOV bEXcitov EXtOU - bEXciTOV E~Muou morvc, ltO'll EltLOl'][tOltOLij8lJXE alto lOY MEyciAO IIflQO xm f..lEtci. H aYLa Yl'] llJe; PwoLae; ijTaV rrdvrote l'] aQxaLa Rus. fLa va ELvm xavELe; Poioo; axof..ll'] xm f..lEXQL oijf..lEQa ltQEltEL va ELvm Russky. Ka[tLa MSl'] nou ltQoijA8E coto rnv EltLOT]f..ll'] Rossiya - xm ltoAMe; bOXlf..lci08l']xav va TaI;LVOf..ll']8ouv orov 6Exato oyooo mwva - OEV xatcicpEQE va YLVEL altoOEXtij we; ltEQLYQacpij lOV QWOLXOU Aaov ij E8vove;, Tl lWV [tEAWV rou, To va ELvm xaVELe; Russky, OltWe; f..lae; 'llltEv8vf..l~EL 0 Cherniavsky, ijtav EvaAAa000f..lEVO ue to va ELvm xavELC; f..lEAOe; tl']e; ltEQLEQYl']C; oVcibae;

and national movements in the history of Europe", (Acta Universitatis Stockholmensis. Studia Baltica Stockholmensia, 2, 1985).«National movements in the Baltic Countries during the 19th century», 00, 15-16.

3. Michael Cherniavsky, Tsar and People, Studies in Russian Myths (New Haven XaL Aovowo 1961), BA. fltCal1<; Jeffrey Brooks, When Russia Learned to Read (TIQCvO'tov 1985), XEep. VI, "Nationalism and national identity", fLO, 00. 213- 32.

4. Cherniavsky, Tsar and People, 00. 107, 114.

5. o.n. a. 113.

6. BA. 'tOY ltQW'tOltDgO Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies. A Study in Medieval Political Theology, (TIgLVO'tOV 1957),

76

E8NH KAI E8NIKI~MO~ AlIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

AAi'KO~ IIPQTO-E8NIKI~MOI

77

krestianin-christianin (XOJQLXO~-XQLO'tLavo~) XaL ue ro vc f(VaL Eva~ «aAl]8wo~ moro;» ~ oQ80~0~0~. A'lrrIll] OUOLU)~l]~ ~l][tw~l]~ XaL Aa·Lx~ aL08l]0l] tl]~ aYLOtl]t"a~ t"l]~ POJoLa~ fV~EXftm va avtaJtoxQLvft"aL, ~ OXL, 0't0 aUYXQovo E8vo~. ~tl] POJoLa, l] t"amLo~ tl]~ ue rnv Xf(paA~ tl]~ EXXAl]OLa~ aMa xm tOU xQatov~ ~LfUXOAUVf fJtLOl]~ rnv ta1Jt"LOl] t"% JtaQaJtavOJ OUaLW~OU~ aL08l]0l]~ [tE to aUYXQovo xQato~. ~tl]v aYLa Yl] tOV TLQOAOU JtQocpavw~ ~EV avVE~aLVE to L~LO, fCPOOOV 0 [tfta-tQLawLXO~ avv~uaoflo~ tl]~ Yl]~ - ELxovOJv - JtLO'tfOJ~ - amoxQatoQa - xQatou~ EUV00130E tl] POJflaLOXaSOALx~ EXXAl]oLa xm tOY A1jJ~o13QYo KaL~fQ (sere uJto amo tOY tLtAO ~ OJ~ KO[tl] rou TLQOAOU) svuvttov tl]~ xmvocpavo13~ LMa~ fVO£ YEQflavLxo13 ~ auO'tQLaxo1.3 ~ OJtOLOV~~JtOtf aAAou «E8vou£». ea JtQEJtEL va 8ufloflaO'tf Ot"L OL XOJQLXOL tOV TLQOAOU f~fYEQ8l]xav to 1809 0XL tOOO evuvnov tOJV raMOJv 000 svovnov tOJV YELtovOJv BauaQwv. ITavtOJ£, fLtE f.LJtOQEL fLtE 0XL «0 Aao£ tl]£ ay(a£ Yl]£» va tamLoSf( flf to flftaYfVEO'tfQO E8vo~, l] LMa oacpw£ JtQoiiJtaQXEL mrroo.

EJtLJtAfOV, JtaQat"l]Q013flf Ot"L aJtouaLa~OUV cero ta ~LaXQLt"Lxa YVOJQ[o!-tata t"l]~ Ay[a~ pQ)o[a~, rou Ay[ou TtQOAOU xm [OOJ~ tT)~ Ay(a~ IQAav~(a£, 6130 O'tOLXE(a tn oJto(a ~!-tfQa avvMou!-tE orsvd, av 0XL anOXAELOlLxa, ue roix OQLO!-t01.3£ tOU ESvOU£: tl] YAwooa xm rnv fSvLxorqto,

TL YLvEtm ue t"l] YAwooa; ~fV ELvm l] YAwooa to Xatf~OX~V OlOLXf(O nou ~fXOJQ~fL tOY Eva Aao ano xaJtoLOv aAAo, «E!-ta£» ano «aurou;», ta aAl]SWa av8QwJtLva ovro coto tOU£ ~aQ~aQou£ nou oev f.LJt0- Q013v va O[tLA01.3V !-tLa aU8fvtLX~ YAwooa aAAa JtaQayouv uovov axatavOl]tou£ 80Q13~ou£; ~EV [taSaLVEL 0 xaSf avayvwOll]£ tl]£ BL~AOV YLa tOY IT1.3QYo t"l]~ Ba~EA, xm Jtw£ 0 cpCAo£ ~fXWQL~f coro tOY qSQo ano tT] oOJol~ JtQocpoQa tl]£ Af~l]£ «shibboleth»; ~EV ~LExQLvav !-t' amo rov tQoJto OL 'EAAl]Vf£ rou; Eaut01.3£ tOU£ JtQOJ'tO-fSvLxa ceto t"l]v UJtOAOLJtl] avSQOJJt6t"l]ta, tOU£ «~aQ~aQou£»; ~fV ouviord l] ayvOLa tl]£ YAwooa~ !-tLa£ aAAl]£ o!-ta~a£ to JtLO JtQocpavE£ cpQaY!-ta ornv EJtLXoLvOJvLa xrn, avVEJtW£, tOY JtLO fflcpav~ xa80QLo[t0 tOJV OQLOJV nou ~LaXOJQ~ouv tL£ o!-ta~E£: o13tOJ£ WO'tf T] ~l]'.lLOuQyLa ~ l] oflLALa flLa£ L~LaLtfQl]£ argot XQT)OL!-tE13EL axo!-tl] YLa va xaQaxt"l]Q~ovtm xaJtOLOL av8QOJJtoL OJ£ !-tEAl]

!-tLa£ VJtOXouA't01.3Qa~ Jtov fJtL8u!-tf( va ~LaXOJQ~ftm ano auf~ UJtOXOUAt01.3Qf£ ~ aJto tl]V XOLVOJVLa EV YEVEL;

~13oxoAa !-tJtOQEL xavEL£ va aQVl]SfL Ot"L avSQOJJtOL zrou flLA013V uxntavOT)tE£ [tfta~1.3 tOU~ YAWOOf£, xm OL OJtOLOL ~ouv 0 Eva£ ~LJtAa OlOV aAAo Sa avayvOJQLoOUV OtL aUtOL !-tLA01.3V flLa YAwooa, xm OtL ro !-tEAT) aAAOJv XOLVot~t"OJV !-tLA013V aAAf£ YAWOOf£ ~ tOUAciXLOlOV Ot"L ~EV [tLA01.3V tl] ~LX~ tOU£ YAwooa (OJ£ (JaQ{JaQovr;, ~ OJ£ nemci xata rqv OQoAoYLa tOJV :na~OJv). AAAci o!-tOJ£ to ~*l][ta ~fV fLvm amo. To ~~tl][ta ELvm, fay tEtOLOL YAOJOaLXOL cpQaY!-to( JtLOlf1.3ftm Ot"L ~LaXOJQ~Ouv ovromre; JtOV 8a flJtoQo1.3oav va 8fOJQl]SOUV JtL8aVE£ ESV6t"l]tf£ ij E8vl], xm 0XL aJtAw£ o!-ta~f~ nou avfl~aLVEL va EXOUV ~uoxoALa oro va xatavo~oouv tL£ Af~EL~ aM~AOJv. Auto to ~~t"l]!-ta fla£ O~l]YEL OlO Jtf~LO tOJV EQEUVWV YLa tl] cpVOl] tOJV xaSo!-tLAoVflEVOJV YAOJOOWV xm t"l] XQ~Ol] tOU£ OJ£ XQLt"l]Q(ou yw tl] au!-t[tfTOX~ Of xaJtOLa o!-ta()a. EQwvwvta£ ama ta ()UO JtQEJtEL, xm JtaAL, va JtQOOE~OU!-tf va !-tl]V avYXEOU!-tf tL£ av~l]t~OfL£ tOJV AOY(OJV, rtou t1.Jxa(VEL va fLVaL OXfMv OL flova~LxE£ fla£ Jtl]YE£, [tf EXfLVE£ tOJV afloQcpOJtOJv av8QwJtOJv, XaL vti fll]v EQfll]VEUOU!-tf avaXQoVLOlLxa to JtaQEA80v ue ~aOl] tL~ avtLA~1jJEL~ tOV ELXOOlO1.3 uuovu.

OL fll]-AOYLf£ XaSOf,UAo13[tEVE£ YAWOOE£ fLvm JtavtOtf Eva aUf.LJtAEY!-ta tOJtLXWV JtaQaMaywv ~ ~LaAfxtOJv nou aAAl]AOfJtLXOLVOJVOUV us xU!-tmvo!-tfvou£ ~aSflou£ fuxoA(a~ ~ ~oxoALa£, nou f~aQtWvtm aJto t"l] YfOJYQacpLx~ YELtv(aOl] ij JtQoo~aOl]. MEQLXE£, L~LaLtfQa Of OQELVE£ JtfQLOXE£ JtOU emretvouv t"l]v cerouovroon, f.LJt0Qf( va ELvm to- 00 axataVOl]tE£ ouv vn av~xav Of flLa ~LacpOQEtLX~ YAOJOaLX~ OLXOYEveta. YJtaQXouv aVEx~ota, OlL£ avtLOloLXf~ XWQE£, YLa tL£ ~UOXOALf£ JtOV EXOUV OL BOQELOL OvaAOL va xatavoijoouv tl]V YAwooa tOJV xatoLxOJV t"l]~ Nonce; OuaACa~, ~ OL AA~avoL rXEYXT]~f£ Ot"l]v xatavoT]Ol] tl]£ tOOXLX~£ ~LaAfxtou. Fur tOU£ CPLAOAOYOU£ to YEYOVO~ OtL l] xataAavLx~ yAffiooa JtAl]aLa~fL JtEQLOOOtEQO JtQO£ t"l] yaAALx~ JtaQa JtQO£ tl] ~aoxLx~ YAwooa, [tJtOQEL va ELvm OUOLW~l]~, ana YLa Evav vOQ!-tavM va13t"l] nou ~QE8l]XE oro Bayonne ~ to Port BOll ioOJ£ l] tOJtLxij YAwooa, oro JtQWto tl]£ axouo!-ta, va ECvm E~(OOV ~UOVOl]tl]. MEXQL XaL ~ueoo, !-tOQCPOJ!-tEVOL avSQOJJtOL !-tf !-tl]tQLX~ rou; yAffiooa tT] YfQ!-taVLX~, aJto to K(fAO, a£ JtOU!-tE, flJtOQf( va ouvcvtoiiv JtOAU !-tfyaAl] ~uoXOA(a

78

E8NH KAI E8NIKI~MO~ AIl0 TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

AAiKO~ IIPQTO-E8NIKIl:MO~

79

------"----~

7. H mo XQt)aLft1'] ELaayooyt) a' aUT6 to oUft3tAEYIl.a rorv ~1']tl']ft(itoov ELvm tOU Einar Haugen, "Dialect, language, nation" (American Anthropologist, 68, 1966, oo. 922-35). na to auYXQLtLXU ltQ6acpato ltEOLO t1']£ XOLVoovLOYAooaaoAoYLa£, ltQj3A. J. A. Fishman (smu.), Contributions to the Sociology of Language, 2 toft. (Xuy1'] - IIaQLm 1972), ELOLX6tfQa to xfcpriAmo tOU fltLllfA1]Tt) T1]£ fXOOO1]£ "The Sociology of language: an interdisciplinary social science approach to language in society" orov toft. 1. na ftLa auYXEXQLftfV1] ftEAEtl'] tl']£ YAooamxtj£ avultt1J~1]<; / OLUQOQoo01]£ alt6 fvav ltQootolt6Qo Heinz Kloss, Die Entwicklung neuer germanischer Kultursprachen von 1800 bis 1950 (Movuxo 1952).

• H YAwaaa rorv EJ-W"tOQLXWV awaMaywv oe rrEQLOXf<; 6rrou O[lLAoUvtUl rroAAE£ OlacpoQEtLXf£ YAwaaE£ (l:.t.M.)

•• IIaQEcpOaQllfvE£ YAwaaE£ xou rrQot)AOuV alt6 t1] auvoLal.l.ayt) nov EUQooltatoov Eftrr6Qoov xm nov LOaYEvwv, orroo£ rr.x. at1'] ~UtLXt) AcpQLXt) XaL omv MOO AVatOAt).(2:.t.M.)

lingua franca (rr ono(a £(Vat nL8avov, <pvatx<i, va ()La[.toQ<pw8£( t£ALX<i os [.tLa YAwaaa YLa OA££ tL£ XQ~aH£). M£ <iH.a MYLa, rr nQaY[.tatLx~ «[.trrtQLX~ YAwaaa», ()rrAa()~ to L()(w[.ta nou E[.taSav to. nat()L<i ano aYQ<i[.t[.tat££ [.trrtEQ££ Xat [.tLAouaav 1w8rrIlEQLv<i, ~E~aLw£ C£V *av [.tLa «£SVLX~ YAwaoa» uno onoLac~not£ EVVata.

'Onw£ EXW ~C'I'] UnatVLxSEL a1Jto CEV anoxAELEL [.tLa x<inata Aa'(x~ nOAlTtafl1xrj tautLOlj us [.tLa YAwoaa, ~ ue Eva oU[.tnA£Y[.ta oa<pw£ OVYYEVWV claMx't'wv, nou xaQax't'l']Q~H Eva oUVOAO XOLVO't*WV Xat 'tL£ ()LaxwQ~H ano 'tOU£ YELTOVE£ TOU£, onw£ ov[.t~a(vH orqv nEQL1T:'tW- 0'1'] au'twv rtou O[.tLAOUV rnv OUYYQLX~ yAwooa. Kat oro ~aS[.to nou a1Jto [.t1tOQEL vu ov[.t~aLvH, 0 ESVLXLO[.tO£ !-ILa£ [.tE'taYEVEotEQ'I']£ nEQI.O()OU [.t1toQEL va EXEL yV~OLE£ Aa'LxE£ YAwoalxE£ nQW'to-ESVlXE£ Q~E£. A1Jt~ [.tnoQEL vn E(Vat aa<paAw£ Xat 'I'] nEQLJt'twOlj torv AA~avwv, at onotot ~01JV x<i'tw ano av'taywVlotLXE£ JtoAL'tLa!-lLxE£ En:LQQOE£ cero tnv EJtOX~ 't''I']£ XAaCJLX~£ aQxato't'l']'ta£, xrn, XatavEIl0V'tat OE 'tQH£ ~ (av OV[.t1tEQLM~OU!-IE rnv 'tOn:LX~ LaAa[.tlx~ AatQELa rcov MJtEx'taaC) oxou« Xat oe 'tEOOEQl; aV'tLnaAE£ 8Q'I']OXE(E£: 'tOY lo),a[.tla[.to, tnv oQeoco~(a Xat TOV QW[.tatOXaSoAlxlOIlO. "Htuv <pvatXO at nQw'toJtoQat rou aA~avlxou ESVLXLO[.tOU vc ava~'I']'t~ao1JV [.tla aA~avLx~ nOAmotLx~ 'ta1Jto't'l']'ta ot'l'] YAwaoa, sqxioov 'I'] SQ'I']aXELa, Xat ornv JtQaYllatlxo't'l']'ta O'tLC~nO'tE <iAAO omv AA~avLa, qxuvorov vn ClatQE( naQ<i va EVWVH.8 AAM axo[.ta Xat os [.tLa nEQ(m;wO'l'] nov <paLvE'tat rooo ;Ex<i8aQ'I'] 8a nQEnH va JtQOOE~OU!-IE WotE va Il'l']v EnavanauSoUIlE rooo JtOAU otl£ aJt01jJH£ nou EX<pQ<iCJ't1']xav ano rou; EYYQ<i!-l[.taTOu£. ~EV E(Vat xaSoAou aa<pE; uno rtouiv svvoio, ~ cxouo oe noio ~a8[.to, at aJtAo( AA~avo( ore 'tEA'I'] rou c£x<i'tou EV<i'tOU Xat 'tL£ aQXE£ rou HXOotOU cuov«, 8£wQouoav rou;

oro va xa'tavo~ooUV Eotw Xat tOU; !-IOQ<pffi!-lEVOU; f£Q!-Iavou; 't'l']£ EA~EtLa£ nou IllAOUV 't'l']v anA~ Y£Q[.tavlX~ ()L<iAEXtO, 'I'] ortofu ELVat 'to oUv'I']8££ [.tEOOV 't'l']£ nQo<pOQlX~£ tou; £mxOlvwvLa£.

'E'tCJL ornv Enox~ nQlv ano t'l'] Y£VLX£UO'l'] 't'l']£ JtQw't0~<i8[.tla£ £xnaLCEUO'l']£ ()EV un~QX£ Xat ()£V 8a [.t1tOQOUOE vu un<iQXH xallLa O!-llAOU!-I£v'I'] «E8vLX~» yAwooa £x'to£ ano 'tE'tOLa AOYO'tEXVLX<i ~ ()LOLX'l']'tLX<i L()LWuccro oJtw£ aut<i YQ<i<POV'taV, ~ EmVOOUV'tav ~ ()LaOXEua.~OV'tav YLa nQo<pOQLX~ XQ1l0'l'], £(tE W£ [.tLalingua franca* ue 't'l']V oaoto OL O[.tLAOUV'tE£ tL£ cLaMx'tou; [.tnoQouoav va smxowovow 1l - (aw; mo aX£'tLx6 IlE 'to SE[.ta !-Ia; - YLa va aJt£u8uvoV'tat oe Aaixa. aXQoat~QLa ~£1t£QvwV'ta£ 'ta mivopu 'tWV cLaMxtwv oJtw£ n.x. at LEQOXllQUXE£ ~ OL Qa1jJw()o(, nou anllYYEAav 'tQaYOU()La Xat nOL~[.tata, XOLVa. OE [.tLa EUQ'U'tEQ'I'] nOALtLotLXll JtEQLOX~_7 H EX't'aOlj aU'tll£ 't'l']£ JtEQLOXll£ us 't'l']V EVC£XO[.tEvn C1JVat6t'l']'ta EmXOLvwv(a£ [.t1tOQOUOE vu ()LatpEQH O'l'][.taV'tLXa.. Efvru OXEMv ~E~atO nw£ 8a *av EUgUtEQ'I'] YLa OOOU£ uvrixuv ornv EACt, 'tWV onouov 'to nECLO ()Qa.OEW£ Xat OL OQ~OV't££ rirov ALy6t£QO evromoueV££, aJt' ooo, a£ noiiue, 'tWV XWQLXWV. Etvru MOXOAO va OVAA<i~OU[.t£, YLa XMOLa Jt£QLOXll rtou £X'tE(V£'tat O£ aQx£'t'a. [.tEya.A'I'] y£wYQatpLXll EX'taOlj, uiov au8EV'tLxa. O[.tLAOU[.tEV'I'] «E8vLX~ YAwooa» JtOU E~EA(X8'1']x£ n<ivw os !-ILa xaSaQ<i nQo<poQLXll ~a.0lj, <iM'I']V ano Illa pidgin * * tl

8. «To IlEYUI.a ovouero autt)£ t1]£ AoYOtEXVLa£ ... OEV Oo~U~01JV rrOtE t1] 8Q1']axELa ftEaa ore EQya rou;' urrEvavtLa£, OEV XUVOUV XUftLa EUXaLQLa yLa va atLyftat(aouv rnv EX8QLXt) IIQu01] rorv IILacp6Qoov XA1]QLXWV evavnov tl']£ ESvLXt)<; Ev6- t1]ta<; .. ,<I>uLVEtaL OtL (1'] EQEuva t1]£ ltOl.maftLxt)<; taut6tl'jta<;) ... ltQEltEL vc Y(VEL oumaatt,XU YUQoo coto to ltQoj3I.Tlfta tl']£ yArJlaaar;,». Christian Gut oro Groupe de Travail sur I' Europe Centrale et Orientale. (Bulletin d' Information no 2, IooviO£ 1978, a. 40 (Maison des Sciences de I'Homme, IIaQLm),

80

E0NH KAI E0NIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

i\AIKO~ IIPQTO-E0NIKI~MO~

81

Ea1.J'toU£ 'toV£ AA~avou£ ~ avayvwQL~av rtLa O'UYYfVELa rtE1:aSU TOV£. "Orov ELnav orov 06rJYo 't'l]£ Edith Durham, fva VfO cero n£ OQELVf£ nEQLOXf£ rou ~oQQa, on OL AA~avoL oro voro ELxav oQ8060SE£ EXXA'I]OLEe;, ELnE: «6EV ELvm XQLmLavoL aAAa 'tOOXOL», xa'tL nov 6EV unovoef xanOLa LOXVQ~ a(08'1]Ol] O'UAAOYLX~£ 'tav'tO'tl]'ta£, xa8w£ EnLOl]£ «6EV ELvm 6vvmov va YVWQ~OVrtE tov aXQL~~ aQL8rto rcov AA~avwv nov ~Q8av mL£ HVWrtfVE£ IIoAL'tELE£, EnEL6~ OL nQw'tOL IlE'tavamE£ O'Uxva 6EV avayvwQL~av 'tOV£ Eau'tou£ TOV£ W£ AA~avou£»Y EmnMov, axorta xm OL vnfQrtaxOL 't'l]£ E8vo'tl]'ta£ 0' am~ 'tl] XWQa rcov aV'tLllaX0rtEVWV <p'UAWV xm aQX0V'twv EmxaAouV'tav aAAa mo nELmLxa EmXELQ~llma YLa rnv evotrrrd 'tOU£ nQLV EnLxaAEmouv 't'l] yAwooa. 'Onw£ 'to f8wE 0 Nairn Frasheri (1846-1900): «'GAOL rta£ anO'tEAoullE IlLa llova6Lx~ qniA~, IlLa llova6Lx~ OLxoYfVELa' fXOUIlE fva aLlla xm IlLa yAwooa».10 H YAwooa, av xm 0XL coroiioo, EQxo'tav 'tEAEmaLa.

LvvEnw£ OL E8vLXf£ YAWOOE£ ELvm OXEMv rtdvtote xma 'to ~IlLO'U 'tEXV'l]'ta xmaoxEvaollma xm nEQLmamaxa onw£ 11 oUYXQOV'l] E~Qa'Lx~ YAwooa, XUQLOAEx'tLxa EmvOllllfvE£. ELvm TO aV'tL8E1:0 cero av'to nov 11 E8vLxLmLx~ rtV80AoYLa n£ 8EWQEL on sfvru, 6lJAa6~ OL aQXfYoVE£ ~aoEL£ TOV E8vlXOU nOAmollou xm OL rt*QE£ rou E8vLXOU nVEUrtaroc, Lvv~8w£ nQoxEL'tm YLa nQoona8ELE£ va EmvolJ8EL fva wnonOLlJrtfVO L6(wrta ccro Il(a nOAAanM'tlJ'ta nQaYrtanxa 0IlLAOUIlEVWV L6lWrta'tWV, 'ta onote oro ES~£ uno~L~a~oV'tm OE 6LaMxTOv£, xm 'to XUQLO nQo~A.lJrta xma'tll 6lJrtLOvQyCa 'tOV£ E(vm O'Uv~8we;, nOLa 6LaAEx't0 va EmMsovv W£ ~aOl] 'tlJ£ WnOnOLlJllfvlJ£ xm ouoiovevoaomuevnc YAWOocc. Ta nQo~Ailllma nov nQoxurt'tovv ceto rnv wnono(lJOl] xm rnv ouoiovevccromcn 'tlJ£ E8vLX~£ YQallrtmLX~£ xm oQ80YQacp(a£ xm 'tl]£ nQo08~xl]£ VfWV mOLXE(wv oro AESLMyLO, ELVat 6EmEQEuoV'ta·ll IIQa-

x'tLxa lJ uJ'toQLa xa8E E1JQwna'Lx~£ YAWOOW; ErtrtfVEL 0' am~ rnv 'tonLx~ ~aOlJ: lJ MYla ~ovAyaQlx~ YAwooa ~ao~E'tal oro l6(wlla 'tlJ£ LlmlX~e; BouAyaQLa£, lJ MYla ouxQavtx~ YAwooa oru; vO'tLOavmoAlxf£ 6taMx'toue; 'tl]e;, lJ Myta OUYYQLX~ YAwooa Ertcpav~E'tat orov 6fxmo fX'tO mwva coro 'to O'Uv6vaoilo 6tmpoQwv 6LaMx'twv, lJ MYLa AE1:ovtxrl ~aoL~E'tm CYtrJ rtWaLa ano 'tQEL£ naQaAAaYf£, lJ Al80uavlx~ OE rt(a ano Mo, Xat omw xa8Es~£. KciSE cpoQa, onw£ O'UIl~aLVEL O'Uv~8w£ rtE n£ YAWOOE£ nov anfx'tlJOav Myta 6tamaolJ orov 6fxmo oy600 ~ Mxmo svoTO Xat eixooro rnorvc, nov 'ta ovountc ttov aQXt'tEx'tOVWV 'tlJ£ YAwooa£ ELVat yvwma, av't~ l] EmAoy~ ~oQEC va ELVat au8aLQE'tlJ (av xm'tEXIllJQtWllfYl] ue EmXELQ~llma).

MEQlXf£ CPOQf£ au't~ lJ EmAOY~ ELvm nOAmx~ ~ fXEL nQocpa~ noAmx~ OlJllaoLa. "Etot OL Kgoa'tE£ 0IlLAouoav 'tQEL£ 6laMx'tov£ (cakavian, kajkavian, stokavian), EX 'tWV onouov lJ IlLa *av EJtLOl]£ 'I] LOXVQO'tEQlJ 6taAEx't0£ rorv LfQ~WV, Lluo ano amf£ (kajkavian Xat stokavian) aVfrtWSav MytE£ 1l0QCPf£. 0 xQoa'tl]£ cerootosoc 'tOU IMuQtavtortou, o Ljudevit Gaj (1809-72), av xm fYQacpE xm rtLAOUOE W£ 1ll]'tQtX~ rou YAwooa 'tlJv kajkavian xQomlx~, rtE1:fYQa1I'E rc L6ta rou 'ta YQama ano am~ 'tlJ 6laAEx'tO orn stokavian 'to 1838, us oxono vo. unOYQallrtLOEt't'l] ~amx~ evornro rcov voruov LAa~wv, ESaocpaA~OV'ta£ xm' au'tov TOV 'tQono: a) 6'tL l] OEQ~O-XQomlX~ 8a cvcerruoootcv xma TO rtaAAOv xm ~nov w£ IlLa Myta YAwooa (ov xm YQacpo'tav IlE AmtVtXOU£ xaQax't~QE£ ano 'tov£ xa80ALXOU£ Kgoa'tEe;, xm rtE XVQLAA.LXO'I)e; ano 'toue; oQ80-

9. Edith Durham, High Albania, (1909, vEa EK~., Aovowo 1985), o. 17' S. Thernstrom K.U., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (KE[lltQL't~ KaL Aovotvo 1980), o, 24.

10. ~'tO Groupe de Travail, o, 52.

11. I'ic [lLa KmUMTJI.TJ EQwva 'tOU ltE~(OU, L~La('tEQa EVTJ[lEQWItEVTJ YLa tnv

«Emt1j~EuOT]» nov ltEQWO&tEQWV ltOI.L'tLO[lLKWV yI.WOOOOv, TJ Marinella Lorinczi Angioni, "Appunti per una macrostoria delle lingue scritte de l'Europa moderna" (Quademi Sardi di Storia, 3, Ioul.LO~ 1981- Iouvioc 1983,00.133-156). ECvaL E!;mQE'tLKU XQtjOLItO YLa n~ I.Ly&tEQO YVW01:E~ yI.WOOE~. fLa 'tTJ ~LacpoQu [lE'ta!;u 'tT]~ ltaQa~oOLaKtj~ cpl.altaV~hKtj£ Km 'tTJ~ aUYXQOVTJ~ yl.wooa~, nou uvalt'tUx8TJKE [lE'tU 'to 1841, ~I.. n~ ltaQa'tT]QtjoEL~ tou E. Coornaert 01:0 Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Modeme 670 E1:0~, 8,1968, o, 5, 0'tT] ou~tj'tT]OT] ym 'to R. Devleeshouwer, "Donnees historiques des problernes linguistiques belges". BI.. EltCOT]~ Jonathan Steinberg, "The historian and the Questione della lingua" 01:0 P. Burke KaL Roy Porter (emu.), The Social History of Language (KE[lltQL't~ 1987), 00. 198-209.

ESNH KAI ESNIKIIMOI AnO TO 1780 MEXPI IHMEPA

AAIKOI llPQTO-ESNIKIIMOI

83

82

OO~O'U~ ~EQ~01J~), ~) 't1] O'tEQl]O'll T01J xQoaTLXO'IJ E8vLXLO!WU alto !.ua ltQo<pav~ YAOOOOLxYi OLxmoAoy(a, xm y) T'I)V ltQoo<poQu xm O'to'U~ Mo, tou; ~EQ~01J~ xm aQyoTEQa T01J~ KQOUTE~, !'ua~ ~iLxmoAoYLa~ YLa EltEXTa'tLOf,l0.12 Alto 't1]v UAAl] ltAE1JQU, f,lEQLXE~ <POQE~ f,laVTEU01JV Aav- 8aOf,lEva. 0 Bernolak OLUAE~E, oo~ ~UO'I) amou noo EltL8'Uf,loUOE va d-

. vm l] A.6YLa oAo~axLxYi YA(DOOa, yUQOO ore 1790, f,lLa OLUAEXTO l] onoto altE't1JXE va xaSLEQooSEL, aAAu !.!EQLXE~ OEXaE'tLE~ aQyoTEQa 0 Ludovit Stur EltEAE~E amYiv rcou altEOELX811 OTL artOTEAOUOE TlI !.!ovlI ~Lwmf,lT] AUOll. ~TlI NOQ~lIYLa 0 ESVLXLO't~~ Wergeland (1808-45) a~LoooE !.!La mo yV~OLa VOQ~lIYLXYi YAwooa, OE aVTL8EO'll us rnv 1JltEQ~OALXU XALvouon nQo~ Ta OavLxu YQam~ YAwooa, xm f,lLa TETOLa YAwooa xa'taOXE1JUOSl]XE af,lEooo~ (l] Landsmal, yvooO't~ oYif,lEQa oo~ Nynorsk). ITaQU Tl]V EltLO'llf,lT] 1JltOO'tYiQL~lI n01J ELXE l] Nynorsk orpotou l] NOQ~lIYLa EyLVE a-vE~uQtll't1], nOTE OEV xaSLEQwSlIXE ox; XUTL nEQLOOOTEQO ccro f,lLa f,lELOVOTLxYi YAwooa Tl]~ XWQa~, l] onotc, alto 'to 1947 ELvm de facto OLYAOOOO'll 0't0 YQamo A.6yo, xaSw~ l] Nynorsk ltEQLOQLOTl\XE 0't0 20% TOOV NOQ~T]Ywv, ELOLXoTEQa OE EXELV01J~ lt01J ~ovv O'tl] 01JTLX~ xm XEVTQLXYi NOQ~l]yLa.13 «I>'umxu OE nOAM~ cero TL~ ltaAmoTEQE~ A.6YLE~ YAWOOE~ l] LO'toQLa ExavE TT]V altaLTouf,lEvlI EltLAOYYi, Oltoo~ orcv OL OLUAEXTOL ltO'll OXET~oVTav !.!E mv ltEQLOXYi Tl]~ ~aOLALx~~ OLOLXT]O'll~ EYLvav 11 ~UOl] t01J AOYL01J LOLO}f,la'tO~ om raAALa xm Tl]V AYYALa, Yi otov 0 O1Jv01Jaof,lo~ TlI~ qm:OQLxYi~-Va1J'tLX~~ XQYiO'll~, TO ltOALTLO'tLXO YOllTQO xm l] f,laXEOovLXYi 1JnOO'tYiQL~l] ~oYiSl]oav TlIV A't'tLXYi va YLVEL l] ~UO'll Tl]~ EAAlIVLO'tLX~~ xotV1j~ Yi T01J XOLVOU EAAlIVLXOU LOLW!.!a'tO~.

12. To ~lltl]lla tC8ftUL xaA.u a1to 'tOV Ivo Sanae, The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics (Ithaca XaL Aovotvo 1984) (a1t' 01tOU 1tQOEQX0V1:UL autu rn O'tOLXfCa): «H [.IOVallLxll xU1:uO'ta01] tWV btaA.EXtWV ornv KQoatCa, b1]A.ablj 1] XQlj01] tQUllV btaMxtwv .. , bEY tm0QEC va (JU1-I<ptA.tW8EC f.lE t1] QOllaV1:tXll 1tE1toC81]01] on 1] yA.WOoa 1itav 1] mo ~a8tu ExcpQa01] tau E8vtxoV 1tVEUIlU1:0~. I1Qocpavw~ Eva E8vo~ oev 8a tm0QoVOE va bu:mVEEtUL (l1tO tQta E8vtxu oQu[.lata, OmE Sa tm0QOUOf [.ILa btUA.fXtO~ va IlOLQaO'tfC Of OVO fSVLX6tl]tf~». (0.81).

13. Einar Haugen, The Scandinavian languages: An Introduction, (Aovotvo

1976).

MnOQOUf,lE YLa rnv wQa va a<pYio01Jf,lE xa'tu f,lEQO~ TO EAUOOOV, aAA.a EltLOl]~ EnELYOV nQo~AlIf,la, tou nw~ va EX01JYXQOV(OO'Uf,lE axof,la xm TOOO naAmu «ESVLXU» AOYLa LOLWf,laTa n01J 1JnuQX0'Uv, YLa va Ta nQooaQf,lOOO'll!.!E OE f,lLa oUYXQoVlI ~ooYi n01J OEV ELxav <paVTaO'tEL OUTE l] raMLx~ AXaOl]f,lLa OUTE 0 Dr Johnson. To nQo~AlIf,la ELvm nayxOOf,lLO, av xm ltEQLnAExETm OE f,lEQLXE~ nEQLJt'tWOEL~ - LOLaLTEQa avuf,lwa 0't01J~ OAAavOO'u~, T01J~ rEQf,lavou~, T01J~ TOEXO'll~, T01J~ IOAaVOO1)~, xm nOMou~ UAA01J~ - ano mrro zou Sa anoxaAOUOaf,lE <PLAOAOYLXO ESVLXLOf,lO, ollAaoYi Tl]V smuovr] O'tl] YAooomxYi xa8aQO't1]Ta rou ESVLXOU AE!;LAOY(01J, lt01J 1JltOXQEOOOE T01J~ YEQ!.!avou~ EltLcrtYif,lOVE~ va uerc<PQUOO1JV TO «o1;1JYovo» OE «Sauerstoff», xm oYi!.!EQa Ef.lJtVEEL uiov anEA.n:LOf,lEVl] yaAALxYi f,lUXl] Tl]~ onLoSo<p'UAax~~ EvaVTLOV TOOV <pSoQWv n01J EltL<PEQEL l] franglais. 'O!lOO~, avanO<pE1JX'ta, TO nQo~Allf,la E(vm 01;UTEQO OE YAWOOE~ lt01J OEV ELvm OL XUQLOL <POQEL~ rou ltOALTLOf,lOU, aAA.a EltLS'llf,lOUV va YLVOVV 'ta Xa'tUAAl]Aa !.!Eoa, n.x. YLa 't1]V aVWTEQl] EXnaLOE'llO'll xm TlI oUYXQOVlI TEXVO-OLXOVOf,lLX~ EnLXOLvoovLa. A~ f,ll]V 1JnOTLf,lU!lE 't1] oo~aQO't1]Ta TE'tOLWV nQo~AlIf,lUTWV. 'EWL OL OvaAOL LOX1JQ~OVTm, ltL8avw£ OLxmoAoyrlf,lEVa, mL l] 01JaALxYi ELvm II aQxmoTEQl] ~woa MYLa YAwooa, n01J XQOVOAOYELTm nLOOO O'tOV EX'tO mwva Yi EXEL YUQOO. Axouc TO 1847 naQa'tl]QYiSlIxE OTL

«8a lltUV aMvato va fx<pQaO'touv omv ouaA.LXll yA.wooa 1tOA.A.E~ O1JV1]8LO[.lEVf~ 1tQotU(JfL~ omv 1tOA.L"tLXll XaL mv fm<m'jWll-lf tEtOLO tQ01tO oiote va [.Ifta<pEQouv ltA.llQw~ tl]V EVVOLa aX0l-la XaL os Evav fUCPUll ouaM avayvw- 0't1] ° oxoto; bfv YVWQ~fL rnv ayyA.LXll yA.oo(J(Ja».14

'EWL ELvm oa<pE~ OTL, av ESmQEOO1Jf,lE T01J~ l]YETE~ xm T01J~ EYYQUf,lf,la't01J~, l] YAwooa MoxoAa Sa f,lnoQouoE va ELvm Eva XQLTYiQLO ESVO't1]'ta~, xm axof,la xm YL' amou~ rirov anaQaLTl]To nQffiTa va EltLM!;ovv f,lLa ESVLXYi XaSOf,lLAOUf,lEVl] YAwooa (OE iJLa 't1JnonoLllf,lEvl] A.6- YLa f,loQ<PYi) ano TL~ YAWOOE~ n01J OLE8ETav nEQLoooTEQO YOl]TQO, LEQE~ Yi xAaOLxE~, Yi xm ru 6130, OL onoLE~, YLa f,lLXQE~ EALT YiTav Sa1Jf,luma

14. AvacpoQE~ tWV EmtQoltwv 'EQfuva~ YLa rnv xordotcon t1]~ ltULbECa~ ornv OuaA.Ca (Parliamentary Papers XXVII rou 1847, IlEQO~ III, (J. 853 01]1-1.),

84

EBNH KAI EBNIKIl:MOl: AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI l:HMEPA

MIKOl: ITPQTO-EBNIKIl:MOl:

85

nQa'X'tL'XO: ~Eoa YLa ()WL'XYJ'tL'X~ ~ nVE'U~a'tL'X~ EJtL'XOLV(oVea, ()YJ~oOLa 0'U~~'tY)0Y), ~ a'Xo~a - av 0'XEcp801j~E 'tYJv 'XAaOL'X~ nEQOL'X~ YAwooa O'tYJV Amo'XQa'toQea Mughal, tnv 'XAaOL'X~ 'XLVE~L'X~ YAwooa O'tYJv Iumnvea 't(OV Heian - YLa AOYO'tEXVL'X~ mlV8EOY). A~ YJ EJtLAOY~, O~OAOyO'U~EV(oS, EYWE nav'tO'Ii aQYO: ~ YQ~yoQa, E'X'tOS (O(OS ano 'tY)v Kivc onou YJ lingua franca E'XEeV(oV nou Eexav 'XAaOL'X~ naLoECa EYLVE 'to uovabL'Xo ~EOOV EJtL'Xow(Ovfas llEtU~ ~nuM'X't(Ov, no'U blUcpoQE'tL'XO: *av a~OL~afa a'Xa'tuvoYJ'tES O'tYJV uxuv~ umoxQa'toQ(a, XaL YJ onoto, ~Q(O'XE'taL otnv bLabL'XaOea ro» vo. YLVEL 'X0:'tL oo» nQocpoQLX~ yAwooa.

fLa'tL nQo:y~u'tL, 8a EnQEnE YJ YAwooa va E(VaL EVU 'tE'tOLO XQL~QLO O'U~~E'tOX~S OE ~La o~o:ba, EX'tOS LO(oS uno E'XE( onou YJ bLucpoQonoLYJOY) 'tY)S yf...wooas O'UvEnEOE ~E xO:Jtowv O:MO Myo bLucpoQonoLYJoy)S xdnOLO'U ano ~Lav O:MYJ 'XOLvO'tY)'ta; 0 (bwS 0 yo:~oS, (os 8EO~OS, OEV nQoiino8E'tEL xowo'trl1:u yA.WOOUS, aA.A.LWs bEY 8a 'UmiQXE xav 8EO~onOLYJ~EVYJ El;(Oyu~(a. KavELS bEY ~Q(OXEL Myo YLa va bLacp(Ov~OEL ~E 'tOY EJtLcpav~ LmoQLxo 't(OV unoipsorv YLa 'tY)v nOAAUnf...O'tY)'ta 't(OV yA.roOOWV XaL't(OV WWV, 0 oxoto; 'UnomYJQ~EL O'tL «uovov YJ 01jJL~YJ YEVeXE'UOYJ xc- 8u;QwvEL'ta av8Qwnwu ovro nO'U ~Lf...O'liV 'tYJv LbLa YAwooa (os cpLA.o'US, XaL EXEeVU nou ~LA.O'liV SEVES (OS EX8Qo'liS»·15 'Onoo bEY 'UnO:QXo'UV O:AAES YAWOOES OE anoO'tuoy) uxo~S, 'to LbLa('tEQo LbL(o~U XMOLO'U ()EV an01:EAE( OE 'tE'tOLO ~a8~0 XQL~QLO, o~abLxOtYJ'tUS ucpo'li E(VaL 'XO:'tL rtou EX0'UV OAOL OL o:v8Q(OnOL, on(Os 'ta nobLa. 'Onoo O'UV'UnO:QXo'UV nOAA.ES YAWOOES, YJ nOA.'UyA(Ooo(a ~OQE( va E(VaL XO:'tL rooo qJ'UOWAOYLXO, wmE va xa'tam~oEL 'tY)v anOXA.ELmLX~ 'ta'li'tLOY) ~E onoLOb~no'tE LbL(O~a EV'tEAWS a'U8a(QE'tY). (Aero xa8Lmo: 'tLS anoYQacpES nou anaLtovv llLU naQo~OLa anoxAELO'tLX~ EnLAoY~, a~O:OL~ES nYJYES nAYJQocpoQYJOYJS YLa 'tY) yAwooa).16

~E 'tE'tOLES nEQLOXES OL yA.(O(J(1LXES ma'tLmL'XES ~oQo'liv va 'tawvretiovtca EV'tova coro 'tY) ~LU anoYQacp~ O'tYJv O:AAYJ, ECPOOOV YJ 'tamLoy) ~E EVU LbL(O~a bEY ESUQ'tO:'taL ano 'tYJ yvwOY) aAAa uno 'Xo:noLOv O:A.AO ~E'ta~aMo~Evo nUQo:yoV'ta, on(Os OE ~EQL'XES nEQLOXES 'tY)S ~A.O~EV(US XaL 'tY)S MOQa~eas orov ~Q(oxoV'tav 'Uno 'to'US A1jJ~o'liQYo'US' ~, OE O:MYJ nEQ(Jt't(Ooy), 0 A.aOs ~OQE( va ~LAa XaL 'tY) bL'X~ rou YAwooa 'XaL ~(a ~YJ uvayv(OQLO~EVYJ EJtL~~(oS lingua-franca, on(Os OE llEQYJ 'tY)S 'IO'tQLw;;P EJtLnAEOV, U'U'tES OL yA.WOOES bEY E(VaL EvuAAaooo~EvES. OL o:v8Q(OnoL orov Ma'UQ('XLO bEY EJtLMyo'UV u'U8a(QE'ta ~E'ta!;'Ii TO'U va ~LA.O'liv 'XQEOA ~ rnv onOLab~n01:E bLX'Ij 'to'US 'tonL'X~ YAwooa, EJtELb~ XQYJOL~onoLo'liv 'tY)v 'X0:8E ~(a YLa bLacpOQE'tL'Xo'liS oxono'lis, on(Os xo:vo'UV OL rEQ~aVOEA.~E'tO( OL onotoi YQO:cpo'UV 0'tY) ()LO:AEX'tO 'tYJS 1\v(O rEQ~av(as XaL O~LAO'liV Schwyzerdtitsch: ~ on(Os xO:VEL 0 OAO~EVOS na'tEQas oro O'UYXLVY)'tLXO ~'U8LmoQYJ~a TO'U Josef Roth Radetzkymarsch 0 onoto; bEY a-nE'U8'1ivErm orov aSL(O~a'tL'Xo YLO rou, nov Jt'IjQE nQoay(Oy~, O'"trl ~YJ'tQLX~ rou; YAwooa, on(Os ava~EvEL 0 VEaQoe;, aMO: 0'tY) «O'UVYJ8LO~EVYJ 'tQaXLO:

YEQ~UVLX~ YAwooa 't(OV ~AO:~(oV rou atQa't0'li»18 ceto oE~ao~o 0'tY) 8EOY) EVOS USL(O~a'tL'XO'li 't(OV A1jJ~o'liQY(OV. ~'tYJv nQay~a'tL'X6'tY)'ta, YJ uercqJ'UOLX~ rrnrnor] ~Lae; E8vo'tYJTac; ~E xo:nOLo E(OOe; nAa't(oVL'X~e; LMae; 'tY)C; YAwooas, nO'U vnO:QXEL nEQu XaL no:v(O ano OAEe; 'tLS naQaAAaYES XaL a'tEAE(S ~OQCPEe; 'tYJS, XUQax'tYJQ~EL noM nEQLoooTEQO 'tYJV LbEOAOYLX~ 'Xa'tao'XE'U~ T(oV E8vL'XLatWV bLuvoo'U~Ev(Ov, E'X't(OV onokov 0 Herder E(VaL 0 nQocp*YJe;, naQO: rou; nQaY~a'tL'Xo'lie; XQ~atEe; rou LliLw~a'toS. ECvaL ~La CPLAOA.OYL'X~ XaL 0XL ~LU ~E'taqJ'UOL'X~ mlMYJ1jJYJ.

Airro OIl(Oe; bEY oYJ~a(vEL 0'tL nQEnEL va aQvYJ80'li~E n(Os OL yA.WOOEe;, ~ axo~a OL yA.roOOLXEC; OL'X0YEVELES, anOTEAo'liv ~EQOS 'tY)S Aa'L'X~e; nQay~a'tLxO'tY)'tas. fLa 'to'Ue; nEQLOOO'tEQOVe; YEQ~UVOcp(Ovove;, OL nEQLOOOtEQOL !;EVOL nov ~Q(O'XoV'taL bmL'XO: 'XaL vonc ano amo'lie; - 'XvQ((Oe; amo( nou ~LAO'liV 'tLe; Aa'twoYEVE(S YAWOOEC;, aMO: 'XaL OL KEA'tES - E(VaL

15. Arno Borst, Der Turmbau von Babel: Geschichte der Meinungen fiber Urs;rung und Vielfalt, der Sprachen der Volker, 4 tOIlOL oe 6 (~totJtyaQ6T] 1957-63) tOil. IV, a. 1913.

16. Paul M. G. Levy, "La Statistique des langues en Belgique" (Revue de

l'lntistut de Sociologie, BQtJsEMf~ 18, 1938, oo. 507-70).

17. Emil Brix, Die Umgangsprachen in Altosterreicb zwischen Agitation und Assimilation. Die Sprachstatistik in den zisleithanischen Volksziihlungen 1880-1910 (BLEvvT] - KOAoovLu - rXQUtt; 1982), :1t.X. oo, 182,214,332.

18. Josef Roth, The Radetzkymarsch (Harmondsworth 1974), a. 5.

86

E0NH'KAI E0NIKI~MO~ AlIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

AA1KO~ IIPQTO-E0NIKI~MO~

87

Welsh, EVW at JtEQLOO6'tEQOL AaoL nou O!-uAouoav tr] tpLAav&LXtl xm aQy6tEga 1'1] oAapovLxrj YAwooa ltQO£ La aVaLoALXU xaL vOLLOavaLoALXU LO'U£ tlLav BEVOE£. * Km aVLL01'QocpOl£, yw 'to'U£ ltEQLOOO'tEQO'U£ ~AUpo'U£ OAOL OL 0IlLAOUVLE£ 't1] fEQllaVLXtl ELVaL nemci. EVLOU'tOL£, ltUVLOLE rj-cav ltgocpavE£ OE oAo'U£ on 1] YAwooa XaL 0 Aao£ (IlE OJtOLOOtlJtO'tE 'tQOltO xm av JtQOOOLOQL~o'tav) Of V O'UvEJtLJt'tav. ~'tO ~O'U&UV OL Eyxa'tE01'1]IlEVOL Fur O'U!t~LWVO'UV IlE rou; VOIlUOE£ Baggara, aMa IlLa yEL'toVLXrj xa'taoxrjvOlO1] VOIlUOOlV Fur, lto'U OftlAOUV Fur, aVLLf.tE'tOllt~OVLaL oov va rj'tav Baggara, Ecp600v 1] ~Olnxl'j OLUXQLOl] avullwa O1'O'U£ OUo Aaou£ OEV ELVaL YAOloOLxrj aAAa AEL'to'UQYLxrj. To O'tL a'U'tOL OL VOIlUOE£ f.tLAouv Fur «altAw£ xa8L01'u 'tL£ 'tQEX0'UOE£ O'UvaAAaYE£ 't1]£ ayoQu£ yuAax'to£, rou xa8oQLollou nov ltEQLOXWV YLa xa'taoxrjvOlOl], 't1]v altox't1]Ol] XOltQLU£, ztou 8a EiXE xavEL£ IlE uAAo'U£ Baggara, va ESEALOOOVLaL JtLD 0f.taAu».19

ME mo «8EOlQ1]'tLXOU£» oQo'U£, OL ltEQLCPrIIlE£ E~oolll'jVLa Mo YAWOOE£ O1'L£ OJtOLE£ XOlQLOtrjXE 1] av8QwJtLv1] CP'UAl'j IlE'tU 'tOY rtUQYo 't1]£ Ba~EA ('to'UAuXLO'tOv coro IlWaLOlVLXOU£ oxoALa01'E£ rou BLPALO'U 't1]£ fEVEOEOl£), XU8E IlLa xUA'UJ'tLE nOMu nationes (E8v1]) rj cp'UAE£, XaLu'tov AvoEAIlO rou Laon, lla81]'trj rou IlEYUAo'U AvoEAIlO'U tr]£ KaVLa~Q'UyLa£.** 0 William ro» Alton, Eva£ AyyAo£ AOIlLvLxavo£, xuvOVLa£ nfQaL'tEQOl 'Un08EOEL£ YL' amu'ta 8EIlaLa O1'a IlLOU'tOU OEXU'tO'U 'tQi'to'U ntorvc, SEXWQLOE 'to'U£ av8Qwlto'U£ OE YAOloOLxE£ OIlUOE£ (oUllCPOlva IlE 'to 0IlLAOUIlEVO LOLOllla), OE YEV1] (generationes - oUllCPOlva IlE 't1]V XaLayOlYtl-) OE Xa'tOLXO'U£ OQLOIlEVOlV Eoacpwv XaL Of gentes nou OQ~OVLav ano OLacpOQE£ O1'a E8LIla XaL ornv oIlLALa. AmE£ OL 'taSLvolll'jOEL£ OEV O'UVEJtLJ'tLaV aJtaQaL't1]'ta, XaL OEV ltQEltEL va O'UYXEOVLaL IlE Evapopulus tl Aao, no'll OQL~OLaV cero 't1] 8EA1]0l] va uJtaxououv OE Eva xOLv6 V61lo,

XaL nou xa'tu O'UvEltELa rj'tav IlLa LO'toQLxo-nOAmXtl ltaQu IlLa «cp'UOLxrj» xOLV6LI1La. 20 ~' amrj tr]V avuAuOl] 0 William rou Alton EOELSE IlLU aSL08aUlla01'1] OWQanxo't1]'ta XaL Evav QEaALOIlO, xaQaxtr]QLO'tLXU nou rj'tav O'Uvrj81] O1'L£ 8EOlQ1]'tLXE£ ltQOOEYYLOEL£ IlEXQL XaL tn 'tEA1] rou OEXULOU EVU'tOU aLWva.

AL6n 11 YAwooa rj'tav anAw£ Eva£, XaL 0XL altaQaitr]'ta 0 JtQOlLaQXLx6£, LQono£ OLUXQLOl1£ avullwa OE ltOAm01'LXE£ XOLV6-c1]'tE£. 0 HQo- 00'tO£ unomrjQL~E on OL 'EAA1]VE£ OX1]f.tun~av Eva Aao, nagu 'to YEOlYQacpLxo XaL JtoAL'tLXO rou; xa'taxEQIla'tLOllo, EltELOrj fLxav XOLVrj xU'taYOlyrj, XOLVl'j YAwooa, XOLVOU£ 8wu£ XaL LEQOU£ LOlto'U£, WQLE£ IlE 8'UoiE£ XaL E8Lf.ta, rj81] rj 'tQonou£ ~Olrj£.21 BE~aiOl£ 1] YAwooa 8a E(XE xEcpaAaLW01] OfIf.taOLa YLa 'tOU£ 1l0QCPOlIlEVO'U£ onOl£ 0 HQoOo'to£. ea rj'tav 01l0l£ Eva ESLOOU 01]f.taVLLXO XQL'trjQLO fAA1]VLX6L1]La£ YLa 'to'U£ altAou£ BOLOl'tOU£ rj 'to'U£ ewoaAou£; AEv yVOlQ~O'Uf.tE. Amo Jtou YVOlQ~OUf.tE ELVaL O'tL 01'1] oUYXQov1] EltOXl'j, OL E8vLXL01'LXOL aywvE£ IlEQLXE£ CPOQE£ nfQLnAEXOVLaL alto 't1]v uQV1]Ol] 't1l1]IlU'tOlV rcov YAOloOLxwv 0IlUOOlV va anoOfx8ouv L1]v nOAL'tLxrj EVOtr]La IlE rou; O'UVOf.tLA1]'tE£ LO'U£. TE'tOLE£ nEQLJt'twOEL£ (OL unoxaAovf.tEVOL Wasserpolacken 01'1] ~LAEoia xa'tu tr] OLuQXELa 't1]£ YEQllavLxl'j£ tr]£ nEQLoOoU, OL altoxaAouf.tfVOL Windische 01'1] IlE80QLaxrj ~wv1] avullwa tr]£ nEQLoxl'j£ zrou EYLVE AU01'Qiu XaL LO'U oAo~fvLxou wrjf.ta'to£ tr]£ fLouyxooAu~iu£) oOrjY1]oav rou; Iloscovorx XaL rou; ~Ao~Evou£ va OLa'tUltWoo'Uv xUtr]YOQiE£ svovnov rcov OOl~LVL01'WV 't1]£ MeyuA1]£ fEQlluvLa£ 6-cL emvonocv 'tE'tOLO'U£ AUou£ YLa va OLXaLOAoyrjoo'UV 'tOY fOUCPLX6 EltEX'tU'tLOIl6 'to'U£, XaL XOlQL£ af.tcpL~oAia amE£ OL 1l01lCPE£ Eixav XUltOLa uArj8ELa. IIaQoAa amu Of V IlltOQoUIlE va aQv1]8oUIlE 't1]V unuQS1] 0IlUOOlV nou IlLAouoav ltOAOlVLxu XaL OAO~EVLxu XaL OL OltOiOL, YLa OltOLOOrjltO'tE A6yo, nQoLL-

19. Frederick Barth (smu.) Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, (BoO'twV1] 1969), a.30.

* ovouc nou EOtVaV ot rfQJ.laVOC O'tOU<; Aaou<; nou ~QCaxOVTat ounx6. altO

amou<;. CLt.M.)

** AVafA!.tO<; 'tOU KaVTEQJ.lltOUQ: tOQtrrtl<; 'tOU axoAaO'tUGtaJ.l0u'tOv tVOEXU'tO aLW-

va. (k.t.M.) '.

.20. Borst, Der Turmbau von Babel, aa.752-3.

21. Herodotus, Histories VIII, 144. 0 Borst, 0 OltoCo<; au~1]t6.fL to ~Tj'tljJ.la, toV~ft on, tvw Ot aQxaCot 'EM1]Vf<; J.lf ~f~mo't1]'ta VOJ.ll~aV ott 1] «YAwaaa» Tjtav rmmousvq ue rou; «av6Qwltou<;» xat on xrn Ot ovo J.lltoQouaav va J.lE'tQ1]6ouv. o EUQtltC01]<; VOJ.lt~f Ott 1] YAwaaa Tj'tuv UVf!;6.Q'tlj'tlj, xat 0 ZTjvwv 0 k'tUJLXO<; Tj'tav oCyAooaao<; om CPOlVlXtXTj Xat fM1]VtXTj (o.n, 137, 160).

88

E<3NH KAI EeNIKI~MO~ AIlO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

AAi'KO~ rrPQTO-EeNIKI~MO~

89

!lOUoav vo SEOlQOUV tOU£ EautoU£ tou; ltOALtLXU rEQ!lavou£ tl AUO'tQLaxou£.

Qc:; EX tOUtOU T] YAwooa, Otlj XEQvtEQLaVtl EVVOLa tljC:; YAWooa£ rtou O!lLAELtm alto tOY Yolk (Aao), bEV altOtEAouOE ~ExuSaQa xEvtQLXO OtOLXELO 0't0 OXT]!latto!lo roo ltQUltO-ESVLXLO!lOU av xm bEV tltav altaQmt'rltOl£ uOXEtlj !lE mrtov. 'O!lOl£, E!l!lWa EltQ6xELto vn YlVEL XEvtQLx6 OtOLXELO OtO o'IJYXQovo oQLO!lO tl]£ ESvotT]ta£, xm Ol£ EX roiitou xm O'tOV tporro rtou tT]V avtLAa!lj3avOtav 0 Aaoc:;. ~LOtL, EXEL OltOU UltUQXEL !lLa YAwooa tlj£ q:nAOAOYLXtl£ tl bWLXljtLXtl£ eMr, oooorptore !lLXQO£ XL av ELvm 0 aQLS!lO£ mrtorv rtou tT] XQT]OL!lOltOLOUV, !lltOQEL va YLVEL OT]!lavtLXO OtOLXElO ltQUltO-ESVLXtl£ OUVOXtl£ YLa tQEL£ Myou£ tOU£ OltOLou£ OlQaLa EXSEtEL 0 B. Anderson.22

IIQWtov, bT]!lLOUQYEL JlLa XOLVOtT]ta alto aut'rl tT] bta-EltLXOLVOl VOUon EALt nou, uv OU!lltLlttEL tl ObT]YT]SEl vo. OU!lltEOEL ue !lLa OUYXEXQL!lEVT] Ebaqnxtl xQattXtlltEQtOXtl xm ~WVT] tT]£ xaSO!ltAOU!lEVT]£, JlltOQEl va YlVEL Eva ElllO£ !lOvtEAOU tl XaSollT]YT]tLxOu OXEliLou YLa tTl !lEXQL rore !llj-UltuQxouoa EUQVtEQl] evooemxorvorvonou XOLVOtT]ta «tOO ESVOU£». MEXQL auto to OT]!lELO rc O!lLAOV!lEVa LbLW!lata OXEt~Ovtm !lE tT] !lEMOvtLXtl ESvOtljta. NEXQE£ «XAaoLXE£» tl tEAEtOUQYLXE£ YAWOOE£, 000 YOljtQO XL av btaSEtOUV, bEV ELvm xatUAAl]AE£ va YLVOUV E- 8VLXE£ YAWOOE£, OltOl£ lILaltLOtw8l]XE otnv EJ...Auba, OltOU UlttlQXE OUOLaOtLXtl y"AwOOLXtl ouvEXELa !lEta~V tT]£ aQxaLa£ xm tT]£ VEa£ O!lLAOV!lEVl]£ EAAl]VLXtl£ yAWooa£. 0 Vuk Karadzic (1787-1864), 0 !lEYUAO£ !lEtaQQu8!lLOttl£, xm oUOLaOtLXU LbQuttl£ tl]£ o13YXQovl]£ MYLa£ OEQj3oxQoatLxtlc:; YAwooa£, ELXE aVa!lqJLj3oAOl£ blXW orrrv avtLOtu8T]XE OtL£ ltQWL!lE£ ltQOOltU8ELE£ nou Exavav YLa tT] lIl]!lLouQYLa !lLa£ tEtOLa£ MYLa£ YAwooa£ altO tT]v EXXAl]OLaO'tLxtl oAaj3ovLxtl EXELVOL rtou ltQOEI;OqJAovoav tl] !lEAAOvtLXtl bT]!lLouQYla tT]£ o'IJYXQovT]£ Ef3Qa"LXtl£ YAwooa£ alto !lLa ltQooaQ!lOO!lEVT] !loQ<ptl tT]£ aQxaLa£ Ej3Qa"Lxtl£, xm tT] j3uOLOE

OtL£ bLaMxtou£ nou O!lLAoUvtaV alto to OEQj3LXO Aao.23 Tooo to EQESLouc nou ObtlYT]OE OtT] bl]!lWuQYLa tl]£ o13YXQovl]£ O!lLAOV!lEVl]£ Ej3- Qa'Lxtlc:; 000 xm OL ltEQLOtUOEL£ nou obtlYl]oav omv EltLtuXtl xaSLEQOlotl tT]£ ELvm ltOAV aouvtlSLOtE£ YLa va OtOLXELOSEttl00UV Eva YEVLX£U!lEVO ltaQubEL Y!la.

IIUvtOl£, lIElIo!lEVOU OtL T] lItuAEXtO£ nou lILa!loQqJwvEL tT] j3UOT] !lLa£ ESVLX* YAwooa£ XQl]OL!lOltOLELtm omv ltQu~T], bEV EXEL OT]!laOLa cv EXELVOL rtou tl]v !lLAOUV ELvm ueiovomec, EqJ600v ELvm IlLa IlEWvomro !lE EltaQxE£ ltOAttLXO j3uQo£. M' auttl tT]v EvvOLa l] yaAALxtl YAWooa tltav OUOLwblj£ YLa tT]v L6E"a tl]£ raAALa£, ltaQ' 6AO rtou to 1789 to 50% trov rUAAOlV t'lEv tT]v !lLAOVOav xaS6Aou, !lOVO 12-13% rnv !lLAovoav «OOlOtU» - xm ltQuY!latL EI;Ol alto !lLa XEvtQLXtl ltEQWXtl bEV OIlLAELtO OUVtlSOlC:; xaS' ESLV oVtE xcv omv ltEQWXtl tT]£ langue d'oui, ltaQu 1l0VOV OtL£ ltOAEL£ xm 0XL rtdvtote ore ltQouOtELU tOU£. ~tl] 130- QELa xm vono raAALa OtT]V OUOLa xavEL£ bEV !lLAOVOE tl] yaMLxtl yAwooa.24 Edv T] yaAALXtl YAwooa lILE8EtE tOUAaXLOtOV Eva xQutO£ tOU OltOLOU Sa JlltOQOVOE va ELvm T] «ESVLXtl YAwooa», YLa tT]v ltaALxtl EVOltOLl]OT] l] !lovallLxtl I3uOT] 'rltav T] naALXtl YAwooa, lj ozoto EVOlVE tT] !lOQqJOl!lEVl] EACt tl]£ XEQOOVtl0ou, avayvwOtEC:; xm ouYYQmpEL£, ltaQoAO nou UltOAOyCOST]XE OtL tl] O'tLYlltl tT]£ EVOltOLl]OT]£ (1860) !lOVO to

23. rta IlLa 1taQoJ-toLa 0'U~lj-n]0lj cs OXEOlj J-tE TI] aAo~axLxtj yf..waaa ~f... Hugh Seton - Watson, Nations and States: An Enquiry into the Origins of Nations and the Politics of Nationalism, (Aovo(vo 1977), oo. 170-1.

24. H ~aOLxtj 1tllytj yw a1J'tri ro ~ll'ttjJ-ta'ta E(vm 0 Ferdinand Brunot (E1tLJ-t.) Histoire de la langue francoise (13 rou., IIaQ(aL 1927-43), ELO. 'to!!. IX xm M. de Certeau, D. Julia, J. Revel Une politique de la langue: La Revolution Francoise et, les patois: l'enquete de l'Abbe Gregoire (IIaQ(aL 1975). I'ur 'to 1tQ6~All!!a TI]~ E1tEx'taOlj~ J-tLa~ J-tELOVO'tLXtj~ E1t(OljJ-tll~ yf..waaa~ os J-tLa J-ta~Lxtj E8vLXtj yf..waaa xa'tri TI] OLriQXEW xm J-tE'tri oxo 'tll raMLxtj Encvdoruon ~f... 'tl]v ESmQE'tLxtj EQyaa(a 'tl]~ Renee Balibar, L'Institution du francais: essai sur le co-linguisme des Caroligiens a la Republique, (IIaQ(OL 1985)' ~A. E1t(Olj~ R. Balibar xcn D. Laporte La francais national: politique et pratique de la lagnue nationale sous la Revolution (IIaQ(aL 1974).

22. Benedict Andernson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (Aovotvo 1983), oo. 46-9' YEvLx6'tEQa YLa 'tl] YAwaaa, xEIp.5.

90

E8NH KAI E8NIKIl:MOl: AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI l:HMEPA

MIKOl: I1PQTO-E8NIKIl:MOl:

---------------------------

91

2,5% rou :n:Al]8vor-tou XQl]OLr-t0:n:OLOUOE av't~ 'tT] YAwooa YLa xa8l]r-tEQLvoue; oxo:n:oue;.25 ~u5n am~ l] r-tLxQooxomx~ 0r-tu()a ~'tav, us rnv :n:Qayr-tU'tLX~ OlJr-taoLa evac XUL we; EX'tOU'tOV ()lJVl]'tLXU 0 L'taALXOe; AaOe;' xuVEVae; UAAOe; ()EV *av. AXQL~We; XU'tU 'tOY L()LO 'tQO:n:O XaL l] fEQr-taVLa 'tOV ()EXU'tOlJ oyMov ULWVa ~'taV r-tLa xa8aQu :n:OAL'tLO'tLX~ oUAAl]1jJl], E:n:£L()~, Em:n:AEOV rirov l] uovn ornv O:n:OLa l] «I'eouovto» E(XE r-tLa V:n:Oorcon, OE aV'tL8£Ol] :n:QOe; 'to :n:A~80e; 'tWV :n:QLYXl]:n:U'tWV XUL XQU'tWV, r-tL- XQWV rj r-tEyUAWV, :n:OV ()LOLXOUV'taV XaL ()LULQOUV'taV cero 'tT] 8QYJox£Ca XUL 'tOVe; :n:OAL'tLXOUe; OQ~OV'tEe;, XUL 'ta onoto XQl]OLl-Lo:n:OLouoav YLa 'tT] OLO(Xl]~ rou; 'tl] YEQl-laVLX~ yAwooa. Tl]V cerorexooocv 'to :n:oM 3- 500.000 avayvWO'tEe;26 EQYWV YQar-tr-tEvwv O'tYJV xa80r-tLAoVr-tEVl] YAWOoa, XaL OXEMv ~E~ULa 0 :n:oM r-tLXQO'tEQOe; aQL8r-toe; nou OVOLaO'tLXU r-tL- AOUOE 'tl] «Hochsprache» rj :n:OAL'tLO'tLX~ YAwooa YLa xa8l]r-tEQLVOUe; oxo:n:oue;,27 OlJYXExQLr-tEva OL l]80:n:OLO( nou E:n:aL~aV ore (vsu) EQya'ta onoic EYLVav XAaOLXU 'tl]e;xa80IlLAoVr-tEVYJe; yAwooae;. ~LO'tL OE()0r-tEvov O'tL OEV V:n:~QXE Eva XQU'tLXO :n:Q6'tlJ:n:o amou nou rj'tav oQ8~ YAwooa (1] «AYYALXtl'tOV BaOLAEWe;») orn fEQr-tavLa, 'to :n:Qow:n:o 'tl]e; oQ8~e; YAWOoae; xa8LEQw8YJXE ore 8EU'tQa.

o oEmEQOe; A6yoe; ELVUL O'tL r-tLa XOLVtl YAwooa, aXQl~We; E:n:£lO~ OEV d;EALOO£'taL <p1JOLXU aAAu xa'taoxEvu~E'taL, XaL L()laL'tEQWe; orov avaYXU~E'taL va :n:EQUO£L O'tOV .u:n:o, cetoxtd r-tLa vEa O'ta8EQo'tl]'ta rton 'tT]v XUV£L va cpaLv£'taL :n:LO ()LaQX~e; XaL we; EX rooro» (r-tEOW r-tLae; 1jJ£lJ()ai- 081]0lJe;) :n:LO «ULWVLCL» cero O,'tL E(VaL :n:QaYr-tU'tLxu. Fi' amo ~'tav onuoV'tLX~ 0XL uovo l] ECPEUQ£Ol] 'tT]e; w:n:oYQacp(ae;, £l()lXU onou r-tLa :n:aQaAAay~ O'tl]v xa80r-tLAoVIlEVl] EVOe; LEQOU ~L~A(OV :n:aQELXE 'tl] ~UOlJ 'tT]e; MyLae; YAwooae;, o:n:we; EX£L OlJ~~EL OlJXVU, aAAa XUL l] u:n:aQ1;l] rrov r-tEYUAWV ()LOQ8w'twv XUL OLar-t0QCPW'twv rtou E!lcpav~oV'taL O'tl] AOYO'tEXVLX~ LO'toQLa Xc:i8E :n:OAL'tlOr-tLX~e; YAwooae;, a:n:oxAWrtLXU r-tE'tu rnv Er-tCPUVLOlJ rou w:n:wr-tEVOU ~L~ALov.OvoLaO'tLxu am~ l] El'tOX~ 'to:n:08E'tEL'tCLL usrc- 1;u rot: 'tEAOVe; rou OEXU'tOV ovoooo ULWva XCLL trov aQXwv 'tOU £LXOO'tOU YLa OAEe; OXEMv ne; £lJQw:n:a"LXEe; YAWOOEe;, EX'tOe; a:n:o ACYEe;

TQL'tOV, l] E:n:LOTlftl] tl :n:OAL'tLO'tLX~ YAwooa 'tWV XV~EQVWV'tWV XCLL 'tT]e; EAL't EYLVE OlJvrj8we; l] xQU'touoa YAwooa 'tWV o'tlYXQOVWV XQU'tWV IlEOW 'tT]e; ()l]r-tOOLae; EXl'taCOEVOlJe; XUL UMWV OLOLXl]'tLXWV r-tl]xaVL0r-tWV.

'OIlWe;, OAEe; aV'tEe; E(VaL IlE'taYEVEO'tEQEe; E1;EAC1;£Le;. Merd ~(ae; E:n:l]QEU~OlJV 'tYJ YAwooa 'tWV XOLVWV av8Qw:n:wv ornv :n:Qo-E8vLXLO'tLX~ XaL oCyovQa omv :n:Qo-YQacptle; E:n:OX~. XWQLe; allcpL~OACa l] YAwooa 'tWV MavoaQLvwv OlJVEOU: r-tLav a:n:EQaV'tl] XLVE~LXll av'toxQU'toQCa 'tl]e; Ol'toCae; OL l'tEQLOOO'tEQOL AaoC OEV Il:n:OQouoav va XU'taAU~OlJV 0 Evae; 'tT] YAwooa'tOv UAAoV, aAAa ()EV OlJVE~aLVE amo 'tOOO Ull£Oa E1;CLL'tCae; 'tT]e; YAwooae;, aAAU Myw I-LLae; OlJYXEV'tQW'tLX~e; ()WLXl]OlJe; 'tl]e; amoxQU'toQCae; :n:OV A£L'tOVQYOUOE ~UOEL EVOe; XOLVOU OlJO'tllr-tU'tOe; L()£OYQar-tr-tu'tWV XCLL we; IlEOO EmXOLVWVLae; 'tl]e; EAL't. Tic tou; :n:EQLOOO'tEQOVe; KLVE~OVe; ()EV 8a ELXE OlJIlCLOLa av OL llavoaQCvOL emxorvrovououv om AU'tLVLXtl YAwooa, o:n:we; ()EV ECXE OlJr-taoCa YLa 'tOVe; :n:EQLOOO'tEQOVe; XCL'tOLXOVe; 'tl]e; Iv()Cae; 'to YEYOVoe; O'tL l] E'tULQELa 'tT]e; AVCL'tOALxrje; Iv()iae; O'tl] OExaE'tLa'tov 1830 aV'tLXCL'tEO'tl]OE 'tT]V :n:EQOLX~ YAWooa, l] o:n:oCa V:n:~Q1;E 'to ()LOLXl]'tLXO L()LWlla 'tT]e; amoxQU'toQLae; rorv Mughal, ue 'tl]v AyyALX~.

25. Tullio de Mauro, Storia linguistica dell'Italia unita, (M:Y[(lQl 1963), cr. 41.

26. MEXQl ne; «aQXEe; T01) IifX6.tOV fV6.tOV cuovo», o,w ta EQya t01) Goethe Xat t01) Schiller, cero XOlVOU Xat XOlQlO't6., cpa(vftat on f(xav n01)Allan AlyOtfQO altO 100.000 ovnruno, Iil]Aalill os Iil6.O'tl]!-Ia 30-40 ftwV. H U. Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte 1700-1815 (M6vaxo 1987), cr. 305.

27. Extoe; coro rnv EA~ft(a, f(Vat (aOle; 1)nfQ~oAll va 1)noO'tl]Q~o1!V on "anche oggi il tedesco (Hochdeutsch], ancor pili che I'italiano, e una vera e propria lingua artificiale di cultura, sovradialettale, "sotto" 0 insieme con la quale la maggior parte degli utenti si servono anche di una Umgangsprache locale" (Lorinczi Angioni, "Appunti", a. 139 (Jl]!-I.), aAM (1)to rjtav ~f~a(Ole; aAl]8Ee; or«; aQXEe; tou. IifX6.tOU EV6.t01) morvu. "Erot, 0 Manzoni, rou orrotou I Promessi sposi 1il]!-IlOUQYl]os tl]v ltuAlXtj Ole; !-Ita E8vlXtj YAwoaa tl]e; nE~oYQacp(ae;, IiEV tl]v !-IlAoUaf omv xa- 8l]!-IfQlvtj TOU ~w1j, xcn emxowcovouos !-If tl] yaAA(lia oU~uyo tOU orn YAwoaa tl]e; (rnv oxoto m8avwe; va !-IlAoUaf XaMtfQa coro mv ltaAlxtj) Xat!-lf 6.AAoue; orn !-Il]tQlXtj t01) !-IlAaVE~lXl]. IlQ6.Y!-latl, l] nQWtTj EXOO(Jl] TOU !-Ify6.Aou !-IU8lO'toQtj!-latoe; t01) EliflXVf UXOl!U !-IfQlX6. LXVl] tl]e; !-IlAaVE~lXl]e; IilaMxtov, Eva fA6.ttOl!-la n01) (1)-

t6e; (JUO'tl]!-IatlXa fJtlXfLQl]af va ano~aAH O'tl] IifUt£Ql] Exlio(Jl]. E(!-Im unoXQfOl!-IEVOC; orov KuB'l))'l]tlj Conor Fahy "{l' a'lJ't'l'i tl]v JtAl]QocpoQLa.

EeNH KAI EeNIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

--------------------

92

AAIKO~ IIPQTO-EeNIKI~MO~

93

---~------ -------------------------------------

Km OL Mo tl'tav E;LOOU ;EVE£ OE amov£, ECPOOOV au'tOL O'IYtE n£ EYQaqxzv O'IYtE 'tL£ <'lLci~a~av. IIQo£ A'\JJtl] 'tWV IlE'taYEVEatEQWV EflVLXLatWV LatOQLXWV, OL cpAallav<'loL xa'tOLxOL autov :n:ou EYLVE aQymEQa'to BEAYW <'lEV XLVl'J'tO:n:OLtl8y)xav EVaV'tLOV 'tWV rciAAWV :n:aQci rnv EllcpaVtl «yaAAO:n:OLl'JGl'J» 'tOU <'lllllomou xm <'lLOLXY)'tLXOV ~LOU oro E:n:avamanxci xm Va:n:OAEoV'tELa XQovta, OVtE 'to Ba'tEQAw O<'lljy1']OE OE o:n:OW<'ltl:n:O'tE «ExCPQaoIlEVO xLvY)lla GtY) <l>Aav<'lQa U:n:EQ 't1']£ cpAallav<'lLxlj£ YAwooa£ tl rou cpAallav<'lLxov 1tOAL'tWIl01J».28 Km yLa'tL 8a E:n:QE:n:E; Llton yta EXECVOU£ :n:OU <'lEV xmaAci~mvav xa8oAOu yaAALxa E:n:QE:n:E vc YLVOUV :n:QaX'tLXE£ bWLXY)'tLXE£ :n:aQaxwQljOEt£ aXOlla xm a:n:o Eva xa8Emw£ YAwamxwv ~l'JAW'tWV. IIoAv ALymEQY) Ex:n:AY);Y) :n:QOlmAEL 'to YEYOVO£ on 11 EtoQolj cpQayxocpwvwv ;EVWV OE aYQO'tLxE£ XOLVO'tl'J'tE£ 'tl'J£ <l>Aciv<'lQa£ :n:QoxaAovoE IlEYaAVtEQ11 EX8Qo'tl'J'ta E;m'tLa£ 't11£ ciQv11atl£ 'tOU£ va :n:aQaxoAou80vv 'tl'J AEt'touQYLa tt£ KUQLaxE£ :n:aQci ym YAwomxov£ 1..6- you£.29 Ev OALYOL£, acpljvoV'ta£ xa'ta IlEQO£ 'tL£ Et<'lLXE£ :n:EQLmWOEt£, <'lEV U:n:ciQXEt xavEva£ Myo£ vn U:n:08EOOUIlE O'tL 11 YAwooa lj'taV Xci'tL :n:EQLOOO'tEQO a:n:o Eva IlE'ta;U :n:OAAWV XQL'tY)QLWV, ta oaoto cpavEQwvav mL OL civ8Qw:n:m uvrixouv OE IlLa av8Qw:JtLVl'] auAAOYLXO'tl'J'ta. Km ELvm a:n:oAVtw£ ~f'~mo o'tt Y) YAwooa <'lEv ELXE aXOlla :n:oAmxE£ <'luvmO'tY)'tE£. 'O:n:w£ :n:aQa'ttlQy)OE Eva£ yaAAo£ OXOALa<ml£ 'tOU :n:UQYOU 'ty)£ Ba~EA 'to 1536:

E8v6'tl'Jta£ OXE<'lov :n:ciV'tO'tE auv6iE'tm xa'tci xa:n:OLov a:n:Qoo<'lLOQLatO 'tQo:n:o IlE xowr] xa'taYwylj xm :n:QOEAEUGl'J, a:n:o 'tt£ O:n:OLE£ U:n:o'tCSE'tm on :n:QOEQXOV'tm 'ta xorvd xaQax'tY)QtatLXci 'tWV IlEAWV Ilta£ ESvtXtl£ 0lla<'la£. H «auYYEvELa» xca ro «aLlla» EXOUV Ellcpavtl :n:AEOVEx'tljllma xa8w£ auv6iouv 'ta IlEAY) 'tl'J£ ollci<'la£ xm a:n:oxAELOUV 'tou£ ;f'vou£, xm W£ EX rourou, ELvm ~amxci mOtXELa rou E8vO'ttxou E8vtxtOllou. «H XOuA'touQa (Kultur) <'lEV 1llt0QEL vc. a:n:oXtY)8EL IlE 'ty)v Ex:n:aL<'lEuoy). H XouA'tOuQa ~QLOXE'tm oro aLlla. H xaAu'tEQY) a:n:o<'lEL;y) mrtoti rou LOXUQLOIlOV ELvm atlllEQa OL E~QaLm, OL O:n:OLOL <'lEV Il:n:OQOVV vu xcivouv tL:n:o'ta :n:EQLOOO'tEQO a:n:o 'to va otxeronotoiivtm 'tOY :n:oAmollO Ila£ (Zivilisation) aAM :n:O'tE 'tl'Jv XouA'tOvQa Ila£». ME mrtd ru Myta 0 E8vLxooomaAt<ml£ to:n:ot1']QY)'ttl£ 'tOU 'IvOIl:n:QOUX 'to 1938, 0 Hans Hanak - n ELQwVLa, to ovouri 'tOU DELXVEL aAa~ovLxtl xa'taywytl - auvEXaQEL n£ va~L yuvaLxE£ rou 'IvO!l:!tQOUX E:n:EL<'lTj Y) E~Qa'LxTj :n:Qoa:n:a8Eta vn xmaatQacpEL Y) «U'ljJY)At) xm EUV:n:OAY)1t'tl'J 8f'Gl'J 'tou£» IlE 'tl'Jv :n:QO~OAtl 'tl'J£ LOO'tl'J'ta£ aVDQWV xm yuvmxwv, :n:QoawQLvci IlOVO :n:E'tUXE.31 AAAci Y) YEVE'tLXtl :n:QOOf'YYLGl'J 'ty)£ E8vOtY)'ta£ ELvm a:n:OAVtw£ a~amlly), ECPOOOV Y) ~W'tLXTj ~ciGl'J I-lLa£ E8vLXtl£ Ollciba£ w£ IlLa 1l0QlPtl XOLVWVLXlj£ oQYcivwGl'J£ ELvm f-tcinov :n:oAmattxlj naQci ~WAOYLXlj.32

E:n:L:n:AEOV, ot :n:Ay)8uOIlOL f-tEyaAwv EbacpLxci E8vLXWV xQa'tWV ELvm OXEMv oAm LbLaL'tEQa E'tEQOYEVEL£, oiots va a;LWVOUV f-tLa XOLVtl ESvOrrrtc, aXOf-ta XL o» acpTjoOUI-lE xmci I-lEQO£ 'tY) aUYXQOVy) I-lE'tavciatEUGl'J, xm ce X<i8E :n:EQLmwGl'J, Y) by)f-tOYQacpLXtl LatOQLa f-tEYaAWV tlly)llci'twv 'tl'J£ EUQwn1']£ U:n:tlQ;E tE'tOLa WatE YVWQI1;,OVf1,f nooo ltOAUELDt)£ I-lltOQEL vn ELvm Y) ltQof'AEUGl'J tWV E8vLXWv Of-tciDWV, ELDLXci otov :n:EQLOXE£ EXOUV UltOatEL IlELWGl'J rou ltAY)8UOl-lou xm maVE:n:OLXLO'tl'JXav O'tl'JV rtoQELa tOU XQOVOU, OltW£ auVE~Y) OE 'tEQcimLE£ EX'taOEL£ 'ty)£ KEV'tQLXTj£, AvmoALxTj£ xm NO'tLOaVa'tOALXtl£ EUQw:n:l'J£, Tj aXOf-ta xm OE :n:EQWXE£

«Ymigxo1!V Twga ltEgloo6TEgE~ alto Ef3boll~VTa &30 YAWOOE~, EnELb~ 1'00- ga lJltugXOlJV ltEgloooTEga bLmpogETLXu €evll UTIl Yll (l1t' oco lJlt~gxav EXE(VE~ TL~ IlIl€gEp>.30

OL YAWOOE£ :n:OAAa:n:Aamci~oV'tm IlE 'ta xQci'tl'J - 0XL 'ta xQci'tY) IlE n£ yAWOOE£. TL ELvm Y) E8vOtTj'ta; 1:'tY) auvTj8WIlEVTj XQtlGl'J l'J EVVOla 'tY)£

28. Shepard B. Clough, A History of the Flemish Movement in Belgium: A Study in Nationalism, (Nsu Yogxll 1930, aVaT. 1968), o. 25. nu 'tOv~ A6yov~ nov xuSvUTEglloE 11 avd1tTv~1l TllS YAWOOLX~~ avvECbIlOTjS, f3A. fltCOTjS Val R. Lorwin, "Belgium: religion, class and language in national politics" UTO Robert A. Dahl, Political Opposition in Western Democracies, (New Haven 1966), o. 15, 0Tj1l8.

29. S. B. Clough, A History of the Flemish Movement in Belgium, 00.21-2.

30. Borst, Der Turrnbau von Babel.

31. Aaooxcouc Leopold Spira, "Bemerkungen zu Jorg Haider" (Wiener Tagebuch, OX'tWf3gLO~ 1988, O. 6).

32. AXOAOV8w TO ltfLUTLXO fltLXfCglllJ.a rou Fredrik Barth, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries.

E9NH KAI E9NIKIIMOI AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI IHMEPA

------------------------

94

AAIKOI IIPQTO-E9NIKIIMOI

95

33. Theodore Zeldin, France 1848-1945 (O~qJ6QI)l] 1977), t61-1. 1, 00. 46-7.

34. Ivo Banae, The National Question in Yugoslavia, o. 44. '0I-lW£, EqJ600v autu ta OtotXE(a tn EXOU!-IE auME~El coro I-I(a uqJ6ovl] Xat ltoAu!-Ia6lj /storija erne Gore, nou ExM6l]XE to 1970 ornv ltQwtEUOuoa !-Ita£ 1\l]!-IoxQat(a£ nou ~ao~Etat ornv ult66EOl] Ott oi XUtOlXOl rou MauQo~ouv(ou I\EV e(Vat (I\tOl !-IE tOU£ l:£Q~ou£, 0 avayvwatl]£ 6a EltQ€ltE, 6:n:w£ nrivrote atl] ~aAXaVtxlj tatoQwYQaqJ(a, va aqJljvEl to Eva aut( rou aVOl)Ct6 yta va aXOUEt tOY ljxo tou tQox(o!-lato£ tWV tOExouQtwv.

XaL UAAWV. 'O!1W<;, !1La'tE'tOLa E8v6tTj'ta OEV EXEL xa!1LU LO'tOQLX~ O')(EO'I] !1E auto nou artOLEAEL rnv evormo roo mJYXQovou xQU'tOU<;, OTJAaO~ 'to OXTJ!1ana!1o EVO<; E8vLXO'll xQU'tOU<;, ~ 'tOU onoiouorptore XQU'tOU<;, 0- mo<; artoO£lXV'll£l TJ rtEQLrtLWO'I] 'tWV aQxaLWV EAAijVWV. Sa f1JtOQouaE aXO!1a xaVEL<; va wxuQLa8EL O'tL OL AaOL !1E 'tTJV mo LOXUQij XaL OLaQxij aLa8TJO'I] mrroti rtou f1JtOQEL va OVO!1aaElEL «cp1JAELLXij» E8vo'tTJ'ta, OEV avtLO'tu8TJxav artAW<; O'tTJV ErtL~OAij 'tOU mJYXQOVOU XQULOU<;, E8vLXOU ij UAAOU, aAAU auvij8w<; xaOe XQU'tOU<;: OrtW<; !1aQLUQOUV OL O!1lAOUvtE<; Pushtu !1Eaa XaL YUQW arto 'to AcpyaVLO'tUV, OL rtQO rou 1745 ~XO'tOE~OL rorv oQ£lVWV nEQloxwV, OL BEQ~EQOL 'tOU OQOU<; A.'tAavta, XaL UAAOL nou EuxoAa 8a !1a<; EQ80uv 0't0 YOU.

AV'tLO'tQOCPW<;, 0't0 ~a8!10 nou «0 Aao<;» LautLa8TJXE !1E !1La auYXEXQL!1EVTJ !10QCPij rtoAL'tELa<;, axo!1a XaL 8EWQO'll!1EVO<; EX 'tWV XU'tW uneQE~TJ E8vLXE<; (XaL YAwaOLXE<;) OLaLQEa£l<;, ooo cpaVEQE<; XL av ijLaV autE<;. ~'toU<; UVOQE<; 'tTJ<; aYLa<; YTJ<; 'tOU TLQOAOU nou E~EYEQ8TJaav EvaV'tLOV tWV rUMWV to 1809 uno toy Andreas Hofer, auf1JtEQLAartl1uvovtrrv XaL rEQ!1aVOL XaL haAoL XaL, aVa!1cpL~oAW<;, UVOQE<; nou rtLAOVorrv 'tTJ Ladinsch. *35 0 EA~E'tLXO<; E8vLXla!10<; ELVaL, OrtW<; YVWQ~OU!1E, rtOAUE8vLXO<;. ~'XE'tLXU u' auto LO 8E!1a, av Urt08EtartE on OL 'EAATJVE<; XU'tOLXOL 'tWV OQELVWV, OL XMcptE<;, stou ~EaTJxw8TJxav EvaV'tLOV 'tWV Totioxcov tOY XaLQO 'tOU MrtuiiQov ijLav E8vlXLO'tE<;, rtQuY!1a 'to OrtOLO ELVaL 0rt0AOYOUrtEVW<; an(f:)avo, OEV rtn0QOU!1E va I-tTJv naQaTTJQijaOUI-tE en rtEQLXOL ceto 'tou<; mo a~L08a'llrtaO'tou<; aywvLO'tE<; rou; OEV ij'tav 'EAATJVE<; aMu AA~avoL (~OUAlWTE<;). ErtLrtMov, EAaXLO'ta mJY'XQova E8vlXLO'tLXU XLVijrtaW ~aa~ovtaL rtQaYrtanxu oe rtLa lOXUQij E8vLXij ouv 10 LOTJO'I] , av XaL auxvu rnv ErtLVOO'llV, xmu TTJ OluQX£la tTJ<; nvdrtLU~~<; toix, XaL TJ onoto auxvu rtaLQV£l 'tTJ rtoQCPij 'tOU QaTOLart0'll. na va avaXEcpaAaLWaOUI-tE, OEV nQEnEL auvEnw<; va I-ta<; EXnA~aa£l TO OTL

TTJ<; raAALa<;.33 To aXQL~E<; IlLYrta TWV rtQo-QWrta'Lxwv IAAuQLwv, PWllaLWV, EAA~VWV, uetrrvoororv ~Aa~WV rtOAAWV £lOWV XaL OLUCPOQWV XUrturcov ELa~OA£WV cero mv KEV'tQLX~ Aoio, cero tou<; A~uQou<; w<; rou; 08wllavo'll<; TouQxou<;, TO OrtOLO auv8E'tEL TTJv E8vo'tTJ'ta XU8E Aao'll 0'tTJ Nouoovutosrxr] EUQWrtTJ, artotEAEL Eva aLWVLO ~*TJrta au~TJ't~aEwv (ELOLXU 0'tTJ Pouuovtc). 'EtOL OL MauQo~ouVLOL, nou aQXLxu 8EWQ~8TJxov ~EQ~OL aAAu 'twQa ELVaL IlLa «E8v6tTj'ta» XaL OXTJlluTLaav OLXij tOU<; 0IlOartOVOTJ oTJrtOxQmLa, cpaLVEtaL O'tL £LVaL Eva<; auvouaart0<; ano aEQ~ou<; XWQLXOU<;, AEL'\jJUva tOU IIaAaLo'll ~EQ~lXO'll BaOLAELou XaL arto BAaXou<; V0rtUOE<; nou rtEtaXLV~8TJxav rtEaa O'tTJV rtEQlOX~, 0 rtATJ- 8ua1l0<; 'tTJ<; ortOLa<; ELXE acpavLO'tEL ano 'tTJV tOUQXLX~ xmux'tTJO'I].34 <l>uOLXU, OEV ELVaL ouvmov va aQvTJ80vrtE OtL, a<; rtOUrtE, OL MayuuQOL ron OEXU'tOU 'tQL'tO'\) aLwva 8a 8EwQo'llaav TOU<; £auto'll<; 'tOU<; E8vLX~ XOLVO'tTJLa, srpooov ~Tav, ij IlrtoQo'llaav vc loxuQw80'llv O'tL ij'tav, cetoYOVOL rorv vouriocov ELa~oMwv tTJ<; KEvtQLXij<; Aotcc, rtLAO'llaav rtaQaAAaYE<; rtLa<; YAwaaa<; EvtEAW<; oLacpoQEnx* cero au'tE<; rtou TOU<; rtEQLE~aAav, ~o'llaav os YEVLXE<; YQartrtE<;, oe Eva auYXEXQLrtEVO OLXOAOYLXO rtEQl~UAAOV, 0't0 OLXO TOU<; ~aaLAELO XaL avallcpL~oAa rtOLQu~oV'tav OlUCPOQE<; XOLVE<; rtQOYOVLXE<; 'tEAE'tE<;. AMu 'tE'tOLE<; rtEQLrtLWa£l<; OEV £LVaL lOlaL'tEQa auvTJ8WIlEVE<;.

Ikivrox, TJ E8vo'tTJ'ta xmu 'tTJV Urto'\jJTJ rou Hpooorou ij'tav, ELVaL XaL rtnOQEL va ELVaL xan rt01J auvMEl rtATJ8uart01J<; rt01J ~01JV oe EX'tELaIlEva EOUCPTJ ~ axolla oe oLaartoQu, XaL OEV EXOUV IlLU XOLVij oLaxu~EQVTJO'I]' TJ auAAOYLX~ a1J't~ ovrorntc auVLO'tU Eva rtQwto-E8vo<;. Amij Law<; ELVaL TJ nEQLrtLWO'I] nov Kouoocov, rcov ~ollaAwv, rcov E~QaLwv, rcov Bdoxrov

35. John W. Cole Xat Erie R. Wolf, The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley, (NEa Y6Qxl] Xat Aovl\(vo 1974),00.112-13.

* ~LUAEXtO£ nou avljxEl ornv OlXOYEVELU tWV Q0l-laVLXwV YAwoawv' 0l-llAe(tat ornv ltEQLOXlj tOU Ladin tl]£ EJ..~EtCu£ Xat atl] B6QELO ItUACu (:n:EQWXlj AArrEWV), (l:.t.M.).

96

EeNH KAI EeNIKI~Mm: AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

AAIKO~ IIPQTO-EeNIKI~MO~

97

OL xo~axOL TOll Nrov naQaflEQLoav rnv dlvot'l]ta tl rou; XOLVOUC:; nQoYOVOllC:; ano tOY oQLOflO nou EDwoav yLa to n TOllC:; xaSWtoUOE yLOllC:; t'l]C:; aYLac:; QWOLXtlc:; Y'I]C:;. To yqovoc:; ELvm on EVEQYWvtac:; ELOL EnQa~av ooqxi orpoti - onwc:; OE tOOO nOAAa oWflata EAEU8EQWV XWQLXWV aywYLotWV - 'I] xataywytl rou; rirov E~mQEtLXa avaflEflLYflEY'I]. llOAAOL ano alltOue:; tltav OllxQayo(, TataQOL, llOAWVOL, ALSollavoL, xaSwc:; xm MEyaAo-PwoOL. Auro nou rou; EVOlVE DEV rjtav to aLfla aAAa 'I] ntOtlj.

Etvru, AOLnov, 'I] ESVOtr)ta tj «'I] <p'UAtj» aVE~aQl"'I]1:'I] ceto rov oUYXQOvo ESYLXLOflO; ELym OAO<paVEQO 01:L DEV O'Ufl~aLYEL mrro, ECPOOOY OL OQatEC:; DLa<pOQEe:; ot'l] OWflatLXtj DLanAaO'l] ELvm nOAu <paYEQEC:; YLa va nc:; naQa~AE1jJOllflE xm EX0'UV XQ'I]OLflonOL'I]SEL noM O'Uxva YLa va rovtOOllY tj va EVLOXUOOllV 1:LC:; DLaxQtOELe:; ovdueou OE «Eflac;» xm «cnrtoii;», O'UflnEQLAafl~aYOflEVWV xm 1:WV ESVLXWV DLa<poQwv. Movo tQta nQaYflata E(vm anaQaL1:'I]TO va HnwSouv OXEtLXa flE 'tLC:; DtacpoQEe:; amou rou ELDOllC;. ITQWLOV, LotoQtXa EX0'UV AEL'tOllQYtlOEL xut wc:; OQL~OvtLEC; xm we:; XaSE'tEC:; DLaxwQLottXEC:; YQaflflEC:;, xrn, nQw ano rnv Enoxtj rou oUYXQOVOll ESVLXLOflOU, mSav6v suo O'Uxva XQ'I]O(flEllav YLa va XWQLOO'UV XOLvWVtXa otQwfla'ta naQa OMXA'I]QEC:; XOLVO't'l]1:EC:;. H noM O'UV'I]StOflEV'I] XQ'I]OLflono('I]O'I] 1:'I]C; DtaxQtO'l]C; ~aoEL rou XQwflatOC:; omv LotoQ(a <pa(vE'tm, DllOt'UXWC;, va E(ym EXE(Y'I] rtou OQtOSE'tOUOE I-lLa ll1jJ'I]M'tEQ'I] XOLVWVLXtl SEO'I] or« aVOLX'to'tEQa XQwflata I-lEOa omv (DLa xOLvwv(a (6rewe:; re.x. ornv IVD(a), uosovon xm 'I] fla~LXtl usrcvdoreoon xm 'I] XOLVWVLXtl XLY'I]'tLx6't'l]'ta E(xav tl]V 'taO'l] va reEQLreAExo'UV rc nQaYflata, tj ax6fla xm va avtLotQE<pOllV 't'l] 0XEO'I], omwc:; wotE 'to «otooro» E(DOC; 't'l]C; <p'UAEnXtlc:; 'ta~Lv6fl'l]0'I]C; va 'tmQLa~EL ue 'to «otooro» E(DOC:; 't'l]C; XOLvWVLX'ljc:; SEO'I]C;, aVE~aQtl]'ta are6 't'l] oWflatLX'Ij Efl<pavLO'I]' xan 'tE'tOLO O'UI-l~a(vEL or«; XWQEC; nov AvDEWV onou OL IvDLavOL, OL onotot xatataooovtm ornv xa'tWLEQ'I] flEoa(a 'ta~'I], all'tOfla1:WC; ovcra~LvofloUvtm wc; «mestizos» 'Ij cholos, aVE~aQ't'l]'ta ano rqv Efl<PavLO'I].36

dEU'tEQOV, 'I] «oQaLtj» E8v6't'l]'ta 1:E(VEL va ELvm aQv'I]'tLx'Ij, Aafl~avouevou llre61jJ'I] on E<paQfl6~E'tm flaMov yta va OQ(OEL «'t'l]V aM'I]» oflaDa reaQa'tl] DLXtj flac;. 'E'tOL reQoxumEL xm 0 naQOLflLwDl]C; Q6AOe:; nov rpu-

AEnxwv oreosonimov ('I] «E~Qa"Lx'Ij flU'tl]»), 'I] OXEnxtj aXQwfla't01jJta 'tWY corotxcov reQoc:; nc:; XQwfla'tLXEC; Dta<poQEC:; avaflwa OE EXE(VOllC:; nou 'ta~Lvofl'ljSl]XaV ava tnv ll<PtlALO WC:; «flauQOL«, xm 0 LOXllQWfl6C; 61:L «6- AOL uou qxuvovnu (DLOL», 0 onoto; reQo<pavwc; ~ao~E'tm OE EmAEx'tLxtj XOLYWVLX'Ij SEO'I] amou nou motEUE'tm on EXEL «0 aAAoe:;» XOLVO, onwe:; 'ta A.o~a fla'na xm 'to XlLQLVO DEQfla. H ESVLXO-<pllAE'tLX'Ij 0flOLoYEYELa 'tl]C:; DLX'ljc:; flac; «ESv6'tl]'tac;» SEwQELLm DEDOflEYl], onou llnOotl]Q~E'taLxaLt nou DEV O'Ufll3aLVEL OE 6AEC:; Ltc:; nEQLJt'twOELC:; - axofla XL orov xm 'I] mo Em<paVELax'Ij E~E'taOlj flnOQE( vu Dl]fltOllQy'ljOEL xareOLa afl<pL~OA(a YL' allLtjv. dLOLL OE «Eflac:;» <pa(VE'tm reQO<paVEC:; OLt 'ta flEAl] 'tl]C:; «ESVO- 1:l]'tac:;» flac:; xaMmo'UV Eva EllQU <paofla flEYESWV, OXl]fla'tWV xm Efl<paVLOl]C;, axo[ta XL orrrv oAa EX0'UV XOLva xMOLa <p'UOLxa xaQaX1:l]QLotLxa, orewc:; Eva E(DOC:; flauQwv [taMLtOv. Movo OE «amouc:;» qxuvoucore OflOLOL.

TQ('tov, reaQoflOLa aQYl]nx'Ij ESvo'tl]'ta DEV OXE't~E'taL flE 'tOY nQw'toESVLXLO[tO, EX'tOC:; Eav 1-lJt0QEL va avaflLxSEL 'Ij EXEL avaflLXSEC flE xareoLo aAAo otOLXELO onwc; flLa xQanx'Ij reaQaDoO'l], DLaDLxao(a rtou mSavo'ta'ta EAa~E XWQa ornv K(Ya, 'tl]v KOQEa xm 1:l]Y Iconovto, XWQEC:; rtou O'UyxataMyovtm reQaYflan flE'ta~U rorv E~mQE'tLxa oreavLwv reEQLJt'twOEWY totOQLXWV xQatwv nou are01:EAOUvtm cero reA'I]SllOflO 0XED6y tl EvtEAWC:; ESvLxa 01-l0LOYEVtj.37 ~' amEC; 'tLC:; reEQlJt'tWOELC; ELvm aQxE'ta mSav6 on l] ESVtXOtr)'ta xm l] nOAL'tLx'Ij a<poo(wOlj ouvoeovrcc, ~Uflqxovo ue 'ta otOLxECa nou EXW <pa(vE'tm OLL 0 ELDLXOC; QOAOC:; 1:l]C; ouvcotELac:; MLvyx otLC:; XLVE~LXEC:; maVaotaOELC:; ano 'tl]v aVatQon'lj 't'l]C:; 'to

36. AvtlmQ6cpoo£, EXELVOL nou DEV yvooQL!;ouv mv XOLVooVLXtj 8EOTJ rou nQoooo-

nou - LOoo£ EnELDtj am6£ tj au'ttj EXEL !!E'taVamEUOEL 0't1] !!EyuAT] n6AT] - 'tOY XQLvouv xa8aQu an:6 'to XQoo!!a XUL auvEnoo£ 'toy tj 'tT]v unopLpu~OUV. H DuoaQEOXELa YL' amo cpaLvE'tUL 6'tL unt'jQ;E Eva£ XOlVO~ Myor; YLa 'tOY nOAl'tLlt6 QL~oonamL(J!!O nov CPOL't'l]'tOOV mT] AL!!a ltUTU 'tLr; DExaE'tLE£ tou 1960 ltUL 1970, otrrv !!U~Er; nULDLOOV XUL U'Ij!T]AU aVEQXO!!EVWV EnaQXLaxoov OLlt0YEVELOOV chota ELOEQQEuoav ma YQt'jyoQa EnElt'tELVO!!EVa ncvemorruuo, EL!!UL EUYVOO!!ooV orov Nicolas Lynch 'too onotou T] aOT]!!OOLEU't'l] !!EAE'tT] YLa 'tour; !!ao'CmE£ CPOL't'l]'tLltoUr; T]YE'tEr; oro IIavE1tLmtj!!LO San Marcos 'tovL!;EL outo 'to OTJ!!ELO.

37. 'E'tOL uno 'to. (!!T] AQapLltu) Aotcenxd xQU't'l] atj!!EQa T] Ian:oovLa XUL OL DUO

98

EBNH KAl EBNIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

AAlKO~ llPQTO-EBNIKI~MO~

99

.-_._--------- _

KOQEE£ E(VaL 99% O!!OLOYEVE(£, )tal to 94% TI]£ Aa'i)tt]£ ~TI!!o)tQat(a£ t"1£ KCva£ E(VaL Han. AUtE£ OL XWQE£ u1tciQXouv, A(YO 1toM, !!Eaa ore LOtOQL)tci tou; crUvoQa.

38. H ))aOL)tlj EQyaa(a ELVaL Magnus Morner, El mestizaje en la historia de Ibero-America (ITOA"1 tOU ME~L)tou 1961)' ))A. E1t(01l£ Alejandro Lipschutz, El problema racial en fa conquista de America y el mestizaje (LavtLciyo t"1£ XLAt]~ 1963), fLbL)tci )tEqJciAaLO V. </O!!W£, cVw OL Leyes tWV Ivl\Lcivwv auxvci avacpEQovtrn oe "aOTE~, OL LbEE£)taL T] OQoAoy(a E(VaL !!EtatOm~O!!EVE£)taL cvnqxrnxsc». Sergio Bagu, Estructura social de la Colonia (Buenos Aires 1952), a. 122.

39. H !!EyaMtEQT] E~a(QE01l, T] oxoto Em))E))aLWVEL mv avciAu01l amou tau )tEqJaAa(oll - ))A. 1taQa)tcitw o. 226 - ECVat 'I] !!vt]!!T] TI]£ Amo)tQU'ToQCu<; tWY 'Iyx(l oro ITEQOU, "1 onot« EXEL E!!1tVEUaEL XaL tOU~ !-lu80u£ XaL to. (svromouevn) xrvri!-lata 1tOU oQa!!at~ovtaL Tl]V E1tavoQ8watj TI];. BA. rnv av80Aoy(a Ideologia mesianica del mundo andino, Em!! .. Juan M. Ossio A. (A(!!a 1973) XaL Alberto Flores Galindo, Buscando un Inca: identidad y Utopia en los Andes (A))civa 1986). 'O!!W£ cpaCVEtaL ~Eltci8aQa altO Tl]v E~OX"1 !-lEAETI] tOU Flores YLa to. LvbLcivLxa XL-

CLaVO'O'll!-lEVD'll~ XaL Ef..('t, aMu onoreotprore !-lLa O'UYXEV'tQooOT] av8Qwmov ue mo oxO'uQQ 6EQ!-la EQXE'taL aV'tL!-lE'toon'l1 ue u'tQ!-la nLO aVOLX'tQU XQW!-la'tO'~. 'Iooo~ vo nQoxEL'taL YLa nQf..LLLXO naQuYO'V'ta, Uf..f..U '11 unf..~ O'UVE(C'I1OT] rou XQw!-la'tO'~ CEV EXEL ()'I1!-lLOllQY~OEL O'mE EVU mpQLxuvLXO xQu'tQ~, QmE xuv 't1]v fxuvu xm 't'l1 ~EVEYU)'-'I1. ot L()QlJ'tE~ 'tWV onoforv E!-l:TtVEQV'taV un6 nuv-mpQLxavLxE~ LME~' QU'tE EXEL uV'tLO'taSE( ornv llnEQQX~ torv OYIIl,EQLVWV acpQLxuvLXWV xQa'twv tn oaoto ()'I1!-lLOllQY~S'I1- 'KUV un6 nQw'I1v EllQoonu'('KE~ UnOL'K(E~, nou EXO'lJV !-lE'tU;U 'tQll~ oo~ uovUCLx6 O'UvEx'tLx6 O'tOLXE(Q !-lEQLXE~ CEXUE't(E~ anOLxLux~~ CLO'(X'I1OT]~.

Moe EXQlJV UnQ!-lE(vEL, f..mn6v, tn XQL~QLa 't1]~ Ay(a~ Pooo(u~ 6noo~ 'tU E()UV OL KO'~UXOL rou CEXU'tO'll E~C6!-lO'u mwvu: O'l1f..uC~ TJ SQTJOXE(U xm'Y] O'UYYEVELa ~ TJ amO'xQa'tQQ(U.

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1644 - '11 nuf..Lv6QSoo~ 't1]~ *av, xm (OOO~ E(vm nxouo, O'tD nQ6YQa!-l!-lu 't{J)V OTJ!-lUV'tLXWV !-lUO'tLXWV E'tmQELwv - QcpECf..E'tm O'tQ YEYQVO~ on, aV'tCSE'ta cero 't'l1v nQQxu'tOXo 't'l1~, 't'Y] OlJVuO'tELa Mongol Xm 't1] OLU()QX6 't1]~, 't'l1 ()lJVUO'tE(U Manchu, *av xaSuQu XLVE~LX~ ~ Han cvvu-. O'tELa. Tt' umo 'to' f..6YQ OL nLO' nQQcpavEL~ E8vLXE~ ()LacpQQE£ EXOlJV nu(SEL OXE'tLXU !-lLxQ6 QOf..O' 0't1] YEVEOT] roo oUYXQOVQll E8vLXLO!-lQV. OL IV()LuVOL 0't'l1 Aa'tLVLX~ A!-tEQLX~ !-lE'tU 't1]V L0:7taVLX~ Xa'tUX't'l10'l1 ELxav ~a8LU O'Uvu(08TJO'I1 'tlJ~ E8vLX~£ OLacpQQU£ 'tQll~ ano 'tQll~ f..EmtQU~ xaL. 'tQU~ mestizos, LOLa('tEQu xa8w~ am~ EVLOxu8lJXE xm 8EO!-lQ8E't~8TJXE coto to L0:7taVLX6 unO'LxLaxo oUO'tTJ!-ta rou OLaX{J)QLO!-lO'U rou nf..'I1Sll0!-lOO DE cpuf..E'tLXE~ XUO'tE£.38 'O!lOO~ OEV yV{J)Q~{J) l<.aflLa nEQlm:ooOT] onou Ull'tO va EXEL QOlJY~OEL !-lEXQL 'tWQU OE Eva ESVLXLO'tLXO I<.LVTJ!-la. ECvaL onuvLE~ OE, OL nfQLlt'tWOEL~ nQ'U EVEnvEUoE EO'too Eva naV-LV()LaVLXO ouva(oSlJf-la fl£'tU;-U 'tUW IV()Luv{J)v, OE UV'tC8EO'I1 ue rou; umOx8QVE; OLUVQQUf-lEVO''U~.39 Axour], am6 nO''U EXO''UV XOLVO OL XU'tOLXOL 't1]~ xu't{J) ano 'tTJ ~axuQu ACPQLX~~ OE aV't(SEOTI us rou; aVOLX'tDXQoo!-lO'U; xcrc'K'tll'tE~ roue, f(vm EVU OXE'tLXU OXQuQO' XQW!lu. H Negritude E(vm Eva ouva(oSlJ!-ta nQ'U nQuY!-la'tLxu llnuQXEL, 6XL uovov ovdusoc Of !-lU-UQQ'U;

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• To E~Qui)(o X.(V"1!-lU yLU tOY snoououo TI]£ ITaAatat(V"1£.(L.t.M)

100

EeNH KAI EeN1KI~MO~ AIlO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

AA1KO~ IlPQTO-EeNIKI~MO~

101

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40. George Antonius, The Arab Awakening, (Aovorvo 1938), ALYO J'tOAU, 1JJ'tOO'tl]QCl;,f'tUL XUL cero 'toy Maxime Rodinson, "Development et structure de l'arabisme" O'tO €QYo 't01J, Marxisme et monde musulman (IlaQ(m 1972), 00. 587- 602.

41. Fred R. Van der Mehden, Religion and Nationalism in South-East Asia:

Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines, (Madison 1963) E(VUL XQ1)OLf.tO YLa'tL E1;E'tu~EL XWQE~ IlE J'tOAU OLacpOQE'tLX€~ 6QTjOXE(E~.

va f,lJtOQouv va fJtLMyouv Eva aUo MYf,la W£ f8vLXO oUf,l~OAO - xm 0XL a1J'to oro oUvoQa rou oztotou ~QioxoV'tm -, onw£ OL PWOOL, OL OuxQavo( xm OL Ilosrovot unoootiouv va OLacpoQonOLl]80uv W£ oQ80- OOSOL, OUV(TE£ xm QWf,lmOXa80ALxoi JtLO'toi (0 XQtmtaVLOf,lO£ EXfL coroOfLXSfi 0 JtLO l3oALx6£ TQOCPOO0't'l]£ aV'tinaAwv nava8QwJtLvwv aA1]8eLorv). 'Ionx 'to yeyovo£ O'tL l] f,lEYaA'll XOf,lcpouxLavl1 au'toxQaLoQia 'tT]£ Kiva£ neQL~aMf'tm ornv Sl]Qa ano Eva 'tfQaO'tLO l]f,lLxuxALo f,lLXQWV Aawv nou JtLO'tfUOUV Of UAAf£ 8Ql]OXfif£ (xuQiw£ 'tOY ~OUOLOf,lO aAM xm 'tOY LOAaf,llof,lo) anO'tfAfi f,lEQO£ rou Loiou qxnvousvou. EV'tOU'tOl£, aS~fL va Ol]J.lfLWOOUf,lf on l] nfQLOXl1 nov OLf8vLXWV 8Ql]OXfLWV, 1:OUAUXLO'tOV O'tl£ nfQLoXE£ 1:OU xoouou onou avamiJx8l]Xf 0 oUYXQoVO£ fSVLXLOf,lOS;, fJtE~aAf oQLa omv f8vLXO-8Ql]OXf1J'tLXij 'tau'tLOl]. AnEXEL noM ano 'to va fivm nayxOOf,lLa xrn, axof,la xm fXfi nou anaV'tatm, ouv118w£ OLaxQ(vfL roue EV A6yw av8Qwn01J£ 0XL cero oAou£ t01J£ Yf(tOVE£ TOU£, aUu uovov ano f,lfQLXOU£, onw£ n.x. OL AL80uavoi XWQ~oV'tm ano 'tOU£ Aou8l]Qavou£ ffQf,laVOU£ xcn AftOVOU£ xm ano rou; oQ8000sou£ Poiooix xm AfUXOQwoou£ fsmt(a£ rou QWf,lmoxa- 80ALXLOf,lOU t01)£, Of V XWQ~oV'tm Of,lW£ ano 1:OU£ IIoAwvou£ non EivaL fS(OOU Ev8fQf,lOL xa80ALxoi. Ltl]V EUQwnl] uovo OL f8vLXLO'tE£ IQAavOoi, OL onotoi EXOUV f,lOVO nQO'tfO'tuV'tf£ ye(tOvf£, oQ~oV'tm rotoxAfLO'tLXU coto tl] 8Ql]OxE(a tou£.42

MAu tL aXQLl3w£ Ol]f,la(vfL l] f8vLXO-SQl]OXf1J'tLXl1 tauTLOl], onou a1J'tl1 anaV'ta'taL; E(vm Sfxa8aQo Ott Of f,lfQLXE£ nfQLJttWOfL£ f,lLa f8VLXl1 8Ql]OXfia fnLMYftm aQXLxa fnfLOl1 Eva£ Aa6£ moOUVEtm OLacpoQftLXU ano t01)£ YfLtOVLXOU£ Aaou£ tl xQatl]. To IQav, onw£ cpaVl]xf, axoAou8l]of to OLXO tOU 8e"Lxo OQOf,lO xm W£ ~WQoaO'tQLxij XWQa xaL, f,lftU'tT] f,lftaO'tQOCPl1 tOU 0't0 IOAUf,l, 11 Of XU8f nfQimwOl] roto tOY XaLQO TWV Lacpal3LOwv, W£ OLL'tLXl1 XWQa. OL IQAavooi 'tautCa8l]xav ue tOY

42. 'OIlW~, orov oExa'to EVaTO ULwva Tj OLUXQLOTj avullwa OE Ev6EQIl01J~ mO'tou~ XUL OE aOLu(jJoQ01J~ 1) a6E01J~ ELa1)yaYE EmJ'tQ606E'tE~ OuVa't6tTj'tE~ O'tO va aXOA01J60uv E6vLXO-6QTjOxEmLxu aUll~oAa. Am6 €xavE TTJV Ka6oALx1) ExxATjoCa va DLUXEL'tUL 01J1l1ta6w~ J'tQo~ 'tE1:ma xLV1)lla'ta 6J'tw~ nov Bperovrov, 'tWV Bdoxcov XUL tWV cIlAallavowv.

E0NH KAI E0NIKIl:MOl: AIlO TO 1780 MEXPI IHMEPA

~---------------

102

MIKOl: IIPQTO-E0NIKIIMOI

103

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43. LE JlUI XOJl1']tE(U 6Jtoo~ to Antrim MyEtm OtL to aYYLYJlU JlLU~ xou<vra~ Y1']~ eu JtEL OE XMOLOV UV 1'] xwgu un6 rnv OJtOLU JtgoijAeE XatOLXELtm un6 XU80ALxou~ ij JtgOtEatavtE~.

44. rrg~A. Gwyn Alfred Williams, The Welsh in their History, (Aov[)(vo xm Ko,.11n'gu 1982)· "When was Wales?" (AOV[)LVO 1985).

45. flu to aUOtT]Jlu millet ornv OeOOJlUVLxij AmoxgutogLu, ~A. H. A. R. Gibb xm H. A. Bowen, Islamic Society in the West (O;cp6g[)1'] 1957), t6Jl. I, JlEgO~ 2, 00. 219-26.

104

EeNH KAl EeNIKI~MO~ AlIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

AAlKO~ nPQTO-EeNIKI~MO~

105

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46. Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (O!;<poQb1'] 1983).

• 0 AAf..6.X E(vm MEYaAO~ (ltQooEvxlj).(~.t.M)

*. IOQUllA axov ... (uQXtl E~QU'LXtl~ ltQoaEvxtl~).(L.t.M)

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106

EE>NH KAI EE>NIKI~MO~ AlIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

AAIKO~ lIPQTO-EE>NIKI~MO~

----------------------------

107

IlE Eva xQUtO~, b'YlAabli OTIlv nQoESvLxli cpuOT], IlE Evav 8E"ixoli XQLOIlEvo ano 8100 ~amALu li autoxQutoQa, to ~aoO"ELo roo oaotou tUxa(vEL va aullnLJttEL IlE Eva IlEAAOvtLXO E8vo~. HYEtE~ OL oaotot ELVaL ex officio xECpaM~ rcov EXXA'YlOLWV roix (on())~ om P())OLa) CPUOLXU nQoOCPEQovtaL YL' mrrov to auOXEtLOIlO, aAAu OL llaYLxE~ ~aOLAELE~ t'Yl~ AYYALa~ XaL t'Y\~ raAALa~ naQouOLu~OUV auto to EvbEXOIlEVO axolla XaL EXEL onou EXxA'YlOLa XaL xQUtO~ ~QLOXOvtaL 010 bLuataOT].47 Eqxioov unuQXouv auyxQLtLXU ALYE~ 8EOXQatLE~ nou at0XEVOUV at~ b'YlIlLoUQYLa xQUtou~, ELVaL 6VOXOAO va XQLVOUIlE ())~ nOLO OT]IlELO EJtaQXEL 'Yl xa8aQu 8E"ixli E~ouoLa. To ~lit'Yllla nQEnEL va acpE8EL 010 ELbLXOV~ OTIlv LatoQLa rcov MoyyoAwv XaL rcov Eh~EtLaVwv li, nAlJOLEatEQa atl'} ~vOT], tWV AQIlEVLWV tOU usoutrovo, ~LyouQa bEV litav aQxEtli ornv EUQwn'Yl tOU bEXUtOU evdtou cuovo, xa8w~ ornv ltaALa OL Neo-Guelphs avaxaMcp8'Ylxav orov EJtEXELQ'Yl0av va ocxooouriooov Evav LtaALxo E8vLXL- 0!10 yVQ()) coro tOY nanLollo. AJtEtUxaV, naQoAo nOU 0 naltLO!1o~ litav de facto Eva~ LtaALXO~ 8W!10~ XaL ovtw~ nQo tOU 18600 uovo; nAliQw~ naV-LtaALxo~ 8w!10~. 'OIlW~ bEV 8a litav xa80Aou aVa!1EVO!1EVO 'Yl AyCa EXXA'YlOLa va !1EtatQanEC 010 Eva nEQtoQLollEVO tOJtLXU E8vLXO, XaL nooo !1UnOV E8vLXLatLXO, XatEat'YlIlEVO, XUQLW~ uno tOY Ilto IX, ME tL 8a E!1OLa~E IlLa EVOnOL'Yl!1Evl'} ItaALa XUtw coro to naJtLxo Au~aQO orov Mxato Evato caorvc, bEV a~~EL xov va nQoona8liooU!1E va to qxrvmorouue.

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47. lIaQa[!EvEL xAamx11 t] EnESEQyaa(a mrroti tOU 8E[!atO£ an6 tOY Marc Bloch, Les Rois thaumaturges (lIaQ(m 1924).

48. 'O!tCJJ£, OEV nQEnfL va nQoun08Et01J[!E on aut1i t] auVE(Ot]<J'l] E1tl]QEa~E 6AE£ tL£ O[!UOE£ rou nAt]8ua[!ou Xatu tOY (OLO tQ6no, 11 XUAU1ttE to eoacpo£ tOU

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49. Jeno Szucs, Nation und Geschichte,(BouOa1tEott] 1981), oo. 84-5.

108

EeNH KAI EeNIKI~MO~ xno TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

AAIKO~ nPQTO-EeNIKI~MO~

109

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50. «OL fUYEVEL~ <'lLatT]Qouaav tL~ O"UGtT]llaTLK€~ E1tLKOLVooVLE~ -l] 1l0vl] T6:;l] nou TO EKavE - IlEaoo teov <'lLOLKl]TLKWV ltEQLO)(WV TOV~ Kat tT] ~LatTa rorv yatOKtT]uovorv onou mrrot, Oltoo~ «TO Koormxo ltOALTLK6 €6vo~», av~l]ToUaaV ym ~l]TljllaTa Kat EltatQvav a:n:o!jl6:aw:;. 'Hmv Eva €6vo~ XooQL~ «E6vOtT]Ta» ... <'ll]Aa<'llj XooQL~ E6vLKlj O"UVEL<'ll]Gl] ... Eltn<'llj OL EVYEVEL~ <'lEV 1llt0Qouaav va TavTLa60uv IlE Ta 6:Ma ilEAl] Tl]~ KQOUTL'ltlj~ E6vL'lt1j~ 'ltOLv6Tl]1:a~, 1:OV~ XooQLKOU~ )tat TOV~ uveQWltOV~ tT]~ ltOAl]~. 0 !jlEov<'laQXL'ltO~ «ltUTQlWTl]~» uYUltOUaE Tl]V «ltUTQWU Yl]» uAA6: l] ltUTQWU YlJ EIlltEQlELXE TU KTljI-lUTa Kat Ta Vlt6:QXOVTU nov MQ<'loov TOV Kat TOV «BnaLAELOV». Tt' mrtov «TO ltOALTLK6 €6v09> TOV OltOLOV lj'tuv Il€AO~ atlllatVE TO E<'la!jl0~ Kat tL~ ltuQu<'loan~ ron ltQOl]YOV\A€VOV )tQ6.tOV~». Mirjana Gross, "On the integration of the Croatian nation: a case study in nation-building", (East European Quarterly, XV, 2, IouvLo~ 1981, a. 212).

51. Szucs, Nation und Geschichte, oe. 112-25. 52 o.n., co, 125-30.

EE>NH KAI EE>NIKIl:MOl: AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI l:HMEPA

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54. Cole XaL Wolf, The Hidden Frontier, 00.53,112-13.

112

EE>NH KAI EE>NIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

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114

E8NH KAI E8NIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

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1. H ltataQYllO'T] !lLac; XWQLOTIje; IQA.avOLlttle; BO'UAtle;, 11 aValtAllO'T] 111C; outovo!lCae; rou «Kovxosoou 111e; IIoAwvCa9>, 11 It'UQLaQxCa 111e; nQwllv o!lOanOVOLalttle; rEQ!laVCae; altO Eva llYE!lOVLltO !lEAOe; (IIQwaCa) ltUL !lLa !lOvaOLlttl naVESVLlttl BO'UAtl, ltUL 11 !lEta!loQCjJwO'T] 111e; ltaACac; ce Eva (J'IJYltEvtQW'tLltO ltQa'tOe; ltaSWe; ltaL o OXll!lU'tLa!lOe; [.ILac; [.IOVaOLlttle; ESVLlttlC; oixovouooj; OUva!ll1e; O'tTJv Ionovto, aVE;aQ'tll'ta cero ru rornxd (J'IJ!lCjJEQOvta, ECVUL !lEQLlta altO 'ta noMa naQaOECY!la'ta mrroti tou QE'Il!la'tOe;. O( ltEvtQLltEe; It'U~EQVtlaELe; Sa unoooiiocv, OrtWe; 0'tTJ BQELavCa, va aCjJtlao'Uv noM XWQo yLa mv romxr] rtQW'tO~OUACa [.IE ltEvtQLlttl aOELa, aAM TI !lOVll O[.lOartOVOLalttl ~U~EQVllO'T] O'tTJV E'UQwnllnQLv altO 'to 1914 *av 11 EA~E'tLlttl·

EXUTOIlIlUQLO 0Tr] fEQllavLa (1907), 700.000 O'tYJv haA.La (1907), YLa va naQa8EoouilE IlEQLXU naQabELYIlUTa.2 ~YJllnwvoullE EV naQobw O'tL O'tL~ aV'tLotOLXE~ XWQE~ nQoqJavw~ anO'tEA.OUOE to IlEYaAU'tEQo XaL uovabLxo oW[,Ia EQya~ollEvwV nou anaL'touoE aA.qJa~YJ'tLoIlO.

AEUtEQOV, EqJEQE O'tO nQooxtlVLO 'ta mo EuaL08YJ'ta noA.L'tLxu ~YJ'tt'j[,IUTa onw~ amo 'tYJ~ nOAL'tLxtl~ VOIlLIlOqJQOoUVYJ~ nQo~ 'to, XaL 'tau'tLOYJ~ IlE 'to, xQu'to~ XaL 'to oUO'tYJlla ESouoLa~. ~tO bLuO'tYJlla nQo'tou 0 ltOAC'tYJ~ EQ8n anEuflELa~ aVtLIlEtwno~ IlE rou; IlYJ-8QYJoxEmLxou~ E8vLXOU~ UQXOV'tE~, 11 VO[,lLIJ,OqJQOoUvYJ XaL YJ 'tau'tLOYJ [,IE to XQUtO~ bEY anaLtouvrov cero rov anA6 uvbQa - nooo [,IUMOV 'tYJv anAtl yuvaLxa - tl ELXav EsaOqJaA.LO'tEL IlEOW OAWV EXELVWV rorv amovollwv tl IlwOA.a~YJ'tLxwV ouv8YJxwv ztou YJ EnoXtl tWV Enrrvcotdceorv naQonALoE tl uno~(~aoE: [,IEOW tYJ~ 8QYJoxELa~ XaL tYJ~ XOLVWVLXtl~ LEQaQx(a~ (<<SEE EuA6YYJOE tOY uQxoV'ta XaL roix OUYYEVEL~ tau / XaL bLUTtlQYJOE Ila~ O'tL~ xaVOVLXE~ Ila~ 8Eon~» ), tl, oxouo, IlEOW tWV aQXwv nou ouO'tu8YJxav au'tovoIla XaL tl'tav unO'tEAEL~ O'tOV aVWtUTO uQxoV'ta tl IJ,EOW tWV aUtObLOLXOUIlEVWV XOLVO'ttl'tWV XaL OWlla'tELWV nou oQ8wvoV'tav oav naQanE'ta0lla IlEtaSU 'tOU u:n:YJXOOU XaL 'tOU amoxQu'toQa tl 'tOU ~aOLALU, aqJtlvovmc 'tYJ llovaQXLa EAEU8EQYJ va ExnQoownEL 'tYJv aQE'tt'j XaL'tYJ bLXaLOoUvYJ. AXQL~w~ o:n:w~ t'jtav YJ aqJOOLwOYJ rorv naLbLWV orou; yOVEL~ 'tOU~ XaL rcrv YUVaLXWV croix UVbQE~ tOU~ stou EVEQyouoav «yLa AoyaQLa- 0110 roue». 'E'tOL, 0 XAaOLxo~ qJLAEAEU8EQLOIlO~ :n:OU ~QtlXE mv EXqJQaOtl 'tOU orn xa8EO'tWta tYJ~ faAALxtl~ XaL BEAYLXtl~ E:n:avuO'taOYJ~ roo 1830 XaL 'tYJ~ EltoXtl~ tWV ME'taQQu8IlLOEWV IlEtU 'to 1832 O'tYJ BQE'tavtc, naQExall'ljlE to nQo~AYJlJ,a Tr]~ ltOAL'tLXtl~ OUIJ,IlE'tOXtl~ nEQLoQ~OV'ta~ rc nOAL'tLXU bLXaLW[,IUTa 0' amou~ nou ELxav :n:EQLOuoLa XaL mnbELa.

~'to 'tEAEu'taLo tQL'tO tau bEXU'tOU EVU'tOU aLwva YLVOtaV 01..0 XaL nEQLoOOtEQO ExbYJAo, 0'tL 0 ExbYJIlOXQUTLOIlO~ tl 'tOUA.aXLotOV YJ IlE ausavollEvo Quello naQaxwQYJoYJ rou bLXaLWlla'to~ ro» EXAEynv XWQ(~

2. Peter Flora, State, Economy and Society in Western Europe 1815-1975, rou, I, xerp, 5 (<I>QaVltCjJo'llQ111, Aovotvo ltUL LLxayo 1983).

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H KYBEPNHTIKH IIPOOIITIKH

121

nfQLOQW!lOV£, 11LaV avan6cpf'UXLa. 'Eytvf f~LOO'U nQocpavf£, 'to'UAUXLorov cero 'tlj bfxaf'tLa rou 1880, 6'tL orov bLV6Lav orov anM uvbQa ax6!llj xm 8fWQlj'tLXU lj bvva'tmlj'ta O'U!l!lf'tOXll£ rou W£ nOAL'tlj ornv nOAL'tLxll - !If onavL6'ta'tf£ f~mQfofL£, lj anA11 yvvaLxa naQf!lfVf ceroXAfLO!lfVlj - bfV !AJtoQovoav ma va ~ao~oV'tm 0' am6v 6'tL 8a nQoofCPfQf, aVfnLcpVAax'ta, acpooLwOlj xm 'UnOmllQL~lj 0't0'U~ avW'tfQo'U~ rou 11 'to xQu'to~. ELbLXU 0XL ornv nfQLmWOlj onou OL 'tUSfL~ O'tL~ onoLf~ aV11xf 11LaV LO'tOQLXU Vff~, xm O'Uvfnw~ osv bLf8fLaV !lLa naQaboOLax11 8fOlj ornv 'UnuQxo'Uoa XOLVWVLXtl bO!ll1. Kcrc O'UvfnfLa YLv6Lav osoevo xm evrovorson lj avuyxlj rou xQu'to'U~ xm rcov aQX0'Uowv 'tuSfWV va aV'taywv~oV'tm 'to'U~ fXUO'tO'tf aV'tLnuAo'U~ YLa va f~aocpaALOO'UV rnv acpooLWOlj rcov xa'tw'tfQwV 'tU~fWV.

Krn 'tam6XQova, 6nw~ anobfLxvVfL 0 oVYXQovo~ n6Af!.1O~, tn xQa'tLXU O'UIlCPfQoV'ta 'twQa f~aQ'tL6V'tav W£ fva OljllfLO (~n6 'tlj O'Ullllf'tO')Cl'j rou anAov nOAL'tl], O'Uv811Xlj rtou W~ rote CfV fLXf aV'tLllf'twm08fL. EL'tf La O'tQa'tfV!la'ta ano'tfAovV'tav an6 O'tQa'tOAOYlj!lfVO'U~ stre f8fAOV'tf~, lj nQoOvIlLa rrov avbQwv va 'UnljQf't11oo'Uv ano'tfAovOf 'twQa IlLa tW'tLx11 IlfLa~Alj~ 0't0'U~ 'UnoAoYLoIlOV~ 'tl]~ X'U~fQVljOlj~' xm nQuYlla'tL OL CPVOLXf~ xm nVf'UIla'tLXf~ LXavmlj'tf~ mrrorv nou nQoOvllonoL118ljxav va 'UnljQf~oo'UV l1'tav 't600 oTlllaV'tLxf~ YLa 'to xQu'to£, oiots OL X'U~fQvrios«; uQXLoav va 'tL~ fQf'UVOVV O'UO'tlj!la'tLXU - 6nw~ omv nfQLcpljlllj fQf'UVa YLa 'tlj «<l>'UOLx11 fmCdvwOlj» O'tlj BQf'tavLa Ilf'tU 'tOY II6Afll0 rcov Mn6fQ~. 0 ~a8!l0~ 'tl]~ 8'UoLa~ nou 8a fnL~aAmav 0't0'U~ nOAL'tf~ fnQfnf va !AJtfL ore OXfbLa rcov bLa!loQcpw'twv 'tlj~ nOAL'tLx11~ O'tQa'tljYLx11~: YL' amov~ rou; Myo'U~, OL BQf'tavoL, nQLV 'to 1914, *av anQ6- Ov!lOL va anob'UvallWOO'llV 'to vuirnxo, rtou 11LaV 0 CPQo'UQ6~ nov nQolllj- 8fLWV'tWV fLoayollfvwV 'tQoCPLIlWV O'tl] BQf'tavLa, xm va fVLOXVOO'UV 'tl] O'Ullllf'toX11 'tlj~ XWQa~ 0't0 XfQoaLo !latLx6 nOAfllo. OL nOAL'tLXf~ ccroljJfL~ trov nOAL'twv, xm LCLaL'tfQa rcov fQYa'tWV, ~'tav 8flla'ta tW'tLXoV fvbLacpfQoV'to~, us bfbollEVI] 'tl]v uvobo trov fQya'tLXWv xm oOOLaALO'tLXWV XLVlj!lU'twv. IIQocpavw~ 0 fxbljlloxQa'tL0!l6~ 'tlj~ nOAmx11~, <'iljAab11 coro 'tlj IlLa nAf'UQu lj a'U~aV6IlfVlj fnfx'taOlj rou fXAOYLXOV bLxmWIla'tO~ (nov aQQfvwv), an6 'tljv Unlj lj Cljllto'UQYLa'to'U oVYXQovo'U, bLOLXlj'tLXOV, Lxavov va XLVlj'tonoLfL xm fnljQfutfL rou; nOAL'tf~ rou xQu-

'to'U~, f8wav xm La Mo 'to t*ljlla roe «E8vo'U~», XaL 'ta m0811Ila'ta ton nOAL'tl] nQo~ o'tLb11no'tf 8fWQOVOf «f8vo~» tou, «f8vmlj'ta» 11 xunOLO UAAO XfV1:QO acpooLwOlj~, ornv xOQ'Ucpll 'tlj~ lj!lfQljOLa~ bLu'ta~lj~ 'tl]~ noAmx11~·

'E'tOL, YLa 'to'U~ UQXOV'tf~ 'to nQ6~Aljlla osv 11LaV anAw~ va anox~oouv IlLa vfa vouuiorrrr«, IlOAov6'tL 6no'U ro xQU'tl] 11LaV vfa 11 vsoxona XL am6 fnQfnf va A'U8d' lj LaV'tLOlj Ilf fvav «Aao» 11 «f8vo£,>, 6nw~ XL av nQoobLoQLtmav, *av fva~ ~OALX6~ xm 1l0V'tEQVO~ 'tQ6no~ YLa va 'to AVOOVV, xm Of XQU'tl] tn onotc fJtE!lfVaV O'tlj AaLX11 X'UQLaQXLa, 11LaV f~ OQLO!lOV 0 uovo; 'tQ6no~. TL UAAO 8a !AJtOQOVOf va VO!lLIlOnOLfL 'tL~ !lOvaQXLf~ XQa'tWv, 'ta onotn o'UbfnO'tf nQOljY0'UIlEVW~ 11LaV !lovaQXLf~, 6nw~ lj EAAaba, lj haALa 11 'to BfAYLO, 11 xQa'twv lj vnaQ~lj 'tWV onOLWV ~QLoxmav Of aV'tC8fOlj ue 6Aa La LO'tOQLXU nQOljYOV!lfVa, 6nw£ lj rfQllavLx11 AmOltQa'toQia'tO'll 1871; H avuyxlj va 'UL08f~00'UV 'tlj !lOvaQXLa bljllLo'UQY118ljxfax6lla xm otn xa8fO'tWLa rtou l1'tav an6 xmQ6 fyxa8LbQ'UIlEva, YLa 'tQfL~ Myo'U~. MfLa~V rou 1789 xm 1815 ALya an6 amu bfV fLxav Ilf'taOXljlla'tL08fL - ax61la xm TIIlf'ta-VanOAf6- vrsic EA~f'tLa *av an6 nOAM~ an6ljJfL~ IlLa vfa nOAL'tLx11 ovtotnru. 8WllOL nou naQaboOLaxu f~aocpuALtav 'tl]v «acpooLwOlj» 6nw~ lj vo!lLIl6'tlj'ta 'tlj£ b'UvaO'tf(a~, lj LfQ11 XfLQO'tovLa, 'to LO'tOQLX6 <'iLxaLwlla xm lj O'UvEXfLa 'tlj~ f~o'UoLa~, 11lj 8Qljoxf'U'tLx11 O'UVOX11, fLxav f~a08fv11ofL oo~aQu. TfAf'ULaLO, aAAa 6XL ALymfQo onuovuxo, 6Af~ amf~ OL naQaboOLaxf~ vOIlL!lonOL11ofL~ 'tl]~ xQa'tLx11~ f~o'UoLa~ ~QLoxoV'tav, Ilf'tU 'to 1789, 'Un6 bLaQx11 allcpLO~l1'tl]Olj.

Am6 fLvm cpavfQ6 ornv nfQLmwOlj 'tlj~ 1l0vaQxLa~. H avuyxlj va b08fL IlLa veo, 11 'to'UAUXLO'tOV !lLa O'U!AJtAljQw!la'tLx11, «£8VLX~» ~uOlj 0' a'U't6v 'tOY 8w[t6 11LaV m08lj't11 Of XQU'tl] 't600 u'tQW'ta an6 fnavaO'tUOfL~ 000 lj BQf'taVLa'tO'U ffWQYLO'U I" xm lj PWOLa'tO'U NLXOAUO'U A')

3. Linda Colley, "The apotheosis of George III: loyalty, royalty and the British nation" (Past & Present, 102 (1984), 00. 94-129)' YLa rnv Jtg&taOl] t01J KoitT] Uvarov (1832) on T] xU~EgVl]Ol] t01J Todoou EJtgEJtE va ~aO~Etm 0XL It0VOV ow; agXEe; too amagXL0lt0U ')taL 'tl]e; ogOol)o!;(ae;, aJ...M. EJt(Ol]e; one; agXE<; rou "natsionalnost" Jtg~l.. Hugh Seton - Watson, Nations and States (Aovoivo 1977), 0.84.

E9NH KAI E9NIKILMOL AnO TO 1780 MEXPI LHMEPA

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122

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H KYBEPNHTIKH IIPOOIITIKH

123

Kru OL lt0vaQX(EI:; ~E~a(WI:; JtQooJtu8'1']oav va JtQooaQIt0080tiv.

'OItW£, av OL JtQooaQIt0YE£ TOU ~ovuQX'I'] OLO «E8vo£» E(vm Eva£ XQ~OLItO£ 6E(XT'I']£ T'I']£ EXTaOlJ£ OL'I']V oJto(a OL JtaQa60maxo( Osouo], !.tETa T1]V EJtoX~ TWV EJtavumuoEwv, EJtQEJtE vo JtQooaQ~0080tiv ~ va JtE8uvouv, 0 (6LO£ 0 8w1t0£ T1]£ XA1]QOVOItLX~£ E~ouo(a£ aJto LOU£ JtQ(yX1]JtE£, oJtw£ avamtixElllxE OL'I']V EUQwJt1] LOU <'iI,XUTOU EXTOU xm 610- XUTOU E~OOfWU morvn, 6EV E(XE aJtaQmT~Tw£ oJtOLa6~JtOLE OXEOlJ ItE mno. ~T1]V JtQaYltaTLxoTllTa, TOU£ JtEQLOOOTEQOU£ It0VUQXE£ T1]1:; EUQwJt1]£ TO 1914 - otov aX0lta 1] ltovaQX(u *av OXEOOv xa80ALX~ 0' au~ T'I']V ~JtELQo - JtQOfl~8EUE ~La 0ltu6a OLXOYEVELWV, OUV6E6EltEVWV ItE OUYYEVLXOV£ 6EOflOV£, TWV OJtOLWV 'I'] JtQOOWJtLX~ E8VLXOTllLa (ov m- 08UVOVLav OLL E(xav XUJtOLa) ~LaV EVLEAW£ UOXELlj ItE T1] AELLOUQy(a LOU£ W£ aQXllYwv TOU XQULOU£. 0 I1Q(YXllJta£ AAMQTO£, 0 oti~UYOI:; T1]£ BLXTWQ(a£, EYQacpE OLOV ~amALU T1]£ IIQwota£ W£ rEQftaVO£, m08avo!-lEVO£ T'I'] rEQflav(a W£ rnv OLX~ LOU JtaTQwa Y1], aUu 'I'] JtOAmx~ JtOU OLa8EQU aVLLJtQooWJtEUE ~Tav, aXOfla JtLO ava!.tcpLo~*'I']Ta, EXE(V1] Tlj~ MEYUAll£ BQETav(a£.4 OL OLE8vEL£ ETmQELE£ OLa TEAll TOU ELXOOLOV mwva ELvm JtoAV mo LxavE£ vo EJtLAEyouv Ta xOQucpa(a OLEU8uVLLXU OLEAEXll LOU£ ItELa~ti TWV ItEAWV LOU E8vou£ aJto LO oaoto JtQOEQXOVLm, 11 ostou ~Q(oxETm 11 EOQa LOU£, aJto 000 l1LaV Lxavu tn EElVLXU XQUT1] TOU OEXUTOU EVU'tOU mwva va EJttM~ouv ~amAeL£ ~e LOJttXOV~ Ow~oti£.

Alto rnv UAA'I'] JtAEUQU, TO ItELaEJtavamaTLXO XQUTO£, ECTE ItE EJ'tLXEcpaA~£ Evav XAllQoVOflLXO uQxoVLa ECTE 0XL, E(XE It(a avayxa(a 0QyavLx~ OXfOlJ ItE «TO f8vo£», OllAaOl1 TOU£ XaTOLXOU£ 'tOU E6ucpou£ LOU 8EWQOUItEVWV, xaTu XUJtOLO roorro, w£ «OUAAOYLXOT1]Ta£», w£ «Aaoti», xuElw£ EXOUItE OEL xm Myw Llj£ OOIt~£ TOU, xm Myw TWV JtoAmxwv ItELaIt°QCPWOEWV JtOU LO ~eTETQEJtav oe eva OWfia JtOAtTWV oc OJtOLOL fiJtoQovoav va XLvllTOJtOL'I']80tiv XaTU OtucpoQou£ TQOJtOU£ fiE JtOAmxu OLxmWltaLa 11 a~LWOEL£. Axouo, xm av 'to XQUTOI:; ItEXQL 'tOTE OEV aVLLItE-

TWJtL~E xaJ..t(a oo~aQ~ altcpLo~~LljOlJ Llj£ VOJ..tLItOT'I']La£ ~ Llj£ OUVOXtl~ TOU, xm xalt(a JtQaY[taLLXU LOXUQ~ aVaTQEJtLLX~ Otivaltll, xm It0VO 11 JtaQaxlt~ TWV JtaAmOTEQWV XOLVWVLXO-JtoAmxwv OE0ItWV 8a E(XE xcTa~OEL EmLaXLLX~ Tll OLaJ..tOQcpWOlJ xm rnv EltcpV'tEUOlJ VEWV 1t0QCPWV JtOAmx~£ acpooLWOlJ£ (juo «JtOAmx~ 8Q110XE(a» YLa va XQljOLIt0JtOLtlOOUItE Tlj CPQUOlJ TOU Rousseau), ECPOOOV TWQa ~LaV LxavE£ v« ExcpQa- 080vv JtoAmxu UME~ EV OUVU~EL ~OQCPE£ acpoo(wOlJ~. naT( JtOLO xQuTOI:;, OLljV EJtOX~ TWV enrrvcotdoaurv, rou CPLAEAEU8EQL0It0ti, TOU EElVLXiouoo, TOU EXOrllt0xQanolt0v xm 1:lj£ uvooou TWV XLV'I']ItU'twv 1:lj£ EQya- 1:LX~£ 1:a~lj£, 8a moElavoLav aJtOAmW£ aocpaAf£; H XOLVwvLoAoyCa, nou Eltcpav(08'1']xE OLa TEAEmaCa E(xom XQovLa rou mwva, ~LaV :n:QwLaQXLXU Wa :n:oAmx~ XOLvwvLOAoyCa, xm 1:0 JtQo~Aljlta Lljl:; XOLVWVLXOJtoAmx~£ OUVOX~I:; OLa xQULlj *av 0 JtuQ~va£ 1:lj£. MAU La xQuLlj aJtmLOvoav ~ta JtoAmx~ 8Q110XELa «<:n:aTQtWLLOItO») yta Eva JtQ008ETO Aoyo, acpoti a:n:mLOvoav uno 1:0U£ JtOAC1:EI:; oAOEva xm xun :n:EQtOOOTEQO aJto mv :n:aEl'l']1:tXOT'I']'tU roue, 'OJtW£ ECJtE 0 NEAowV OLOU~ VamEI:; 'tOU OLO :n:aTQtW1:tXO 1:QayovOt xa8w£ E1:OLlta~OTaV yta Llj vaUltax(a TOU TgacpUAyxaQ, «'I'] AyyACa :n:QooOoxa OTt XUElE uvoQal:; otlltEQa Ela :n:Qa~EL 1:0 xa8~xov 1:0U».

KaL nv, XaTU WXlj, 1:0 XQULOI:; OEV JtEwxmVE va JtQOOlJAU1:(OEL LOUI:; :n:OAL1:e£ LOU 0Ll] vea 8Qljoxe(a JtQLV oxooooov toul:; aVLLJtaAOU£ evosYEALOLEI:;, Ela UJt~QXE J..tEyUA'I'] :n:t8aVOTlj1:a vo: xa8El. Tnv IQAavoCa, OJtWI:; OUVELOlj1:0JtOC'I']OE 0 Gladstone, 1:'I']v EXaoE 1:0 HVWItEVO BaoCAELo 1t0ALI:; o ExOrlJ..t0xQaTL0It0£ tljl:; 'IjJ~cpou 1:0 1884-5 EOEL~E OTt 1:0 JtQayJ..taTtxo otiVOAO 1:WV xaEloAtxwV XOLVO~OUAEULLXWV EOQWV 0' aULo 1:0 V'I']O( 8a av~XE ECPE~~I:; 010 Eva LQAavOLxo (b'l']AaO~ EElVLXtOLLXO) x0ltlta' EVLoVTOLI:;, :n:aQEJ..tEvE Eva HVWItEVO BaoCAELo EJtELO~ UAAEI:; EElVLXEI:; OUVLOLWOEI:; 1:0U aJtoOEXLljXaV TOV XEVLQo-xQanxo E8vLXL0It0 Lljl:; «MEyUA'I']1:; BQE1:avCal:;», nou E(XE avaJtwx8EC, XaTU ~uOlJ YLU OLXO LOU£ OCPEAO£,Oto MXaTO oyOoo morvc, xm nou axoJ..ta JtQoxaAE( otiyxuOl'J OLOU£ 8EWQljTLxov£ nou aVLLJtQoowJtEVOUV Evav mo oQElooo~o E8vLXLOIt0.5 H Au1:O-

4. IIgi3A. Revolutionsbriefe 1848: Ungedrucktes aus dem Nachlass Konig Friedrich Wilhelms IV von Preussen, (AEl1I'Ca 1930).

5. fLa 't1']V E~O .. L~1'] 't1']~ i3gEtaVLx'lj~ O'UvECI)1']a1']~, i3A. YEvLxa Raphael Samuel (smu.), Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity (3 'to!!.,

124

E8NH KAI E8Nlrm:MO~ AIlO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

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H KYBEPNHTIKH I1POOTITIKH

125

XQU'tOQLa tWV AljJ~O'llQYoov, Eva aUVOAO IQAavl'lLwv, Of V rjtav tOOO ruXfQrj. EOw EYXfLtaL ftLa ~wtLXr] OLa<pOQa ftfta;'ll cutoii ztou 0 auO'tQLaXO£ nf~oYQacpo£ Robert Musil anoxaAo'llof Kakania (ouuqxov« us to. YQuftftata k XaL k, C1\YVt0ft0YQacplf£ tOO YfQftaVLItOU oQou «amoItQU'toQLItO£ ltaL ~aOLALxo£»), XaL mrroti rtou 0 Tom Nairn, naQaCPQa~ovta~ tOY, oVOfta~fL Ukania (uno to. aQXLxa roo HVooftEVOU BaoLAfloU).

'Eva£ natQLwtLOftO~ rtou ~aO~ftaL lta8aQu oro ItQuto£ Of V flVat anaQaLtrltoo£ atfA.EocpOQO£, fCPOOOV l'] LOLa l'] 'llnaQ;l'] Itat OL AfLtOUQYlf£ rou O'UYXQovou fOacpLxo'll xQUtou£ - nOALtwv O'UVfXW£ cvequYVUfL tou~ ltatOLxou~ rou mL~ un08EofL~ rou, xrn, avan6cpfuxta, naQEXfL Eva 8f0ftLXO rj OLaOLltaO'tLItO «tonto» to ozoto Of V ftOLU~fL ue xovsvu UMO naQOftOLO romo Xat anOtEAfL to OXl']VLItO YLa tL~ ~ooE£ roug; tL£ onOLf~ fUQVtata xa80Q~fL. To anM YEYov6£ tl']£ OLa~LooO'l]£ fVO~ crouou fnL ALYf~ OfxaftLf£, ALyotfQo cero tl'] OLuQxfLa ftLa£ ftOVO av- 8QwnLVl']~ ~oorj~, f-t3tOQfl va flVaL aQxftO YLa va fOQaLWOfL us mrtov tOY tQono touAUXLO'tov ftLa na8l']tLltrj taVtLO'I] ftf Eva YEO f8vLXO xQuroc, Edv DfV O'UVE~aLVf amo, 80. EnQfnf va cvcuevoeue OtL l'] UVODo~ rou fnavaO'tatLxoU 8Ql']OXfutLXO'll DOYftU'tLOftO'll trov Shia 0't0 IQuv 80. ElXE f.l;Coou O'I]ftavtLXO avtC'ltt'Uno O'tO IQux 000 ftftal;u toov Shia tOO DLXa0ftEvou AL~UVOU, OLOtL to ftfyaMtEQo ftEQO~ rou ftl'] XOUQOLXOU ft0uOouAftaVL'ltoU nAl']8uo1lOU autou to'll 'ltQatou£, to oxoto O'UftntooftatLXU nfQLI~XEL rou; O'I]ftavtLItOtfQOU£ LfQoU~ tonou~ tl']~ aCQfO'l]£, avrjXfL ornv LOLa nLOtf] us rou; IQaV01)~.6 AXA.u XaL l'] LOLa l'] LbEa EVO£ XUQCaQXO'U 'ltOOftLXOV f8vLItOV xQUtOU~ orn Msoonotcquo fLVat axofta

nLO ngoocpatl'] coro flteLVfJ fVO£ fOacpLxov f~Qa·LxoV ItQutou£. 'Eva aXQaLo naQuOfLYfta tl']~ D'UYU'tOtl']ta£ va eLVaL 0 xa8aQu xQatLXO~-natQLwtLOftO£ anotEAwftanxo~, ELVaL l'] acpooLooOf] torv <I>LAavbcilv orqv ToaQLxtl AutOItQU'toQLa YLa nOAv ftfyuAo OLUml'][ta rou OfXUtOU fVUrou aLwva, omv nQaYftatLItOtl']ta Eoo~ OtOU l'] nOALtLxtl tl']~ QwoonoLl']- 0'1]£ [tftU tl'] DfltaftLa rou 1880, nQoltuAwf ftLa avtLQooOLlttl avtLOQaOfJ· TIQuYftatL, fVW ftvl']ftfLa I' to. tOY OLItO nov Pouovoxp Of V eLVaL EVItOAO va ~Qf8oVV ornv LOLa If] Prootu, Eva uyaAfta tOU Toripou AAE;avDQou B', rou fAEu8fQwtrj, OQ8WVEtaL axofta unfQtlcpava ornv XEvtQLXtl nAatfLa rou EAO(VItL.

90. ftnoQOUOf xavEL~ va nQoxwQtlOfL nEQLooOtfQO. H aQXLxtl, fnavamatLItr] Aa"Lxr] LOEa rou nU'tQLWtLO[tOV r]tav ftUAAOV ~aoLOftEv'Y] 0't0 xQUtO£ naQu oro «E8vo£», ECPOOOV OXEtL~Otav ftf tOY LOLO tOY x'llQlaQXO 1..0.0, Ol']AaOtl ue to xQuto£ rtou aoxEl rnv f;o'llo(a oro ovouc rou, H f8vLIt6tf]ta r] uMa mOLj(fLa tl']£ LO'tOQLXr]£ O'UvEj(fLa£ Of V flxav OXEOfJ ue «ro E8vo~» un' autr]v tl']v EWOLa, Itat l'] YAwooa fLXf OXEOfJ 1l0vov'I] XUQLoo£ YLa nQaXtLXOU£ Myou£. OL «natQLWtf£», [tf rnv aQXLlttl EWOLa tl']£ M;l']£, r]tav to avt(8Eto mrtorv zou nLmfuav ornv «natgLDa uou, ooomu tl Aci80£», OllAaOtl- onw£ to E8wE 0 Dr. Johnson, naQa8EtOvrc; rnv fLQWVLXr] XQr]OfJ tll£ M;ll£ - «cpU'tQLamLxol taQa;lf£ tl']~ XU~EQV'Y]0'I]£».7 TIw oo~aQu, f] faAALxtl Enovdororn], noucpalvftat OtL XQl']OLIlOnOLllof tOY oQo [tf t'Y] OfJllaOLa nou fL0tlyayav OL A[tfQLltaVOL Xat ELOLXOtEQa 1) OMaVOLx'I] EnavaO'taO'l] tOU 1783,8 8EooQOUOE natQLWtE£ EItELVOU£ nou EOfL;av rqv ayunl'] YLa t'Y] XWQa to'U£ EUxollEVOL va rnv avavEwoouV IlE tl'] ftEtaQQu81lLO'I] r] tl']v EnavumaOfJ. Kat II nar(J{oa (patrie) nQo£ tl']v onote EOELxvav tl']v acpoolworj roix, titav to avtteEtO ftLa£ unagl;Lalttl~, nQoiinuQXO'Uoa~ ft0vaoa£, OllAao'li Eva €8v0£ Ol']ftLOUQY'Y][tEVO ano tl']V nOAltLxtl EnLAOYr] rorv IlfAWV tOU nO'll, us tl']v nQul;l'] 1:OU£ autrl, OLfQQ'Y];av, tl tOuAciXLmov uno~u8[tLoav tou£

AOV<'iLVO 1989) aMa XVQLWC; Linda Colley, "Whose nation? class and national consciousness in Britain 1750-1830" (Past & Present, 113, NO€[!~QLOC; 1986, 00. 97-117) XaL "Imperial South Wales" O'tO Gwyn A. Williams, The Welsh in their History (AOV<'iLVO XaL Ku[l1t€Qu 1982). BA. E1tLO'T}£ Tom Nairn, The Enchanted Glass: Britain and its Monarchy (AOV<'iLVO 1988), [!EQOC; 2.

6. H xutuO'toA1l UVU[!<PL~oAWC; ano8uQQVvE rnv €x<PQUO'T} t€tOLWV EVvO"LXOOv ).lEtUXEtQ(OEWV O'tO IQux· ceto TT]V aMlj 1tAE'UQu, OL O'T}[!UvtLXE£ oUyxQOVE£ EnttvxCE£ rou ELO~OA€U LQUVLXOU E1tUVUO'tUtLXOU O'tQUtOU <'iEV <pUCVEtUL VU €XOVV 1tEtUXEL mv Ev8uQQvvcrti to'UC;.

7. IIQ~A. Hugh Cunningham, "The language of patriotism 1750-1914" (History Workshop Journal, 12, 1981, 00. 8-33).

8. J. Godechot, La Grande Nation: l'expansion revolutionnaire de la France dans Ie monde 1789-1799 (IIuQLm 1956), to[!. 1, 0.254.

126

EE>NH KAI EE>NIKI~MO~ AlIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

H KYBEPNHTIKH IIPOOIITIKH

127

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H L6lU 1] nQu~1] rou Ex6Y)[toxQuno[tov t1]£ nOAl'tlX~£, 6Y)AU6~ tlj!:; [tEtU'tQon~£ rrov unY)xowv OE nOAL'tE!:;, 'tECvEl vu nUQuYEl [tLU AU"LXLO'tLX~ auvEC6Y)0Y) 'ty)v onotn, e» nUQutljQ~OOU[tE xu'tw uno EVU OQLO[tEVO nQLouo, ELVaL MOXOAO VU 't1] 6lUXQLVOU[tE uno EVUV E8vLXO, uxo[tu XaL EVUV OW~LVlO'tlXO nutQLWtlO[tO - 6lO'tl UV «1] XWQu» ELVaL XUtU XU3tOlO tQono «6lX~ uou», rors CPULVE'taL mo EVXOAY) Y) EJ'tlAOY~ ty)!:; OE axEOY) [tE EXE(VE£ 'tWV ~EVWV, El6LXU uv U'U'tO( O'tEQO'llV'taL 'tWV bLXaLW[tU'tWV xm t1]£ fAfUSEQ(U!:; rou UAT)SlVOV 3tO'ALtlj. 0 «fAEVSfQO'!:; YEVVy)J.!£VO'£ AYYAO£» ron E. P. Thomson, or BQE'tUVO'L rou 6EXUtOU oy600u aLWVU nou nOtE 6EV 8u ELVaL OXAU~OL, EVXOAU uV'tLnuQE~uAUV rou; EUV'tO'V£ rou; ue tOU!:; fUA/.OUC;. Auto 6EV m1[taLVf unuQm~twc; xunoLu au[t3tUSElU YLU tl!:; UQXO'UOE£ tU~fLC; ~ tL£ XU~EQV~OEl£ 'tOuC;, XaL uutEC; ue tlj OElQu toix LOW!:; vc unoJ't'tEvoV'tUV rnv UCPO'OLWOY) rtov UYWVlO'tWV tlj£ XUtwtEQY)!:; tU~T)£ YlU tOU£ onotou; ot nAovmOl XaL oi UQLO'tOXQUtE£ rtou EX[tEtUAAEVOV'tUV tOY unM AUO *uv mo u[twu XaL 6lUQXW£ nuQOV'tE£ uno tOU£ nOAu[tL01]tOU!:; ~EVOU!:;. H tU~lX~ auVfL6Y)0Y) nou unoxtoikxrv ot EQyunx££ tU~El!:; OE nOAuuQlS[tE£ XWQE!:; O'tl!:; tEAEutULE!:; 6EXUEtLE!:; nQLV uno to 1914 o~[tmvf, ~ [tUAAOV Em~E~uLwVE, [tLU U~LW- 0Y) YLU ru ~LXaLW[tUtU rou Av8QwnO'u XaL rou IloALt1], XaL [t' curo tov tQono £vuv EV 6uvuJ-tEl nU'tQLwtlO[tO. H J-tU~LX~ nOAL'tLX~ auvEC61]0Y) ~ Y) tU~LX~ auVEL6Y)0Y) ~[taLVUV [tLU uV'tLAY)tjJ1] tY)£ «patrie» ~ «nU'tQL6u£», onw!:; 6ELXVEl 1] LO'tOQLU rou IUXW~LVLO[tO'V XaL tWV XLVTI[tutwv onw£ 0 «XUQtLO[tO;». ~LOtL OL nEQLoOOtEQOL «XUQ'tLO't££» ~tuv EVUV'tLOV tOOO rcov nAO'UOLWV 000' XaL tWV fUAAWV.

Auto rrou £XUVf rov AU'LXO-6Y)[toxQUtLXO nUtQLWtLO[tO, xu8w£ XaL rov nutQLW'tLOJ-tO tWV Iuxw~Lvwv E~mQEtLXU tQwtO, ~'tuv 1] ULa8Y)OY) XUtW'tEQOtljtU!:;, tOOO Y) UV'tLXEl[tEVLX~ 000' XaL Y) unOXEL[tEVLX~ - uetu-

9. o.n, 1, o, 73.

10. Anoonoouu am Pierre Nora (emu.), Les Lieux de Memoire II* La Nation, 0.363 (IIaQ(m 1986).

11. Marc Ferro, La Grande Guerre 1914-1918 (IIaQ(m 1969), o. 23' A. Offner, The working classes, British naval plans and the coming of the Great "War", (Past & Present, 107, MaLO~ 1985,00.225-26).

128

EeNH KAI EeNIKI~MO~ AlIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

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129

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12. Karl Deutsch, Nationalism and Social Communication. An Enquiry into the Foundations of Nationality (KE~1tQ('t~, Mao. 1953), Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (01;cpOQDl] 1983). IlQ~A. John Breuilly, «Reflections on nationalism» (Philosophy and Social Sciences, 15/1 MUQ'tloC; 1985, 00. 65-75).

13. J. M. Thompson, The French Revolution (O!;cpoQDl] 1944), o. 121.

130

EeNH KAI EeNIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

H KYBEPNHTIKH IIPOOIITIKH

131

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14. ELXE OXEoLua8EL ro~ 0 aQXLxo~ TOltO~ TIl~ rrOAVtOf.U'l~ Histoire de la France ItE Ex66't1] TOV Ernest Lavisse, Eva ItVrlltELo TIl~ 8ETLxL01Lx'Ij£ ErrLmljltTJ£ XUL QEItrrov!tJtALxavLx'Ij£ LOEOAoyLa£. BA. J. - Y. Guiomar "Le Tableau de la geographie de la France de Vidal de la Blache" 010 Pierre Nora (smu.). Les Lieux de Memoire II, a. 569 xL

15. Ano TIl yaAALxtj rrAEvQci EoroaE rrayxoaltLa ErrLxmQ0't'llTa 010 8Ef.!a nov «q:yumxcOv ouvooeov. TOV EaVOV~, Evav oQo nou, aVTLeETa ue TOV L01oQLxo f.!'ii80, uvtjXEL ouotormxd orov oeXaTO EvaTo ULcOva (rrQ~A. D. Nordmann, "Des Limites d'etat aux frontieres nationales" 010 P. Nora (smu.), Les Lieux de Memoire, TOf.!. II** oo. 35-62 passim, aMci XVgLro£ a. 52). Arro TIl YEgf.!UVLXtj rrAEvQci, TJ Ex01gaTEla TO <p8LVorrroQO TOV 1840 rragtjyaYE «TO ErrLTEvYlta TOV auYX,QOvov YEgltaVLxo'ii E8vLXLaf.!0'ii ro£ Eva f.!a~LXO <pULVOf.!EVO" TO onoto OXEMv af.!E(Jro£ - XUL YLa 1tQciJ't'll <pogci - uvayvroQLOTllxE coro TOV£ rrQLYXTJrrE£ XUL TL£ XV~EQv'ljaEL~. I1Q~A. H. - U. Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftgeschichte 1815-1845149 (TOf.!. II, Movaxo 1987), a.

399. IIaQ'ljyaYE ErrLOT]£ Eva f.!EAAOVTLXO otovsf E8vLXO 'iif.!vo.

16. E. J. Hobsbawm, "Mass-producing traditions: Europe 1870-1914" 010 E.

J. Hobsbawm xm T. Ranger (smu.), The Invention of Tradition (KE!tJtgLT~ 1983) XE<p. 7' Guy Vincent, L' Ecole, primaire francoise: Etude sociologique (AvcOv 1980), XE<p. 8: "L' Ecole et la nation", xVQCro£ oc. 188-93.

132

E9NH KAI E9NIKI~MO~ AIlO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

H KYBEPNHTIKH IIPOOIITIKH 133

---------------------------

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19. Ito.ro LOxuQ6 Qa'tOLO'1:LX6 O'1:OLXELO O'1:L<; OU~l]'tijOEL<; yLa 'tOY yaAALx6 ESvLXLo!!6, ~A. Pierre Andre Taguieff, La Force du prejug«: Essai sur Ie racisme et ses doubles (IIaQLm 1987), 00.126-8. Ttc ru VEOl'tEQLO'1:LXa 0'1:0LXELa autou rou XOLVOlvLxo-baQ~LVLxoV Qa'tmo!!ou BA. Giinter Nagel, Georges Vacher de Lapouge (1854- 1936) .Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialdarwinismus in Frankreich (Freiburg im Breisgau 1975).

134

E8NH KAI E8NIKI~MO~ ArIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

-----

H KYBEPNHTIKH I1POOIITIKH

135

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!1EVEe; YAWOOlOC; ~ WC; ltOAL'tLO!1LXU LOLW!1U'tU YLU rou; !10QCPWIlEVOUe;, uvuyxu~oV'taL vo AEL'tOUQY~oo'UV we; IlEOU YLU 'ty]v d:lVLX~ 0IlLALa: T] XLVE~LX~ YAWOOU rorv MavoaQLvwv, 'Y] Mltaxuou 'tl]C; IvoovT]oCUe;, T] <PLALltLvo.20

Av T] EltLAOYl1 'tl]e; «m(oy]!1Y]e;» EOVLXl1C; YAWOOUe; ~'tUv altAWe; OEIlU ltQax'tLx~c; OLEUXOAUVOT]e;, Oa liLav OXE'tLXU EUXOAT]' Ou EltQEm: va emAE~EL XUltOLOC; 'to LOLwlla nou liLuv ltEQWOO'tEQO mOuvo vu OIlLAEL'tUL XaL ~ va XU'taVOELLaL cero 'tOUC; ltEQLOOO'tEQOUC; ltOAL'tlOC;, ~ EXlO(VO nou Oa OLEUXOAUVlO ltEQWOO'tlOQo 'tT]V EmxOLvwvla IlE'ta~u roue, H EmAoy~ 't'Y]e; ylOQIlUVLX~e; YAWOOUe;, cero 'tOY Iw~cp B', we; 'tl]e; OLOLX'Y]'tLX~e; YAWOoac; 'tT]e; ltOAUEOVOUe; amoxQU'toQLac; rou liLuv EV'tEAWe; ltQUYIlU'tLO'tLXl1 Il' au't~ 'tT]V EvvOLu, OltWC; XaL T] lOmAoy~ 'tT]e; Hindi cero 'tOY fXUV'tL YlU 'tT] IlEAAOV'tLX~ UVE~UQ'tT]'tT] Ivo(u - 0 lbLOC; lOlXE 1l'Y]'tQLX~ rou YAWOOU 'tl] Gujarati - XaL uerd ro 1947, 11 EltLAoY~ 'tT]C; aYYALX~e; yAffiooac; wc; !1Eoou 'tT]C; EOVLXl1e; lOltLXOLVWVLac;, ztou ll'tav T] ltlOQwoo'tlOQo ultoblOx't~ UltO 'tOUC; Ivboue;. ~'tu ltOAUEOVLXU xQu'tl1 'to ltQo~Ar'llu Oa IlltOQOUOlO va AUOlOl 0'tT] OEWQCU, OltWC; EltEOLW~av OL A'Ij!~OUQYOL va 'to AUOO'UV altO 'to 1848 XaL EMc;, !1£ 'tT]V EmvoT]Ol] va OOOEC 0'tT] «YAWOOU XOLVl1C; XQ~Ol]e;» (Umgangsprache) XUltOLU mlOl]!1T] uvayvwQLOl] OE EVu uQ!10~ov OLOLXl1'tLXO EltLltEbo. '000 mo ltEQLOQLOIlEVOL 'tOltLXU XaL aYQull!1U'tOL ltUQEIlELVUV OL XU'tOLXOL EVOC; xQu'tOUC;, OT]AUO~ ltAT]OLEO'tlOQa <J'tY]V ltuQuooOLax~ uYQO'tLXl1 ~w~, TOOO ALY0'tlOQEe; mOUVO'tl]'tlOe; YLU oUyxQouOl] ult~Qxav IlE'tU~U lOvoe; YAWOOLXOU EltLltEOOU, lOVOC; YEwYQacpLxou ouvoAOU XaL XUltOLOU UAAOU. AXOIlU XaL 0't0 altoxoQucpwlla 't'Y]e; bLaIlUXT]e; llE'ta~U flOQ!1avwv XaL TOEXwv orqv AmoxQU'toQlU rorv A'Ij!~ouQYwv, liLuv Ouva'tov vu YQucpo'UV:

«~e Eva noAueSvLxo xQUto£ ~oQe( va 8ewQ~ooufle l\el\oflEvo OLL axofla Xal exetvot nou I\ev XataAaflf}uvouv xafl(a m(Ol]fllJ 8EOl], anol\Exovtal'tO

20. I1QI3A. n.x. YLa tL£ clILALnn(ve£: "Land of 100 tongues but not a single language" (New York Times, 2 Aexefll3QLOU 1987). TLa to nQal3AlJfla yevLxa, 131.. J. Fishman,"The sociology of languge an interdisciplinary social science approach to language in society" oro T. Sebeok (smu.), Current Trends in Linguistics, 1:01l., 12·" (XaYlJ - I1aQLm 1974).

136

EE>NH KAI EE>NIKIl:MOl: AIlO TO 1780 MEXPI l:HMEPA

H KYBEPNHTIKH IIPOOIITIKH

137

EQESLOj.la, Xat omv nQaYllanxotljta, mv unoXQEooOlj, va llaSouv TlJ 6£ut!oQlj yf...wooa - JLX. ot EllnoQm, Ol TEXVLtE£, ot EQyatE<;. Oi XooQLXOL SLYOvtat f...LyOtEQO ano amtl TlJ de facto avayxlj. LlLOtL lj cuco-ccrouovcoon (Abgeschlossenheir) Xat lj autaQxna TlJ£ ~ootl£ ow XooQLO, nou 6LaTlJQELtat IlfXQL atlllEQa, onuotvoov OtL amOL onaVLa auvEL6ljtonowuv rtooo xovrd ~QLOXftat IlLa xowomrc nou OIlLf...EL 6LacpoQEtLXtl yf...wooa, toUf...aXLatOV 0't'I] BOljllLa Xat TlJ MOQa~La, onou OL avSQoonOL tll£ una(8Qou, xat nov 6130 efrvotnrrov, anOf...all~aVOuv to LOLO XOLVooVLXO xru ocxovouixc xaSEatw£. l:E nEQwXE£ onoo£ aUtf<;, to yf...ooomxo ouvooo IlnoQEL va naQallELVEL nusta~f...llto YLa atWVE£, ELOLxa ECPOOOV lj Ev60yallLa nov WXUEL oro XooQLO xat to OLxa(oolla nQOTEQat6TlJta<; nou EXOVV ta IlO v ll TlJ£ xmvotllta<; atL<; ayoQf£ uxrvritcov, nEQwQ~oVv TlJV mavOQoooTj tOV XOOQtOU Ill' ~EVOV£. AutoC oi Ef...aXLatoL ~EVOL nOV EQXOvtat, YQtlyoQa acpolloLWVOvtat xat EvaoollatWvOvtat».21

tjJvx~ LOV E8vov£" xat, onw£, 8a DOVIlE, OAO Xat nEQLaa6tEQo ro XQLatllO XQLtrjQLO tTJ<; E8vLXOtT)ta£'. To now YAwaaa rj YAwaaE£, EnQOXELtO va XQTJaLIlonOLTJ80vv otc OEutEQo~a8IlLa aXOA.ELa tTJ£, Celje (Cilli), onou avvvJt11Qxav I'soucvoqxovoc xat LAa~ocpwvOL, *av Eva ~rjtTJlla nov ~EnEQvovaE 'W oQLa tl]£, OWLXTJOTJ£,. (IIQaYj.latL auto to avYXEXQLj.lEVO ~rjtT)j.la avvtaQa~E tTJv a'llatQLaxrj noA.LtLxrj ~wrj 1:0 1895).23 'OA.OL, EXtO£, nrto tL£, E~atQEtLXa t'llXEQE<; X'll~EQVrjOEL<; noAVyA.WOOWV XWQwv, rj~EQav rtooo EXQTJXtLXO rjtav to yA.WOOLXO nQo~A.TJlla.

A'llto no'll to bl.aVE uxouo 1tLO EXQTJXtLXO rjtav ott xdrro coro OQLOJ.lEVE£' nEQLOtaOEL£" OI..OL OL E8vLXLOj.lOL xou OEV ELXav rjOlj ta'lltL08EL ue Eva xQato<;, EYLvav avayxaatLxa noAITlxOI. ALotL to xQato<; rjtav lj IlTJXavrj nou EnQEnE vc XELQaywYTJ8EL Eav j.lLa «E8votTJta» EJtQOXEltO va IlEtatQanEL OE «E8vo<;», rj EatW cv EnQE1tE va oLacpuA.ax8EL 1'] vnaQXO'lloa 8EOl] t1']<; ceto rnv LatOQLXrj DLa~QwOTJ Xat orpououoon. 'Onw<; 8a DoVj.lE, 0 yA.WOOLXO<; E8vLXtOj.lO<; acpoQouoE Xat acpoQa O'llOtaatLXa om yl..wooa t1']<; OYIj.lOOLa<; EXnaL()€'lJOT)<; Xat tTJ<; EnLOT)j.l1']<; XQrjOT)<; tT)<;. Efvrn yLa ta «YQacpECa Xat ta 0X0A.ELa» onw<; OL IIoA.wVOL, OL TOEXOL Xat OL LA.O~EVOL EnaVaAaj.l~aVO'llv axovQaata ano to 1848.24 ELVaL YLa to nv ta OXOA.ELa orqv O'llaA.La 8a EnQEnE va OLOaoxow omv O'llaA.Lxrj j.la~( IlE tT)v aYYALxrj YAwaaa, rj axolla Xat uovov OtTJv O'llaALxrj· YLa rnv avayxatotl]ta vu OLOOW ouaALxa ovounrc OE tan08WLE<; rou nQLYX1']natO'll rou; OL onoLE<;, EnElDrj DEV ELxav OLXL08EL ano ouoxoqxovoix, OEV ta ELXav nOtE· nQoxEltaL YLa tTJ YAWooa tWV OOLXWv Oljj.latwv Xat tWV ovoudnov tWV oowv· YLa tL<; 6YJIlOOLEe; E1tLXOQl]yrjOEL<; nQoe; Eva t1']AW1tLXO xavaAL omv O'llaALa· YLa rn yA.wooa omv onoto 6LE~ayovtat OL av~1']trjOEL<; ore OY)j.lOtLXa avllBovALa Xat xataYQacpovtat ore nQaxtLxa· YLa tT) YAwooa or«; attrjOEL£, YLa aOELa oOrjyy)OT)<; rj rou; AoyaQtaallov£, rou 1')AEXtQWIlOV, rj axolla YLa to av 8a EnQEnE vc DWVEj.lOvtnt ()LYAwooa EVt'lJna attrjOEwv rj ~ExwQLata EVt'lJna OE xa8E y'A.wooa,

H «ESvtXrj YAwooa» onavLa avtLIlEtwn~Etat W£ Eva nQaxtLxo nQo~A1')lla xat axolla nEQLoOOtEQO w<; Eva ~rjtTJlla aVEnl]QEaOtO ano nQoxataA.rjtjJEt<;· Etm E~Y)YECtaL 1') anQ08'llIlLa tWV av8Qwnwv ve tL<; avayvwQLaouv W<; «xataoxE1JaOllata» Xat l] nQoona8Eta rou; va E1tLvoriooov xanOLa naQaooOlj YL' autE<;, aVatQExovta<; ornv LOtoQLa.22 LE tEAEutaLa avaA.'llOlj TJ «E8vLXrj YAwooa» OEV rjtav, axollY) Xat YLa rou; L6wA.6yo'll<; rou E8vLXtOIlOV, Eva nQaXtLXO xat aVEnTJQEaatO ano nQoXataArjtjJEt<; ~rjtT)j.la, onw<; mrro E~EA.(X8Y)XE j.lE'ta to 1830 Xat uetuOXTJllatLatTJXE nQO£ to tEA.O<; rou morvo, ft' amov<; TJ YAwooa rjtaV TJ

21. Karl Renner, Das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Nationen in besonderer Anwendung auf Oesterreich (AEL\j1La Xat BLEVVll 1918), a. 65. Avttll'Lvat lj 6I'UtEgll, ~avaygallllfvll, fx600lj tOV Der Kampf der osterreichischen Nationen urn den Staat (1902) ana tOY auatQo-llag~lott1 auyygacpEa, nou 0 LOW<; tltav YLO£ yEQllaYOU XoogLXOU ana tTj Moga~La.

22. «MEQlXE<; yf...ooomxci Jtgo06l0QlOIlEVE<; XOLVOtfltE£ 0llllwugyouv Xat xaAf...ll'gyOUV IlUSOU<; Xat YI'VEUf...OyLI'<; nou acpogouv ornv xatayooytl Xat ornv nvd- 1tt\J~T] nov ~aOlxwv naQaAAaywv (TlJ£ yf...wooa£ roue) Ill' oxono va acpmgfoovv mv EllqJUOlj anD ta nOAuagl81la ouonrnxd TlJ<; 1110 JtgoocpaTlJ<; nagaywytl<; nou nEglExoUV ... Min nOLxlALa EllltvyxaVEl rnv latoglxotllta Ill' to va EQ8El 01' EJtacptl Ill' xanmo IlEyaf...O lOEOAOYlXO t1 EtlvLxo xLVTJlla tl nag<iOOOlJ", J. Fishman, «The Sociology of Language», o, 164.

23. W.A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire (AOVOLVO 1971), o, 661.

24. P. Burian "The state language problem in Old Austria" (Austrian History Yearbook, 6-7, 1970-1), o, 87.

138

Ee~NH KAI EeNIKI~Mm: Al10 TO 1780 MEXPI !HMEPA

H KYBEPNHTIKH IIPOOmIKH

139

~ LOWe;, xunma IJ.EQa, uovov Evnm:a orqv ouaALx~ yAwooa. ~LOtL, 6nwe; 'to Ton08e-trloE Evae; E8vLXLOT~e; ouYYQaepEae;:

«xanOLa EJtOxij orev 1'] ouat..Lxij yt..waaa ijTav ax6!!Ct aQxETa aacpCtt..ijt;, 0 Emrys 0 YWt; Iwan €(6E T1']V avayxm6T1'jTa va y(vElxm nat..L EJtL01']!!'l yJ...Woou xm yt..(oaaa T'lt; EXnCtL6EU01']t;, edv ij8Et..av va EmBLWaEL».25

'ETOL ru XQUTlj ~QE81']xav avayxaOIJ.EVa, IJ.E TOV Eva ~ TOV ullo TQ6no, vti OU~lepLALW80vv IJ.E Tlj vEa «a(lX~ TWV E8vo~TWV» xm TLe; ouvEnfLEe; Tlje;, aVE~uQTljTa ano TO «v ~Tav Lxavu vo. Tlj XQl]OL!lOnOL~OOUV YLa TOUe; (')LXOVe; TOUe; OXOnOlJe;. a xaMTEQOe; TQ6noe; va XAELOOUIJ.E aUT6 TO XEepUAmo ELvm va XOLTU~OUIJ.E EV OUVTOIJ.La rnv E~EAL~l] TWV anOljJEWV TOUe; OTa !lEOa tou (')EXUTOU EVUTOU uuuvu YLa TO nQ6- ~ArllJ.a rou E8voue; xm Tlje; yAWooae;. MnOQoVIJ.E va naQaxoAou8~OOU!lE TO ~~Tl]!la IJ.EOa an6 TLe; OU~l]T~OfLe; fL(')LXEU!lEVWV TEXVLXWv, OUYXEXQLIJ.EVa TWV OTanOTLXOAOYWV Tl]e; XU~EQV1']Ol]e; srou EnEXELQ1']OaV va OUVTOVLOOUV xm va TUnonOL~OOUV ne; nEQW(')LXEe; E8vLXEe; anoYQaepEe; no'll, urto rn !lEOa aUTOV rou mwva, EYLvav Eva xaVOVLXO TIJ.~!la rou !lljxaVLO!lOV TEX!lljQLW01']e; rtou XQELU~OVTav 6Aa Ta «nQOljY!lEva» ~ oVYXQova xQuTlj. To nQ6~Arl!la rtou E!lepavLO'tT]xE OTO IIQWTo ~Ll::8vEe; ~UVE(')QLO ~TaTLOTlX~e; TO 1853 ~TaV av 8a EnQEnE OE TETOLEe; anoygaepEe; va OU!lnEQLAljep8EL !lLa EQWTljOl] Yla Tl]V «O!lLAOV!lEVlj YAwooa» xm TL O1']!laOLa 8a ELXE, av ELXE xunOLa, YLa TO E8voe; XaL mv E8voTljTa.

To ~*lj'W (')WLouQy~8ljXE aQXLxu, xm 6XL nQoe; EXnA1']~1'], ano TOV BfAYO Quetelet, 0 onoLOe; bEY ~Tav !lOVO 0 L(')QU~e; Tl]e; XOLVWVLX~e; OTaTLOTLX~e;, aAAa nQoEQXOTav ano Eva XQUTOe; onou l] OXE01'] !lETa~V Tlje; yaULx~e; YAwooae; xm Tlje; epAa!lav(')LX~e; *av ~(')lj Eva nQo~Alj!la IJ.E xunOLa nOALTlX~ onucoto, To ~LE8vEe; ~TanOTlXO ~UVE(')QW rou 1860 anoepuOLoE OTL !lLa EQWTljOl] YLa Tlj YAwooa 8a EnQEnE va ELvm nQomQETlx~ OTLe; anoYQaepEe;, xm XU8E XQUTOe; va anoepao~fL av 8a ELXE ~ (')EV ea ElXE xunOLa «E8vLX~» onou(')mOTlj"ta. To ~UVE(')QLO TO'\) 1873 OIJ.We;, OUVEOTl]OE OTL !lLa TETOLa EQWTl]01'] 8a EnQEnE EepE~~e; va

OU!11tEQLAa!l~UVE'tm OE OAEe; 'tLe; anoygaepEe;.

H aQXLx~ uno1jJ'r1 rrov EL(')LXWV *av OTL lj «E8vLXOTlj'ta» EVOe; aTOf.tOU (')EV 8a EnQEnE va OU!lnEQaLvE'tm ano ne; EQWT~OfLe; nov anoYQaepwv, EXTOe; av EnQoxEL'tO I'm TljV EWOLa nou ELxav (')WOEL OL fUAAOL OTlj AE~lj, (')ljAa(')~ mv nOAL'tOYQUepljOl] rou aTOf.tOU OE Eva XQUTOe;. M' au't~ Tl]V evvoic l] YAO)OOa *av aVE~uQTljTl] coro TljV «E8vLX01:ljTa», av xm nQaxnxu aUTO anAWe; ~f.tmvE on OL fUAAOL, xm onOLoo(')~noTE UAAOe; anO(')EXOTav aUTO TOV OQLOf.tO, o:n:we; OL MaYUUQOL, avaYVWQL~av EnLoljf.ta !lOVO f.tLa YAwooa, !lEoa OTa oVVOQU TOUe;. Oi fUAAOL anAWe; ayvoovoav TOUe; UAAOUe;, EVW OL MaYUUQOL, nou (')VOXOAa 8a !11tOQOVouv va xdvouv TO L(')W, EepOOOV ALYO'tEQOL ano TOUe; f.tLOOVe; 'tWV xaTOLXWV rou ~aOLAELOU TOUe; !lLAOVOav au't~ Tlj yAwooa, ~QE8l]xav unOXQEWf.tEVOL va TOUe; nEQLYQUljiOUV (')LxaVLXWe; we; «MayuuQoue; rtou (')EV f.tLAovoav Tlj f.tayuaQLX~ YAwooa»,26 OXEMv onwe; OL 'EUljVEe; aQYOTEQa :n:EQLEyga1jJav 'tOue; XaTOLXOUe; TWV Tf.tljf.tU'tWV 'tlje; MaXE(')OVLae; :n:OU EVW- 81']xav f.tE 'tljv EAAu(')a, we; «oAaBoepwvoue; 'EAAljVEe;». ~uvonnxu, Eva I'AWOOLX6 f.t0VOnwAw f.tETaf.tepLE~oTav OE f.tlJ-yAWOOLXO OQLOf.tO rou E8voue;.

"Hruv ngoepavEe; OTL lj E8vLx6Tlj'ta *av xun E~mQEnxu :n:oAvnAoxo YLa va oQL08EC f.tOVOV a:n:o Tlj yAwooa. Or OTaTLOTLxoMyOL rcov A1jJBovQYwv, noo ELxav 0' aUTO TO eEf.ta !lEyaAV'tEQ'l] E!11tELQLa and oxotovorizore uUo, Elxav rqv u:n:oljilj 6"tL a) (')EV E:n:QOXEL'tO YLa L(')tOTljrn aT6f.twV aUu XOLVOT*WV, xm B) O'tL anmTOVOE f.tEAET'l] «'tl]e; ronoueaLae; Tlje; oQL08E'tlj01']e; xm TWV XALf.ta1:LXWV ouv8ljxwv, xa8we; xm av- 8QW:n:OAOYLXEe; xm E8vOAOYLXEe; f.tEAETEe; yta Ta epUOLXU xm :n:VEUf.ta1:Lxu, E~WTEQLXU xm EOWTEQLXU xaQaxT'l]QLOTLXU EVOe; Aaov, YLa 'ta ~8'l] xcn tu E8Lf.tU rou, x.A.:n:.».27 a Dr. Glatter, :n:QWljV (')LEueu~e; rou ~TaTLOTLXOV IVOTLTovTOu T'l]e; BLEVV'l]e;, :n:QOXWQ'l]OE axof.ta nEQLooo'tEQO xcn,

25. Ned Thomas, The Welsh Extremist: Welsh Politics, Literature and Society Today (Talybont 1973), cr. 83.

26. K. Renner, Staat und Nation, a. 13.

27. Emil Brix, Die Umgangsprachen in Altosterreicn zwischen Agitation und Assimilation. Die Sprachenstatistik in den zisleithanischen Volkszdhlungen, 1880- 1910 (Bievvn - KOMoVla - rXQCtt~ 1982), a. 76. H nEQLYQacp'l'j TWV au~TjTijaEwv YLa Ttt; ataTtatLXEt; nou 6(VETCtL E6w ~Ctcr~ETUL o' aUT6 TO EQYO.

140

EE>NH KAI EE>NIKI~MOI AlIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

H KYBEPNHTIKH TIPOOTITIKH

------------------------

141

aXQAO'u8wvta~ a'UO'tY)Qa to' nVEv~a tQV 6ExatQ'U EVatQ'U mwva, urtocpa<JLOE OtL 6EV l1tav l] YAwooa nQ'U xa80QL~E tl]v E8vLXOtl]ta aAM l] CPVAtj.

Omo0611nQtE, l] E8vLXOtl]ta l1tav Eva nQM ~EYaAQ nQALtLXO ~litl]~a YLa va to' naQa~MnQ'UV ot anQYQacpE(~. ELXE oacpw~ xanota 0XEOl] ~E rnv Q~LAQV~EVl] YAwooa, xm ~OVQV EnEL611l] YAwooa ana tl] bEXaEt(a tQ'U 1840 E(XE aQx(oEL va na~EL Ol]~aVtLXO QOAQ OtL~ tJLE8vE(~ E6acpLXE~ ovyxQQVOEL~ - L6La(tEQa aSLOOl]~E(wtQ OtQ ~litl]~a tQ'U SchleswigHolstein, to' QnQ(Q 6LEX6LX01JOaV ot ~avo( xm oi [EQ~avQ(28 - naQoAo nou nQLv ana to bEXatQ EVatQ mWva ta YAwoOLxa EmXELQ~~ata 6EV E(xav XQl]<JL~Onml]8E( YLa va 'UnQOtl]Q~o'UV tL~ E6acpLxE~ aSLwoEL~ tWV xQatwv 29 To 1842, o~w~, l] Revue des Deux Mondes 116l] naQatl1Ql]OE OtL «m nQaY~atLxa qJ'UOLxa oUvoQa 6EV xa8QQ~ovtav ana ru ~Q'UVa xm tn notrquo, aAAa ~aAAov ana tl] YAwooa, ta E8L~a, tL~ ava~vl1- OEL~, oAa ooc 6LaxQ(VQ'UV Eva E8vQ~ ana Eva aAAQ», EnLXE(Ql]~a nQ'U O~QA.OYQWEVW~ XQl]<JL~Qnm118l]XE YLa va ESl]Y110EL YLat( l] [aM (a 6EV EnQE1tE anaQmt1ltw~ va EXEL CPLAQbQs(E~ YLa to' mivopo rou Pl1VO'll' aXQL~w~ onw~ to EmXE(Ql]~a OtL «to Lb(w~a nou o~LAe(tm 0'tY) N(xma EXEL ~La ~axQLvl1 ~OVQV ouotomrc ~E rnv LtaALXl1 YAwooa» E6wOE orov Cavour uurv En(Ol]~l] 6LXmQAoy(a YLa va EXXWQ110EL amo to ~EQO~ tou Ba<JLAE(o'U tl]~ ~a~o(a~ OtOV Nceroxeovt« ['.30 To YEYOVO~ naQa~EVEL OtL l] YAwooa E(XE Y(VEL tWQa Eva~ naQayovta~ 0'tY) 6LE8vrj 6LnAW~at(a. 'Hbl] anotEAovoE cpavEQa Evav naQayovta ornv EOwtEQLXl1 nOALtLXl1 ~EQLXWV xQatwv. EmnMov, onw~ Emol]~av8l]XE oro ~vvE6QLO tl]~ Ay(a~ I1EtQovnoAl]~, litav l] ~QVa6LXl1 nAE'llQa tl]~ E8vLxotl]ta~ no'll ~OQOVOE tQ'llAaXLOtov va ~EtQl]8E( avtLXEL~EVLXa xm va tasLvo~l]8E( 010 nCvaxE~.31

AnObEXO~EVO tl] YAwooa w~ EvbELSl] tl]~ E8vLXOtl]ta~, to ovvE6QLO 0XL ~OVQV axoAov8l]OE ~La 6LOLXl]tLXl1 avtLAl]'ljJl], aMa EnCOl]~ axoAov- 8l]OE rc EnLXELQl1~ata EVO~ YEQ~avov OtatLOtLXQMyo'U 0 onotoc 'UnoOtl1QL~E, OtL~ Ol]~aCVO'llOE~ bl]~O<JLEVOEL~ rou to 1866 xm 1869, OtL l] YAwooa litav 0 uovo; EnaQXl1~ bECXtl]~ tl]~ E8vLXOtl]ta~.32 Auni rirov l] anQ'ljJl] nou EmxQatOVOE ana naALa ~EtasV tWV YEQ~avwv 6Lavoov~Evorv xm E8vLXLOtWV YLa tl]v E8vLx6tl]ta ~E bEbQ~EVl] rnv ano'UoCa EVO~ EVLaCo'U YEQ~avLxov £8vQ'U~ - xQato'U~ xm rnv E'UQELa bLaonoQa cvd tl]v E'llQwnl] XOLVQtlitWV nQ'U ~LAovoav YEQ~avLxE~ 6LaAEXto'U~, rc ~OQCPw~Eva ~EAl] tWV OnQLWV EYQacpav xm 6La~a~av rnv E1tCOl]~l] YEQ~aVLXl1 yAwooa. Amo 6EV ovvEnaYOtav anaQmtlitw~ tl]v asCwol] YLa Eva EVLaCo YEQ~avLxo E8vo~ - xQato~, nou va nEQLxAECEL OAO'U~ amov~ tQ'U~ [EQ~avov~ - ~La tEtma aSLWOl] l1tav xm naQE~ELVE EvtEAW~ Q'UtQmx1133 - xru, xata tl]V xa8aQa CPLAOAOYLXl1 Ex6oXl1 rou Bockh, 6EV E(vm xa80Ao'U oacpE~ nOOQ XOLVl1 OVVELbl]ol] xm XO'llAtQuQa 'Uno611AWVE' bLOtL, onw~ EXO'U~E 6EL, a'UtO~ EVAoya OV~EQLEAa~E, YLa YAWO<JLxou~ Myo'U~, ~Etal;v tWV [EQl-LaVWV xm to'U~ OI-LLAOVvtE~ tl] Yiddish, tl] ~EOmWVLXl1 YEQ~aVLXl1 6LaAEXtO rtou ECXE IlEta~Al]8EC 010 xa80ALXtl YAwooa trov E~QaCwv tl]~ AVatOAl1~. Ilcvrox, onw~ EnCOl]~ EL6a~E, QL EbacpLxE~ al;LwoEL~ ~E EmXECQl]~a tl] YAwooa litav tWQa ~(a nQay~atLXOtl]ta -l] YEQ~aVLXl1 ExOtQatECa rou 1840 ECXE anoQQC'ljJEL to yaMLxo aCtl]lla yLa otivopu OtQ Privo, aXQL~w~ YL' amQv~ rou; Myo'U~ - xrn, onma611notE XL av litav aXQL~w~ l] Ol]~aoCa tl]~ YAwooa~, 6EV I-LnQQOVOE nMov xaVE(~ va tl]V naQa~MnEL nOALtLXa.

AAM tL aXQL~w~ EnQEnE va xata~EtQl]8E(; H EX nQWtl]~ o'ljJEW~ avaAoy(a, onw~ E6ELxvav tu anotEMo~ata tl]~ anoYQacp1l~, IlEtaSV

28. rrQ~A. Sarah Wambaugh,A Monograph on Plebiscites, With a Collection of Official Documents (Carnegie Endowment for Peace, NEU Y oQX.T], 1920) nblx.u o, 138.

29. Nordmann, 0'(0 P. Nora (smu.), Les Lieux de Memoire , 'toft. II, * * o. 52.

30. o.lt., oo. 55-6.

31. Brix, Die Ungangsprachen, 0.90.

32. Richard Bockh, "Die statistische Bedeutung der Volkssprache als Kennzeichen der Nationalitat" (Zeitschrift fUr Volkerpsychologie und SprachwissenschaJt 4,1866, 00.259-402' rou lbCou, Der Deutschen Volkszahl und Sprachgebiet in den europdischen Staaten, (BfQoACvo 1869).

33. Ax.oftT] x.m 0 XCtAfQ blEX.QlVf Itf'tU;U tON rEQftUVWV tOU Reich X.Ul rtov «f8vlX.WV rfQltUVWV» (Volksdeutsche) nou ~ououv E;W coro tU aUvoQu tOU, UMU ltOU 8u ItltOQoUOf VU rou; b08fC T] fUx.mQCu vc YUQCoouv «onm», 0'(0 Reich.

142

E8NH KAJ E8NIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

H KYBEPNHTIKH TIPOOIITIKH

143

'tT]~ YAwooa~ XaL 'tOU ronou YEVVl']Ol]~, 'tT]~ l']ALXLa~, ~ TOU yUf.tou, ~EV aVTa:n:oxQ(VOVTaV ornv :n:QaY[-tanX6Tl']Ta. H YAwooa O~[-taLVE f.tLa :n:OALnx~ E3tLAOY~. 0 Ficker, 0 auO'tQLaxo~ O'taTLO'tLxoMyo~, w~ MYLO~, a:n:EQQLmE Tl']V E:n:LAOy~ Tl']~ YAwooa~ rtou XQl']Ol[-tonOLOVVTaV 0't0 ~l'][-to- 010 ~(o, zrou 8a f.,t3tOQoVOE va E3tL~Al']8E( otou; L~LWtE~ ano to xQUto~ ~ to xo[-t[-ta, naQoAo rtou amo TO XQLT~QLO ~tav a:n:OA.uta a:n:O~ExtO ceto rou; yUA.A.OU~ XaL OVYYQou~ ouvaMA.<pou~ tou, fLa tOY (~LO Myo anEQQL'ljJE 'tT] yA.wooa tl']~ EXXA.l']OLa~ XaL rou OX0A.E(OU. rrUvtW~, OL otrmcnxoMyOL tWV A'IjJ~ovQYwv, axoA.ou8wvta~ to 1tVEv[-ta tOU <pLA.£A.w8EQLouoii tOU ~EXUtov EVUtOU aLWYa, nQoo:n:u8l']oav va avo~ouv to bQof.to YLa 'tT] QO~ XaL tl'] [-tEta~OA.~ 'tT]~ yA.wooa~, XaL xUQCw~ YLa 'tT] YAWOOLX~ a<po[-toCwOl], QWT(Dvta~ tOU~ :n:OA.(tE~ 0XL YLa tl'] [-tl']tQLX~ tOU~ YAwooa (Muttersprache) ~ (ornv XUQLOA.E~(a) YLa 'tT] yA.wooa rrou :n:QwtoE[-ta8av a:n:6 n~ [-tl']tEQE~ tOU~, aA.A.U YLa rnv «OLxoYEVELaX~ tOU~ yA.wooa», bl']Aab~ Ll'] yA.wooa rtou ouv~8w~ [-tLA.OVOaV 0't0 onLLL XaL l'] o:n:oCa m8avov

va *av bLa<poQEtLx~.34 .

KavEva~ ~EV ~tav Lxavo:n:oLl']!-lEVO£ f.t' a~ rnv E~LOWOl] YAwooa£ XaL ESvLXOtl']Ta£: OL E8vL'tLO'tE~, EnELb~ E!-lnobL~E utof.ta nou f.tLA.OUOaV [-tLa yA.Wooa 0't0 OnLtL va E3tLM~ouv uurv UA.A.l'] E8vLX6Ll']ta, OL XU~EQV~OEl~ - XaL ~E~aCw~ l'] xU~EQVT10l] tcov A'IjJ~ouQYwv - E:ltELb~ !1:n:oQouoav va avayvwQCoouv !1ta «xam~ :n:aTUta» XWQC£ va XQELU~EtaL va tl'] boXL!-lUOOUV. KL O!1Ul~ OA.OL 'tOU£ u:n:mL!1l']Oav tl']V am08EQ[-taLV0!1£Vl'] LxavOtl']tU 'tT]£. OL A'IjJ~OUQYOL aVE~aA.aV 'tT]V EQWtl']Ol] YLa 'tT] yA.wooa, [-tEXQL~ OLOU va xataA.aYLuoouv O:n:Ul£ VOf.tL~aV OL E8vLXE£ EXQ~~£L£, rtou TOOO aLo8l']tu ECxav ava~w:n:uQUl8EL om ~EXaEtCa TOU 1860. Autof Sa uQXL~av tL£ !1ETQT\OEL~ TO 1880. Amo :n:ou xavEL£ ~EV E~ETC!1l']O£ E:ltaQxW£ liTav on l'] unaQ~l'] [-tLa~ LETOLa£ £QWtl']Ol]~ 8a bl']!1LOUQYouo£ a:n:6 f.t6vl'] tl']~ TO yA.UlOOLXO £8VLXLO[-t6. KUSE a:n:oYQa<p~ Sa YLVoLav Eva rts~LO !-lUXl']£ uvduson O'tL~ £8VLX6'tTjtE£, XaL OL 01..0 XaL :n:LO :n:£Q(t£XV£~ :n:Qoo:n:u8EL££ rcov aQXwv va Lxavo:n:OL~oOUV tOU£ avtLf.taxOf.t£voU~ Sa a:n:otUyxavav' Sa :n:aQ~yay£ uovo [-tVl']!1£La a!-lEQ6A.l']3t'tT]~ E3tL0tT]!10oV-

vl']£, 6:n:w£ l'] auO'tQtax~ XaL B£AytX~ a:n:OYQa~ TOU 1910,:n:ov ea Lxavortototiorrv tOU£ LO'tOQtXOv~. ~Tl']V :n:QaY!-latLxotl']Ta, OL a:n:oYQa<pE~ 8ETOvta£ rnv £QWtl']Ol'] yw 'tT] yA.wooa e;awiyxaaav yta :n:QWLl'] <poQu OA.OU£ va E:ltLM~ouv 0XL uovo !-lLa £8VLXOTl']Ta, aAA.a !-lLa YAWOOlX~ £8VLX6Tl']Ta.35 OL t£XVtXE£ anmt~oEL~ LOU oVYXQovou ~LOLXl']nXOU XQUTOU£ YLa uiov axo!-la <poQu Bo~Sl']oav XaL u:n:ESaA.'ljJav rnv £!1<pUVtOl] tOU £8VLXLouoii, n~ !-l£Ta!1oQ<PwoEL~ tOU O:n:OLOU :n:Q6XELtUL va £Q£uv~OOU!-l£ OtT] OUVEXELa.

34. Brix, Die Umgangsprachen, a. 94.

H METEEEAIEH TOY EeNIKI~MOY 1870-1918

145

---------------

KE<I>AAAIO 4 --~.--

XLO!-tO TCOU CPLAObosoUOE va oxrl!-tatlOEL 1'] va XUQLEUOEL ta xQ6:tlJ !-taAAOV TCaQa rn «E8vr}» xQatwv, TCOU 1']6lJ uTC1']Qxav, ue tOY LotOQLO!-tO tOU XaL rnv aC081']01'] t1']e; LotOQLX1']e; aTCOotOA1']e;, xa8we; 6LEXbLXOUOE t1']V TCatQOt1']ta tOU 1789, XaL TCOAU TCEQLOOOtEQO !-tE t1'] bLCPOQOU!-tEV1'] OQoAoYla xm Q1']tOQLX1'] tOU.

'O!-twe;, TCaQOA.o TCOU to aTCOOTCaO!-ta TCOU TCaQa8Eoa!-tE OE !-tLa TCQWt1'] avayvW01'] !-tae; But-t~EL XatL nou ea f-tTCoQoum, va EXEL YQal/'fL 0 (bLOe; 0 Mazzini, ornv nQaY!-tatLXOtT]ta YQacpt1']XE E~bof-l1']vta XQOVLa !-tEta tLc; EnavaotaOELe; tOU 1830 XaL ceto Evav !-taQSL<J't1'j oOOLaALotij !-toQa~Lx1']C; xataywY1']e;, OE Eva ~L~AlO TCOU bLanQaY!-tatEuovtaV tc ELbLxotEQa ~T]. t1']!-tata tr}e; AmoxQatoQLae; nov Al/'~ouQYwv. Ev ouvroutc, EVW to anooTCao!-ta 8a f-tTCOQOUOE va naQEQ!-t1']VEU8El OtL OUVbEEtaL !-tE t1']v EeVLXLotLX1'] aQX1'], nou !-tEta!-toQcpwoE tOY nOALtLXO xaQtr} t1']e; EUQwn1']e; !-tEtasU rou 1830 XaL t1']e; 6EXaEtlae; tOU 1870, ornv TCQaY!-tatLxot1']ta aV1']xEL OE !-tLa !-tEtaYEVEotEQ1'], XaL bLacpoQEtLx1'], cpao1'] t1']£ E8vLxLotLX1']e; avaJttUS1']e; omv EUQwna"Lx1'] LotoQla.

o E8vLXLO!-t0e; tOU 1880-1914 bLECPE{~)E OE tQ(a !-tE~ova OlJ!-tEla ana t1'] cpaOlJ tOU E8vLXLO!-tOU tOU Mazzini. IIQwtOV, EYXatEAELl/'E mv «aQxij tOU OQLOU», 1'] oaoto onwe; ECba!-tE, XUQLaQXOUOE or«; OU~1']tl']OELe; OXEtLxa ue tOY EeVLXLOIlO t1']V EnoX1'] tOU CPLAEAEUSEQLOIlOU. Arto Ebw xm oro ES1']£ oxouumnote ovromrc 8EWQOUOE OtL anot£l..El Eva «E8voe;» 6LEXbLXOUOE to bLxalwlla YLa amobLaSEOlJ nQaYlla nou, OE tEAEUtala ovcAU01'), O'Ijt-tmvE to bLxa(wt-ta t1']e; va anOtEAEl Eva SEXWQLotO xUQLaQXo aVESaQt1']to xQatoe; oro Ebacpoe; tr}e;. ~EUtEQOV, xm we; OUVEnELa tr}e; OUVEXOUe; b1']IlLovQYlae; ESVWV XWQ(e; LotOQLXO TCaQEASov, 1'] ESVLxOt1']ta xm 1'] YAwooa, anOtEAEoav tu xVQ(aQxa, OAO xm mo xaSoQLotLXa, xm OE xaTCOLEe; nEQLJttWOELe; lOWe; 1l0VabLXa XQLt1']QLa avayvwQL01']e; !-tLae; «ESvOt1']tae;». Yn1']QSE 0IlWe; xm !-tla tQltr} aAAay1'], 1'] onotc bEV En1']QEaOE tOOO noAU ro aVEu xQatOUe; ESvLxa xLvl']!-tata, ta onotc tWQa YlVOvrnv OAO xm mo nOAuaQLSt-ta xm cpLA.6bosa, aUa ta E8vLxa aLoS1']t-ta-

H JlETE;iJ..t;lJ TOV E()Vt~t(JJlot5, 1870-1918

«MOALe:; eXEL EltLtEux8E( XUltOLOe:; ~a8Itoe:; EUQWlta'Lx~e:; avum:v!;Tle:;, OL YAWOOLxee:; xm ltOALtLatLxee:; XOLVOTT]tEe:; tWV Aawv, exovtae:; WQLItUOEL OLWltTlQU OLa usoou tcov mwvwv, !;EltQO~UAAOUV alto tOY X00It0 TT]e:; lta8TltLx~e:; u1taQ!;Tle:; we:; Aamv (passiver Volkheit). LUVELOTlt01tOLOUV OtL a1tOtEAOUV It(a ouva[1Tl ItE urroQLXO 1tE1tQW[1evo. Anrnrotiv va exouv tOY eAEYXo rou XQUtoue:;, we:; to uvonrrro U1tUQXov OQYUVO E!;OUO(Ue:;, xm ItUXOvtm yLa tTlv 1tOALTLX~ toue:; autooLu8EOTj. To YEv€8ALO tTle:; 1tOALtLX~e:; LOfUe:; tOU eSvoue:; xm to etoe:; YEVV~OEWe:; a~e:; tTle:; veue:; auVE(OTlOTje:;, E(vm to 1789, to ewe:; tTlC; rUAALX~e:; En:avUatuOTjc:;».l

~LaXOOLa XQOVLa IlEta ana tr} raAALX1'] EnavaotaOlJ, EA.n:~a!-tE OtL xavEvae; oo~aQoe; LotOQLXOe; XaL xavEvw; TCOU EXEL bLa~aOEL avto to ~L~AlO, we; avto to O1']IlElO, bEV Sa SEWQElOtL an6l/'ELe; onwe; amEe; nov naQaSEoa!-tE naQanavw ELVaL xaTL nEQLOoOtEQO ana Q1']-roQLxa tEXVaoucto, Auto 'to anoonao!-ta cpaLvE'taL AOLnov nwe; Elvm !-tLa cvnrtooownEmLx1'] ExboX1'] t1']£ "aQxlie; torv E8vO'tl']twv" 1'] oaotn ouVEtaQaSE t1'] 6LEeV1'] TCOALtLX1'] t1']£ EUQwn1']e; IlEta'to 1830, 61']IlLouQywvtae; Evav aQLS- 110 VEWV xQatWV rtou avtLotOLxouoav, xata to 1']IlLOU 1l0VO omv EXXA1']- 01'] ron Mazzini «xaSE ESVOe; Eva xQa-roe;»' 6EV avtLotOLxouoav 0IlWe; oro vnoAOLno tr}£ cpQaOlJC; 'tOV Mazzini «1l0VOV Eva xQatoe; YLa OMXA1']QO to ESVOC;».2 Am1'] 1'] 61']AW01'] Elvm avtLnQoownEU'tLx1'], YLa nEvtE A.DyouC;: 'tov~ovtae; t1'] YAWOOLX1'] XaL nOALtLotLx1'] XOLVO't1']W, non 1']wv Evae; VEwtEQLOIl0e;3 rou bExa'tou evdrou aLWYa, EVLox;UOvtae; 'tOY ESVL-

1. K. Renner, Staat und Nation, o. 89. 2.a.n. 0.9.

3.rrQ~A, Th. Schieder, "Typologie und Erscheinungsformen des National-

staats" OTO H. A. Winkler (smu.), Nationalismus (Koningstein im Taunus 1985), 0.128.

146

EeNH KAI EeNIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

H METEEEAIEH TOY EeNIKI~MOY 1870-1918

147

ta evro; trov l1bl] OllYXQOtl]llfVWV EElVlXWV xQatwv: Illa aJtOtOIll] uercCYtQoCPl1 JtQo£ to JtOAltLXO OlxaLwlla Yla fElVO£ XaL GTlllaLa, Yla to OJtOLO oumaotLxa EJtlVOl1Ell]XE 0 oQo£ «EElVlXlOIlO£» ornv tEAEmaLa bEXaEtLa (110EXanLE£) rou bEXatou evcrou mwva. ~tO aJtooJtaalla roo Renner ExJtQoawJto15vtaL OL Ouo JtQWtE£ aJto tL£ aAAaYf£ nou avacpfQallE, bEY avtlJtQoawJtE15EtaL 01100£ l] tQLtlj Myw tl]£ aQlatEQl1£ lOWAOYLXl1£ rou JtQOfAEUOlJ£·

Y JtaQXouv tQH£ MyOL Yla tou£ OJtOLOU£ xata xovovc OEV fXEl avayvwQlaElEL nooo OljJllla fYlVE ornv JtQaYllatlXOtl]ta xUQLaQXo to EElvO-YAwaaOAoYLXO XQLtllQLO YLU tOY OQLallo EVO£ fElVOU£. IIQWtOV, ta bUo JtAfOV E~fXOvta 1ll]-xQatLxa EElvlxlatlxa XLVl1llata rou JtQWtou Illooii rou OEXatOU svdtou aLwva [)aaU;;ovtav ouotconxd oe XOLVOtljtE£ ttov EYYQallllatWV, nou, JtfQa uno JtoAltLXa XaL YEwYQacplxa orivopc, tOU£ fVWVE l] XQl10lJ Illa£ xaEllEQWllfVl]£ YAwaaa£ UljJl]A015 JtoAltLallLxoti EJtlJtfOOU XaL l] AOyotEXVLa tl]£. Fie roix rEQllaVOU£ XaL tOU£ ItaA015£, l] EElVLXl1 rou; YAwaaa bEY litav aJtAw£ fva IlfaO EVOJtOLl]OlJ£ tlj£ EvboxQatLXl1£ EJtlXOLVWVLa£ XaL AELtOuQYLa£ tl]£ OLOLXl]tLXl1£ Ill]Xavl1£, oJtw£ UJtl1Q~E l] yaAALXl1 YAwaaa atl] raAALa aJto tl]v EJt0Xl1 tl]£ OLatu~l]£ tou Villers-Cotterets to 1539, 11 aXOIll] fva£ EJtavaatatLxo£ Ill]XuvLallO£ YLa va IlEtaCPfQEl tL£ aAl1ElELE£ tl]£ EAEuElEQLa£, tl]£ EJtlatl1lll]£ XaL tl]£ JtQoobou oe OAOU£, OLaacpaAU;;Ovta£ tl]V aQXl1 tl]£ LaOtljta£ tWV JtOALtWV XaL JtaQqm:obU;;ovta£ mv ava[)LwOlJ tlj£ LEQaQXLa£ rou ancien regime oJtw£ O'UVf[)l] IlE tOU£ Iaxw[)Lvou£.4 'Hrcv XatL JtOAV JtEQLaaOtE-

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4. «OAa'ta ftEA1'] tou xlIQiaQxoll (AaoV) unoootiv va xU'taAaft~UV01lV OAE~ n~ (01']ftOmE~) 8EOEL~· EivUL Em811ft1']'to on OAm 8a ltQE:7tEI va n~ xa'taAaft~UV01!v EX ltEQI'tQOltlj~, ltQO'tOU EltIO'tQE1jI01lV O'tl~ aYQO'tLXE~ lj ft1']xaVIXE~ aaxoAiE~ 't01!~. Aim] 1'] xU'tuO'taOl'] rtov ltQaYftu'twv fta~ CPEQVEL aV'tlftE'tWltOll~ ftE 'to axoAo1l80 EVaAAaX'tIXO oxljfta. Av amE~ 01 8EOEL~ ltA1']Qw80uv altO UVOQE~ avixavoll~ vn ExcpQao80uv lj va YQU1jI01lV omv E8vLXlj YAwooa, ltW~ !ffiOQouv vc OLUcp1!Aax80uv r« OIXULwwx'ta rerv ltOAI'tWV areo EYYQacpa 'tWV onouov ta XELftEVa ltEQIEXOllV M- 81'] oQoAoyia~, IOEE~ nou O'tEQoVV'tUL aXQI~Eia~ ftE ftla AE~1'], oAa ru O1!f!lt'twfta'ta 't1']~ uyvma~; Ano rnv UM1'] ltAElIQU, av ftLU tE'tOla uyvOla EJtQOXEI'tO va altOXAELOEI 'to'1J~UVOQE~ uno n~ 01']ftOOlE~ 8EOEL~, 8a ~MltaftE ouvrou« 't1']v avaYEvv1']Ol']

V1']~ 't1']~ aQLO'toxQa'tia~ nou XUrcO'tE XQ1']mft0ltOlOUOE patois ('tOltLXlj OLaAEX'tO) ro~ Eva Ol']ftEio ltQoO'tU'tEmLxlj~ O1!YYEVELa~ orov ftLAOUOE OE all'toV~ nou areoXCtAOUOE avULow~ «01 XU'tciJ'tEQE~ 'tu~EL~» (les petits gens). ~uV'tofta 1'] xOIvwvia YLa ftla axofta cpoQu 8a ft0AlIVmaV areo «ro ocooro Eioo~ rorv av8Qwltwv» (des gens comme il faut) ... Avdusou OE OUO XWQIOftEVE~ 'tU~EL~ Eva Eioo~ IEQaQxia~ 8a x,a8LEQw8EL. 'EmL 1'] uyvma 't1']~ YAwooa~ 8a E8E'tE OE x,ivollvo mv XOlvroVLX,lj ElI1']ftEQia, lj 8a X,U'tEO'tQECPE 't1']v ioomrc. (Azo rnv Rapport rou Abbe Gregoire nou ltaQU'ti8EtUL 0't0 Femand Brunot, Histoire de la langue jrancaise, (Ilnotoi 1930-48), 'toft. IX, 1, 00.207-8.

148

E8NH KAI E8NIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

H METEEEAIEH TOY E8NIKI~MOY 1870-1918

-------------------------

149

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o 'tQL'tO£ Myo~ a.CPOQu [lUAAOV O'tTJv E8vLX~ lta.Qu 0'tTJ YAWOOLX~ WV'tLO'I']. 'EYXEt'to.L OTO YEYOVO~ on - f.lEXQL 'ta. 'tEAT] rou atwva. - a.ltOllOLa.~a.V O'I']/la.LVOllOE£ 8EWQLE£ ~'ljJEllb08EWQLE£ OL OltOLE~ va. 'ta.mL~OllV tn E8vT] ue 'tTl YEVE'tLX~ xa.'ta.yw~. ea. Elta.VEA80ll/lE 0' a.mo 'to O'I']f.lELO lta.Qa.xu'tw.

H a.ll~a.VOf.lEVT] oltollbat6'tTj'ta. roo «E8vtxou ~T]~f.la.'to~» oru oa.Quvtc XQOVta. ltOll ltQoT]y~8T]xa.v rou 1914 bEY a.ltObEtXVVE'tat uovo a.ltO 'tTJv Evta.'tLXOltOLT]~ rou f.lEOa. ore ltAa.LOLa. 't(J)V lta.AatWV ltOAllE8vLXWV a.moxQa.'toQLWV, 'tTJC; All<nQO-Ollyya.QLa.~ Xat 'tT]C; TOllQXLa.C;. 'Hrcv ltMov EVa. OT]/la.vtLXO ~*T]/la. O'tTJV EOW'tEQLX~ ltOALTtX~ OAWV, 'tEAtXU, 't(J)V EllQ(J)lta.·Cxwv xQa.'twv. 'E'tOL, a.XOIla. Xat <no HV(J)IlEVO Ba.OLAEtO 'to «ESvtXO ~~'tT//la.» bEY ltEQLOQL~O'ta.V ltMov <no LQAa.vbLXO ltQO~AT]/la., a.xof.la. XL otnv 0 LQAa.vbLXOc; E8vLXLO/l0C;, XU't(J) coro a.mo 'to ovouo, XEQbL~E Eba.cpoC; - 0 a.QL8f.l0C; 't(J)V EcpT]/lEQLbwv rtou a.moxa.Qa.x'tTJQctOvta.v (J)~ «E8vLXE~» ~ «E8vLXL<ntXEC;» a.ll~~8T]XE a.ltO f.lLa. 'to 1871 OE bEXa.'tQELC; 'to 1881 Xat OE 'tQLUvta. 'tQELC; 'to 18916 - Xat EYLVE EXQT]XTtXO 8Ef.la. cero rtoAmx~ Ulto'ljJT] <nT] ~QE'ta.VLX~ ltOAmx~. 'O/l(J)~, OllXVU lta.Qa.~MltOll/lE on o.ll't~ T] LDto. ltEQLOboC; ~'ta.v EXELVTJ xa.'tu TTJv onoto o.vo.yv(J)QLo8TJxo.v YLo. ltQWTT] cpoQu EJtt~f.l(J)C; 'to. E8vLXU Ollf.lcpEQOvto. 't(J)V Ollo.Awv f.l' o.m~ 'tTJv OVO/lo.OLo. (0 Ollo.ALxoc; Nouoc rou 1881 YLo. 'to IO..EiOL/lO 'tT]~ KllQLo.x~<; EXEt xo.Qo.xTTJQLo8EL 00<; «to ltQWTO xo.8aQu ollaALxo VO/l08E'tTJ[la 'tT]<; BOllA~~»)1 Xat TJ ltEQLObo<; xo.'tu rnv OltOLo. T] ~xO'tLo. altEx'tTJOE f.lo.~L us Eva rpno xLVT]/la YLa EO(J)'tEQLX~ KllQLo.QXLa Xat Eva OXO'tOE~Lxo YltOllQYELO <nTJV Xll~EQVT]O'I'], xcn, f.lEO(J) 'tTJ~ a.Jtoxo.AOuf.lEVT]C; «<I>oQ_· f.lOllAo.~ Goschen», Eva EYYVTJf.lEVO E8vLXO f.lEQCDLO alto 'tL~ bl][lOOLE~ ba.JtUVEC; tou HVW/lEVOll BaOLAfLoll. 0 EO(J)'tEQLXO~ E8vLXLOf.l0~ f-lltoQou-

5. E. Juttikala XaL K. Pirinen,A History of Finland, (EAOLVXL 1975), 0. 176.

6. O<pEWo uma Tn O"toLXELU, not! anoxollLOOU ano "to Newspaper Press Directory EXELVOlV"tOlV E"t<OV, (J"w; ul'n1ll00LEt!"tE<; EQEt!VE<; YLU "tOY LQAuvllLxo mUQXLUXO "t"Uno, 1852-1892, 'tl]<; Mary Lou Legg rou KOAEYLOt! Birkbeck.

7. BA. "Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the operation of the Sunday Closing" (Ot!UALU), TIQast] 1881. (Parliamentary Papers H.o.C., "toil, XL rou 1890)' K. O. Morgan, Wales, Rebirth of a Nation 1880-1980 (Os<PoQIlt] 1982, 0. 36).

150

EeNH KAI EeNIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

H METEEEAIE:H TOY EeNIKI~MOY 1870-1918

151

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'OltW£ r]bl] ELlta!tE Ta ltEQLo0OlEQa alto aUta ro XLVr]!lata tolQa to-

VL~av to YAWO(JLXO xm/~ to E8vLXO OlOLXE(O' to OlL auto *av XatL to YEO EuxoAa !lltOQEL v« altobELx8EL. IIQLv alto tl]V CbQuol] tT]£ Gaelic League (faEALxou ~uyMo!lou) to 1893, nou ornv ltQoltT] cpaOT] rou tOUAaXLOlov bEV E(XE xa80AotJ ltOALtLXOU£ oloxo'U£, l] LQAavbLx~ YAolOou bEV altotEAOUOE OT]!lavtLXO ~*l]!la YLa to LQAavbLxo E8vLXLOlLXO x(vl]!la. ~EV E!lcpavL~OtaV W£ !lE~OV 8E!la OUtE OlL£ taQaXE£ YLa AxuQWOT] roo O'Connell - av XaL 0 EAEU8EQwt~£ *av Eva£ alto tou£ Kerry nou !lLAOUOE tl] yaEALx~ YAolooa - oUtE oro ltQoYQa!l!la rcov CPEvurvorv. Axouo bEV E(xav Y(VEL oo~aQE£ ltQoOlta8ELE£ ltQLV to 1900 YLa tl] bl]!lLouQyCa !lLa£ O!lOLO!lOQCPl]£ LQAavbLx~£ YAolooa£, nou va ltQOEQXEtm alto to !lEXQL rote YVWolo oUIll'tAEY!la bLaMxtwv. 0 cpLAavbLxo£ E8vLXLO!lO£ acpoQouoE omv UltEQaOl'tLOT] tl]£ amOVO!lLa£ tou MEyaAou ~otJxatotJ UltO rou; Todpouc, XaL OL cpLAavboL CPLAEAEU8EQOL nou E!lcpavCOll]xav !lEta to 1848 uL08£tl]oav tl]v alto1jJl] Ott ovunooooxteucv Eva EVLaLO bLYAWOOO E8vo£. 0 cpLAavbLxo£ E8vLXLO!l0£ 0XL ftOVO bEY *av oUOLaOlLXa YAWOOLXO£ !lEXQL, ltEQLltOU, tT] bExaEtCa rou 1860 (Olav Eva AmoxQatoQLxo ~LataY!la ~EAtLWOE tl] brl!lOOLa 8EOT] tl]£ cpLAavbLx~£ YAolooa£ svcvn tl]£ OO'Ul]bLX~£), aAAa XaL !lEXQL tT] bExaEtCa to'll 1880 l] YAWOOLX~ bLa!taXl] ltaQE!lELVE OE !lEyaAo ~a8!t0 £(JWtEQLX~ ta;LXr] bLa!laXl] !tEta;u tWV <l>LAavbolv (Fins) tl]£ xatoltEQl]£ rd;11£ (ltOU avttltQoowlteuovtav altO tOU£ «Fennomen» zrou UltOotr]QL~av Eva EVLaCo E8vo£ ue YAolooa rou Tl] cpLAavbLxr]) XaL tT]£ aVoltEQl]£ ta;l]£, tl] OOUl]bLXr] uetovornro, (nou avtLltQoOWltEuotav alto to'U£ «Svecomen», OL OltOCOL UltoOl~QL~av OlL l] XolQa ltEQLEAa!l~aVE Mo E8vl] xm O'UVEltol£ Mo yAolOOE£). Movo !lETa to 1880, xa8ol£ 0 tOaQL- 0!l0£ !tEtaXLV~8l]XE ltQO£ to DLXO tou E8VLXLOtLXO tQOltO EXQW(JLO!lOU, O'UvEltEOaV 0 aYolva£ YLa 't'I'Jv amovoftCa ftE tOY aYolva yta 'tl'] YAolooa xm tOY ltOALtLO!l0.8

Axo !ll] , 0 xataAaVto!to£ W£ (O'Uvtl]Ql]ttxo) ltOAttLOltXO-YAWOOLXO XLVl]!ta !lEta ~La£ !lltOQEL va aVLXVE'U8El OlO ltaQEA80v ltQLV altO tl] DEXaEtCa rou 1850, xa8ol£ to ltaVl]yUQL nov lacs Florals (avaAoyo ue to

8. Juttikala xm Pirinen,A History of Finland 00. 176-86.

EeNH KAI EeNIKI~MO~ AnO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

--------

152

H METEEEAIEH TOY EeNIKI~MOY 1870-1918

153

ouaALXO Eisteddfodau) 6EV ava~(oooE ltQw ceto to 1859. H (6La 'I'] yAwooa 6EV E(XE tultoltOL'I']8E( EltLm]!loo£ !lEXQL tOY ELxoato mwva,9 xm o XataAavLxo£ toltLXLO!l6£ 6EV Ev6LacpEQowv YLa to YAooomxo ~ijtrl!la WfXQL ta !lioa rj to tiAo£ TI]£ 6EXaEt(a£ tOU 1880.10 'EXEL Ultoat'l']QLX8EL OtL 'I'] avaJttu~'I'] tOU ~aoxLxou E8vLXLO!lOU, E!lELVE xaltou 'tQLavta XQ6- VLa mrxo alto 'to XataAavLx6 x(Vl']!la, av xm 'I'] L6EOAOYLXij !lEtatOJtLGl'] rou ~aoxLxou cutovouiouoii alto tl']v UltEQaOmGl'] ij 6LatijQ'I']Gl'] rcov ltaAmWv cpEOu6aQXLxwv ltQOVO!l(oov OE yAoooOO-CPUAE'tLXij 6m!lax'I'] rjmv ~acpvLXtl: 'to 1894, ALY0'tEQO alto E(XOOL XQovLa !lE'ta to tEAO£ rou fiEUTEQOU KaQALXoU IIoAE!lou, 0 Sabino Arana i6guOE to BamtLx6 E8vLX6 Kouuu (PNV), emvoorvrce; A(YO 00£ ltOAU tuxa(a 'to ~aOXLXO OVO!la YLa t'l'] XWQa (<<Euskadi») to OltOLO !lEXQL'tOtE 6EV UJt11QXE.ll

};t'l']V aM'I'] aXQ'I'] TI]£ EUQwlt'l']£, 'ta E8vLXLatLXa XLVij!lata rorv Aawv TI]£ BaA'tLxij£, !lOAL£ nou E(xav ~EltEQaOEL 'tL£ ltQWTE£ rou; (ltOALtLatLXE£) cpaOEL£ xma 'to tEAEUTa(o 'tQi'to rou mwva, xm ore alt0!laxQuO!lEva BaAxaVLa, OltOU to MaXE60VLXO ~ijTl]!la OQ8ooOE to m!lato~a!l!lEVO xEcpaAL rou !lE'ta to 1870, 'I'] L6Ea OtL OL 6LacpOQE£ E8vo't'l']tE£ nou ~ouoav OE aUTO to E6acpo£ EltQEltE va 6LaXQLVOvtm ano 't'l'] yA.waaa roix, ij'tav 'I'] 'tEAEuw(a alto ltOME£ ltOU EltA'I']~aV tn xQa't'l'] 't'l']£ };EQ~ia£, 't'l']£ EAAa6a£, 't'l']£ BouAyaQ(a£ xm 't'l']V Y'tjJ'I']Aij IIuA'I'] rtou !laXovtav YL' au't6,12 OL xa'tOLXOL 'tT(£ MaXE60v(a£ 6mxQ(vovtav ceto 'tTl 8QT(OXECa roue, OL a~LwOEL£ EL6aMOO£ rtou ltQo~aAAovtaV YLa 'to Eva ij 'to aMo !lEQO£ tl']£ MaxE60v(a£ ~ao~ovtav omv urtopto; ano tt] !lWmoovLxij

9. Charles Riba, "Cent anys de defensa illustraci6 de l'idioma a Catalunya" (L' Aven(, 71, M6.w£ 1984,00.54-62). Am6 E(vm'to ltE(I-lEVO I-lIU£ 0\(1).E;1)£:rt0'lJ 006l)ltE UQXLKU 'to 1939.

10. Francese Vallverdu, "El catala al segle XIX" (L'Aven(, 27, Mdio; 1980), 00.30-6.

11. H. - J. Puhle, "Baskischer Nationalismus im spanischen Kontext" O'tO H.

A. Winkler (smu.), Nationalismus in der Welt von Heute (Gottingen 1982), 0. 61. 12. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Report of the International Commission to Enquire into the Cause and Conduct of the Balkan Wars, (OudowyK'tOV, 1914), o. 27.

00£ t'l']v aQxaia, ij, aAALw£, OE E8voYQacpLXoU tUltOU EltLXELQij!lata ym xorvd E8L!la xm 'tEAE'tOUQY(E£. H Moxsoovtc 6EV altotEAWE ltE6(0 !laX11£ YLa tOU£ OAa~ou£ cpLMAOYOU£ 00£ 'tOY eixooto aLWva, onere OL 'EAA11VE£, OL OltO(OL 6EV !lltoQouoav va rou; auvayoovLatoUV a' auto to ltE6io, 'to avtLata8!lLOav 'tov~ovta£ !lLa «cpavtamaxij E8vot'l']ta».

T11V (6La EltOXij - ltEQ(ltOU, oro 6EU'tEQO!lWO rou aLwva - 0 E8votLxO£ E8vLXLOflo£ EVLoxu811XE Gl']!lavtLxa, ornv ltQa~l1 alto 'tL£ au~avoflEVE£ !la~LXE£ YEooYQacpLxE£ !lE'taVaatEUOEL£ trov Aawv, xm at'l'] 8EooQ(a alto TI] !lE'taAAayrj EX€(Vt]£ tT(£ X€vtQLXtl£ LMa£ 't11£ XOLVooVLXtl£ emorri!ll)£ roo 6EX<i'tOU Eva'tou aLwva, tl'] «cpuAij». Alto 'tl) !lea ltAEuQa, l) rtcvaQxma E6QaLoo!lEV'I'] 6LaxQLGl'] rou av8Qwmvou E(60u£ OE A(YE£ «cpuAE£», rtou 6LaxQ(vOvtav alto to XQw!la rou MQ!lato£, 'twQa eCXE E~EALX8E( OE flLa 0!la6a «CPUAE'tLXWV» 6LaxQioEooV, nou XWQL~av os- 8Qwltou£ us 'to (6LO xata ltQOOEYYLGl'] uvoixto XQw!la MQ!lato£, OE «AQE(OU£» XaL «};l1!l('tE£», ij, !lEta~u nov «AQE(ooV», OE };xav6Lva~ou£, AAltELXOU£ xm MwoYELaxou£. Alto mv aM'I'] ltAEuQa, l) E~EALXtLXij 8EooQ(a tOU fiaQ~(vou, nou au!lltA11Qw811XE alto auto rtou EYLVE aQYOtEQa yvooato 00£ YEVE'tLXij, ltQOOECPEQE oro Qatmo!lO aU't6 nou qxnvorcv va E(vm Eva 6UVa!lLXO aUvoAo ano «EJtLatl)!lOVLXE£» aL't(E£ YLa rnv urrocpuyij ij axo!la, Oltoo£ auvE~l1, Tl]v Ex6(oo~TJ XaL rnv EMvtooGl'] rorv ~Evorv, 'OAa au'ta auvE~T(OaV OXE'tLxa aQya' 0 «vn-cnumouoc 6EV altEX't110E «CPUAE'tLXO» xaQaxtijQa (OE avtC8€Gl'] ltQO£ to 8QT(0XEUTLXO-ltOALtLatLXO) !lEXQL to 1880 ltEQ(ltOU, OL !lEYaAU'tEQoL ltQOCPij'tE£ ron yEQ!laVLXOU XaL yaMLxou Qatmo!lou (Vacher de Lapouge, Houston Stewart Chamberlain) ovrixoov orn 6EXaEt(a'tou 1890, XaL OL «NoQ6LXO(» 6EV au!l!lE'tEXOUV 0t1] QatOLatLxij ij oltoLa6ijltotE aMt] au~ijtl']Gl'] !lEXQL to 1900 ltEQiltou,13

OL 6w!lo( ovdusou oro QatOLO!lO XaL tOY E8vLXLOllo E(VaL qxwe-

13. J. Romein, The Watershed of Two Eras: Europe in 1900 (Middletown 1978), 0. 108. MLU «~KUVOLVUi3IKYj» cpv).Yj !!E uUT6 'to ovou« :rtQW'toE!!IPUVLSnm ornv 'tU;LVO!!LO'tLKYj IPLl.ol.oyCU 'tl)£ uv6Qw:rtol.oyCu£ 'to 1898 (OED Suppplement: "nordic"). 0 6Qo£ IPUCVEtUL OtL uvYjKn otov J. Deniker, Races and peuples de La

E8NH KAI E8NIKIl:MOl: xno TO 1780 MEXPI l:HMEPA

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154

H METEEEAIEH TOY E8NIKIl:MOY 1870-1918

155

QoL H «<p'UA:Jl» Xat l] YAwooa fvxoAa O1JYXEOvtav, oJt(o~ <Ytl]v JtfQLm:WOl] ttov «AQELwv» xca rrov «LrnU'twv», JtQo~ ayavux't'ljOl] oxoAaO'tLXWV AOY(WV oJtw~ rou Max Muller, 0 oaofoc OLf1.1XQLVLOf OlL l] «<p'UAij», [tLa YfVf'tLXij LOfU, Of V f.AJt0QOVOf vn O1JVax8fL aJto 'tl] YAwooa, l] OJtOLa Of V XAl]QOVO[tfL'tat. EJtLJtAEOV, UJtUQXfL [tLa f[tcpavij~ avaAOYLa aVU[tEOa ornv f[t[tOVij 'tWV QmOLO'tWV <Ytl]V OJtOUOato'tl]'ta 'tl]~ <p'UAf'tLXij~ xa8aQo'tl]'ta~ Xat'tl] CPQLXl] 'tl]~ YfVf'tLxij~ aVU[tfL1;'Ij~ Xat avaJtaQaywyij~, Xat 'tl]V f[t[tOVij 'tOOWV JtOMWV - f.AJtaLVfL xaVfL~ O'tOV JtfLQaO[to va rret 'tWV JtfQLOOO'tfQWV - J..lOQCPWv 't01.1 YAWOOLXOV f8vLXL0J..l0V orqv avuYXl] YLa xu8aQOl] 'tl]~ E8vLXij~ YAwooa~ aJto 'ta 1;Eva O'toLXfLa. L'tOV Mxmo Evmo aLwva, OL AYYAOL ij'tav OL J..lOVOL rtou xauxovtav YLa 'tl]v [tl] xa8aQij xa'taywyij roue (BQE'tOVOL KfA .. tLXij~ xmaywyij~, AYYAO-LU1;oVf~, LxavOLVapoL, NOQ[tavooL, LXO'tOL, IQAuvooL x.d.) XaL M1;a~av 'to CPLAOAOYLXO [tLYJ..la 'tlJ~ YAwooa~ touc. EvtOmOL~, au'to zrou irpEQE nAlJOLeO'tfQa 'tl] «<p'UAij» 0't0 «E8vo~» ij'taV lJ nQaX'tLxij 'tlJ~ XQl]OL[tonOLlJOl]~ XaL 'tWV 61.10 OQWV OUOLaO'tLXu W~ O1JVWVUJ..lWV, YfVLXfVOvta~ f1;LOoo OXf'tLXU us 'to «CPUAf'tLXO» / «f8vLXO» xaQax'tijQa, onw~ 'to anaL'tOVOE Xat lJ !-IOOU 'tl]~ Enoxlj~. -E'tOL, nQtV ano 'tl]V AYYAO-raAALxij Entente Cordiale * rou 1904, Eva~ yUAAO~ O1JYYQacpEa~ JtaQa'tijQlJOf O'tL l] O1.1[tcpwvLa !-Ina1;v tcov 61.10 XWQwv fLXf anoQQLcp8fL W~ a61.1va'tl] f1;aL't(a~ 'tlJ~ «XAlJQOVO!-lLXlj~ fX8Qo'tlJ'ta~» J..lf'ta1;v rorv 61.10 <p'UAwv·14 u' au'to 'tOY 'tQono AOLJtOV, 0 YAWOOLXO~ XaL 0 E8VO'tLx6~ f8VtXtOJ..l6~ EV(OXVE 0 Eva~ 'tOY UAAOV.

~fV nQEnfL xa80AOu va [ta~ ExnAljoofL 'to YfYOVO~ O'tL 0 f8vLXL- 0[t0~ XEQOLOf EOacpo~ 't000 YQljyoQa ano 'tl] OfxanLa ron 1870 W~ 'to 1914. "Hrov [tLa O1.1vuQ'tlJOl] rtov XOLVWVLXWV aAAu XaL trov nOAL'tLXWv aAAaywv, YLa va !-IlJv avacpEQ80vJ..lE O'tlJ OLE8vij O1.1yxuQLa rtou nQoo£-

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14. Jean Finot,Race Prejudice (Aovbivo 1906), (J(]. v-vi. • EyxaQoLa LuvvEVal]Ol] (L.'t:.M.)

156 E<9NH KAI E<9NIKIIMOl: AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI IHMEP A

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H METEEEAIEH TOY E<9NIKIl:MOY 1870-1918

157

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AvtLSEtW~, OltWC; OELXVH to ltaQuoELYlta ty)~ Yiddish XUL E:7tL~E~mWVEL EXELVY) II XQllatl EltOXtl ty)~ YQaltltEVYJ~ os oLaMxtOll~ AoyotExv(a~, orov O€XatO EVatO mwva, llUltaQSll EVO~ OLxmWltato~ ItE ItEYUAY) OLUooaY) w~ ltQOCPOQLXO~ Myo~, tl aX0lta xm YQa:7tto~, OEV YEwouaE altaQmtijtw~ Evav ESVLXWlt0 ~aaWltEvo om yAwaaa. TEtOLE~ YAwaaE~ 'tl AoyotEXVLEC; urtopoiiouv vu LaJCllQ~Ovtm OtL E(vm xm vu avtLltEtWltL~ovtm EvtEAwC; auvHOY)tu uovov W~ au!-tl'tAy)QWltatLxE~ ltaQu W~ uvtuYWVLatLXE~ XUltOLa~ Y)YEltOVLXtl~ YAwaaa~ YEVLXtl~ ltULOELa~ xm E:7tLXOLvwv(a~.

To ltOALtLXO-LOEOAOYLXO atOLXE(O E(VUL ltQocpavEC; ornv ltoQE(a xataaxEUtl~ ItLU~ YAwaaa~, OLaOLxaa(a ltOU ExtELVEtm alto tllV altAtl «OLOQElWOYJ» xm WltOlto(y)all YAwaawv, nou OLaxQ(vOvtm E(tE YLa tOY XllQLOAEXtLXO E(tE YLa tOY ltOALtLatLXO tOll~ xaQaxttlQU - auv'tlSW~ autE~ ltQoEQXOvtm altO tyJ a'llVSEOYJ aAAllAOXaAll:7tt0ltEVWV oLaAEXtwv - ItEXQL tyJv ava~(wOYJ VEXQWV tl EsacpaVWltEvWV YAwaa6Jv' om tEAEUtala auttl ltEQL:7ttWOYJ, oixnorrnxd, OlWLOUQYOUltE vEE~ yAwaaE~. ~LO'tL, os avtC8EOYJ ltQO~ tOY E8vLXLatLXO ltu80, II YAwaaa EVO~ AaouOEv ELvm Y) ~uOYJ ty)~ ESVLXtl~ auvE(OllOYJ~, aAJ...6., xatu tYJV ExcpQaOYJ rou Einar Haugen, Eva «ltOALtLatLXO xataaxEUaalta».J7 H av6.:7ttusll nov O'UY-

15. Lewis Glinert, "Viewpoint: the recovery of Hebrew» (Times Literary Supplement, 17 Iouvtou 1983), 0.634

16. rrQ~A. Dec1an Kiberd, Synge and the Irish Language (Aovoivo 1979), It.X. 0.223.

17. Einar Haugen, Language Conflicts and Language Planning: The Case of Modem Norwegian, (XaYTJ 1966)' rou tl)(ov "The Scandinavian languages as

158

EeNH KAI EeNIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

H METEE:EAI2H TOY EeNIKI~MOY 1870-1918

159

XQOVWV w~mwJv XUElO!..llf..oU!..lEVWV yf...WOOWV 'to UltO&ElXWEl oucpw£.

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'to 1956.18

E(vm uAijElELu O"tL OL YAWOOE£ uJtOLEAovv 'tl£ mo auVElb'l']'tE£ bLUblXUOLE£ "t1']£ XOLVWVLXij£ !.l1']XUVLXij£ xuElw£ 'I'] au!.l~OALxij "tOU£ oJtoubmo't'I']"tU UJtEg~U(VEL "t1']V JtgUY!.lU'tLXij XQijO'l'] 'tOU£, OltW£ !.lug'tUgovv "ta bLU<poQu XLVij!.lU'tU JtOU EmbLwxouv vu xuvouv JtLO yvijmo ij JtLO «EElVLXO» 'to AE;LMYLo 'tou£, !.lE YVWO'tO"tEgO Jtgoo<pU'to ltugubElY!.lu 'toy uywvu tcov YUAALxwv xU~Egv~aEwv EVUV'tLOV trov «franglais». To miEl'l'] JtLOW uJto uma La XLVij!.lU'tU ELvm EUXOAOVO'l']La, uAAa bEY EXOUV XU!.lLU OXEOl] !.lE 't'I']v O!.lLA(u, 't'I'] Y(lu<pij, 't'l']v xU'tuvo1']Ol], ij UXO!.l'l'] 'to ltVEV!.lU "t'l']£ f...0- yOTEXVLU~. H EJtTjQWOI!EVlj altO La bUVE~LXU VOQ~TjYlXij YAwoou ij"tav xm ltUQU!.lEVEL "to XV(lW !.lEaOV 't'I']£ VOQ~'I']YLXij£ AOYOLExvLu£' 'I'] UV'tLbQuOl] EVUV't(OV "t'l']£ orov MxU'to EVU'tO mwvu ELXE EElVLXLO'tLXO XUQux"t~gu. ~V!.l<pwvu us 'tl~ blUX'I'](lV;EL£ "t'l']£ rEQ!.lUVlxij£ AEOX'l']£ ornv IIguyu, "t'l'] bEXUE't(U rou 1890 'I'] EX!.lUElTjOl] "t1']£ LOEXLXij£ - 1'] onote rots ijLaV'I'] YAWOOU roo 93% rou JtA'I']Eluo!.lOV 't'I']£ ltOA1']£ - ij"tuv :JrQoooo{a·19 E(vm JtgO<pUVE£ en !.lLU "tE"tOLU bLUJtLO'tWO'l'] ELXE E;oAoxAij(lOU EElvlXlO'tlXO XU(lux"tij(lu. Ot <pUVU'tlXOL UJtOO't1'](llX"tE£ 't'I']£ ouuAlxij£ YAwaou£ Jtou UXO!.lU xm "twgu EJtLVOOVV "tOJtWVV!.llU O't1']V Cymric* rrou !.lEXQL aiJ!.lEQU DEV uJtij(lXuv, yvwg~ouv JtOAV xuM ou UU'tOL JtOU O!.llAOVv ouuALxu DEV X(lELu~E"tm vu !.lE"tU't(lEtjJOUV 0't'I'] cymric 'to OVO!.lu rou Birmingham JtE(lloa6'tE(lo uJto 000 'to XUVOUV YLU 'to Bamako ij OltOLUDijJtOTE UMlj ;Evll JtOAll. I1U(lOAU UUTa, OJtOLUD~JtO"tE XL UV ELvm La X(V1']"t(lU YlU mv XU'tUOXEUij xm 't'I'] XEl(lUyWy'I']Ol] !.lLU£ OXEDlua!.lEVll£

cultural artifacts", <no Joshua A. Fishman, Charles A. Ferguson, Jyotindra Das Gupta (smu.), Language Problems of Developing Nations, (Nso Y6Q%l] - Aovllivo~iCivev - TOQ6vto 1968), 00. 267-84.

18. J. Bhattacharyya, "Language, class and community in Bengal" (South Asia Bulletin, VII, 1 %aL 2, <I>8LV61t(oQo 1987, 00. 56-63)· S. N. Mukherjee, Bhadralok in Bengali Language and Literature: an essay on the language of class and status" (Bengal Past and Present, 95, ~€Qo£ II, IouALo£ - dE%E[!~QLO£ 1976, 00. 225-27). J. Das Gupta %aL John Gumperz, "Language communication and control in North India" <no Fishman, Ferguson, Das Gupta (smu.), Language Problems, 00.151-66.

19. B. Suttner, Die Badenischen Sprachenverordnungen von 1897, (2 1:6~OL (f%QU1:£ - KOAwviu 1960, 1965), 1:6~, II, 00. 86-8.

• OUUAL%tj yM6oou.

160

E8NH KAI E8NIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

H METEEEAIEH TOY E8NIKI~MOY 1870-1918

~-------

161

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E:rtL:rtAEOV, fVW 1] a01Jvrj8LO'tU f..t£YUA1] XOLVWVLXrj xm YfWYQacpLxrj XLV1]'tLXo't1]m 't1]e:; :rtfQLOb01J f~aVUYXUOE, rj fVSUQQ1JVE, f,.tEYUAO YLa 'tl]V E:rtOXrj UQLSf,.tO uvbQwv - oxouo, xat Y1JvmXWV, :rtUQU'tOV :rtfQLOQLOf,.tO 't01Je:; O't1]V LbLW'tLXrj ocpaLQa - vu IlUSaLV01JV ~EVfe:; yAwOOfe:;, a1J'trj 1] f~EAL~1] bfV rjYfLQE u:rtuQm'trj'twe:; acpW1J'trje:; LbfOAOYLXU ~1]'trjf..tma, EX'tOe:; xm av f..tLa yAwoou anoootntoia» fOXff..tIlEVWe:; xm 't1]V unoxaiuotovoe f..tLU UM1]. Autr] 1] fXIlUS1]01] 'tWV ~EVWV YAWOOWV a:rtO'tfAOVOf YfVLXUO't1]V :rtQaYf,.tmLx6n)m 0XEMv :rtayxoOIl(We:; - Eva f,.tEOOV YLa 't1]V E(oobo Of IlLa f1JQV'tfQ1] X01JA'tOVQU rj Of f..tLa aVW'tfQ1] XOLVWVLXrj 'tU~1] :rt01J m1J'tL~omv f..tE IlLU bLUCPOQf'tLXrj yAWooa. A1J'to ~E~ULWe:; O1JVE~mVE O1JXVU, o:rtwe:; cpaLVf'tm ornv :rtfQ(:rt'tW01] 'tWV E~Qa(wv AOXfVU~1J 't1]e:; usaULae:; 'tu~1]e:; :rt01J UCPOf,.tOLwS1]XaV omv KEV'tQLXrj xm ~1J'tLXrj E1JQw:rt1], xm OL O:rtOLOL 1JJtfQ1]cpavfvoV'tav YLa 'to 0'tL bEY f..tLAOVOUV rj uxof..ta oev xmaAu~mvuv "t1] Yiddish, rj, omv OLxoYEvfLaxrj LO'tOQ(U rrov :rtOA1JUQL81lwv qxrvcrnxorv YfQf..tUVWV Ev8LXLO'tWV rj E8vLXOOOOLUALO'tWV orqv KfV'tQLXrj E1JQwJt1] "tu f:rtwV1Jf..ta rrov onotorv bECxvo1JV :rtQocpavwe:; OAU~L-

20. J. Fishman, "The sociology of language: an interdisciplinary approach" oro T. E. Sebeok (eml-l.), Current Trends in Linguistics, 't61-1 12 (XaYll - IIuQ(m 1974), o; 1755.

21. Juttikala %UL Pirinen, A History of Finland, o. 176.

162

E8NH KAI E8NIKIIMOI AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI IHMEPA

H METEEEAIEH TOY E8NIKIIMOY 1870-1918

X~ xU'taywytl. IIaQoAa autu, 'tL<; JtLO nOME<; CPOQE<; OL naAaLE<; XaL OL VEE<; YAWOOE<; O'U[!~[wvav, T] XUSE [!ea 0'tT] OLXtl 'tT]<; ocpaLQa. rta'tT] [!oQCPW[!EVT] [!wa(a 'tu~T] 'tl)<; BEvn(a<; 'to on [!LAOUOE L'taALxu, OEV crrj[!aLVE on !::LXE O'ta[!U'ttloEL nAEov va [!LAU ~EVE'tOLuvLxa 0't0 onLn tl ornv ayoQU, onw<; XaL T] OLYAwooLa OEV crrj[!aLVE nQoOooLa 'tT]<; [!T]'tQLX~<; ouaALxtl<; rou YAwooa<;, YLa 'tOY Lloyd George.

'E'tOL, T] nQocpoQLXtl YAwooa OEV naQouoLaoE [!E~OVa nOAL'tLx6. nQo~Atl[!a'ta OU'tE ore aVol'tEQa O'tQw[!U'ta 'tT]<; xOLvwvLa<; OU'tE 0'tT] [!U~a ttov EQya~O[!EVWV avSQwnwv. OL U'\jJT]AU LO'tU[!EVOL [!LAOUOav [!La ano n<; YAWOOE<; 'tT]<; EUQU'tEQT]<; XOuA'tovQa<; XaL av T] XaSO[!LAOU[!EVT] roo ESVOU<; 'tou<; tl T] OLxOYEVELaxtl rou; YAwooa OEV *av [!La ano au'tE<;, OL UVOQE<; 'tou<; - XaL ano 'tL<; aQXE<; 'tT]<; nQol'tT]<; OExaE'tLa<; 'tOU 1900 [!EQLXE<; CPOQE<; axo[!a XaL OL yuvaLxE<; 'tOU<; - [!uSaLvav [!La tl nEQLooo'tEQE<; ano au'tE<;. <l>uOLxu mrtof Sa [!LAOUOav 'tT]v wnOnOLT][!fVT] ESVLXtl YAwooa [!E 'to 'tQono rcov EYYQU[![!a'twv, [!E tl XWQL<; 'tT]V EnaQXLol'tLxT] nQocpoQu tl xunoLO LXVO<; EnaQXLol'tLXOU AESLAOYLOU, aAAu O'UvtlSw<; [!E evov 'tQono nou 'toU<; XU'tE'taooE 00<; [!EAT] rou XQLVWVLXOV 'tOU<; O'tQw[!a'to<;.22 Mnoooiiocv vu [!LAOVV tl vtx [!T] [!LAOUV 'to 'tOrtLXO LOLW[!a, 'tTl OLUAEX'tO tl 'tT]V XaSO[!LAOU[!fVT] 'tWV XU'tW'tEQWV 'tUSEWV [!E 'tL<; onOLEe:; EQXOVWV 010 Enacptl, avuAoya [!E 'tTl OLXtl 'tOU<; OLXOYEVELaXtl xawywYtl, 'tOY 'to no OLa[!OVtle:;, 'tT]V avatQocptl, ru rjST] tT]<; tUST]<; tOU<; XaL, CPUOLXU, to ~aS[!o O'tOV onOLO T] ErtLXOLVWVLa [!E autE<; tL<; XU'tol'tEQE<; tUSEL<; ananOUOE vc YVWQ~ouv tl'] llLxtl tOU<; YAwooa (tl YAwom;<;) 11 xunOLa [!LyaOLXtl rj naQEcpSOQU 'tT]e:;. H mLarl[!T] SEOT] onOLaOOtlnOtE ana autE<; 'tL<; YAWOOce:; tl'tav acrrj[!aV'tl'], ECPOOOV, onOLa XL av rjtav T] YAwooa YLa mLOT][!T] XQtlOTJ XaL XOUA'tOUQa, tltav 0'tT] OLUSEcrrj LOU<;.

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OaLo'tT]'ta UMT] EXtO<; ano to va 'tOU<; UnEVSU[!~EL tTl OLXtl 'tOU<; EMEL'\jJT] YVWOEWV XaL LOXVO<;, XUtL nou O'UVE~aLVE OAO XaL nEQLooo'tEQO. To aLtT][!a tWV aA~avwv ESVLXLO'tWV va [!T] YQUCPEtaL T] YAwooa tOU<; otrrsornv aQa~Lxtl OUtE EAAT]VLXrj YQaCPli, aAAa 0't0 AatLvLxo aAcpu~T]'tO, 'to onoto OEV unoorjAwvE tT]v XU'tW'tEQ6'tTjtU tou<; anEvaV'tL otou; 'EMT]VE<; tl rou; TouQxou<;, nQocpavw<; rirov uaxEtO ue LOU<; avSQwnou<; nou OEV unooououv va OLa~uoouv xa[!(a YQacptl. KaSw<; OL uvSQwnOL ano OLacpoQEtLxE<; XWQE<; EQxoV'tav OAO XaL nEQLoOOtEQO 010 Enacp~ jlE'tasu roue, xm T] autuQxELa tOU XWQLOU OLa~QwST]xE, to nQo~AT]!la tT]<; lOS EUQEOT]e:; [!Lae:; XOLV~<; yAwooa<; YLa EJtLXOLVWVLa EYLVE oo~aQo - ALYO'tEQO YLa 'tLe:; yuvaLxE<;, nou ij'tUv XAELOjlEVE<; 010 Eva nEQLoQLOjlEVO nEQL~uAAOV, xm axo[!a ALYOtEQO YLa EXELVE<; rtou xaAALEQyovoav XWQucpw tl EtQEcpav ~wa - xm 0 EUXOAOtEQO<; tQono<; YLa va AUSEL rjtav va [!UBouv aQxE'tu tT]V (ij jlLa) ESVLXij YAwooa yw vo ta ~Yu~ouv nEQa. Tooo nEQLOOOtEQO !lUMOV xaSw<; OL OVo jlEYUAOL SW[!OL 'tT]<; !la~Lxtl<; fxnaLOEUOT]<;, to OT]!!O'tLXO axOAELO XaL 0 O'tQato<;, EcpEQav xunOLa yvwOT] ana 'tT]v cnCOTJjlT] YAwooa !lfOa 010 XUSE onL'tL.23 EXELVE<; OL YAWOOEe:; nou ELxav xaSaQu tOJtLX~ i] XOLVWVLXU nEQLOQLO[!EVT] XQi]OT] EnQEnE va unoxwQrjoouv O'tL<; YAWOOE<; ue EUQUtEQT] XQi]OTJ, XaL auto OEV jla<; EXnAtl0oEL' oore unuQXouv anOOELx'tLXU O'toLXELa OtL naQOjloL- 10<; YAWOOLXE<; aAAaYE<; xm nQooaQjloYEe:; ouvrivrnocv xunOLa uvnotcOY) EX rcov XU'tW. 'EtOL cvcuso« 010 OVO yAWOOE<;, T] jlLa nou ELXE EUQVtEQT] XQrjOT], ELXf O'UV'tQLn'tlXU XaL anOc)EOELY!lEVa nAEOvExti]jla'tU, xm OEV qxuvotnv va EXEL !lELOVEXt~!la'ta, 0't0 ~aSjlO nou OEV untlQXE cetoAmwe:; ttrtotu nou Sa E!lnoc)L~E tTl XQtlOT] 'tT]<; [!T]tQLX~<; yAwooae:; ovdusou 010 !lOVOyAWOOOU<;. 'O!lW<;, 0 jlOVOYAWOOOe:; uvSQwno<; 'tT]<; BQE'tUVT]<; Tjtav a~oi]ST]tO<; E~W ana tTl YEVE'tELQU rou (ij -'tT]<;) xm tL<; naQaOOOLaXE<; tOU aaxoALE<;. ~E XUnOLOV uMo roao, aut6<; i] ami] rjtav XUtL EAUXLO'ta xaAmEQO ano Eva ~ou~o ~wo: Eva ~ou~o aV!!:rtAEYjla ana [!UEC:;.

22. Kcvsvce; !3tEVEtO£ oOljYo£ tU~L, OtUV UXOUEt tlj OtaAEXTO tl]£ Ochs von Lerchenau, UXOftU xm XWQL£ va OEL tOY OlltAlj't1j, OEV EXEL rnv ltuQUfttxQIj UIl<Pt!3oALa yLa tljV XOtVWVLXIj tOV 8EOT].

23. Tooo VWQL£ ooo to 1794,0 Abbe Gregoire OT]IlELWVE, IlE LXUVOltO(ljOT], OtL «YEvLxa lj YUMLXIj YAwaau OIlLAELtm oro otivtnvuri Ilac:;», ltQo<puvw£ EltEtOlj (JUXVa OL avoQE£ nou ltQoEQX0vtaV cero 'tt£ Ota<poQE~ ltEQLOXE£ tltuv avulJEl-ltyluf-

164

EE>NH KAI EE>NIKILMOL AnO TO 1780 MEXPI LHMEPA

H METEEEAI2H TOY EE>NIKILMOY 1870-1918

165

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vow AIlEQLxaVOL.

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cpaVEQU, EXELva ltOV ltQOOECPEQE TJ YVWOl1 TIl£ YQacpij£ XaL TIl£ avuyvOlClYJ£ IlLa£ yAwooa£ EUQU'tEQTJ£ EIl~EAELa£, XaL ELOLXU IlLa£ ltayxoallLa£ YAwaoa£, ijLaV aXOlla mo avallcpLa~ijTllLa. H EV'tOVTJ ltQoaltuSELa, OltOl£ amij rtou UltUQXEL aLTJ Aa'tLVLXij AIlEQLxij YLa va YLVE'taL TJ EXltaLOEVClYJ OLLI; xaSOIlLAOUIlEVE£ LVOLUVLXE£ YAwaaE£ ltOV OEV OLaSELOvv YQanLij YAwooa OEV ltQOEQXE'taL alto IVOLuvov; aMu alto amoxSovE; OLaVOOUIlEvov£. ME 'to va ELaaL 1l0voYAOlaao£ ELaaL E~ oQLOIlOU ltEQLOQLOIlEVO£, EX'tO£ XaL o» TJ LOltLxij oou YAwaaa O'IlIl~aLvEL vc ELVaL IlLa de facto ltayxOOIlLa yAwaaa. To ltAEOVEx'tijllaLa 'tTJ£ YVWOEOl£ 'tTJ£ yaAALxij£ YAwaaa£ ij'tav 'tE'tOLa WOLE aLO BEAYLO, Ilf'ta~u 'tov 1846 XaL rou 1910, ltOMOL ltfQLOOO'tfQOL Yl1YfVfL£ nou IlLAouoav cpAallavoLxu EYLVav OLYAOlaaOL altO oooix yaAMcpOlVO'll£ Illtijxav aLOV XOltO va IlUSo'llV cpAallavOLxu.24 H ltaQaxllij rcov 'tOltLXWv ij IlLXQij£ fll~EAELa£ YAOlOOWV, nou ultijQxav OLO ltfQL8wQLO nov IlfYUAOlV yAOloowv, OEV E~TJYEL'taL avayxaaLLXU XaL uovov alto 'tTJv VltOSWl1 'tTJ£ f8vLXij£ yAOlaOLxrJ£ xcWltLfClYJ£. AV'tLSE'tOl£ a~LOClYJllfL(l)'tf£ XaL O'IlaLTJIla'tLXE; ltQOOltU8ELf£ ltOU EX0'UV YLVEL YLa va 'tL£ OLa'tTJQijaOtlV, O'IlXVU ltUOTJ Sua La, Of V EX°'llV xmacpEQEL 't(ltOLa ltfQLOaOTfQO alto 'to va fltL~QaMvow 'tTJV Ult°XW- QTJClYJ yAOlOOWV OltOl£ TJ OOQ~LXij, 11 QUL'toQOllavLxij ij TJ aXO'tLxij yafALxij. fIaQu 'tL£ ltLXQE£ avallvijOEL£ rcov oLavooullEVOlV aLOU£ OltOLOU£ ltaLOaYOlYOL XOlQL£ qxrvrootc 'tOU£ fLxav altaYOQfUOfL vc XQTJOLf,LOltOLOUV 'tTJV 'tOltLxij 'tOU£ OLUAfXLO ij YAwooa OLL£ aCSOUOE£ rtov °XOAcLOlV OltOU La lla8ijlla'ta Y(VOVLaV OLTJV aYYALxij ij yaAALxij YAwaaa, Of V UltUQXfL xallLa altoOEL~TJ O'tL OL YOVfL£ 'tOlV lla8TJ'tWV OLO crUvoM 'tOU£

8a fLXav ltQO'tLllijafL IlLa EXltaLOEUClYJ altOXAfLaLLXU aLTJ OLXtl 'tOU£ yAwooa. <PvOLXU, TJ Ult0XQEOlClYJ va fXltaLOfUOV'tUL altOXAfLOLLXU Of IlLaV UAAl] YAwaaa Jlf(}LO(!WllfV'Y/C; EIl~EAfLa£ - It.X. 0TIl QOVllaVLXtl ltaQU aLl] ~ouAyaQLXtl- (aOl£ va O'IlVaV'tOUOE IlfyaAUTfQTJ aV't(OLaClYJ.

Q£ fX 'tOUTOU OEV UltijQXf xaVEva£ LOLaL'tfQO£ fv80uOLaOllo£ YLa 'tOY YAOlOOLXO f8vLXLallo OUTf altO 'tTJV aQLaLOXQa't(a tl TIlllfYUATJ nonxtl 'tu~TJ alto TIl Il(a ltAf'UQU, OUTf altO rou; fQYU'tf£ XaL rou; XOlQLXOU£ altO 'tTJv UAATJ. H «grande bourgeoisie» Of V f(Xf altaQaL'ttl'tOl£ Of- 0IlEu8f( IlE xallLa alto 'tL£ 6'130 ltaQaMaYE£ 'tOU E8vLXLOllOU nou tlQ8f OLO ltQoaxijvLO ltQO£ 'to 'tEAO£ 'tOV Of Xu 'to V fVU'tOU aLWva, 'tOY LllltfQLaALaLLXO oOl~LvLaIlO ij 'tOY f8vLXLall0 nov IlLXQWV Aawv, XaL aXOIlTJ ALYO'tfQO us 'tOY YAOlOOLXO ttlAO torv IlLXQWV f8vwv. H cpAallavOLXtl aOLLxij 'tU~l] aLl] rUvOTJ XaL 'tTJV AllllEQoa rj'tav, XaL LOOl£ ltaQallEVEL aXOIlTJ EV IlEQEL, TJ8EATJIlEVa yaAMcpOlVTJ XaL cvn Flamingant. OL ltOAOlVOL IlLOlltlxavOL, alto LOU£ OltOLOU£ OL ltEQLaOOTEQOL SEOlQouoav 'tOU£ Eamou£ 'tOU£ rEQllavou£ tl EIlQa(ov£ ltaQu fIOAOlvou£,25 fLOav ~fXaeaQa OTL rc OLXOVOIlLXU 'tOU£ O'IlllcpEQOV'ta f~UltTJQf'tOUV'tav xaM'tEQa Ilf 'to vo. ltQOIll]8Euow 'tTJv ltav-QOlaLXtl tl UAATJ UltEQf8vLXtl ayoQu, Of 'tE'tOLa EXLaClYJ ltOV TJ OLUClYJ rou; amtl ltaQaltAUVTJOE 'tTJ Roza Luxemburg WaLE vn UltOTLlltl0EL 'tOY ltOAOlVLXO f8vLXLOIl0. OL OXO'tLXE£ fltLXfLQTJlla'tLXE£ 'tu~EL£, 000 XL o» UltEQTJCPaVfUOV'tav YLa 'tTJ OXO'tLXtl Xa'taYOlytl£ 'tOU£ 8a fLxav 8fOlQtlOEl onOlaoijltO'tE ltQOTaClYJ YLa TIlV aXUQOlClYJ TIl£ EVWOEOl£ rou 1707 Ol£ O'IlvaL08TJlla'tLxtl TJAL8LOTTJLa.

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25. Waclaw Dlugoborski, "Das polnische Biirgertum vor 1918 in vergleichender Perspektive" oro J. Kocka (smu.), Burgertum im 19. Jahrhundert: Deutschland im europiiischen Vergleich (Movcgo 1988), T6~, I, 00. 266-89.

24. A. Zolberg, "The making of Flemings and Walloons: Belgium 1830-1914", (Journal of Interdisciplinary History, V/2 1974), 00. 210-15.

166

EeNH KAI EeNIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

H METEEEAIEH TOY EeNIKI~MOY 1870-1918

167

~aQAQo'Ua bEV E~obtaE tt~ Mo :n:AE'UQE~ va OX'llf.ta'tCao'Uv Eva EVtaCO EQya'ttx6 XLV1']lla, 0't0 O:n:OLO 'll YAwaaa 'U:n:l1QSE rooo aallf.taV'to :n:Qo~A'lluo, WO'tE f.tLa xAamxll EQyaaCa yta to aomaAtaf.to 0't0 BEAYw to 1903 bEV avacpEQ81']XE xnv 0't0 cpAaf.tav()tXO l;,l1t'llf.ta· xatt :n:ou f.ta~ qxnvstrn abtavo'llto allf.tEQa.26 Lt'llV :n:QaYllattXot'llta O't'll Nona O'UaACa ta cptAEAEU8EQa OUIlCPEQoV'ta t'll~ aO'tLXl1~ aAM xm 'tll~ EQya'ttXl1~ tas1']~ ouvEvw8~xav yta va aV'tLO'ta80uv O'tt~ :n:Qoa:n:a8ELE~ :n:0'U ExavE 0 VEaQO~ Lloyd George rou E8vtxtO'ttXOU cptAEAE'U8EQtaf.tou 'tll~ BOQECO'U OuaACa~ (North Wales Liberalism), omv :n:Qoa:n:a8ELa tou va tamCaEL t'll ouvECb'lla'll to'll va ELvm xavEC~ OuaM~ ue to va ELvm YAwamxa O'UaM~ xm to <l>tAEAEuflEQo Kouuo, - to Eflvtxo X0f.tlla rou I1QtyxL:n:ato'll - ue mv 'U:n:EQaa:n:tall rou' YEyov6~ :n:0'U E:n:ttEUXfl'llXE O't'll bExaEtCa rou 1890.

Ot XOLVWVtXE~ taSEL~ :n:0'U aywYCO'tllxav 11 ax0f.t'll Xa'tEQQE'Uaav 'u:n:EQa:n:Cl;,oV'ta~ mv E:n:LOllf.t'll XQl1a'll tY]~ YQaml1~ xaflof.ttAo'Uf.tEvY]~ l1'tav rc xowcovix« xa'tW'tEQa aAAa f.tOQcpWIlEva f.twaCa O'tQwf.ta'ta, :n:0'U ou~EQtAaf.t~avav EXECvo'U~ :n:0'U ECxav a:n:oxtl1aEL f.tta flEa'll O'tY]V Xa'twtEQ'll f.twaCa taS'll aXQLj3w~ E:n:ELbJ1 xa'tECx,av f.tY]-x,ELQwvaXttXE~ 8EaEL~ EQyaaCa~ :n:0'U a:n:mtouaav Ex:n:aC()E'Uoy] oe oxoAECo. Ot aOOLaAtO'tE~ 'tll~ :n:EQtO()O'U :n:0'U a:n:avLa XQy]OLllo:n:mouaav rn Ms'll «E8vtxtaf.to~» XWQC~ to :n:Q08Ef.ta «f.ttxQoaO'tLxo~» yvwQLl;,av yta tt IlLAouaav. Oi f.taXLf.tE~ YQaf.tf.tE~ rou YAwamxou E8VLXLOIlOU ECxav aV()QwflEL ceto E:n:aQx,Laxou~ b'llIlOOLoYQacpo'U~, ()aaxaAo'U~ xm cptM()oso'U~ Xa'twtEgO'U~ astWf.ta'tL· xou~. Ot :n:oAL'tLxoC aywvE~ twv'AIl1jJj3ouQYwv, otcv n Eflvtxl1 ()taf.tax'll xa'tEO'tllaE to a'UO'tQLaxo 11lltOU t'll~ amoxQa'toQCa~ o'UOLaO'ttXa nxu~EQV'lltO, MfI'llxav yta t'll YAwaaa t'll~ Ex:n:aCbE'UOY]~ otn ()EmEgo~aflf.tta oxoAECa xm OXt yta 'tllv Eflvtx6'tllta tWV EQyal;,ollEvwv O'taflf.tagxwv. AXQtj3w~ xct'ta tOY C()tO tQo:n:o oi cpavct'ttxoC EflvtxtO'tE~ Teouavoi ornv

26. Jules Destree ltaL Emile Vandervelde, Le Socialisme en Belgique (llaQCm 1903, aQXLltU 1898). I'm va fCl!aotf altQL~fC£ 1] ~L~AwYQa<pCa rorv 48 OfACOOlV xeQLEXfL Evav uovaotxo tCtAO YLa to <pAal!aVOLx6 rtQ6~AT)l!a - Eva fXAOYLX6 CPUMUow.

amoxQa'toQCa rou fO'UAtEAIlO'U B' O'tQatoAoyouaav x'UQCw~ f.togcpWf.tEvo'U~ - aAAa :n:EQtaaOtEQo Of.t())~ to'U~ Oberlehrer :n:aQa to'U~ xafl'llY'lltE~ - xm roix 'll!-ltEYYQa!-lf.tato'U~ f.tta~ ()tE'UQ'UVO!-lEV'll~ xm xmvwvtxa E'UEAtxt1']~ xmvwvCa~.

ea 'U:n:o~aflf.ttl;,a t'll Ollf.taaCa roe YAwaOLxou Eflvtxtaf.t0u eov tOV :n:QoaEYYLl;,a w~ Eva l;,llt'llf.ta nou acpoQa f.tOVO t'llv EQyaaLa, o:n:w~ ouvl1- fltl;,av va :n:QoaeyyCl;,ouv oi 'UAtO'tE~ cptAEAEuflEQm tOV :n:OAqlO w~ l;,tltTlf.ta :n:ou OXEtCl;,oV'tav a:n:oXAELO'ttXa xrn 1l0VO ue rn x£Q()'ll tWV :n:OAE!-ItXWV j3LO!-IllXav(WV. Evtoiirou; ()EV f.t:n:OQ01J!-IE va tOV xctovorioouue :n:AtlQW~, xm axof.ta AtYOtEQo, rnv aV'tC8wll :n:Qo~ corov, :n:aQa f.t0YOV av ()OUf.tE rnv xaflOlltAo'U!-IEV'll YAwaaa, !-Ial;,( !-IE aAAa :n:QaYf.tata, w~ Eva XEXt'llf.tEvo ()txaCwf.ta tWV xatW'tEQwv taSEWV :n:0'U EbLVav ESEtaaEL~. E:n:t:n:A£OV, XaflE 13llf.ta rtou j3EAtCWVE tnv E:n:COllIl'll 8EOll t'll~ xa8of.ttAo'Uf.tEv'll~ YAwaaa~, EL()LXa W~ YAwaaa~ btbaaxaACa<;, :n:oAAa:n:AaaCaaE tOV aQLfI!-Io tWV avbQwv xm yuvmxwv nou 8a unoooiiocv vc EX,OUV !-IEQC()LO a' amo to XEX'tllf.tEVO ()txaCw~ta. H b'llf.tLo'UQyCa tWV O'UOLaO'ttXa YAwaOLxwv E:n:aQXLWV ornv Iv()(a !-lEta mv a:n:EAE'U8EQWoy], xaflw~ xm 'll ovnorcon ornv E:n:tj3oAJ1 f.tLa~ xafl0f.tLAo'U!-IEVlls (Hindi) Ws EflvLXJ1s YAwaaas, uvrcvcxAouv a'Uttl rnv xct'taO'taOY]: O'tO Tamilandu 'll YAwaaa t'lls Tamil ovotyEL to ()QO!-lO yta O'ta()to()Qo!-lCa O'tO ()'ll!-lomo ce 01.0 to xQato~, EVW 'll ()tatllQ'llOll t'lls aYYALxll~ YAw(Jaa~ ()EV flEtH ta :n:Qo(Jw:n:a nou EXOUV EX:n:mbE'UflEC ornv Tamil (JE Eflvtxa f.tELOVEXttXtl fII"Oll (JE OXEOY] ue EXELvotx :n:0'U Ex:n:m()Eut'llxav os xa:n:mav aAA'll xa8o!-ltAouf.tEv'll yAwaaa. Os EX toirrou 'll xg(OL!-I'll O'ttYf.ttl O't'll ()YI!-ILOUQYLa !-Ita<; YAwaaa~ W~ evoeX,O!-lEVO'U ayaflou bEV ECvm 'll :n:aQa()ox,l1 t'll~ w~ !-IEao'U t'll~ :n:QW'to~afl· !-Ita~ Ex:n:aL()E'UOY]~ (av xm amo a'Uto!-latw~ ()'ll!-ltO'UgYEC Eva !-IEyaAo (Jw!-la ()aaxaAwv xm xaflob'llY'lltwv t'll~ YAwaaa~), aAAa 'll a:n:o()ox,tl t'll~ w~ f.tEao'U 'tll~ ()E'UtEQo~afl!-lta~ Ex:n:aL()E'UOY]~, o:n:w~ E:n:EtEuX811 O'tll <l>AavbQa xm t'll <l>tAavbLa xata t'll ()EXaEtLa rou 1880' to ()E()OIlEVO amo ELvm :n:0'U OUVE()EE, o:n:w~ llSEgav xaAa oi cptAav()oL EflvtxtO'tE~, rnv xmvwvtxll XtV'lltLx0'tll'ta f.tE rnv xaflo!-ltAo'U!-IEV'll YAw(J(Ja, xm <J'tY] (JUvEXELa !-IE to YAW(JOLxo EflvtXLO!-IO. «Lt'llV A!-Ij3EQ(Ja xm t'll favb'll, j3M:n:O'U!-IE Ott !-Ita vEa YEVta EALt, zou ECXE ()t()axflE( t'll cpAa!-lav()txl1 YAw(J(Ja oro ()E'U'tEQo~afl!-lta ()'ll!-lOOLa ax,oAECa ... :n:aQl1yaYE oe IlEYaA'll

168

EeNH KAI EeNIKI~MO~ AIlO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

H METEE:EAIE:H TOY EeNIKI~MOY 1870-1918

169

6ttaoT] ta IlEllovwllEva droun XaL tLC; 0IlU<'lEC; nou <'lLalloQ<pwoav XaL Oll)QLsav tT] YEa Flamingant LDwAoy(a».27

EnL1tMov, DfJIlLO'UQywVtae; ta Ilwa(a OlQwllata nou IlLAouoav rnv XaSOIlLAo'UIlEVT] YAwooa, T] YAWOOLxl'j ESEALSll 'UnoYQuIlIlL~E ta'UtOXQov« rqv XatwtEQOtT]'ta, to xaSEOlwc; avao<puAHac; XaL 'tllv ayavUXtllOll nov tOGO €V'tova xaQwnl)QL~av 'tl]v Xa'tW'tEQl] Ilwa(a 'tUSll XaL E'tOL Xa'tEO'tT]OE 'tOY YEO ESVLXLOIlO L<'lla(tEQa EAX'UOtlXO 010 a'U'tl)v. ~'UVEnwc; T] YEa XOtVWVLxll 'tUST], IlE cpAallav<'lLxl'j Exna(<'lE'UOll, ~QEST]XE va aLWQEttaL avullwa O'tLe; <pAallav<'lLxEe; IlU~Ee;, ru 1tL0 <'lvvaIlLXU O'tmXEta rcov onotcov EA,wV'tav nQoe; t1'] yaAALxl) YAwaaa ESaL't(ae; nov nQax'tLxwv nAEOVEX'tljIlU'tWV nou nQooEcpEQE II yvwOll a'Utl) tT]e; YAwoaae;, XaL rou YEYovo'toC; O'tL 'ta avw'tEQa E1t(nEDa tT]e; ~EAyLXl)e; <'lLO(XT]Olle;, xo'UA'touQae; XaL <'IT]IlOO(WV 'UnoSEoEwV, naQEIlEvav aIlE'tuxAll'ta yaAM<pwva.28 Atrro xaSamo 'to YEyovoe;, on, YLa rnv (DLa StOll, €vae; <PAallavMc; EnQEnE va ElVaL DCYAWOOOe; EVW Evae; nou ECXE Illl'tQLXl) YAWOoa tll yaAALxl) XQELa~otaV va €XEL 1l0VO IlLa L6€a tlle; UAAT]e; YAwooae;, ov rnv ECXE, 'UnoYQuIlIlL~E rnv XatUl'tEQO'tll'ta tT]e; bE'U'tEQEuo'Uoac; YAWOocc, onwe; E1tQOXH'tO va O'UIl~E( aQyo'tEQa OlO KEf.t1t€x. (rta'tL OL EQyaO(Ee; one; ono(Ee; II bLYAwooLa ano'tEAouOE nQaYllatLXO nQooov, XaL OL bCYAWOOOL OIlLAOUV'tEe; tllV xa'tw'tEQll xaSollLAo'UIlEVll ~QCoxoV'tav xatU O'UV€nELa OE o'UOLaOlLxU nAEovExnxll StOll, ll'tav O'Uvl)Swe; xa'tw't€Qo'U EmnEDo'U).

ea nEQCIlEvE xavECe; O'tL OL <PAallavDoC, onwe; XaL or XU'tmxOL rou KE!l1tEX, IlE ru <'llllloYQacpLxu DE<'l0IlEva E'Uvo"LXU YL' a'U'toue;, Sa atEVL~av 'to IlEnOV IlE sumoroouvq. ~E 'tEAE'U'taCa avuA'UOll, OOOV acpoQu a'U't6 'to ~*llila suvoctivmv nEQLoa6'tEQo an6 EXELVO'Ue; rtou IlLAouoav aQxa(a XaL naQaxllu~oV'ta aYQonxu LDLwllata, onwe; II LQAavbLxl), T] ~QE'tOVLXtl, T] ~aaxLxl'j, T] CPQT]~LXtl, T] QOllavLx1'\ 1'\ axolla XaL T] o'UaALxl'j YAwooa rtou, av ne; u<pTJvav orqv WXll 'to'Uc; oacpwe; bEY qxnvovrov va ELVaL anO'tEAwllanxo( aV'taywvLO't€C; 010 IlLa xaSaQu baQ~LVLxtl bLYAWOOLXl'j IlUXT] Em~(WOlle;. H cpAallavbLxTj XaL T] xavabLxTj yaAALxTj

YAwooa bEY anELAouV'tav xa'tu xallCa evvoio we; YAWOOEC;, aAAu EXECVOL nov ne; IlLAOUaav bEV DLEx<'lLXOlJaaV IlLa XOLVWVLXO-YAwaOLxTj EALt, XaL'tO aV'tlO'tQOcpO, O'lJ'tE OL O~UAOUV'tEe; mv EmXQatOUoa YAwooa l)'taV avuyx1'] va avayvwQCoo'UV rou; EYYQUllllatO'UC; XQ1'\O'tEe; 'tllC; xaSOIlLAO'UIlEVT]C; we; EAC't· a'U'to nou ~QLOXO'tav 010 xCvD'UVo bEY li'tav II YAwooa to'UC; aAM. l] XOtvWVLX~ S€Oll tWV IlwaLwv OlQWIlUtWV 'tfJe; Flamingant l) 'tWV xorotxorv rou KE!l1tEX· IlOVOV fJ nOAL'tLX~ nQoO'taoCa Sa IlnOQou- 010 va rnv nQowSl)OH.

~tT]v nQaYllanxO't1']ta 1'] xa'tuO'taOll DEV li'tav DLacpoQE'tLXl) EXEL onov to YAwaOlxo ~~t1']lla t]'tav fJ 'UJtEQuamOll EVOe; naQaxllu~oV'tOC; LbLwlla'toc; - O'UXvu Ev6e; LbLWllatoe; 'to onoto, onwe; II ~aaXLxl) XaL T] O'UaALxl) YAwoaa, ~QLoxo'tav nQaYIla'tLxu 0't0 OllIlECO va Esacpav~EtaL oro vEa ~LOIl1']xavLxu - aO'tLXu xEV'tQa tl]e; XWQae;. BE~a(We; T] 'UnEQuamOll tfJe; naAaLUC; yAwoaae; arJIlaLVE 'tT]v 'UnEQuamOll tcov naAaLWV tQonwv ~wl)e; XaL naQaMoEwv IlLae; OAOXAT]QT]e; xmvwvLac; evuvuov tT]e; avatQEJt'tLXt]e; 'tuOlle; rou EXO'UYXQOVLOlloU: E'tOL EST]YEL'taL XaL T] vnoO'tl)QLST] rtou ELXav tEtma xLvl)llata, onwc; tcov BQE'tOVWV, rcov <PAaftavbwv, trov Bdoxrov XaL uUa, coto toy QWllaLOXaSOALxo XAt]QO. Azo a'Utl) tT]V unOljJll bEY l)'tav anAwc; XLVtlllata tT]e; IlwaCae; 'tUSlle;. 'OIlWe; 0 ~aoxLXOe; YAwaOLXOe; ESVLXLOIlOe; bEY tl'tav Eva xlvlllla 'tlle; naQabomaxlle; EnaQx(ae;, ono'U OL uvSQwnm axolla IlLAouoav tT] YAwoaa rnv oaoio 0 toaovoqxovo; L<'lQ'UtTje; 'to'll E8vLXOU BaaxLxou KOIlf..la'tOe; (PNV), onwe; XaL rooor uAAm llE'taYEvEotEQOL aywvLO'tEe; rou YAWOOLXOU ~1l'tt]1la't0e;, XQHUOtT]XE va IlUSH we; Evl)ALXOe;. OL ~uoxm XWQLXOL bEV EbHsav IlEYUAO Evbta<pEQov YLa to YEO ~SVLXLOIlO. OL Q~Ee; rou ~QLOXO'taV orov (conxo XaL naQux'tLo) «O'UV'tllQfJ'tLXO, xaSoALxo XaL IltxQoaO'tLxo XWQo»29 nou aV'tLbQouOl:: ornv annAt] rou EX~LollT]xavL- 0IlOU XaL 0't0 uSw nQoAE'taQLUtO reov uemvcorcrv nou oOOOLaALOf..lOc; E<PEQVE lla~C rou, EVW anEQQLJt'tE 'tT] IlEYUAT] ~aoxLxl) aotLxt] tUST] nou rc O'UIlCPEQOV'tU tT]C; tl] O'UVEbwv IlE tnv LonaVLXl) 1l0vaQx(a. ~E aV"tCElEOll IlE to a'UtOVOIlLO'tLXO x(vT]lla nov xataAavwv, to PNV ELXE <pE'Uya-

27. Zolberg, "The making of Flemings and Walloons", 0.227.

28. o.n. 00. 209 xL

29. Puhle, "Baskischer Nationalismus", 00. 62-5.

170

EeNH KAI EeNIKILMO~ AlIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

H METEEEAIEH TOY EeNIKI~MOY 1870-1918

171

Ma 1l0VO unoO'trjQL~'ll ccro 't'llv aO'tLxrj 'tu~'ll. Kat 'to ah'lllla YLa yAWaaLxrj Xat CPUA£'tLxrj 1l0Va6Lxo't'll'ta O'tO onoto ~aaCO't'llx£ 0 paaxLxo~ £SVLxLallo~, £(Vat Eva aC't'lllla nou cpaCv£'tm OLX£(O os xuS£ yvwO't'll rou nQw'taQXLX01J IlLxQoaO'tLX01J QL~oanaO'tLX01J flLXatWIla'tO~: OL Bdoxoc rj'tav avcin:£QOL ano 'tou~ UAAOU~ Aaov~ £~at't(a~ 't'll~ CPUA£'tLxrj~ 'tou~ xa()aQorrrrar;, onw~ anob£Cxvu£ 'll 1l0VabLxo't'll'ta 't'll~ yAwaaa~ roix, nou cpavEQwv£ 't'llv uQv'llarj rou; va avallLXSoVv ue UAAOU~ Aaov~, Xat xUQ(w~ us AQaP£~ Xat E~Qa(ou~. Kern nUQollOLo IlnoQOVll£ va novll£ Xat YLa rc xLvrjlla'tu £vo~ anOXAHO'tLXU XQOa'tLXOV £SVLXWIlOV nou eucpavCO't'llx£ aQXLxu oe IlLXQrj xA(llaXa O't'll 6£xa£'t(a 'to'll 1860 (<<Il£ rnv unoO'trjQL~'ll nov IlLxQoaO'twv, xUQ(w~ rorv IlLXQrj~ xA(llaXU~ ALaVOnWA'll'twv Xat £llnoQwv») Xat xEQ6La£ xunoLo E6acpo~ - nUAL Il£'ta~v rorv CbLWV OLXOVOIlLXU xu'taltL£allEVWv xa'tW't£Qwv Il£aa(wv 'tu~£wv - xa'tu 't'll bLuQxHa 't'll~ M£yuA'll~ Oixovouoej; KQ(Oll~ tou 'tEAOU~ rou 6£xurou evdrou mwva. «AV'tLXa'tomQL~£ rnv uV'tC8w'll 't'll~ IlLXQoaO'tLxrj~ 'tU~'ll~ 0't0 «YLOuyxoaAu~WIlO» W~ Lb£OAoyCa 't'll~ nAOUaLO't£Q'll~ aO'tLxrj~ 'tU~'llt;». ~' amrj 't'llV n£Q(mwOll, acpov OV't£ 'll YAwaaa OV't£ 'll CPUArj rj'tav nQoacpoQ££ xa't'llYOQ(£~ bLacpOQono('llOll~ rorv £XA£X'tWV avSQwnwv ano 'tou~ UnOAOLltOU~, XQ'llaLIlOnOLrjS'llX£ 'll L6Ea 't'll~ to'tOQLXrj~ cetooroArj~ tou XQOa'tLXOV ESVOU~ nou Sa un£QualtL~£ 'to XQLO'tLavLXO xoouo ano IlLa £wPOArj £~ avu'tOAwv YLa va nQoacp£QS£C O'tU O'tQwlla'ta rou AaOV'll aU'tonmoCS'lla'll, Xat 'll anat'tOVIl£V'll a(aS'llOll 't'll~ un£Qoxrj~ no'll 6£v £(xav.30

Ta (6La XOLVWVLXU O'tQwlla'ta OX'llllu'tLaav 'tOY nuQrjva £x£(v'll~ 't'll~ unoxa't'llyoQCu~ rou £SvLxLallov, ru xLvijlla'ta rou nOAL'tLXOV ovnonuenouoo nou £llcpav~oV'tat 'tL~ Mo 't£A£u'taC£~ 6£xa£'tC£~ tou atwva, L6LaC't£Qa orn f£Qllav(a (Stocker), 't'llv AuO'tQCu (Schonerer, Lueger), Xat 't'll faAACa (Drumont, 'll unoS£Oll N'tQEUCPO'U~). H aP£~ato't'll'ta YLa 't'll SEon rou; xm 'tOY nQooQwllO toix, 'll avaacpuAHa Il£YUAWV O'tQWIlU'tWV nou PQ(axoV'tav «vdueou orou; avallcpL~rj't'll'tOu~ yLOu~ Xm Suya'tEQ£~

't'll~ £Qya'tLXrj~ 'tu~'ll~ Xat tn ilEA'll 't'll~ avW'ta't'll~ Xat 't'll~ avW't£Q'llC; 11£aaCa~ 'tU~'ll~, 'll nQoanuSHa v' aV'tLO'taSIlLO't£( 'll SEOll rou; IlEaW nov LoxuQLOIlWV YLa llova6txo't'll'ta Xat avw't£Qo't'll'ta 't'llv oaotu anHAova£ o Eva~ rj 0 UAAO~ - oAa amu naQ£Cxav rou; 6WIlOU~ ovdusou ore ue'tQLonaSrj Ilwa(a O'tQwlla'ta Xat a' Evav llaX'll'tLXO £SVLXWIlO, 0 ono(o~ ~LltoQ£( OX£Mv va OQLOS£( w~ IlLa anuV't'llo'll O£ 'tE'tOL£~ anHM~ - ano rou; £QYu't£~, ano ~Eva xQU't'll xrn lbLW't£~, cero 1l£'tUVUO't£~, ano rou; XaltLtaALO'tE~ Xat x£cpaAatOVXOU~ nou rooo £VXOAU 'tamL~oV'tuv us rou; E~Qa(ou~, OL oaotot S£wQovV'tav £n(Oll~ UnOXLv'll'tE~ eztcvcotunxwv 6Lu6Lxamwv. ~LO'tL amu 'tU Ilwa(a O'tQwlla'ta 8EWQouaav on ~Q(OXOV'tUV O'tL~ mUA~H~ Xat xwMv£uav. H M~'ll - XAH6( 0't0 nOAL'tLXO A£~LA6YLO 't'll~ yaAALxrj~ 6£~LU~ O't'll 6£xan(a rou 1880 osv rj'tav «OLXOYEvHa», «'tu~'ll», «naQuooOll», «8Q'll0x£(u», «'llfhxrj» rj xunOLo~ nUQanArjaLO~ oQo~' rj'tuv oUllCPWVU ue roix avaAmf~, 'll AE~'ll «anHArj».31

"Erot 0 £SVLXLOIlO~ uvdusou oro xa'tW't£Qa IlwaCa O'tQWIla'tu uere~£A(XS'llX£ uno IlLa LMa rtou O'Uv6£o'tav us 'toy CPLA£A£'US£QWIlO Xat 't'llv aQLO't£Qu, 0' Eva OWPLVLO'tLXO, LJllt£QLaALO'tLxo Xat t;£VOCPOPLXO x(v'lllla 't'll~ 6£~LU~, rj aXQL~EO't£QU, 't'll~ QL~oonaO'tLxrj~ 6£~LU~, XLV'llOll no'll rj6'll Jllt0QoVIl£ vu naQa't'llQrjoO'UIl£ orn 6LcpoQOVIl£V'll XQrjO'll nou £(xav OQOL onw~ «patrie» Xat «patriotism» YVQw O'tU 1870 O't'll faAALu.32 0 L6LO~ 0 oQo~ «£8vLxLOIlO~» xa'taox£UUaS'llXE YLa va aV'tavaxAu 't'llv £llCPuVLOll amrj~ 't'll~ 'tUOll~, O'UYXExQLIlEva orn faAALa Xat ALYO aQym£Qa ornv haALa, onou 'll QOlluvLxrj yAwaaa O'UVEPUA£ O't'll 6'llIlLo'UQYLa cutoii rou oQou.33 ~'to 'tEAO~ rou mwva qxnvotnv £V't£AW~ nQw'town'll. EV'tOV'tOL~, axollu Xat £XEL rtou unrjQXE O'UvEXELa, onw~ ornv «Turner», - oQyavw-

30. Mirjana Gross, "Croatian national - intergrational ideologies from the end of Illyrism to the creation of Yugoslavia", (Austrian History Yearbook 15-16, 1979-80, oc. 3-44, XUgLWC:; 18, 20-1, 34 (au~*l]Ol] ult6 tOV A. Suppan).

31. Antoine Prost, Vocabulaire des proclamations electorales de 1881, 1885 et 1889 (ITugrm 1974), a. 37.

32. Jean Dubois, Le Vocabulaire politique et social en France de 1869 a 1872. (ITugraL, 1962), a. 65 A,,!!!!U 3665.0 6goc:; «E8vLXLa!!6c:;» (nationalisme) OEV XUtUygOlpEtUL Ux6!!l] , XUL ltUgU!!EVEL um6v ult6 to A. Prost, Vocabulaire des proclamations electorates, nou au~l]tO tl] !!Etat6mOl] ltgoc:; rn OE;LO rou «E8vxou» AE;LAoyrou a' UUt" mv ltEgrooo, xugrwc:; oo, 52-3, 64-5.

33. flu tl] rUAArU, Zeev Sternhell, Maurice Burres et le nationalism francais

172

E8NH KAI E8NIKILMOL AnO TO 1780 MEXPI LHMEPA

H METEEEAIEH TOY E8NIKILMOY 1870-1918

173

OEL~, nou EXltoQEvovmv alto TOV YEQllaVtxo ESVLXtOIlO xm OLO ltAaLmO TWV OltOLWV YUllva~oVTav rJ,a~tXa oi rEQ[.LaVOL - T] [.LETmOlttOT] nou ltaQmT]QELTm OLT] OExaETLa LOU 1890 ltQO~ (JUVTT]QT]TtXOTEQE~ xmEuSvvOEL~, [.!ltOQEL va UltOAOYLOLEL av ltaQaxoAouStjOOU[.LE TT]V E;altAwOT] LOU aVTtOT][.LtTtO[.LOV alto TT]V AUOLQLa OLa YEQ[.LaVtXa ltaQaxAaOta, xm TT]V UltOXmaOLaOT] TT]~ ESVtXOcptAEAEVSEQT]~ TQLXQW[.LT]~ ([.LavQo - XOXXtVO - XQuoo) OT][.LaLa~ LOU 1848 [.LE TT]V aUToxQmoQtxtj TQLXQW[.LT] ([.LavQo - AEUXO - XOXXtVo), xaSw~ xm LO au;uVO[.LEVO XAL[.La EvSOUmao[.Lov UltEQ TOU aUToxQmoQtxov EltEXTmtO[.Lov.34 Ilooo 'ljJT]Aa OLT]V XAL[.LaXU TT]~ [.Lwa(u~ Ta~T]~ ~QLOXOU[.LE LO XEVTQO ~aQvTT]Ta~ TETOtWV XtVT]llaTWV - It.X. «EXELVT]~ TT]~ EltavaOtaOT]~ TWV O[.LaOwv TT]~ xmWTEQT]~ xm IlEoULa~ aOLtxtj~ [.!ltouQ~oua~La~ evovnov cnrroii rtou SEwQovoav EXSQtxo xm aVEQx0[.LEVO ltQoAETaQtaTo»,35 - ru onot« ootjYT]OUV TT]V haALa OLOV Iloorro Ilovxoouio IIOAE[.LO, [.!ltoQEL va altOTEAEOEL SE[.La (JU~T]TtjOEWV. AMa T] EQEUva yta TT]V xorvcovtxr] aVVSEOT] TOU tTaAtXOV xm YEQ[.LaVtXou cpamo[.Lov OEV acp1jvEL xa[.Lta a[.Lcpt~OALa OTt ama TU XLVtj[.Lma aVTAovouV TT] Mva[ttj LOU~ xUQCw~ cero rc ueouto OLQw[taTa.36

ElttltAEOV, EVW OLa EOQmw[tEva ESvtXa xQaTT] xm Tt~ aVTLOLOtXE~ ESVLXE~ Ouva[.LEt~ 0 ltmQtWTLXo~ ~tjAO~ umwv TWV EVOta[twwv OLQW[taTwv tjTaV xaTL ltEQtOOOTEQO alto xaAoOExoV[tEVO~ YLU TL~ XU~EQVtjOEt~ nou aoxoAovVTUV ue TT]V EltEXTUOT] TT]~ amoxQaLOQLa~ xm TT]V aVTtltaA.OTT]Ta TOU ESVOU~ EVaVTt aAAwv ltaQo[tOtwv xQmwv, ELoa[tE OTt TETOta (JUvmoStj[.LUTa 1jTav amoxSova, xm W~ EX roiitoo [tT]-XmEUSu-

(IIagCm 1972). Tm mv ItaACa ru XElpUAaLa U1t6 tou~ S. Valtutti XaL F. Perfetti oro R. LiII XaL F. Valsecchi (smu.), II nazionalismo in Italia e in Germania fino alia Prima Guerra Mondiale (MltOAOVLa 1983)

34. Hans-Georg John, Politik und Tumen: die deutsche Tumerschaft als nationale Bewegung im deutschen Kaiserreich von 1871 - bis 1914 (Ahrensberg bei Haumbrug 1976), 00. 41 xL

35. Jens Petersen oro W. Schieder (£1tLIl .. ), Faschismus als soziale Bewegung (Gi:ittingen 1983), o. 122, ltagaeEtOvta~ IlLa ltllylj U1t6 to 1923.

36. Michael Kater, The Nazi Party: a social profile of members and leaders 1919-1945 (KEfl1tgLt~, Mao. 1983), X1Jg(w~ o. 236· Jens Petersen, "Elettorato e base sociale del fascismo negli anni venti" (Studi Storici, XVl/3, 1975),00.627-69.

vousv« E; OAOXAtjQOU EX TWV rivco. ALYE~ XU~EQVtjOEL~, axo[ta xm ltQLV TO 1914, tjTaV TOOO OW~LVtOLLXE~ 000 ot ESVLXtOLE~ E;TQE[.LtOLE~ ztou TL~ ltaQoTQuvav. Km, [tEXQt TOTE, OEV UlttjQxav XU~EQVtjOEt~ rtou vn ELxav OT][ttOUQYT]SEL UltO TOU~ ESTQE[ttOLE~.

IIaVTW~, o» oi XU~EQv1jOEL~ OEV [.LltoQovoav VU EAEYXOUV UltOAma TO YEO ESVtXtO[to, xm amo~ OEV [.!ltOQOUOE axo[tT] va EAEYXEL TL~ XU~EQVtjOEt~, T] TaVTtOT] ue LO xQaTo~ 1jTav ~amxo SE[ta yta TL~ ESvLXLOLtXE~ [ttXQOUOLtXE~ xm xmwTEQE~ [twaLE~ Ta;Et~. Edv OEV ELXUV axo[ta TamtOSEL us xaltOto xQaTO~, T] ESVLXtj aVE;aQTT]OLa Sa LOU~ EOtVE TT] SEOT] rtou EVtWSav OTt as~ouv. To va otaxT]QvooEL xavEL~ TT]V ElttOLQOCPtj TT]~ IQAavoLa~ OTT]v aQxaLa TT]~ YAwooa OEV altOTEAOVOE ltta Eva ltQoltuyavOLOLtXO aVvSTI[ta yta TOU~ aVOQE~ xm Tt~ yuvaLxE~, nou [tEAELOVOUV TT] OLOtXEtWOT] yaEAtxtj YAwooa OE ~QaOtva [taStj[taTa OLO AOU~ALVO xm OLOaoxav oou ELXUV [tOAL~ [taSEt OE aA.A.ou~ aywvtOLE~. 'OltW~ Su altEOELXVUE T] tOLoQLa LOU EAEVSEQOU IQAavotxov KQaLOU~, T] yaEAtxtj YAwooa Sa ytvOTaV TO ltQOOOV yta OAE~ Tt~ OOUAEtE~, EXTO~ alto Tt~ xmwTEQE~ SEOEt~ TWV OT][.LOOLWV UltT]QWtWV, xm T] EltLTUXLa OLt~ E;ETaOEt~ OTT]V tQAaVOtxtj YAwooa Sa tjTUV xma (JUVEltELU LO xQtT1jQtO yta VU EVTaxSEL XaltOLO~ OLt~ Ta;Et~ TWV EltaYYEA[tmtciv xm TWV OtUVOOU[tEVWV. Av ~ovoav tjOT] OE Eva ESvtXO xQaTo~, 0 ESvtXto[to~ TOU~ EOtVE TT]V XOtVWVtxtj TuuTOTT]Ta TT]V onoto oi ltQoAETaQtOL EltmQvav alto TO Ta;tXO TOU~ XLVT][ta. ea [tltOQOVOE xaVEL~ va UltOOEC;Et OTt 0 amo-oQto[tO~ TWV xmwTEQWV usouuov Ta;EWV - OT]AaOtj, TO- 00 TOU T[ttj[tmo~ EXELVOU nou (JU[.!ltEQtAa[t~UVE LOU~ U~OtjST]TOU£ ~tOTEXVE~ xm [.LtxQoxmaOLT][taTaQXE~, 000 xm TWV XOLVWVtXWV OLQW[taTWV nou TWQa E[.LcpaV~OVTm, OEOO[tEVT]~ TT]~ avEU ltQOT]YOU[tEVOU E~altAWOT]~ TWV YQucpEtoxQmwv [.LE aVWTEQOU ElttltEOOU EXltULOEUOT] xm TWV Ta;EWV TWV EltUYYEA[.LmtWV - OEV rirov TOOO w~ Ta;T]~, uMa w~ oW[tmo~ ztou TO UltOTEAOVOUV OL mo EVSEQ[tOLxm VO[tt[tOCPQOVE~ XUSW~ xm OL mo «U;tOOE~aOLOL» yLOL xm XOQE~ TT]~ ltmQwa~ YT]~.

OltOLaOtjltOTE Xt av tjTUV T] cpVOT] TOU ESVLXLO[.LOV nou tjQSE OLO ltQOoxtjVtO OLa zsvrivrc XQOVLa ltQtV alto TO 1914, OAE~ OL ltaQaAAaYE~ TOU cpaLvoVTm vn EXOUV xan TO XOLVO: TT]V altoQQt'ljJT] TWV VEWV ltQOAETaQtaxwv oomaALOLLxwV XtVT]llaTWV, 0XL [tOVOV EltEtOtj 1jTav ltQOAETUQta-

H METEEEAISH TOY E9NIKI~MOY 1870-1918

175

174

E9NH KAI E9NIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

37. Auto d;EtutnaL 01:0 Xf«JUAuW 4 tOU E. J. Hobsbawm, Worlds of Labour (AovI)LVO 1984) XaL tOU LI)LOU, "Working-class internationalism", 01:0 F. van Holthoon XaL Marcel van der Linden (E1tL!!.), Internationalism in the Labour Movement (Leiden - N€u YOQX1j, KOltfYXUYT) - KOAWVLU 1988), CJO. 3-16.

Evae:; uVDQae:; vc [.I'l']v ELXE xovsvo ltQo~A'l'][.Ia aLOSavO[.lEvoe:; OtL r)-1:av yLOe:; EVOe:; IQAavDou, mJ~uyoe:; [.ILae:; fEQ[.Iav(Dae:;, [.IEAoe:; 1:'l']e:; XOLV01:'l']1:ae:; ttov avSQaxwQUXWV, EQyUt'l']e:;, UltOCJtY]QLX'trje:; 1:OU ltODOmpaLQLXOU O[.lLAOU rou Barnsley, qlLAEAEUSEQOe:;, ltQw'toyovoe:; [.IESODLCJtr)e:;, <jJLAOltaLQLe:; AYYAoe:;, ltLSavwe:; QEltOU[.IltALXUVOe:;, XaL UltOCJt'l']QLX'tr)e:; t'l']e:; BQELaVLXr)e:; AmoxQaLoQ(Ui;.

Movov orov EVUi; alto au'toue:; roue CJ1JVaLoS'l'][.Ia1:Lxoue:; DW[.IO'Ile:; CJ1JyxQouo'tav u[.Iwa [.IE XUltOLOV uAAO r) UAAOUe:;, aVEXU1tLE 'to ltQo~A'l'][.10. 't'l']e:; EltLAOyr)e:;· H uerovorqro tWV EVLay[.lEVwv ltOALLLXU aywvLCJtwV So. rjLav qnJOLXU ltoM mo E'UalaS'l']1:lJ oe 1:E1:0L£e:; a<J1J[.I~aL61:lJ1:Ee:;, oxrce va ElVaL aacpaAEe:; v« ltOUrtE OtL 0 Auyo'UCJtoe:; 1:0'U 1914 r)LaV [.ILa E[.IltELQ(a ltOAU ALY01:EQO 1:Qau[.Ia1:Lxr) YLa 1:0ue:; ltEQLCJ061:EQOU<; BQELavoue;, fUAAou<; XaL fEQ[.Iavoue:; EQYU1:E<; alt' o,u r)LaV YLa rou; 'l']YE1:E<; 1:WV 00- OLaALCJtLx(OV xO[.l[.lU1:WV 1:OU<;, altAwe:; EltELDrj - YLa AOyoUe:; rtou CJ1J~'l']1:r)S'l']xav ltaQaltuvw WI... XECPUAaLO 3, 0. 127) - 1:0 vo UltOCJt'l']Q~ow orov lt6AE[.IO 1:'l'] DLXr) 1:0'Ue:; XU~EQV'l']a'l'] qxnvorov CJtOue:; XOLVOU<; EQYU1:E<; alto- . AULa CJ1J[.I~aLO [.IE 1:0 va EltLOELXVUOUV 1:a~Lxr) CJ1JVE(DYjOYj XaL EXSQ61:Yj1:a ltQoe:; LOUe:; EQYOD01:E<;. OL avSQaxwQuXOL L'l']<; Nonou OuaA(ae:; ltOU xa- 1:EltA'l']~av rou; EltavaCJtU1:Ee:; CJ1JVOLxaALCJtEe:; XaL OLESVLCJtE<; 'l']YE'tE<; LOU<;, OltEUOoVLa<; va xaLaLayouv CJtO CJtQaLO, 1:0 (DW ltQoSu[.Ia oOr)Y'l']aav, ltQlV ltEQUOEL Evae:; XQ6voe:;, 1:0 aySQaXU)QuXElO OE YEVLXr) altEQYla, XAE(voVLa<; La amLu LOU<; ornv XaLYjyoQ(a O'tL OEV rirov ltaLQLWLEe:;. EVLO'IJLOLe:;, axo[.la XaL OL aYWVLCJtEe:; (owe:; va <J1Jv&Va~av [.IE E'UxaQ(CJt'l']O'l'] au'tu nou OL SEWQ'l']1:LXO( £~AEltaV we:; aCJ1J[.I~(~aCJta: yLa ltaQUOELYuo, 0 yaAALxo<; ESVLXLO[.lOe:; XaL YjltAr)QlJe:; acpoa(waYj cmv E~~~, OltWe; €XOW OE~EL ltOAAOl aywvLCJt€e:; 1:0U faMLxou KO[.l[.lOWLatLXOU K6[.1[.1a- 1:0<;.

nQay[.IanXU, 1:0 (ow LO YEYovoe:; on 1:0. YEa [.Ia~Lxu ltOALLLXU 'lUVr)uoro, ESVLXLOLLXU, oooLaALOLLxu, SQYjOXEU1:LXOU xaQaxulQa r) oxoicOr)ltOLE una, aVLaywv~oVLav CJ1JXVU YLa 1:Le:; COLEe:; [.IU~Ee:;, UltooYjAWVEL on 0 XWQoe:; OltOU [.t1toQouoav va oQuoow r)LaV ltQoE1:OL[.IaO[.lEvo<; va CPLAO~EVr)OEL 6AEe:; 1:Le:; oLacpoQE'tLXEe:; EltLXAll0ELe:; 'tou<;. H <J1J[.I[.Iax(a 1:0U ESvLXL0[.lOU [.IE L'l'] SQI']OXELa E(VaL aQXELU E[.Icpavr)<;, ELDLXU OLlJV IQAavOLa XaL L'l']V noAWv(a. nOLO E(vm 6[.1we:; 'to ltQW1:aQXLxo; H altUVLI']OYj

xu aAM EltEL~hl r)'tav EltLCJ1']<;, CJ1JVEL&1]1:U XaL [.IaX'l']1:LXU otd)vtartua, r) 1:0 ALY01:EQO [.I1']-ESVLXLOLLXU.37 ~WEltW<;, 1:(ltOLa OEY cpaLVE1:m ltLO AOYLXO, alto 1:0 va OOU[.IE ne:; EXXAr)OELe:; 1:0U ESVLXLO[.lOU xaL 1:0'U oOOLaALo[.lou W<; a[.lOL~aLa aaUrt~a1:E<;, XaL 'tI']V ltQo£Aaol'] TOU EVO<; Loo&Vva[.l'l'] [.IE 1:YjV 'UltOXWQI']CJ1'] 1:0U uAAo'U. Kca I'] oQSOOO~'l'] UltO'ljJl'] nou EltLxQa1:0VOE usta;v 1:WV LOLOQLXWV Etvm 01:L ltQu"{!1a1:L a' a'U1:r) 1:Yjv ltEQLODO 0 [.Ia~LXOe; ESYLXLO[.lO<; SQLUrt~EUOE altEVaVLL CJtL<; aVLLltaAfe:; LOWAOYLEe:;, CJ1JYXExQLj.tEva alt£VaVLL OLOV ta~Lxu ltQOODLOQLO[.l£VO oOOLaALCJ[.Io, 6ltwe; altOOE(xSYjXE altO 1:'l']V EXQI']~'l'] 1:0U ltOA£[.IOU 'to 1914, ltOU altOXuA'U'ljJE rnv XEV01:'l']1:a 1:0U oOCJLaALCJLLXOV OLESvLCJ[.IOV, XaL alto 1:0 <J1JVLQLlt1:LXO 8QLa[.l~0 1:Yj<; «aQXr)<; 1:WV ESV01:r)'twv» OLL<; ELQ'I']VEmLxEe:; oLaDLxaoeEe:; [.IE1:U 1:0 1918.

AMU, OE aVLL8ECJ1'] [.IE 1:0. CJ1Jvrj8Yj CJ1J[.t1tEQuo[ta1:a, OL DLacpoQE1:LX£e:; aQXEe:; OLLe:; OltOLEe; ~aCJL~otav 'l'] ltOALLLxr) EltLXAYjCJ1'] ltQoe:; tLe:; [.IU~Ee:;, CJ1JYXfxQL[.IEva lJ 'W~LXr) EltLXAI']CJ'l'] tWV OOOLaALCJLWV, 11 Elt(XAYjCJ1'] tWV SQY]OXEVtLXWV DOY~tUTWV YLa [.IELUVOLa XaL 11 EXXAYjCJ1'] t'l']e:; E8vLXOT'l']Lae:;, DEV altExAEloav Yj [.Ita'tllv UAAll. ~EV 'Ultr)QXE xav [.Ita oacpr)e; DLaXWQLCJLLXr) YQa[.l!1r), ax6!1a XaL <Jtlj [.IOVaDLxrj ltEQLmwCJ1'] nou XaL OL &Vo ltAE'UQEe; ETELvav va E1tL[.IEVOUV OE [.ILa, El; OQLCJ[.IOV, aCJ1J[.I~aLOtYjTa: L'l']e:; 8Q'l']OXEtae; XaL rou uSwu OOOLaALCJ[.IOu. OL UVDQfe; xm OL ywaLXfe:; DEV EltEAEyay 1:0V ltQOObLOQLCJ[.I6 1:0'Ue:; we:; [.IEAWv [.ILae:; o[.lubae;, OltWe; DtUAfyav to. ltaltoutCJLa LO'Ue:;, yVWQ~OVLae:; on [.IltOQOVOE xavE(e:; va CPOQEOEL Eva uovo ~E1JYUQL TYj cpoQu' *av, XaL ELvm cxouo, ltQOOXOM'l'][.IEvOL xm acpoOLW!1EVOL TaUtOXQova, OE ltOMU ltQuY[.laLa (J1J[.IltEQLAa[.l~aVO[.lEv'l']e; L'l']e:; fSvLxOTlJ1:ae:;, xm EVDLacpEQOVLm <J1JYXQovwe; YLa DLUCPOQfe:; ltAEuQEe; L'l']e; ~wr)e;, XUSE [.ILa altO 1:Le; OltO(Ee; [tltOQEL YLa XUltOLa OLLY[.Ir) va X'UQLaQXEL <Jtlj <J1-GEljJ'I'] roue, avuAoya j.tE tYjV ltEQlltiWCJ1']. flo. [.I£'{uAa XQoVLXU OLaCJLr)!1aLa LOWe; amEe:; ot bLacpoQE'tLXEe; E;aQT1)OELe; va fA.'l']v ltQOE~aAav oe Eva U1:0[.lO altmtrjoEL<; aaU[.I~aLEe:; [.IE1:a~V tOue;, WOLE It.X.

EeNH KAI EeNIKILMOL AlIO TO 1780 MEXPI LHMEPA

H METESEAISH TOY EeNIKILMOY 1870-1918

177

176

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H IIOAwvia E(Vat I-lLa bLacpw'tLmLxTj nEQ(mwOrt 00£ nQo£ mrro 'to OrtI-lELo. H anoxa'tumaOrt 't11£ XWQa£ IlE'tu ano sxrrrov nEvTjV'ta XQovLa

I)La(QEOrt£, EJtL'tfuXBllXE 0XL xu'tw a:n:o 'tllV naV'ttEQa xunmov cero 'ta nOALLLXU xLvTjlla'ta :n:ov Tj'tav acpoOLwlleva anoXAnmLXU 0' a'U'to 'tOY oxozo, aAAU xa.'tw ano 't11 Ortl-la(a rou IIOAWVLXOV ~OOLaALmLXOv KOIl- 1-lU't0£, 0 llYE'tll£ rou oaotou, ~'UV'taYIla'tUQXll£ Pilsudski, EYLVE 0 fAEv8EQW'tll£ 't11£ XWQa£ rou, ~'tll <PLAavl)(a 'to ~OOLaALmLXO KOlll-la eYLVE, de facto, 'to E8vLxo X0l-llla rorv <PLAav6wv, xEQ6~0V'ta£ 'to 47% uov 1jJ~cpwv mL£ 'tEAE'Um(E£ (EAEv8EQE£) EXAOYE£ nQLv a:n:o'tll PWOLXll EnavumaOrt rou 1917. ~'tlj ffwQYLa, Eva UAAO oomaALmLxo XOlllla OL MEvoE~(xOl, aveAa~E am~ rnv aQ I-l0l) Lo'tll'ta' ornv AQI-lEv(a, oi Aaovdxot, OL onotoi O'UvOfoV'tav IlE 'tll ~oOLaALmLxTj Au,8vTj.39 Avcueoo orou; E~Qa(o'U£ 'tll£ AVa'tOALXTj£ EUQwnll£ 11 oomaALmLxll LI)EoAoy(a x'UQLuQXll0E mllv E8vLx~ oQyavwOrt rooo O'tll un-ouoviouxr] (Bundist) naQaMayTj 000 xm mll ouovionxr]. Koi au'to'to qxuvousvo bEV 'tE811- XE 'Uno EAEYXO O'U'tE omv ToaQLxTj Autoxocerooto, onou nQaYl-lan OXEMv xaBE oQYuvwOrt xat LI)EOAoy(a, nou oQalla'tL~o'tav xdrtoux aMay~, EnQEnE va 8EwQTjon on nQLv an' oAa aV'tLJrQoownEvf rnv xOlvwvLxTj Xat nOALLLx~ f:n:avamaOrt. Ta f8vLxa at08TjI-la'ta nov OvaAwv Xat tcov ~xo'twv oro HvwllEVO Bao(AELO bEV ll:n:oQwav va ExcpQamovv I-lEOW anOXAELmLxa EBvLxLmLxwv xouudtcov, aMa IlEOW trov IlEYaAmEQwv nav-EBvLXWV oAou rou HVWI-lEVOV BaOLAELou xouudtrov 'tll£ aV'tL:n:oAi't£voll£ - nQw'ta rorv <PLAEAEV8fQWV Xat I-lE'ta nov EQYa'tLXWV. ~'tL£ Kdtco XWQE£ (aAM 0XL O'tll fEQl-lav(a) m Il£'tQLo:n:aBTj aAM YVllo(w£ E8vLxa at08TjI-l(X'ta EVO£ IlLXQov Aaov I-lEmcpQa.oBllxav xVQ(w£ OE aQLmEQO QL~oonamLollo. Krrrri O'UVEnELa OL <PQ1'j;Ot unEQaV'tLnQoownEvovuu ornv LmoQia 'tll£ aQLmEQa£ 'tWV Kdtro XWQwv onw£ at ~xo'tol xat ot OvaAoCoE EXf(vll 'tll£ ~QEmvLxTjc; aQtmEQa.£. 0 mo bLaxExQLIlE-

39. Fie T1]v aJtOTVx(a 'tOV <pIAavOlxov fBVIXLOIlOV va avraywvwTE( TO ~oala- 1.1O'tlx6 Kouuo (31.. Davind Kirby "Rank and file attitudes in the Finnish Social, Democratic Party (1905-1918)", (Past and Present III, Mdtoc 1986), xVQ(w£ o, 164. Ire rou; rfWQYlavou£ XaL AQllev(ov£ (31.. Ronald G. Suny (smu.), Transcaucasia: Nationalism and Social Change (Ann Arbor 1983), xVQ(w£ IlfQo£ II, ta (\ox(llla tWV R. G. Suny, Anahide Ter Minassian XaL Gerard J. Libaradian.

38. fla ilIa oVvo1j!1] G. Haupt, O'tO Haupt Lowy Xal Weill, Les Marxistes et la question nationale (I1aQ(OI 1974),00.39-43. To I1ol.wvLx6 ~tlT1J1lU ljtav to XUQIO, aJ.J.u 6XL to llovaoLx6 avtou tOV e((\ov£.

178

EElNH KAI EElNIKI~MO~ xno TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

H METEEEAIE:H TOY EElNIKI~MOY 1870-1918

179

VO£ l1YELl]£ 'to'U :n:Qwq.tOO OMavbL'lW'U ~oOLaALatLxOV Kouuoto; Troelstra (1860-1930) E(XE aQxtoEL rnv xaQLEQu rou W£ :n:OLl1ttl£ :n:0'U eYQmpE atTJ CPQ1]~LXtl YAwooa XaL W£ 1]YEtTJ£ Ll]£ «Young Friesland» (NEaQu <l>QTJ~ta), !lLU£ oJ.luba£ 1):n:EQ tTJ£ avaYEVVTJOTJ£ t1]£ <l>Ql1~ta£,40 To CPaLVOJ.lEVO :n:aQa'tTJQEttaL XaL atL£:n:LO :n:QoocpatE£ bExaE'ttE£, av XaL EXEL ovyxaA'Ucp8Et W£ Eva ~a8!lo a:n:6 Ll]V tuOTJ tWV :n:aAaLWV J.lLxQoaatLXWV E8vLXLatLXWV XLVl1!lUtWV XaL XO!lJ.lutWV, :n:0'U UQXLXU E(xav OVVbE8Et J.lE 'tL£ :n:QO rou 1914 bE~LE£ LbEOAOytE£ (6:n:w£ ornv O'UaAta, t1] XWQu rcov Booxcov, Ll] <l>AuvbQa XaL aMov) cpoQwvta£ to !lOvtEQVO EV()1)!la Ll]£ XOLVWVLXtl£ E:rtavuataOTJ£ XaL t01) J-taQ~LO!lOV, TIaQoAa avtu, to DMK, to onofo EYLVE to XVQLO 6Qyavo YLa rn aLttl!lata t1]£ E8vOt1]ta£ Tamil ornv Ivoto, UQXLOE Ll] ~wtl rou W£ Eva to:rtLXO 00OLaALatLX6 x6!l!la oro Madras, XaL :n:aQ6!lOLE£ J-tE'tato:n:toEL£ :n:Qo£ to OLvxaAE~Lx6 OW~LVLOJ-t6 J.t:ltOQOVJ-tE b'UOt1JXw£ va aVLXVEVOOV!lE ornv aQLatEQu Ll]£ ~QL Auvxa.41

o oxo:n:6£ avtwv tWV :n:aQubELY!lutwV bEY EtVaL va EX'tLJ-ttlOO'UJ-tE Ll] OXEOTJ 'tWV E8vLXLattXWV XaL oOOLaALatLXWV atOLXE(WV oro EOwtEQLX6 tWV XLVl1J-tu'twv 'ta ozotc, aQxEtU ()LXaLOAoYTJ!lEVa, a:n:aox6A1]oav XaL avaatu'twoav tTJ ~oOLaALatLxtl ~LE8vtl. ~xo:n:6£ EtVaL va bE~01)J-tE 6tL ta J.la~lXu xLvtl!lata ~oQovoav va EXCPQU~ovv tavt6XQova CPLAObo~tE£ tL£ O:n:otE£ EJ.lEt£ 8EWQOVJ-tE 6tL a:n:oXAElOVV 1] !lta Ll]V UAAl1 XaL 6tL :n:QuY!la'tL xLVtlJ.la'ta rtou aQXLxu Etxav E:n:LxaAE08Et XOLVWVLXO-E:n:avaatatLXE£ tbEE£ [l:n:oQovoav va OXYIJ.la't(OOVV tTJ [ltltQa EXEtVWV :n:01) E:rtQ6XELtO va ytvovv tEALXU tn J.la~LXU ESVLXU XLVtlJ.lata rorv Aawv too£.

TIQUY[la'tL, XaL uovov Y] :n:EQtmwOTJ rtou t600 ovxvu EXEL avacpEQ8Et W£ 11 areocpaOLattxtl a:n:6bEL~1] YLa t1]V 1):n:EQOXtl t1]£ EretxA1]OTJ£ t01) f8vov£ areEvavtt OLl]V E:rttXA1]OTJ tT]£ tU~l1£ oVOLaatLXu ()EtXVEt re600 :n:EQt:n:AOXE£ EtVaL OL OXEOEL£ !lEta~v tWV Mo. XUQ1] 010 xureOLa E~aLQEtLXtl EQEvva ECJ.laatE otlJ.lEQa :n:OAV xaAu reAl1QocpoQ1]!lfvOL yta J.lLa reEQ(mwOTJ XQ(OL!l1] 600v acpoQu Ll]V EXt(!l1]OTJ [lLa£ 'tEtOLa£ o'IlyxQo'UOTJ£ LOEWV, Ol1Aabtl YLa mv reOA1)E8vLXtl AvtoxQutoQ(a rcov A'ljJ~ovQywv.42 ~tO XE([lEVO rtou aXOA01)SEl o(vw !lLa reEQiA1]'ljJl1 Ll]£ EvbLacpf(01)Oa£ OLEQEVV1101]£ tl1£ YVW!l1]£ cero tOY Peter Hanak, re01) ~aO~EtaL omv aVUA1)OTJ Ev6£ J.lEyUA01) aQL8J.lov E:rtLO'tOAWV J.lEta~V atQattwtwv xm rcov OLXOYEVELWV t01)£, OL oreoCE£ AOYOxQtS1]xav tl XataOXfS1]XaV, xa'tu tT] bLuQxELa rou TIQWtov TIayxoo[l(01) TIoM[l01), 0Ll] BLEVV1] XaL Ll] B01)barefatl1.43 Ta :n:QWta XQ6vLa 'bEY areaox6A110E :n:OAV t01)£ emoroAOYQUCP01)£ to 8EJ.la t01) E8vLXL0J.l0V tl t01) avtLJ.l0vaQXL0J.l0V, Ext6£ are6 EXE(V01)£ :n:01) avtlxav 010 !lLa irredenta, 6rew£ OL ~fQ~OL (OVYXExQLJ.lEva EXECVOL a:n:6 tl1 Boovio xm t1] Botpovnv«) :n:01) 010 ovvtQL:rt'tLxtl avaAoyea ovJ.t:ltaSoVoav w£ ~EQ~OL to ~EQ~LX6 ~aoCAELo XaL w£ ~M~OL xm OQ86bo~OL Ll]V AyCa PWOta' [lEta~v 'tWV haJ..wv, xm - J-tEtu t1]V 10(0000 tT]£ P01)J.lav(a£ orov re6AEJ.l0 - !lE'ta~v tWV P01)!lUVWV tl POJ.lUVWV. H XOLVWVLXtl ~UOTJ Ll]£ OEQ~LXtl£ EX8Q6tr]ta£ :n:QO£ tTJV A1)atQia tltav ~Exu8aQa Aaixtl, aAAU 0 6yxo£ rcov E8vLXLattXWV YQa!lJ.lutWV a:n:6 tOO£ haAOV£ XaL rou; P01)!lUV01)£ reQoEQx6tav are6 tl1 [lEOu(a 'tU~TJ tl t01)£ OLaVOOV[lEV01)£. T1] J.l6vTJ UMTJ J.lEyUAl1 E8vtXtl OLacpwv(a 8a t1] ~Q(oxaue avu!lwa croix TOfX01)£ (xQ(vovta£ are6 ta YQu[l!lata tWV aLXJ.laAWtWV reoAEJ.101), otou; onotou; OJ.lOAOY01)J.lfVW£ reEQLAa[l~UVOvtav :n:Atl80£ are6 AIJtOtUX'tE£). 'OJ.lW£ :n:EQLOOOtEQOL are6 t01)£ J.lLOOV£ OLl]V

40. A. Fejtsma, "Histoire et situation actuelle de la langue frisonne", (Pluriel, 29,1982, co. 21-34).

41. rw IltU aVvtoWI uvwpoQtl TIJ~ IlE'tm;6.1tw·lJ~ an6 'tOY uXQuio uQw'tEQ6 orov (JtVXaAE~tXO aW~tVtall6 't01) XtVtlIlU'to~ J.V.P.(Janatha Vimukti Peramuna) 'to oxoto o6tlYT]aE TIJv uYQonxtl UQt(]'tEQtl «VEOAUiu» orov !;EOIJ%WIl6 'tOU 1971, ~A. Kumari J ayawardene, Ethnic and Class Conflicts in Sri Lanka (Dehiwala 1985), co. 84-90.

42. BA. Z. A. Zeman, The break-up a/the Habsburg Empire 1914-1918 (J\.ovbivo 1961)' Xat TIJ OUAAOytl IlEAETIJlltl'tWV Die Auflosung des Habsburgerreiches. Zusammenbruch und Neuorientierung im Donauraum .(Schriftenreihe des osterreichischen Ost-und Sudosteuropainstituts, 'tOil, III, BtEVVIJ 1970).

43. Peter Hanak, "Die Volksmeinung wahrend des letzten Kriegsjahres in Osterreich Ungarn" oro Die Auflosung, 00. 58-66.

180

E8NH KAI E8NIKIl:MOl: AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

H METEEEAIEH TOY E8NIKIl:MOY 1870-1918

181

1tQa~ll EX8Qou~ rrov A'ljI~oUQYwv, XaL 'to'u~ E8EAOV'tE~ 'tWV 'tOEXLXWV Dvva[lEWv om Poxno, 1tQoEQxoV'tav a1to 'tl] [lWaLa 'ta~T] XaL roix DLaVOOUIXEVOUC:;. (Ta YQa[l[la'ta coro 'ty) Bonuic 1tQoc:; tou; qmAaxW[lEvo'Uc:; ~'tav 1tOAU 1tLO 1tQOOEX'tLXU XaL YL' amo ALYO'tEQO DLa<pW'tLO'tLxU).

Ta XQovLa rou 1toM[lo'U, aAA<i ELDLXU II 1tQW'tl] Poxnxr] E1tavuO'taon, aU~lloav DQa[la'tLxu 'to 1tOAL'tLXO 1tEQLEXO[lEVO 'tl]c:; xa'taOXE[lEVT]e; aMT]AoYQa<pLae;. IIQuY[la'tL, OL ava<poQEe; rorv AOYOXQL'tWV YLa 'tl]v XOLv~ YVWf,lT] 1taQa'tT]Qovoav ouoqxovc 6'tL I'] PWOLX~ E1tavuO'taOl] ij'tav 'to 1tQtO'to 1tOAL'tLXO yeyovoe;, [lE'tU rnv EXQY)~T] rou 1tOAEf,lOU, ot DOv~OELe; rou 01tOLO'U ELxav DLELOOUOEL oro xa'ttO'ta'ta O'tQwf,la'ta rou Aaou. Avausee 0't0'Ue; aywVtO'tEe; 1tOU av~xav os XU1tOLfe; ccro 'ttc:; xa'tamfOf,lEV€e; E8vtxO'tl'j'tEC:; 01twc:; ot IIoAwvoL XaL or Ooxoovot, 'to yeyovoc:; ~f~xwaE EAnLDEC:; yta f,lf'taQQu8f,ltoy) - LOWC:; axof,la XaL yta aVE~aQ'tY)oLa. Evtoti'tOtc:;, I'] x'UQLaQXT] Dtu8EOl] *av !.ua fm8'UJ,tLa yta ftQ~VTJ XaL "otvwvoeo aVaOXllf,la'tLO[.LO.

OL 1tOAL'tLXEe; YVW[.LEC:; 1t0'U 'twQa aQX~ovv va f[.L<pav~oV'taL axof.-ta XaL om YQuf,lf,la'ta 'tWV fQYa'tWv, XWQLXWV XaL YVVaLXWV 'tT]C:; fQya'tLX~C; 'tu~T]e;, avaAuoV'taL xaM'tfQa J,tE ~UOI'] 'tQELe; aMT]AoO'UvD 10 oue VEe; D'UaC'lLXEe; aV'tL8EOfLe;: 1tAOUatOC; - <p'twxoe; (~ yaLOX't~f.-tWV aQXwv - XWQLx6e;, a<pEV'tLXO - EQya'tT]e;), 1tOAEf,lOe; - ELQ~VlJ, XaL 'ta~lJ - a'ta~La. OL O'UOXE'ttOf.-tOL, 'to'UAUXLO'tOV oro YQUf.-tf.-ta'ta, fLVaL <paVEQOL: OL 1tAOUOtot ~O'UV xaAa XaL DEV 'U1tT]QE't01JV 0't0 orooro, ot <p'tWXOL ELVaL 0't0 EAEOe; nov 1tAO'UOLuW XaL D'UvanI>V, 'tWV xQa'tLXWV XaL O'tQa'ttW'tLXWV aQXwv XaL omw xa8E~~C;. To xaLVo<pavEC; DEV EYXEL'taL uovov orn J,teyaAU'tEQY) O'UxvO'tT]'ta rcov 1taQa1tovwv, 'U1t0 'tT]v Evvma O'tL ue /'na<poQE'tLXOUe; 'tQo- 1t0'Ue; OL <p'tWXOL EL'tE EVO'toAOL EL'tE 0't0 WW'tEQLXO [.LE'tW1tO ELXav E~LOOV xax~ [.LE'taXELQT]Ol], aAAu 'U1t0 'ty)v svvoic 0'tL 'twQa ELxav om Dta8E~ 'to'Ue; [lLa mavaO'ta'tLx~ 1tQooDoxLa yta 8ef.-tEALWDELe; aAAaYEe;, we; EvaAAax'ttxtl AUOl] orqv 1ta8T]'tLx~ a1tODOX~ rou 1tE1tQWJ,tEVO'U.

To 8Ef.-tEALWDEe; 8EJ,ta ornv aMllAOYQa<pLa trov <p'twX(OV ti'tav 0 1tOAEf.-toe; we; DLaX01ttl XaL xa'taO'tQo<p~ T1J~ T(i£1J~ T1J~ ~W1j~ xtu r1J~ fQyao{a~. Krrtd O'UvE1tELa T] Em8'UJ,tLa yw E1ttO'tQO<Ptl 010 [.Lta a~L01tQE1t~ rcoetoxoiT]f.-tEVY) ~w~ 01..0 XaL 1tEQLOOO'tEQO 'U1tOD~AWVE Ex8QO'tY)'ta 1tQoe; 'tOY 1tOAEuo, 'til O'tQa'tLW'tLX~ 8Y)'tELa, mv oixovouto; rou 1toMJ,t0'U, x.An. xa8we;

XaL E1tt8vf,lLa yta ELQijVlJ. AAA<i YLa f,lLa <poQa axo[la O'UvaV'toUIl€ 'to 1taQU1tOVO va f.-tE'taJ,toQ<pWvE'taL 010 uvttoruon. To «[laxuQL 0 xaMc:; eEOC; va f.-tac; ~ava<pEQVE 'tl]V ELQtlVT]» f,lE'ta'tQE1tE'taL 0't0 «aQXE'tU! ~aQE8tlxaus», ~ «MVE 0'tL oi oomaALO'tEC; 1tQOXEL'taL va O'Uva~)o'Uv ELQtlvy»>.

To E8vLXO O'UvaLOOT]f.-ta 0' au'tu 'ta E1tLXELQrjf.-ta'ta 1taQEf.t~aLVEL uoVOV Ef.-tf.-tEOa, X'UQLWe; E1tELDtl, YLa va 1taQaOEaO'U[lE 'tOY Hanak, «to e8vLxo a(oOrlf.-ta, J,tEXQL 'to 1918, DEV E(XE axof.-ta anoxQ'UO'taMw8EL, J,tE'ta~ rorv E'UQU'tEQWV f.-ta~wv rou Aaou, os Eva O'ta8EQo 0'UO'ta'tLx6 O'tOLXElO 'tl]e; O'UvELDllOl]e;, tl mELDtl 0 Aaoe; DEV EXEL axoJ,ta O'UVELDY)'t01tOLtlOEL 'tl] aO'U[.L<pwvLa [.LE'tQ~U VOf.-tLf.-tO<PQoaUvy)C; XaL 1tLO'tl]C; 1tQoe; 'to xQu'tOe; XaL 1tQOC; 'to E8voe;, tl DEV ELxav axof.-ta XUVEL J,tLa oaqn1 mLAoyij [lE'ta~u amWv rorv Mo».44 H E8vLxO'tT]'ta €f,l<pav~E'taL 1tLO O'Uxva wc; J,tLa 1tAE'UQa 'tl]C; aUyxQo'UOl]e; I-tE'ta~V <jJ'twXwv XaL 1tAo'UO(WV, ELDLXU eXEL 61t0'U mrrof OL ovo avtlxovv 010 DLa<poQE'tLXEe; EOVO'tT]'tEe;. -OJ,twe; axo[la XaL EXEL 01t0'U O'UvaV'tU[lE 'tOY LOX'UQO'tEQO E8vLXO rovo - 01tWe; avuJ,twa ore tOEXLxa, OEQ~LXU XaL L'taALxu YQaJ,tJ,ta'ta - ouvuvroriue E1tLOl]C:; va x'UQLaQXEL T] E1tL8v[lLa YLa XOLVWVLX6 aVaOXlJJ,ta'tLOf.-tO.

LlEV Oa axoAo'U8'rjow 'tl] AEJt'tO[.LEQtl aVLXVE'UOl] 1t0'U DLVO'UV ot AOYoXQL'tEC; YLa rnv aMaYtl DLa8EOl]C; Xa'tU 'to E'tOe; 1917. AAA<i T] avaA'UOl] 1tOV ExavE 0 Hanak oe Eva DeLYJ,ta 1.500 1tEQL1tO'U YQaf.-tJ,ta'twv, 1tOV YQu<jJ'tl']xav f.-tE'ta~v nov [.LEOWV NOEf.-t(3QLO'U 1917 XaL 'twv [.LEOWV MaQ'tlO'U 1918 - DT]Aabij J,tE'ta 'tT]V Ox'tw(3QLaVtl srtcvdotuon - ELVaL DLa<pW'tLO'tLXtl. Ta bUo TQita EtxaV YQa<pEL a1to €QYUTEC; XaL XWQtXoUC;, 'to Eva TgLm ano DLavootJJ,tEVO'Ue;, 1tEQL1tOU ore 1tAaLma rorv E8vLXWV avaAoYLWV 1tOU aV'tLO'tOLxouoav ornv E8vOAOYLXtl aUv8EOl] 'tl]C; f.-t0vaQxLac;. To 18% amwv'twv EJtLO'toAwv aV'tL1tQoaW1tEVOUV 1tQWtLO'tWe; ro XOLVWVLXO 8E[.La, TO 10% 'tl]V E1tL8v[.Lla YLa ELQtlvT], 16% 'to E8vLXO ~tl'tl]f.-ta XaL 'tl] O'tuOl] 1tQoe; 'tl] J,tovaQx(a, xca ro 56% Eva O'UvD'Uaof.-tO amwv, bllAabij: 'ljIWf.-tL XaL ELQijVT] - av Il1t0Qw va anA01tOLijaw 'to 8EIla - 29%, 1jJWIlL xm E8voe; 9%, ELQtlVT] xm E8voe; 18%. "Erot 'to XOLVWVLXO 8EJ,ta EJ,t<pav~E'tal O'tO 56% 'tow E1tLO'tOAWV, 'to OEf.-ta 'tl]e; ELQtlVT]e; O'tO 57% xoa ro E8vt-

44. D.Jr. o, 62.

182

EeNH KAI EeNIKI~MO~ AIlO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

H METESEAISH TOY EeNIKI~MOY 1870-1918

183

xo SEfta oro 43%. H XOLVWVLX~, XaL O't1]V :n:QaYftU'tLxQ-tl]'ta E:n:avaata'tLX~, VOLa l]XEL LOLaL'tEQa OE E:n:LatoMr; :n:ou :n:QOEQXOV'taL cero TOEXOUr;, OUYYQour;, ~Ao~axOUr;, rEQllavOur; XaL KQoa'tEr;. H ELQ~Vl], 'tl]v ostotc 'to Eva 'tQL'tO trov E:n:LatOAWv EA:n:t%OUV va EQSEL a:n:o'tl] Pcooto, Eva'tQL'to cero 'tl]V E:n:avaataOl] XaL Eva 20% a:n:o ouvoooouo rorv 6130, <pUmxa EUQLOXE aV'ta:n:oxQLOl] croix E:n:LatoAoYQa<pOur; OAWV rcov ESVattl'tWV, IlE IlLa ELOO:n:OLO OLa<poQa nou Sa Ol]IlWllow. Ano nr; E:n:LatoMr; nou ava<pEQoV'tavato E8vLXO SElla 'to 60% aV'tL:n:QooW:n:EUOUV rnv EXSQO'tl]'ta :n:Qor; mv au'toxQa'tOQLa XaL 'tl] ALYO - :n:oM cpavEQ~ E:n:L8uftLa YLa aVEsaQ'tl]OLa, 'to 40% E(VaL motof :n:OAL'tEr; - ~ ftaAAOV, av :n:aQaAEL'Ij1OVue 'tour; rEQftaVOUr; XaL 'tOur; OUYYQour;, 'to 28% ELVaL VOIlLIl0<pQOVEr;. To 35% nov «ESVLXWv» E:n:LatoAWV :n:Qooooxouv 'tl]V aVEsaQ'ty)oLa wr; a:n:o'tO,EOlla llLar; VLX1)r; rrov ~ullllaxwv, aAAa. 'to 12% :n:LatEuOUV axofta OLL au'to nou E:n:LSUIlOUV ELVaL E<PLX'tO IlEOa ore :n:AaLma 'tl]r; 1l0vaQx(ar;.

'OltWr; Sa :n:EQ(ftEVE xavELr;, l] E:n:LSUftLa YLa ELQ~vl] XaL XOLVWVLX~ E:n:avaataOl] oull~aOL~av, LOLaL'tEQWr; IlE'tUSU rcov rEQllavwv, TOEXWV XaL OUYYQwv. AMal] ELQ~VY) XaL OL ESVLXEr; <pLAOOOsLEr; OEV ~'tUv rooo EUXOAO va oull~aoLoouv, aXQL~Wr; E:n:ELO~ l] ESVLX~ aVEsaQ't1)OLa qxuvorov va ESaQ'ta'taL OE 'tE'tOLO ~aSfto a:n:o IlLa ~ullllaXLx~ VLXl]. IIQayIlULL, xU'ta 'tY) OLaQxELa torv OLa:n:QaYftU'tEuoEWV 'tou Brest-Litowsk, :n:oAMr; ESVLXLatLXEr; E:n:LatoMr; a:n:ooOXLfta~aV uurv allEOl] E:n:C'tEUSY) ELQ~v1)r;, ELOLXa YL' amo 'to A6yo. Amo EV'tO:n:L~O'tUv or«; E:n:LatOAE£ OOWV av~xav otnv EAL't rrov TOEXWV, Iloscovorv, haAwv XaL ~EQ~WV. Tnv :n:EQ(ooo :n:ov 1) Ox'tw~QLa~ E:n:avaataOl] ExavE 'tl]V :n:QW'tl] xQovOl] 'tl]r; ~'tav ftLa :n:EQLOOOr; xU'ta 'tl]V o:n:oLa 'to XOLVWVLXO atOLXE(O E:n:LxQa'tOvoE ornv 'Ij1UXOAOYLX~ OLaSEOl] rou Aaou, aMa, ouYXQovwr;, XaL ftLa :n:EQLOoor; xa'ta'tl]v onofo - o:n:wr; OL Zeman xaL Hanak OUllcpwVOVV - 'ta ESVLxa XaL XOLVWVLxa atOLXELa rtou ult~Qxav ornv E:n:L8uIl(a YLa E:n:avaataOl] aQXLoav va a:n:OXALVOUV XaL va OUYXQOUOV'taL. OL ftEyaAEr; a:n:EQYLEr; rou Iovoucotou rou 1918 Ol]IlE(woav xa:n:OLo ELOOr; XQLmlll]£ xuftJt~r;. Kcrd uurv a:n:o'lj1l], xaSwr; :n:aQa'tl]QEL 0 Zeman, ornv a:n:o<pa~ 'tour; vo xa'taJtVLSouv 'tl]v E:n:avaata'tLx~ ava'taQax~ XaL va OUVEXLOOUV Eva xaftEVO :n:OAEftO, OL aQXE£ 'tl]r; AU'tOxQU'toQ(a£ rtov A'Ij1~ovQYwv E:n:L~El3aLwoav O'tL Sa U:n:~QXE llaAAOV IlLa «OULAOOVLX~» :n:aQa oO~LEn-

X~ EUQw:n:Y). AMa axolla XL OLav, omv :n:oQELa rou 1918, 'to ESVLXO SEfta xUQLaQXl]OE 'tEALxa at1) Aa"(x~ OUVELOl]Ol], OEV ELXE OLaxwQLatEL ~ aV'tL'taxSEL oro XOLVWVLXO ~~'tYlfta. rta 'tOU£ :n:EQLOOO'tEQOU£ cpLWXou£ avSQw:n:our; ru 6130 OUft~aOL~av, xaSwr; l] 1l0vaQx(a OUVE'tQL~o'tav.

TL ftJtOQOUftE va OUftJtEQavOUftE a:n:o au~ 'tl] otivtourt EQEuva; llQWTOV, OLL ouVEX~OUIlE va YVWQ~OUftE :n:oM "AJya 0XE'tLxa ftE 'to 'tL O~ftaLVE l] ESVLX~ OUVELOy)Ol] YLa 'tl] Ila~a torv ESVO~'twv 'tLr; O:n:OLEr; ouviDEEE 'to SElla. rta va 'to avaxaAU1/I0ullE DEV XQELa~ollaatE !lOVO !lEyaAo aQLSftO EQEUVWV rou ELOOU£, :n:aQaOELYfta rou O:n:OLOU, ELVaL OL ~ounE£ rou Hanak atLr; AOYOXQLIlEVEr; E:n:LatoM£ aMa, XaL :n:QLV ama Il:n:OQEOEL va a:n:o~EL XQ~mfto, ftLa 'Ij1uXQ~ XaL a:n:oxaAuJ't'tLx~ ftU'tLa ornv OQoAoYLa XaL LOEOAoyCa nou :n:EQL~aAAEL «ro ESVLXO ~~'tl]fta» amYj'ty)v :n:EQLOOO, (XaL) LOLaL'tEQw£ 'tl]V ESVLXLatLX~ rou :n:aQaAAay~. L'levTfQov, on l] a:n:ox'tl]Ol] ESVLX~r; OUVECOl]Ol]r; OEV ftJtoQEl va oLaxwQLatEL a:n:a rnv a:n:ox'tl]Ol] aMwv 1l0Q<pwv XOLVWVLX~£ XaL ltOAL'tLX~r; OUVECOY)Ol]r; xU'ta'tl] OLaQXELa au~£ 'tY)r; :n:EQLOOOU: oAa ouft~aO~ouv. Toitov, O'tL l] d;EALSY) 'tl]r; ESVLX~r; OUVELOl]Ol]r; (IlE ESaLQEOl] 'tL£ 'taSELr; XaL 'tLr; ltEQLJ't'tWOELr; nou 'tamLoSl]xav us 'tOY OAOXAl]QW'tLXO ~ aXQooEsLO ESVLXL- 0110) OEV E(VaL O1J'tE YQaftftLX~ omE EltLwyxavE'taL OE ~aQor; aAAWV atOLXELWV XOLVWVLX~r; OUVE(Ol]Ol]£. Av xOL'taSEL xavELr; ftEOW 'tl]£ :n:QooJ't'tLX~r; rou Auvoikrtou rou 1914, Sa ft:n:OQOVOE va OUft:n:EQaVEL on 'to ESVO£ XaL 'to E8vLXO xQa'tor; ELxav 8QLall~EVOEL :n:avw OE oAa'tU aV'tL:n:aAa xoworvixd XaL :n:oAL'tLXa :n:LatEVW. ea ft:n:OQOVOE xavE(r; va EXEL :n:EL 'to COLO llEOW 'tY)r; :n:QOOJ't'tLXYjr; rrou ovotyovmv 'to 1917; 0 E8vLXLOftOr; ~'tav VLXl]<pOQOr; atLr; :n:QwY)v aVEsaQ'tl]'tEr; ESVLXO'tY)'tEr; 'tl]£ Eft:n:OAEftl]£ EUQw:n:l]£, oro ~a8fto rtou 'tU xLvijftU'ta r« oaoto aV'tavaxAouoav ru :n:QaYIlU'tLxa EVOLacpEQoV'ta txov cpLWXwv av8Qw:n:wv 'tl]£ EUQw:n:l]£ a:n:E'tuxav'tO 1918. 'OLav amo OUVE~l], 'ta ftEOaCa XaL XU'ttmEQa atQWfta'tU'twv XU'ta:n:LEOftEVWV E8vO't*wv *av OE 8EOl] va YLVOUV l] aQXouoo EAL't 'tWV VEWV aVEsaQ'tl]'tWv a~llaV'twv XQU'tLOLWV w:n:OU OuCAoov. H E8vLX~ aVESaQ'tl]OLa XWQL£ 't1)V XOLVWVLX~ E:n:aVaataOl] ~'tav, xa't(O a:n:o rnv OftJtQEAa 'tl]£ ~UftftaXLXYj£ vCXl]£, ftCa ~OALX~ 8€0l] u:n:OXWQY)Ol]£ YLa EXELVOUr; :n:OU ELxav OVELQEU'tEL Eva ouv6uaofto rtov Mo. ~'tU IlEyaM'tEQa 1)'t'tl]ftEVa ~ l]ftL-l]'t'tl]ftEVa EftJtoAEfta xQa'tl] OEV U:n:~QXE ftLa 'tE-

EBNH KAI EBNIKI~MO~ AnO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

184

tour eEO'I'] 'lm:oxwQT)O'I']~. EXEL T) XatuQQEuO'I'] 06tlYT)OE· <JtT)v XOLVWVLXtl EnavuataO'l']. Ta OO~LEt, axo!1a xm or«; ~Qaxv~LE~ OO~LEtLXE~ 6T)!10- XQatLE~, 6EV ea rn ~QLoXa!1E flEta1;v rcov TOEXwv xm tWV Koocrorv, aA"Aa atT) fEQ!1av(a, atT) fEQflaVLXtl AuatQta, omv OuyyaQta - xm lj <JXLU tou~ «T)aVxa~E» ornv ltaALa. 0 EeVLXL<JflO~ EXEt EnavEflcpaVt<JtT)XE 0XL W~ Eva TlrtLOtEQO unoxutdotuto tT)~ xmVwVLXtl~ EnavuataO'l']~, aMu W~ xLvTltonOtTlO'l'] tWV nQwTlv a1;LWflatLXWV xm tWV nOALtWV ncru avtlxav atL~ XatWtEQE~ - !1E<JaLE~ xm flE<JatE~ tu1;EL~ YLa ovrenovdorcon, EflCPaVLatTlXE W~ T) !1tltQa tOU cpa(JLOflov.

KEct>AAAIO 5 --~~--

To wroyelO roo eOVI)(UTP,OV, 1918-1950

Av UntlQ1;E flLa atLYfltl XatU tT]V oaot« Tl «aQXtl tWV E8vottltwv» rou 6EXUtOU EVutOU cuovo 8QLUfl~EUOE, auttl titav oro tEAOs tOU IIQWto'U Ilovxooutou IIoAEflOU, naQoAo rtou auto OVtE va nQo~AEcp8Et flnoQovOE OVtE xm titav atLs nQo8EoHs aUtwv nou tEALXU ErtLxQUtT)Oav. Ltllv nQaYflatLXOtllta, tlmv to anOtEAE<Jfla Mo anQoYQaflflUtLatwv E1;EAC- 1;EWV: tT]~ XatuQQEuO'l']~ tWV flEYUAWV nOAUE8vLXWV autOxQataQLwv tT]~ KEvtQLXtls xm AVatOALXtls EUQwnll~ xm tT]s PW(JLXtls EnovdorcO'I']~, nou 06tlYT)OE rou; LU!1flUXOU~ va naC1;ouv to OULAOOVLXO xaQtL tous evovnov tOU [lrtOAOE~LXLOflov. ~LOtL, onw~ EXOUflE 6EL, EXELVO nou E6HXVE va xLVlltOnOLEt tL~ flU~E~ ore 1917-18 tltav nEQLoOOtEQO II XOLVWVLXtl ErtavuataO'l'] naQu II ESvLXtl aUt06LU8EO'I']. ea flnoQovoE xunOLo~ va un08EoH tL anOtEAEofla 8a EtXE !1La vLxllcpoQa navEuQwna"Lxtl EnaVUataO'l'] atL~ E8vLXOtT]tE~ tlj~ ljnEtQou, a"AAa aUto EtVm XUtL uritrno, Exto~ ano tT] LO~LEtLXtl Pcooto, II EUQwnll 6EV ava6LaQ8Qw- 8T)XE ~UOH tT]~ nOAmXtl~ roo [lrtOAOE~LXL<J!10V YLa to «E8vLXO ~titT)!1a». LtT]V ouoto II EUQwnT) EYWE, YLa nQwtT] xm tEAEUta(a cpoQu ornv ioroQta tll~, Eva nmxvL6L cyuvaQ!1oMYTlO'l']~ anOtEAOvflEVO cero xQUtT) ru onotc EtxaV nQoo6wQLatEt, ue onuvLE~ E1;mQEoH~ mUt0XQova w~ «E- 8VLXU XQUtll» xm W~ Eva Et60~ aatLxwv XOLVO~OUAEUtLXWV 611floxQatLwv. Auttl T) 6La6LxaoLa untlQ1;E E1;mQEtLXU ~Qaxv~La.

ErtLO'I']~, II EUQwnT) rou flE<JOnOAEflOu EtuXE va 6EL to 8QLafl~0 EXECVll~ tT]~ UAAT)~ nAEuQu~ rou «flLxQoaatLXov» E8vou~, nou avaAVoaflE OE Eva nQollyovflEVO xEcpuAmo: to E8vo~ W~ «E8vLXtl oixovouto». Av xm OL nEQL<JoOtEQOL OLXOVOflOAOYOL, OL ErtLXELQll!1attE~ xm OL 6UtLXE~ xu~EQVtlOEL~ OVELQEVtllxav flLav ErtLatQOCPtl ornv nayxoo!1La oeeovoutc rou 1913, auto artE6ELX811 aMvatov. I1QuY!1atL, axofla xm av CYUVE-

186

E0NH KAI E0NIKI~MO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

TO ATIOfEIO TOY E0NIKI~MOY 1918-1950

187

~mVE mrro, 6EV Su ~O'QO'uaE vu 'UJ'tUQSEL EJ'tLO'tQO'CfJ'Il omv mxO'vO'f.,LLU 't'I)e; EAEU8EQT)e; uvtUYUMO'tLX~e; L6wmx* EJ'tLxELQT)OT)e; xrn rou EAEU8EQO''U Ef.,LJ'tO'QLO''U, rtou *uv 'to' L6EW6Ee;, UAAU xm f.,LfQO'e; 'tT)e; J'tQUYf.,LU1:LXO't'I)'tue;, 't'I)e; J'tayxOOf.,LLae; OLXO'VO'f.,LLUe; xU'tu LO f.,LEOO'UQUVT)f.,LU 't'I)e; ~QEmvLx~e; UJ'tEQO'xTje; J'tuyxO'af.,LLwe;.

TO' 1913 OL xannaALO'tLXfe; O'LXO'VO'f.,LL€C; ~6T) XLVOOvtm YO'QYu J'tQO'C; 'tT)v xa'tEuS'UVOT) rorv f.,LEyUAWV "'tQuO't" EJ'tLXELQTjaEwv, 'tU O'J'tO'LU 'UJ't0'0LTjQt~UV, nQO'O'tU'tEUUV xm wc; fVU ~u8f.,Lo xa80'6T)yO'uaav oi XU~EQv~a€LC;. o L6LO'e; 0' J'tOAEf.,LO'C; ELXE EJ'tt'tUXUVEL 0'10 f.,LEYUAO' ~u8f.,L0 uu'tTj 'tTl f.,LE'tU1:0J'tLaT) J'tQO'C; fva Xa1tLTUAWf.,LO XULEU8uvof.,LEVO axof.,Lu xm OXE6LU~Of.,LEVO' uno 'to' xQu'tOC;. 'Otev 0' AfVLV O'Quf.,LU1:La8T)XE 'tT)V XU1:EUSUVOf.,LEVT) 0'0'atUALO'ttX~ mxO'vO'!J,LU LOU f.,LfAAO'vtO'C;, rnv O'J'tO'LU oi aO'atUAtO'tfe; nQtv 'to' 1914 6EV ELXUV oixnuonxd xcv aXECp8Ei, 'to f.,LO'vtfAO' rou *uv T) YEQf.,LUVtxTj XU1:EUBuvo!J,EVT) J'tO'AEf.,LLXTj OtXO'VO'!J,LU rou 1914-17. cPuatXU, UXOf.,LU xm f.,LLU EJ'tLO'tQO'cpTj os f.,LLU'tf'totU oixovoutc ttov f.,LEYUAWV EJ'tLXELQTjaEorv J'tO'U unO'O'tT)Q~O'vtUV cero 'to' XQULOC; 6EV !J,J'tO'QO'uaE vu EnuvucpfQEL 'to' 6LE8vfC; f.,LO'vtfAO' LO'U 1913, 6E60'f.,LfVT)C; 'tT)e; 6QUf.,LU1:LXTjC; uvuxctrrvof.,LTjc; 'tT)e; otXO'VO'f.,LLXl'jC; xm J'tO'AL1:Lxl'jC; LOXUO'C; 0't0' 6mLxo xoouo, nou ELXE J'tQO'xuA.faEL 0' J'tOAEf.,LO'C;. 'Of.,LWe;, X<i8E EL60'C; EJ'ttO'tQO'cpTje; 0't0' f.,LO'vtfAO' rou 1913 *UV, oJ'twe; un0'6ELxST)XE, outomxr], Oi O'tXO'VO'f.,LLXfe; xQLaELC; 0'tT) 6LUQXELU'tO'u !J,EaO'nO'A.ff.,LO'u EVLaxuauv 'tT)v umuQxT) «E8vtxTj OtXO'vouio» XU1:U rov J'tL0' 8EUf.,LUnXO 'tQonO'. fLU f.,LEQLXU XQOVLU T) i6tu T) J'tUyxOaf.,Ltu OLxO'vO'f.,LLa CPUVT)XE VU ~QLOXE'tm 0't0' XELAO'C; 'tT)C; xa'tUQQE'UOT)<;, xu8wC; tn f.,LEyUAa J'tO'tUf.,LLU 'tT)e; 6LESvO'UC; f.,LE'taVUO'tEUOT)e; unO'ST)QuvST)-

. XUV, f.,LfXQt VU YLVO''UV O'tUyOVEe;, 'tU 'U1jJT)AU 'tEeXT) 'tWV EAfYXWV OUVUAt...aYf.,LU1:O'e; UVfO'tELAUV 'tLC; 6LESVELC; J'tAT)QWf.,Lfe;, 'to' 6LESVfe; E~OQtO' J'tEQWQiO'tT)XE xm ax6f.,La xm O'L (lt€8vEeC; EnEvMoEtC; E6EtSav O'ttYf.,LLUCU OT)f.,LU6LU xAO'VLaf.,LO'U. AcpO'u uxof.,La xm ot BQE'tUVO'L EYXU'tfAEL1jJuv LO EAEVSEQO' Ef.J.1t6QtO LO 1931, l'j'tav sExu8aQO' on'tu xQu't'I) unO'xwQO'voov 00'0' J'tEQLaoo'tEQO' f.,LnO'QO'vauv 010 Evav nQO'O'tU1:EmLOf.,LO rooo Uf.,LUvttXO zrou J'tAl']OCU~E nO'AV 010 f.,LLU nOAL1:LX~ umuQXEWe; 'tT)V O'J'tO'Cu f.,LE'tQiu~uv 6Lf.,LEQELe; OUf.,LcpWVLEe;. Ev oovrouro, xuSwe; T) OtXO'VO'f.,LLXTj XLOVO'SVEAAU aUQwvE 't'I)V nuyxoa!J,tu mxO'vO'!J,LU, 0' J'tayxOaf.,LLO'C; xamtaALaf.,Loe; unoxwQl']aE !J,EOU O'tU LYXAO'V nov OtXO'VO'f.,LLWV rcov ESvLXWV xQu-

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_18_8 E8_" N_H_KAI E8NIKI~MOI AIlO TO 1780 MEXPI IHMEPA

TO ATIOfEIO TOY EeNIKIIMOY 1918-1950

189

1. BA. C. A. Macartney, "Refugees" 01:0 Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (NEa YOQltTj 1934), to!!. 13, 00. 200-5. Charles B. Eddy, Greece and the Greek Refugees (AOV<'\LVO 1931). Fie va EL!!a01:E a!!EQ6ATjlrtoL, Sa ltQf:71:EL va ltoV!!E OtL Tj EAA<i<'\a anEwoE 400.000 TouQltou~.

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190

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191

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auto.2 ~to WwtEQLXO tTJ£ vEa£ TOExooAoj3axLa£ OL ~Ao~axOL EltLIlOVW£ altEcpEuyav tOY aOfAcpLxO EvayxaALollo rorv ToExwv. IIagollOLE£ ESEALSEL£ mgoxELto va YLVOUV mo £IlCPavEL£ OE ltoMa alto ta xgatTJ ltOU 0llllLOUQyTjSlIxav IlE tTJV ESVLXl) Xat altOLXLaXl) altEAE'USEQWOl) xat YLa ltagollOLou£ Myoo£. OL AaoL OEV taut(0811xav IlE to «E8vo£» to'U£ Xata tOY 'tQOltO rtou ELxav ltgOOLayga'ljJEL YL' aut013£ OL llYEtE£ Xat OL EXJtgoOWlto( to'U£. To Ivot'lto E8vtxo KOYXQEOO, uv ')tat ELXE tax8EL UltEg IlLa£ EVLa(a£ 'UltO-lIltE(Qou, avayxa0811xE vu altoOEx8EL tOY oLaIlEALallo tll£ IVOLa£ to 1947, OltW£ ESaAAOU xrn ro Iluxiotdv, OltOU EVW ELXE 'tax8EL UltEQ EVO£ EVLaLou xQa'to'U£ tWV uoixroukudvcov auttl£ 'tll£ UltO-lIlteLgo'U, avayxa0811xE vn altooEx8EL tOY OLallEALollO tOU Ilcoaorcv ro 1971. Arro tr] mLYllij nou 11 WOtxij ltOALtLXij OEV ijtav 1l0VOltWALO IlLa£ IlLXQij£ Xat ltoM aYYAoltOLlIIlEVll£ tl Outt'ltOltOLllIlEVlI£ EALt, EltgEltE vc avtLIlEtWltLOEL to aLtlllla YLa YAwomxa XQatll, to OltOLO OEV ECXE oXEcp8EL xa8oAou to ltgWtllO E8vLXLatLXO xLvl]lla, av Xat IlEQLXOL WOOL XOIlIlOUVtatE£ ELxav aQXLOEL vu ECPLat013V rrrv ltQOOOXtl OE auto axgtj3w£ ltQW tOY IIQWto Ilovxoouio IIoAEIl0.3 OL YAwomxE£ OLallaXE£ mQoxELtO vu OLatTJQijoouv tTJv aYYAtXtl W£ EltLO'I]llll YAwooa tTJ£ IvoLa£ IlEXgt al)IlEQa, av Xat OIlLAECtat alto Eva aal)llavtO tlltllla tWV 700 ExatollllugLwv tTJ£ XWQa£, EltELOij aMOL IvOoL OEV ELvat ltQo8uIlOL va OEX8013v 'tl]v x'UQLaQXLa tTJ£ Hindi, ltOV OIlLAELtat altO to 40% tOO ltA1I8uOIl013.

H ~uv8tlXlI rcov BEQoaALwv altOXaAU'ljJE aAAo Eva YEO cpatVOIlEVO: tll YEwYQacpLXtl ESaltAwO'l] nov E8vLXLatLXWV XtVlI!la'twv, Xat tllv altoXALO'I] tWV VEWV xLvlllla'twv alto to EUQWlta'Lxo ltQOWlto. ME OEOOIlEVll tTJv mLO'I]llll MOIlE'UO'I] tWV VL'ltllCPOQwV OuvallEWV UltEQ rou OULAOOVL-

2. Mirjana Gross, "On the integration of the Croatian nation: a case study in nation building" (East European Quarterly, 15,2, Iouviou 1981, a. 224).

3. BA. G. Adhikari, Pakistan and Indian National Unity (Aovotvo 1942), passim, aAM XU(lCw<; oo, 16-20. Am:o Eyxm:EAELtj1E 'tT)V It(lOl]yOVI1EVl] y(lal1~11'j tOU Kouuouvurnxoii Kouuoro; nou I'jtav, Oltw<; EXE(Vl] rou KOYX(lEaOU, euvo'Lxl'j yIn rnv Hindustani w<; 'tT) 116vl] eSvlxl'j y'A.Waaa (R. Palme Dutt, India To-day, AovOLVO 1940, oo. 265-6).

TO AnomIO TOY EE>NIKI~MOY 1918-1950

193

192

EElNH KAI EElNIKIl:MOl: AlIO TO 1780 MEXPI l:HMEPA

xou EflvLXLOfJOU, ~Tav cpumxo 6n onoiooorjnote bLEXbLXOUOE va fJLt...~OEL EV OVOfJU'tL XU:rtOLWV xU'ta:rtLE~OI-tEVWV ~ [.ttl avayvwQLOfJfVWV t...awv - xm I-tEYut...oe:; aQL81-t0e:; am;wv :rtQoo:rta80uoav va aox~oouv :rtLWT] croix LOXUQOTEQOUe:; bLal-t0QCPWTfe:; TT]e:; ELQ~VT]e:; - f:rtQE:rtE va TO XUVEL aUfJcpwva I-tE TT]V E8vLX~ aQX~, xm ELbLXoTEQa aUl-tcpwva I-tE TO bLxaLwI-ta YLa am;obLU8EOT]. Af...M aUTO ~Tav xuu :rtEQLOOOTEQO cero fva cetoTEt...WI-tU'tLXO bLa:rtQaYl-taTEunxo E:rtLXELQT]l-ta. OL T]YfTEe:; xm LbEOMyOL TWV a:rtOLxLaxwv ~ TJI-tL-a:rtOLxLaxwv a:rtEAEu8EQWTLXWV XLVTJfJUTWV ~Exu8aQa fJLAOUOav TT] YAwooa TOU EUQw:rta·Lxou E8vLXL0I-t0U, TT]V ozotu TOOO auxvu ELxav l-tuSEL a:rto TTJ MOT], aX0l-ta XL may bEY TaLQLa~E omv :rtEQLmw~ TOUe:;. Kca o:rtwe:; 0 QL~oo:rtaO'tLOl-toe:; TT]e:; Pwmx~e:; EaovdotcoT]e:; ELXE t1:rtEQXEQUOEL EXELVOV TT]e:; raAALx~e:; E:rtavuO'taOT]e:; 0't0 QOAO TT]e:; xUQLae:; LbEOAoYLae:; TT]e:; :rtayxOOI-tLae:; XELQacpfTTJOT]e:;, TO bLXaLWl-ta YLa aUTobLu8EOT], rtou TWQa E(XE EVTaxSd ore XELfJEVa TOU ~TUALV, ECPE~~e:; UYYL~E EXELVOUe:; rtou ~QLOXOVTav :rtfQa a:rto TO :rtEb(o bQuOT]e:; TOU Mazzini. H a:rtEAEu8fQWOT], 0' EXELVO TO TfJ~fJa :rtOU bEY E(XE Y(VEL oxoI-ta yvwO'to we:; 0 TQLTOe:; Koouoc, YLvoTav TWQa aVTLATJm~ :rtaVTou we:; «E8vLX~ a:rtEAEuSfQWOT]»~, I-tETa~U TWV fJaQ~LO'twv, «E8vLX~ xm XOLVWVLX~ a:rtEAEu8fQWOT]».

'Ol-twe:;, YLa fJLav axofJa cpoQu, T] :rtQaxux~ bEY aul-tl-toQCPWST]XE I-tE TT] 8EwQLa. H :rtQaYI-tU'tLx~ xm aU~aVOI-tEvTJ Mval-tT] TWV XLVTJI-tUTWV ceteAEU8fQWOT]e:; auVLO'tU'tO 0't0 I-tLOOe:; evevnov TWV xU'taXTT]Twv, T]YEI-t0VWV xm EXI-tETaAAEUTwv, OL O:rtOLOL auvf~mvE va avayvwQ~oVTm we:; ~fVOL, a:rto TO XQWfJa, TT]V fvbuOT] xm ue:; auv~8ELEe:;, ~ svovuov EXE(VWV nou qxnvovrov va EVEQYOUV YLa AoyaQLaOI-tO TOUe:;· ~Tav aVTL-LI-t:rtEQLaALO'tLxo, Erpooov u:rt~Qxav mUT(oELe:; :rtQWTO-E8vLX~e:; fJoQCP~e:;, ESVLXfe:;, 8QT]OXEUTLXfe:; ~ UAAOU E(boue:;, aUTfe:; a:rtOTEAouoav I-tfXQL TWQa, avul-twa oroix XOLVOUe:; av8Qw:rtoue:;, EfmObLa I-tUAAOV :rtaQu aul-t~OAfe:; OTT]v ESvLx~ auVELbT]OT], xm ~mv EUXOAO YLa TOUe:; q.mEQLaALO'tfe:; XUQLOUe:; TOUe:; va XLVTJTO:rtOL~OOUV amoue:; TOUe:; av8Qw:rtoue:;. 'ETm E~T]youVTm OL E:rtLI-t0VEe:; E:rtLSfOELe:; ~UOEL T1']e:; LI-t:7tEQLaALO'tLx~e:; :rtOALTLX~e:; TOU «bLaLQEL xm ~ao(AEuE», evovnov TT]e:; avu T1']V aUToxQU'toQLa Ev8uQQuvOT]e:; 'tOU CPUAEUOfJOU, 'tOU X0I-t0UVaALOI-t0U, ~ OTLb~:rtOTE UAAOU XWQL~E 'tOUe:; AaOue:; :rtOU f:rtQE:rtE va E(vm EVWfJfVOL we:; fva f8voe:;, aMu bEY *av.

E:rtL:rtAfOV, EX'tOe:; cero EMXLO'tEe:; OXEUXU O'taSEQfe:; :rtOALTLXfe:; oM'tT]'tEe:; o:rtwe:; 1'] Ktvn, 1'] KOQfa, TO BLE'tVUI-t, xm (owe:; TO IQuv xm 1'] ALYUmoe:; nou av av~xav omv EUQw:rt1'], 8a ELxav avaYVWQLO'tEL we:; «LO'tOQLXU f8VT]», OL EbacpLXfe:; EVO't1']'tEe:; YLa TLe:; O:rtO(Ee:; tn aUTOXaAOUI-tEVa E8vLXU XLV~fJU'ta E:rtEbLwxav va XEQbLOOUV TT]V aVE~aQ'tT]o(a, ~mv xU'tU auVTQLmLX~ :rtAELOVO'tT]'ta oumaO'tLXU brII-tLOUQY~l-ta'ta 't1']e:; aUTOXQaTOQLX~e:; XU'tUX't1']OT]e:;, nou auv~Swe:; bEY *av :rtaAmo'tEQT] a:rto ALYEe:; bExaE'tLEe:;, ~, UAAWe:;, aVTL:rtQoow:rtEuav :rtEQLOOO'tEQO 8Q1']OXEUTLXO-:rtOALTLO'tLXfe:; ~WVEe:; :rtaQu onorprors nou Sa I-t:7t0QOUOE va ELXE OVOl-taO'tEL «f- 8voe:;» ornv EUQw:rtT]. EXE(VOL nou :rtut...Euav YLa a:rtEAEU8fQWOT] *av «E8vLXLO'tfe:;» U:rtAWe:; xm I-t0VOV E:rtELb~ E(xav uL08E't~OEL fJLa bUTLX~ LbEoAoy(a nou UQfJO~E 8aufJuma ornv avU'tQo:rt~ ~fVWV XU~EQV~OEWV xrn, aX0l-ta XL eroi, au~8we:; U:rtOTEAouoav I-tLa I-tLXQ~ fJELOvOTT]m a:rto e!;eAlyp,Evovr; amox80vEe:;. IIoALTLO'tLxu ~ YEW-:rtOALTLXU XLV~l-tam o:rtwe:; o :rtav-aQa~LOl-toe:;, 0 :rtav-AU'tLvOaI-tEQLxaVL0I-t0e:; ~ 0 :rtav-acpQLxaVL0I-t0e:;, bEY *av E8vLXLO'tLXU ax0l-ta xm u:rt' am~v 'tT]v :rtEQLOQLOfJfVT] fWOLa, aAM U:rtEQ-E8vLXLO'tLXU, av xm bEY u:rtuQXEL al-tcpL~oALa mL LbEOAOYLEe:; 't1']e:; LI-t:7tEQLaALO'tLx~e:; E:rtfXmOT]e:; nou YEw~ST]Xav ornv xaQbLu TT]e:; E8vLx~e:; EUQw:rtT]e:;, o:rtwe:; 0 :rtaYYEQl-taVL0I-t0e:;, U:rtob~Awvav xu:rtOLa auYYfveic I-tE 'tOY ESVLXLOfJO. 'Hrov E~ OAOXA~QOU b1']I-tLOuQY~I-tU'ta bLavoouI-tfVWV:rtOU bEY bLf8Emv XU'tL :rtA1']mfO'tEQo :rtQoe:; Eva :rtQaYfJa'tLxo xQu'toe:; ~ ESVOe:;, 0't0 O:rtOLO va E:rtLXEVTQWOOUV 'tLe:; :rtQOO:rtU8ELEe:; roix. Toix :rtQw'toue:; AQa~Ee:; ESVLXLO'tEe:; 'toue:; ~QLaxOUI-tE omv 08Wl-taVLX~ ~uQ(a, T] onofu fJE buoxoA(a I-t:rtOQOUOE va 8EWQT]SE( :rtQaYfJU'tLx~ XWQa, :rtEQLOOmEQO cet' 000 omv Aryunro, onou 0 :rtQooavU'toALOI-tOe:; rorv XLVT]fJu'twv ~mv xU'tu (3u01'] myu:rt'tLaxoe:;. ~E XUSE :rtEQ(mw01'], 'tE'tOLa XLV~fJam E~fCPQa~av xuu :rtEQLOOO'tEQO ceto 'to aVafJCPLO~*1']'tO YEYOVOe:; O'tL UVSQW:rtOL rtou ELxav I-tOQCPW8EL OE fJLa LbLaL'tEQa bLabEb0I-tEV1'] YAwooa XouATOuQae:; EXOUV 'ta YAwomxu :rtQoooVTa va avaAu~ouv u:rtEu8uvEe:; 8EOELe:; onouorptore O'tOV :rtOAL'tLOfJLXO XWQo, XU'tL rtou EXOUV rnv 'tUXT] va bLa8E'touv OL bLavooUI-tEVOL TT]e:; Aa'tLVLx~e:; AI-tEQLX~e:;, 'tOUe:; :rtEQLOOO'tEQOUe:; a:rto 'toue:; O:rtOLOUe:; (owe:; va :rtEQLI-tEVEL Eva bLuatrll-ta :rtOALTLX~e:; E~oQ(ae:; xu:rtOLa O'tLYI-t~ 0't1'] ~w~ TOUe:;, xm OL IIat...mO'tLvLOL urtoqortot, nou 1-t:7t0Qouv al-tfowe:; va ~Qouv EQyao(a o:rtoUb~:rtO'tE fJEm~U rou IIEQ-

194

EE>NH KAI EE>NIKIl:MOl: AIlO TO 1780 MEXPI LHMEPA

TO ATIOrEIO TOY EE>NIKIl:MOY 1918-1950

195

-------- -----------------

OLXOU KOAlto'll XaL rou Mcooxou.

And tl]v aAAl] nAE'llQa, tn EbacpLxol~ nQoaavatoALa~Eva anEAE'll8EQumxa xLvij~ata bEY ~noQouaav va anocp'lJY0'llv tl] 8E~EALWaij to'll~ navw rrtn xowd atoLXELa no'll E(xav b08E( oro Ebacpo~ rou; ano tL~ anOLxLaxE~ b'llVa~H~, erpooov auxva amo ijtav to ~ovabLxo auVEXtLXO atOLXE(O XaL 0 E8vLXO~ xaQaxtijQa~ nou 8a bLE8EtE ~EAAOvtLXa l] XolQa. H evotrrm ztou Em~Aij8l]XE cero tl]v xataxtl]al] XaL tl] bLO(Xl]Olj ~EQLXE~ CPOQE~ ~noQouaE, os ~EYaAO XQOVLXO bLaatl]~a, va naQaSH Eva Aao no'll a'lltoavayvwQL~OtaV w~ «E8vo~», aXQL~ol~ onw~ l] unaQSl] aVESaQtl]twv xQatolv ELXE bl]~LO'llQyijaEL, ~EQLXE~ CPOQE~, Eva a(a8l]~a «nOALtLXOU natQLwtLa~ou». H AAYEQ(a bEY EXH aAAo LOX'llQO auVEXtLxo atOLxECo w~ XolQa EXtO~ ano tl] yaAALxij E~nELQ(a usrd to 1830 XaL, nLO auyxExQL~Eva, tOY aYolva svovuov tl]~, aAAa ~oQEC xanOLo~ va ELVUL ~E~ULO~ OtL l] LbLOtl]ta tl]~ w~ E8vo~ ELVUL to'llAaXLatov rooo xaAa EbQaLW~EVl] aij~EQa, ooo XL EXE(Vl] rorv «LatOQLXolV» nOALtLXolV uovdbwv rou Maghreb, tl]~ TWl]a(a~ XaL rou Muooxou, Axouo nQocpavEatEQO E(VaL OtL l] xowij E~nHQ(a tl]~ mWVLatLxij~ EyxataataOlj~ XUL xataxtl]Olj~ E(VaL a'lltO no'll bl]~LouQyl]aE evo» naAaLatLvLaxo E8vLXLa~o auVbEbE~EVO ~E Eva Ebacpo~ rtou ~EXQL to 1918, bEY E(XE xov ~La Olj~aVtLxij Ebacpl,xij tautLal] oro XolQo tl]~ vOtLa~ ~'llQ(a~, ornv oaoto avijxE. 'Ouox, outo bEY ELVaL aQxEto yLa va ovoudoouue ta xQatl] rcou avabU8l]xav ~E tl]v anot(vaSl] tl]~ anOLxLoxQatLa~, X'llQ(w~ ~Eta to 1945, «E8vl]», ij ru xLvij~ata rtou obijyl]aav a' amijv - au~nEQa(vovta~ OtL ijtav ~La anavtl]al] os nQay~atLXtl tl nQoEsocpAOU~EVl] n(EOlj YL' amijv - «E8vLxLatLxa» xLvij~ata. IILO nQoacpatE~ ESEACSH~ orov EsaQtTI~EVO xoouo 8a ESEtaatOuV naQaxatw.

l:to ~EtaSU, a~ EnLatQf1jJO'll~E ornv xOLt(ba rou E8vLxLa~ou, tl]v E'llQolnl]. Ebol l] avabLataSl] rou xaQtl] ~aaH E8vLXolV YQa~~olv cetoatEQl]aE tOY E8vLxLa~0 ano to anEAE'll8EQwtLXO XaL EvOnOLl]tLXO rou nEQLExo~EVO, erpooov YLa ta nEQLaaOtEQa ano ta ~EXQL tots aywVL~Ouevu E8vl] mrrof OL atOXOL ELxav O'llmaatLxa EnLtE'UX8EC. Kurd xanOLO tQono l] xataataal] atl]V EUQolnl] nQOEsocpAouaE tolQa tl]V xataataOlj tou nOALtLXa urto-ustotxonoujuevou «Totrou Koouoi» uetri to ~EutEQO IIayxoa~LO IIOAE~O XaL E~OL~E ~E EXECvo to EQyaatijQLO tl]~ nQow-

Ql]~ VEOanOLXLOXQat(a~, tl] AatLvLx1'j A~EQLXij. H nOALtLxij aVESaQtl]aLa YLa ru EbacpLxa xQatl] E(XE xata Eva ~EYaAO ~EQO~ EnLtE'llX8EL. Kord auvEnELa bEY ijtav nLa rooo EUXOAO, ooo nQLv, va anAonoLOuvrm ij va auyxaA1i1ttovtaL ta nQOr)Aij~ata rou ~EAAOvtO~ ava~aAAOvta~ tl] ~EAEtl] rou; YLa ~Eta tl]v En(tE'USl] tl]~ aVEsaQtl]a(a~ ij tl]~ a'lltObLa8EOlj~, zou, onw~ tolQa EYWE cpavEQo, bEY EAwav amo~atw~ xavEva cero ama.

TL anE~HvE cero tOY naAaLO anEAE'll8EQWtLXO XaL EVOnOLl]tLxo E8vLxLa~0; Ano tl] ~(a nAE'llQa, XUL YLa tL~ nEQLaaOtEQE~ E8votl]tE~, naQE~Evav OL aA1itQwtE~ ~HOVOtl]tE~ €Sw cero ta oiivopc rou E8vLXOU xQato'll~, onw~ OL OUYYQOL atl] Pouuovtc XUL OL ~AO~EVOL ornv A'llatQLa· ano mv aAAl] nAE'llQa, naQE~EvE l] E8vLXij EnEXtaOlj ano tEtour E8vLxa xQatl] H~ ~aQo~ tWV SEVWV ij tWV svro; rou xQato'll~ ~HOvoniuov, <l>uOLxa 'llnijQxav axo~l] ~EQLXE~ E8votl]tE~ XWQ(~ xQatl] XUL ornv AVatOALXij XaL Otl] ~'lltLXij E'llQolnl], YLa naQaoHy~a OL MaxEMVE~ XaL OL KataAavoC. 'O~w~, EVol nQLv to 1914 to xaQaxtl]QLatLxo E8vLXLatLXO x(vl]~a E(XE xatE'U8w8EC evovuov xQatolv ij nOALtLXa avo~OLOYEVolV o~abwv nou 8EwQouvtav w~ nOA'llE8vE(~ ij 'llnEQE8vLXE~, onw~ l] AljJ~O'llQYLX1'j XUL l] 08w~avLxij A'lltoxQatoQ(a, ~Eta to 1919 xatE'll8wotav lOS oAoxAijQO'll orqv E'llQolnl], svuvnov E8vLXolV xQatolv. Q~ EX roiirou, rjtav aXEOOv lOS ooiouoo, nEQLaaOtEQO mrrovouurnxo naQa EvonOLl]tLXO, av XUL OL CPLAOOOS(E~ YLa mnovouto; ~EtQLa~Ovtav ano tOY nOALtLXO QEaALa~O ij, onw~ atl]v nEQ(1ttwOlj rcov EVWtLXolV ron Ulster, auyxaAU1ttovtav moto ano tl] a'6vowl] ~E xanOLa aAAl] XolQa. AAAa amij l] OLaOLxaa(a Aa~~avE XolQa YLa nOAu XaLQo· a'llto nou ijtav YEO, ijtav l] E~cpaVLal] t€tOLwv EnLOLolSEWV os xrrr' ovoun E8vLxa aAAa Otl]v nQay~atLXOtl]ta nOA'llESvLXa xQatl] tl]~ ~mLxij~ E'llQolnl]~ ~E wa nOALtLxij ~qAAov naQa nQWtaQXLxa nOALtLatLxij bLaataOlj, av XaL Eva ij bUo tEtOLa vEa E8vLxLatlxa aol~ata, onw~ YLa naQabHy~a ta O'llaALXa XaL oxonxd E8vLxa xo~~ata rtou E~cpav(Otl]xav oro usoonOAE~o, YLa tl]v olQa bEY ECxav 'llnoatijQLSl] ano tl] ~a~a, XUL ~OAL~ ECxav naEA8H orn «cpaOlj B» tl]~ ESEALSij~ to'll~.

IIQay~atL, acpijvovta~ xata ~EQO~ tOY LQAavbLxo E8vLxLa~0, OL EAaaaovE~ E8vLxLa~0( orn ~'lltLxij E'llQolnl] xLvij8l]xav os xa~l]AOu~ to-

EeNH KAI EeNlmMO~ AIIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA

TO AllOfEIO TOY EeNIKI~MOY 1918-1950

197

196

voix :n:Qtv to 1914. To BaoxLxo E8vLXO Kouuo, to onoto XEQOLOE xurtoin f,1a~Lx'Ij 'll:n:Oot'ljQL~l] IlEtU to 1905 xm X'llQLOAExtLXU OUQWOE ot«; tOmXE£ EXAOYE£ tou 1917-19 (IlE E~aCQWl] rou; '\jJl]cpocpoQO'll£ tl]£ EQyatLX'Ij£ tU~l]£ rou M:n:LAf,1:1tUO) a:n:OtEAoUOE IlCa ~EXWQLot'lj :n:EQC:n:tWOl]. OL vecoot aywVLotE£ rou Ef,1:1tVEUotl]Xav xatE'll8ECaV a:n:o tOY E:n:avaotatLxo E8vLXL0f,10 tWV IQAavowv ornv :n:EQCOOO 1916-22, xm l] Aa'LxTj rou ~UOl] EVLOXU8l]xE a:n:o rnv xm 'llno tl] OUYXfvtQwtLXTj OLXtmoQLa rou Primo de Rivera, xm tfALX,U cero tl]v :n:LO aOCotax,tl] xm OUYX,fvtQWtLXTj x,ata:n:LEOl] rou ~tQatl]yov <PQUVx,o. E:n:LOl]£ 0 XataAaVLx,o£ £!:)VLX,LOIlO£ otl]QL~OtaV :n:QwtaQXLx,u otL£ tOmx,E£ f,1WaLf£ tU~EL£, OE Ol]f,1aLVOvta :n:Qoow:n:a tWV f:n:aQXLaxwv IlLX,QWV :n:oAfWV x,m OE OLavoO'llf,1EVO'll£, f:n:ELOTj l] llaXl]tLx,Tj x,m xmu XUQLO A.6yo avaQXLxTj EQyattx,Tj tU~l], KataAavwv xm f,1Etavaotwv, avtLf,1ftWm~f ue x,aX'll:n:o'\jJLa tOY f8vLX,LOIl0 A.6yw tl]£ ta~Lx,'Ij£ tl]£ 8EOl]£. 'OAa tn x,fLf,1fVa rtou OXft~Ovrov IlE to avaQXLxo x,LvTIf,1a fxOLOOtaV OUVELOl]tU x,m Wx,ff,1f,1EVa ornv Lo:n:aVLx,Tj yAwooa. Fur f,1La axolll] cpoQu, aQLotEQE£ x,m Of~LE£ OuvuIlEL£ ouveneoov ornv :n:EQLcpEQELa IlOVOV 'll:n:o tOY Primo de Rivera, 0' Eva Aa"Lx,o f,1EtW:n:O EVavtLOV tl]£ 1l0vaQXLa£ tl]£ MaOQLtl]£, ~aOLOf,1EVO ornv uurovoutc YLa tl]v KataAOvLa. Tooo l] 0l]f,10x,QatLa 000 x,m l] OLXtatoQLa rou <PQuvxo fVLOX'llOav to lla~Lx,o xataAaVLx,o x,LvTllla, to O:n:OLO ta tEAfmaLa XQovLa tl]£ bLx,tatoQCa£ x,m IlftU to 8uvato rou <PQUVx,o :n:QaYf,1atLx,u OOTjyl]Of OE f,1La f,1a~Lx,Tj yAWOOLX,'Ij f,1ftaQQuef,1LOl], :n:Qo£ amo rtou tWQa OEV ECVat f,10VOV Eva :n:QOCPOQLX,O LbLWf,1a, aMu l] xa8LEQwf,1EVl] Xat 8wf,108Etl]IlEVl] :n:OALtLotLX'Ij yAwooa, - eono x,at av to 1980 ta :n:EQLOOLX,U nou ExbLbovtav uovo ornv x,ataAavLx'Ij yAwooa 'ljtav fXELva ta Evt'U:n:a :n:0'll f'llQEW£ X'llXAOcpoQouoav ovdueou croix oLaVOOVf,1fVO'll£ x,at otl] f,1WaLa tU~l], EVa fLOO£ nou av80uof E~atQEttxu tl]v E:n:OX'Ij EX,fLVl]. EX,fLVl] tl] XQOVLU f,10VO to 6,5% rcov l]f,1fQ'ljOLwV Ecpl]f,1EQLOWV rtou X'llX,AOcpoQovoav otl] BaQxEAWVl] 'ljtav ornv xataAaVLX,'Ij yAwooa.4 'Of,1W£, EVW to 80% oAwvtWV x,atoCx,wv tl]£ KataAOvCa£ f,1LAOVV tl] yAwooa Xat to 91 % nov XatOLX,WV tl]£ faALx,La£ (nou EXfL

Eva :n:oM ALYOtEQO fVfQYO :n:fQLcpEQELax,o x,LVl]f,1a) f,1LAOUV tl]v to:1tLx'Ij Gallego, 1l0VO to 30% tWV X,atOLXWV tl]£ ~aOx,Lx,'Ij£ XWQa£ f,1LAOVOav tl] yAwooa to 1977 - OL tfAf'UtaLf£ IlftQ'ljOfL£ Of V cpaLvetat va EX0'llV aAM~fL5 - yeyovo£ non bEY f,1:n:OQfL va f,1l] OUVOEftat ue to f,1EyaAVtEQo ~'ljAo tWV ~uoxwv E8vLX,LotWV YLa :n:A'ljQl] aVf~aQtl]OLa x,at 0XL mrrovoIlCa. H OLacpoQu Ilfta~V ~aOx,Lx,ov x,at XataAaVLx,ov f8vLXLOIlOV, EtOL o:n:w£ :n:QOX,U:n:tEL a:n:o rnv :n:aQanuvw nQataOl], EXfL :n:Qocpavw£ fvta8EL IlE to XQovo OE lleyuAo ~a8f,10 f:n:fL6'1j 0 x,ataAavLollo£ EYLVE, x,at ELXE tl] buvatotl]ta va YLVfL, f,1a~Lx,'Ij MvallTI IlEtax,LvovIlEVO£ a:n:Aw£ :n:Qo£ tl]v aQLotEQu ue oxono va acpollOLwoEL Eva bUVaf,1Lx,o x,at aVE~uQtl]tO EQyatLXO xCvl]f,1a, EVW 0 ~aoxLxo£ f8vLX,LOIl0£ :n:EnJXE vo a:n:0f,10VWOEL x,at tfALX,W£ va f~aAEL'\jJfL :n:Qax,ttx,u ru :n:aQabOOLax,u oOOLaALotLXU X,Lv'ljllata tl]£ fQyattx'Ij£ tU~l]£, yeyovo£ rtou bEY f,1:1tOQOUOE va ouyxaAti'\jJEL l] E:n:avaotattx,'Ij llaQ~LotLx,'Ij cpQaOEOAoYLa tl]£ nutovouumxij; ETA. ~fV Ila£ fX,:n:A'ljOOfL to YEYOVO£ Ott 0 x,ataAavLxo£ f8vLXtOf,10£ XatUCPfQf va acpollOLwofL rou; (X'llQLW£ tl]£ EQyatLx'Ij£ tU~l]£) ustovdotE£ ornv :n:fQLCPEQELU rou, fVW avtC8eta to ~aOXLx,o x,LVl]lla OLat'ljQl]of rnv fvOtl]tU rou E~attLa£ tl]£ ~Evocpo~La£ zrou to xaQax,t'ljQL~E. 'EtOL, EVW to 1977 to 54% oAwv tWV xcerotxorv tl]£ KataAOvCa£, nou ELxav Yfvvl]8EL fX,tO£ tl]£ XWQa£, f,1LAOUOE KataAaVLx,u, 1l0VO to 8% EX,fLVWV rrou ~ouoav otl] ~aox.Lx,'Ij f:n:aQXLa, aAAu bEY fLxav YEvvl]8fC EX,EL, f,1LAouoav tl] ~aOx,Lx'Ij yA.<i.looa, nv x,at 8a E:n:QE:n:E vo AU~O'llf,1E 'll:n:0'\jJl] tl] Ol]f,1avtLx,u !!fyaAVtEQl] 6'UoxoALa fx!!u8l]0l]£ am'lj£ tl]£ yAwooa£.6

E~ftU~ovta£ tOY E8vLX,LOIl0 tl]£ 'll:n:OAOL:n:l]£ ~'llttxTj£ E'llQw:n:l]£, nou tWQa E~EALOOOvtav Of oo~aQ'Ij :n:OAmx,'Ij Mva!!l], :n:aQatl]QOU!!E OtL to

4. Le Monde, 11-1-1981.

5. H. - J. Puhle, "Baskischer Nationalismus im spanischen Kontext" oro H. A.Winkler (emu.), Nationalismus in der Welt von Heute (Gottingen 1982),00. 53-4.

6. Fur !!La ltl.ljQlJ avtLltaQ<i8EOl] !!E'tai;v tlj~ Xatal.aVLxlj~ XaL ~aaxLxlj~ yvw!!11~ XaL yI.WOOLXlj<; ltQaxnxlj~, nou ~ao~E'taL OE bELYI!atOl.lJmLxe~ eQE'llvE~, ~I.. M. Garcia Ferrando, Regionalismo y autonomias en Espana (MabQhlJ 1982) XaL E. Lopez Aranguren, La conciencia regional en el proceso autonomico espaiiol (MabQLtlj 1983).

198

EElNH KAI EElNIKI~MO~ xno TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEPA.

TO AnOfEIO TOY EeNIKI~MOY 1918-1950

199

7. BA. E. Sherrington, "Welsh nationalism, the French Revolution and the influence of the French right" O'tO D. Smith (mq.l),A People and a Proletariat:

Essays in the History of Wales 1780-1980 (Aovotvo 1980), oo. 127- 47.

Sa IlJtoQouoav avtLO'tOLxa va 'tIe:; EXIlE'ta).) .. E'll'tOUV YLa 'to'lle:; bLXOUe:; 'to'lle:; JtQOIlEAE't1']IlEVO'lle:; JtQoJtayavbLO'tLXOUe:; OXOJt01Je:;. (To JtQUrto Y rtoupYELO rrou JtEQLYQacpttaL ovYXExQLIlEva me:; 0XEtLXO 1110 tl'jV IIQoJtayavba XaL 't1'] «~1']rLOma ~Lacpw'tL<J1']» bI'jIlLO'llQy~S1']XE 0't1'] fEQllavLa 'to 1933 aJto't1'] YEa X'll~EQV1']<J1'] rou Ab6ACPO'll XL'tAEQ). 'O[Lme:;, ELVaL OXEMv ~E~aLO, O'tL 1'] JtQOIlEAtt1']IlEVI'j JtQoJtayavba ~'tav ALYO'tEQO ollllavtLx~ aJto t1']v LxaVOt1']'ta'tmv IlEOwv Ila~lx~e:; EmxoLvmvLae:; va xa'tUO't~OOllV u'll'ta rtou *uv oixncrmxd ESvLxa CnJ[.l~OAU, [.lEQOe:; t1']e:; ~m~e:; xaSE urouou, XaL 11' uurov tOY 'tQoJto VU YXQEIlLOO'llV tn tELX1'] rtou XWQL~UV 't1']v LbLWtLX~ XaL 'tOJtLX~ ocpaLQu, onou xovovtxd ~ououv OL JtEQLOOOtEQOL JtOA(rsc, aJto t1'] brillomu XaL ESVLX~ ocpaLQU. H JtQO(OS1']<J1'] t1']e:; ~QEtUVLX* ~umALx~e:; OLXOYEVELUe:; 010 EYXWQLU xuSwe:; XaL b1'][Loma ElXOVU t1']e:; ESVLX~e:; tU'll'tO't1']'tue:;, Su ~'tUV ubUva't1'] xmQLe:; 'tU aUYXQova !LEOU [LU~Lx~e:; EV1']IlEQm<J1']e:;, XaL 1'] JtLO [LEAE'trIIlEV1'] 'tEAE'tO'llQYLX~ EXCPQUO~ t1']e:; ELXE O'llOLUO'tLxa Emvo1']SEC YLa 'to QabLocpmvo - UQYO'tEQU JtQooaQllocn1']XE O't1']V t1']AEOQU<J1']: to ~umALXO XQLO'tO'llYEVVLa'tLXO bLaYYEAIlU, nou 810- OIlOSE't~S1']XE 'to 1932.

To XaollU rtou XWQL~E 'to'lle:; bUo XOOIlO'lle:;, 'tOY LbwYrLXO cero ro b1']llo- oto, YEcp'UQWS1']XE EJtL01']e:; 1110 'toy a(}ArrrlOflO. ME'tUSU rcov JtOAE[LWV 0 USA1']'tLO[LOe:; lOe:; lla~LXO 8EUIlU IlEtU[LoQCPWS1']XE OE uurv u'tEAElm't1'] bLaboX~ 1l0VO[.laXlOV, uva[Lwu 010 JtQOOlOJtU XaL O[LabEe:; nou OV[.l~OAL~av rn ESvLxa xQa't1'], xa'tL nou ELVaL O~IlEQU IlEQoe:; t1']e:; JtuyxoollLUe:; ~m~e:;. MEXQL tots Exb1']AWOEle:; oJtme:; OL OA'llIlJ'tLUXOL AYWVEe:; XaL OL bLE8vELe:; JtobOOCPaLQLXOL UYWVEe:; EvbLECPEQUV 1l0VOV't0 XOLVO 't1']e:; IlWULUe:; 'taS1']e:; (UV XaL OL OA'llIlJ'tLUXOL AYWVEe:; aQXLOUV vu UJtOX'tOUV IlLU bLacnU<J1'] ESVLXOU UvtuymvLollOU JtQLV aXOIl1'] 'to 1914), XaL OL bLE8vELe:; UYWVEe:; ELXUV oumucnLxa XU8LEQlO8EL 1110 oxozo va OVVEVWOO'llV rn bLUCPOQE'tLxa ESwxa O'tOLXELU rorv JtOA'llE8vLXWV xQa'twv. ~'ll[.l~OAL~UV 't1']v EVO't1']'tu 'tE'tOLlOV xQu'twv, xa8we:; 1'] E'lJYEV~e:; allLAAu uvallWU oro ESV1'] 'to'lle:; EVLOXllOE 't1']v ULo81']<J1'] OtL OAU uJto XOLVOU av~xav xaJto'll, 1110 'tT] SWIlOJtOL1']<J1'] tUX'tLXWV aywvwv rrou JtuQELxav IlLU ~UA~Lbu UOCPUAELUe:; YLU O[LUOLXEe:; EvtaOEle:;, OL OJtOLEe:; Sa EX'tOVWVOvtUV UXLvbwu 010 OVIlPOALXEe:; 1jJE'll'tO-[LaXEe:;. ECVaL bUOXOAO VU Il1']V UVUYVlOQ(OO'llIlE O'tL OL 0llubLXEe:; umEe:; evrdos«; EX'tOVWVOvtUV IlEom 't1']e:; 'tEAEtO'llQYLUe:; rcov JtQW't())V

cpAu[LavbLXO XLV1'][.lU IlJ't~XE 010 IlLU YEa XaL JtLO XQLmll1'] cpa<J1'] 'to 1914 otev IlLa IlEQLba rou OVVEQyaO't1']XE [LE rou; fEQllavoue:; rtou ELXUV XU'tUX't~OfL XaL xattCxuv to ll£yaMt£Qo [.lEQOC:; tall BEAy(OU. ~vv£Qyaotrpce aXOIl1'] mo bQU[La'tLxa 0't0 ~EU't£QO IIuyxOO[LLO IIOAE[Lo. IIuQoAU u'll'ta, uovo ALYO usrd to 1945 0 CPAU[LUVOLXOe:; E8vLXLOIlOe:; aQXLOE vo UJtO'tEAEL oo~aQo XLvb'llvO YLa 't1'] PEAYLX~ evomrc. OL aAAOL [LLXQOL omLXO-E'llQmJtuIxoL E8vLXLOIl0( JtUQE[LElVUV a[LEA1']'tEOL. Tu oxo'tLxa XaL ovuALxa ESVLxLO'tLxa XOIl!W'tU 1l0ALe:; JtO'll JtQo~aAav omv EJ'tLcpav£La O'tU XQOVLU 't1']e:; IlWOJtOAEIlLX~e:; XQL<J1']e:;, JtUQEIlElVUV O[LlOC:; 0't0 UJtUrtEQO JtEQL8wQLO 't1']e:; JtoAmx~e:; OX1']v~e:; t1']e:; XWQue:; roix, OJtlOe:; xa'tUOElXvUE'taL ornv JtEQLJt'tmo1'] rou LOQm~ rou Plaid Cymru, EVOe:; «EuQmJtu'LO't~» ovnbQUO'tLXOU - EJt1']QEUO[LEVOU crto 'tLe:; LbEEe:; 'to'll Charles Maurras - XaL EJtLJtAEOV uJtEQ[LaxOU rou QlOllaLO-XUSOAlXlO[LOU,7 KUVEVU cero 'tU bUo ''{'OIl[La'tU bEV ~Q~XE EXAOYLX~ UJtOO't~QLS1'] IlEXQL t1'] bEU'tEQ1'] [L.E'tUJtOAEIllX~ EJtOX~. Tu JtEQlooOtEQa aAAu XLV~Ila'tU rou ECboue:; IlEta PLUe:; JtQoXWQl]oav JtEQU uJto 't1'] CPOAXAOQLX~ JtuQaboo1'] XaL 'toy EJtaQXLw'tLXO cp8ovo.

'Ouox, JtQEJtEl vu JtQOPOU[LE OE IllU UXOIl1'] JtuQa't~Q1']<JT] OXE'tLxa 1110 'tOY ustri to 1918 E8vLXLOIlO, 1'] ortotu Iluc:; 001']YEL - xuSwe:; XaL outov - ESlO aJto rou; JtuQuoomuxoue:; XWQoue:; UIlCPLO~*1']<J1']e:; rcov ouvcocov, rorv EXAOYWV - b1']1l01jJ1']cpLolla'tlOv XUL rrov YAlOomxwv aJtaL~OElOV. H ESVlX~ 'tumo'tT]'tU am~ rnv EJtOX~ aJtEx't1']oE VEU [LEOU Yla vu EXCPQa~E'tal O'tle:; aUYXQOVEe:;, UO'tlXOJtOL1']IlEVEC:;, U1jJ1']A~e:; 'tEXVOAOYLUe:; xOLvmvLEe:;. IIQEJtEl vn uvucpEQ80uv [LEOU ~m'tLxl'je:; arillao(ue:;. To JtQUrto, ztou bEV aJtaLtEC EX'tEtUIlEVO oxoALUOIlO, ~'tUv 1'] avoboe:; rrov aUYXQovmv IlEOWV lla~Lx~e:; EV1']IlEQmo1']C:;: rou tUJtou, rou XlV1']Ila't0YQacpou XaL rou QaoLocpWVO'll. ME uma 'ta .IlEOU OL AuIxEe:; lbwAOYLEe:; IlJtoQouoav vc 'tUJtOJtOlY]80uv, v' cotoxrriooov 0IlOLOYEVEla XUL VU [LE'tUIlOQCPlOSOUV, xa8we:; EJtL01']e:;, oJtwc:; ELVaL JtQOCPUVEe:;, tn lbLO)'tLxa OVIlCPEQOvta XUL 'tU xQa't1']

TO AllOfEIO TOY EBNIKI~MOY 1918-1950 201

-----------------------------

200

EBNH KAI EBNIKI~MO~ AlIO TO 1780 MEXPI ~HMEP A

8. E. J. Hobsbawm, "Mass-Producing traditions" O'tO E. J. Hobsbawm XUL T.

Ranger (emu.) The Invention of Tradition (KEJlJt(m:1; 1983) 00. 300-1.

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