Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H.

Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

Sanitary and Environmental Engineering

PART 1: WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

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These lectures are intended to be a guide documentation of the course held. Please, revise and check out the references if any errors or
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Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

PART 1: WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

Lecture 4: Water Distribution Systems

The primary purpose of this system is to transport treated water from the treatment facilities
(plants) to the consumers. This system should have sufficient capacity to meet the water supply
needs (demand) of the consumer, under all demand conditions in quantity, quality and pressure.
In some communities this system may provide water for fire demand also. Distribution system is
used to describe collectively the facilities used to supply water from its source to the point of
usage.

Design stages of water distribution systems:

1. Preparation of a master plan.
2. Topography survey of the study area
3. Hydraulic study of the existing system.
4. The improvement programs.
Requirements of Good Distribution System:

5. Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes.

6. It should be capable of supplying water at all the intended places with sufficient pressure
head.
7. It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water during firefighting.
8. The layout should be such that no consumer would be without water supply, during the
repair of any section of the system.
9. All the distribution pipes should be preferably laid one meter away or above the sewer
lines.
10. It should be fairly water-tight as to keep losses due to leakage to the minimum.
Methods of distribution

1. By gravity
2. By means of pumps and storage
3. By pumps only
A typical distribution system consists of: pipes, nodes and loops, by which a network will be
formed. The main components in this system are the pipes, which are in the following form
according to their size:

1. Primary feeders.
2. Secondary feeders.
3. Small distribution mains.
4. Service pipes.

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These lectures are intended to be a guide documentation of the course held. Please, revise and check out the references if any errors or
discrepancies have occurred.
Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

Types of networks, according to the method of connecting different types of pipes:

The distribution pipes are generally laid below the road pavements, and as such their layouts
generally follow the layouts of roads. There are, in general, four different types of pipe networks;
any one of which either singly or in combinations, can be used for a particular place. They are:

1. ring system
2. radial system
3. Dead end system
4. grid system

Ring system

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Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

Radial system

Dead end system

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Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

Grid iron system

Characteristics of pipes used in distributing water:

1. Adequate strength to with stand external and internal pressure.

2. Ability to resist impact loads.
3. Smooth and non-corrosive interior surface for minimum friction losses.
4. Can be provided with tight joints.

Types of pipes according to the materials used in their manufacture:

1. Cast iron – iron + silicon + carbon

2. Ductile – cast iron + Mg
3. Steel – iron + Cr + Ni
4. Galvanized steel – steel + Zn
5. Concrete
6. PVC- polyvinyl chloride pipes.
7. Asbestos cement-port land cement + silicon + asbestos fibers
8. Lead.
9. Copper.
10. Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP).
11. High density polyethylene pipe (HDPE).

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Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

Standard pipe laying conditions.

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Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

Distribution Reservoirs

Distribution reservoirs, also called service reservoirs, are the storage reservoirs, which store the
treated water for supplying water during emergencies (such as during fires, repairs, etc.) and also
to help in absorbing the hourly fluctuations in the normal water demand.

Functions of Distribution Reservoirs:

• To absorb the hourly variations in demand.

• To maintain constant pressure in the distribution mains.
• Water stored can be supplied during emergencies.

Location and Height of Distribution Reservoirs:

• Should be located as close as possible to the center of demand.

• Water level in the reservoir must be at a sufficient elevation to permit gravity flow at an
adequate pressure.

Types of Reservoirs

• Underground reservoirs.
• Small ground level reservoirs.
• Large ground level reservoirs.
• Overhead tanks.

Storage Capacity of Distribution Reservoirs

The total storage capacity of a distribution reservoir is the summation of:

1. Balancing Storage: The quantity of water required being stored in the reservoir for
equalizing or balancing fluctuating demand against constant supply is known as the
balancing storage (or equalizing or operating storage). The balance storage can be worked
out by mass curve method.
2. Breakdown Storage: The breakdown storage or often called emergency storage is the
storage preserved in order to tide over the emergencies posed by the failure of pumps,
electricity, or any other mechanism driving the pumps. A value of about 25% of the total
storage capacity of reservoirs, or 1.5 to 2 times of the average hourly supply, may be
considered as enough provision for accounting this storage.
3. Fire Storage: The third component of the total reservoir storage is the fire storage. This
provision takes care of the requirements of water for extinguishing fires. A provision of 1
to 4 liter per person per day is sufficient to meet the requirement.

The total reservoir storage can finally be worked out by adding all the three storages.
Page 7 of 20
These lectures are intended to be a guide documentation of the course held. Please, revise and check out the references if any errors or
discrepancies have occurred.
Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

Water flow in pipes

Since the flow is turbulent in pipes for water supply, the friction (f) will depend on:

1) Roughness of the pipe.

2) Reynolds no. which depends on the velocity of flow in the pipe and its diameter.

𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑙 = 𝑓 × 𝐷 × 2𝑔 P1 P2

Where: hl = Head loss = P1 –P2 Q V f D

V = Velocity of flow (m/s) L

g = Acceleration of gravity (m/s2)

D = Diameter of the pipe (m)

P1, P2 = Pressure heads (m)

To predict the head loss (hl), which is a function of the velocity of flow, Hazen – William formula is
used:

𝑉 = 𝑘 × 𝐶 × 𝑅 0.63 × 𝑆 0.54 = 0.85 × 𝐶 × 𝑅 0.63 × 𝑆 0.54

Where: k = Experimental coefficient and a unit conversion factor= 0.85 (m/s, m)

C = Hazen – William coefficient depending on the roughness of the pipe according to its
material and age.
𝐷
R = Hydraulic radius = 𝑅 = 4

ℎ𝑙
S = Hydraulic gradient = 𝑆 = (L = length of the pipe)
𝐿

As the discharge (Q) flowing in the pipe is filling, it is equal to the velocity (V) x cross section area of the
pipe (π D2 /4). By applying the velocity according to the Hazen – William formula, then the discharge is
written as

𝐷 0.63 𝜋𝐷 2
𝑄 = 0.85 × 𝐶 × ( 4 ) × 𝑆 0.54 × = 0.278 × 𝐶 × 𝐷2.63 × 𝑆 0.54
4

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These lectures are intended to be a guide documentation of the course held. Please, revise and check out the references if any errors or
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Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

Hazen – William coefficient can be taken from the table below

Material of the pipe Value of C

Cast Iron - new 130
5 years 120
10 years 110
20 years 90 -100
30 years 75 - 90
Concrete 120 – 140
PVC 150
Asbestos cement 120 - 140

According to the design criteria, V should be taken in the range 0.6 to 2.6 m/s for designing the
distribution system.

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Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

Material C Material C

ABS- Acrylonite Butadiene Styrene 130 Fiber 140

Aluminum 130 - 150 Fiber Glass Pipe - FRP 150
Asbestos Cement 140 Galvanized iron 120
Asphalt Lining 130 - 140 Glass 130
Brass 130 - 140 Lead 130 - 140
Metal Pipes - Very to
Brick sewer 90 - 100 130 - 140
extremely smooth
Cast-Iron - new unlined (CIP) 130 Plastic 130 - 150
Cast-Iron 10 years old 107 - 113 Polyethylene, PE, PEH 140
Cast-Iron 20 years old 89 - 100 Polyvinyl chloride, PVC, CPVC 150
Cast-Iron 30 years old 75 - 90 Smooth Pipes 140
Cast-Iron 40 years old 64-83 Steel new unlined 140 - 150
Cast-Iron, asphalt coated 100 Steel, corrugated 60
Cast-Iron, cement lined 140 Steel, welded and seamless 100
Steel, interior riveted, no
Cast-Iron, bituminous lined 140 110
projecting rivets
Steel, projecting girth and
Cast-Iron, sea-coated 120 100
horizontal rivets
Cast-Iron, wrought plain 100 Steel, vitrified, spiral-riveted 90 - 110
Cement lining 130 - 140 Steel, welded and seamless 100
Concrete 100 - 140 Tin 130
Concrete lined, steel forms 140 Vitrified Clay 110
Concrete lined, wooden forms 120 Wrought iron, plain 100
Wooden or Masonry Pipe -
Concrete, old 100 - 110 120
Smooth
Copper 130 - 140 Wood Stave 110 - 120
Corrugated Metal 60
Ductile Iron Pipe (DIP) 140
Ductile Iron, cement lined 120

Page 10 of 20
These lectures are intended to be a guide documentation of the course held. Please, revise and check out the references if any errors or
discrepancies have occurred.
Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

Hydraulic Analysis

This analysis is important to determine the flow (Q) and head loss (h L) in each pipe, also the
resulting pressure at critical points in the distribution system under different water supply
demands and working conditions. Some recommended pressures are shown in the table below.

Case Pressure (bar)

Houses up to 4 stories 1.8 – 2.8
Business areas 4.2
Fire fighting 5.3
Methods of analysis

1) Equivalent pipe method

2) Hardy Cross method
3) Circle method
4) Electrical method
5) Software such as PIPE ++ and WATERCAD.

Pipe Network Analysis

Analysis of water distribution system includes determining quantities of flow and head losses in
the various pipe lines, and resulting residual pressures. In any pipe network, the following two
conditions must be satisfied:

1. The algebraic sum of pressure drops around a closed loop must be zero, i.e. there can be
no discontinuity in pressure.
2. The flow entering a junction must be equal to the flow leaving that junction; i.e. the law of
continuity must be satisfied.

Based on these two basic principles, the pipe networks are generally solved by the methods of
successive approximation. The widely used method of pipe network analysis is the Hardy-Cross
method.

Page 11 of 20
These lectures are intended to be a guide documentation of the course held. Please, revise and check out the references if any errors or
discrepancies have occurred.
Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

Hardy-Cross Method

This method consists of assuming a distribution of flow in the network in such a way that the
principle of continuity is satisfied at each junction. A correction to these assumed flows is then
computed successively for each pipe loop in the network, until the correction is reduced to an
acceptable correction flow magnitude (0.20 m3/min).

1. Assuming a distribution of flow in the network and balancing the resulting head losses
(Q in =Q out).
2. For a pipe circuit the sum of the head losses must be zero ( hf = 0)
3. Clockwise flows are positive and produce positive head loss.

Q= kQ1
x
= − h = − hf  0.2m3 / min
xkQ1x−1
x h  1.85 f 
h
Q  Q
Problem 11.1: The following example is solved by the Hardy cross method. Determine the residual
pressure at G if the static pressure at A is 650 kPa and is it adequate for fire supply of 170 kPa.
Assume (1 bar = 100 kPa = 14.503 psi, and 1 kPa = 0.102 m of water head).

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Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

Solution:

Steps taken in investigation of distribution system.

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Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

FIRST CORRECTION:

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Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

SECOND CORRECTION:

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Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

THIRD CORRECTION:

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Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

The maximum head loss:

Path 1 Head loss Path 2 Head loss Path 3 Head loss

AI 20.90 AB 20.63 AB 20.63

IH 12.20 BH 8.80 BE 4.64

HG 18.38 HG 18.38 EF 6.42

FG 13.20

T.H.L (m) 51.5 46.81 44.89

T.H.L (kPa) 505 468.72 440

Residual 145 181.28 210

pressure at G

The residual pressure at G = 650 – 505 =145 kPa

Page 17 of 20
These lectures are intended to be a guide documentation of the course held. Please, revise and check out the references if any errors or
discrepancies have occurred.
Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

Homework: In the pipe systems shown, find the distribution of flow and the pressure at A. assume
all pipes not otherwise labeled are at identical elevations?

Homework: Define fire hydrant and what are the requirements of fire hydrant as manufacturing
and location specification? Chapter 6.24 page 140

Homework: Problems 6.3, 6.4, & 6.5

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Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

Homework: Design the water supply networks as shown below:

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 Dr. Awatif Soaded & Dr. Basim H. Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2018-2019

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