8/27/2019

Forces and Vectors

KIN 300

Goaaaaaaalllllllsssssssss

 What is a force?
 Internal?
 External?
 What is a vector?
 What is a scalar?
 What is Vector Resolution?
 What is friction?

Vectors and Scalars?

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Vectors and Scalars

 Vector—possesses a magnitude
(number) and direction (orientation)
 Displacement, velocity,
acceleration, force, momentum,
lift, drag, thrust, weight
 Scalar—magnitude, no direction
 Length, area, speed, mass, volume,
density, pressure, temperature,
energy, entropy, work, power

Review
A soccer player kicks a ball off the ground at a
trajectory of 15° upward from the ground at a velocity
of 70 m/s. What is the horizontal velocity of the ball?

SOHCAHTOA Cos15=x / 70m/s

Cos15x70=x
X= 67.6m/s

15°
?? m/s

Forces create movement, stop/transfer energy

Forces
NOR FORCE NO MOVEMENT

 Push or pull on an object

 Needed to create motion

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Forces have vertical and horizontal vectors

to create resultant force
Force Composition

 Remember, forces are vector quantities

 What 2 properties do vectors have?
 Net force
 Vector addition of all the external forces
 Resultant force
 Result of vector addition of forces

Vector Composition

 Finding the resultant vector from it’s horizontal and vertical

components

Vector Addition

 First, look at the forces – are they already broken into vertical and
horizontal components? If so, you can use the tip-to-tail method to add
the vectors together.

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Tip-to-tail Method

Pick a force vector to start with (it can be

any vector). Next, pick another vector to
add to the first one, and place the tail of the
second vector on the tip of the first. Next,
pick a third vector, and place the tail of the
third vector on the tip of the second.
Continue this method until all vectors are
used. Finally, draw a vector from the tail of
the first vector toward the tip of the last
vector – this is the direction of the resultant
force vector. Let’s start with the easy ones
first…

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Vector Addition: Colinear Forces

 Forces that have the same line of action

 Can be same or opposite direction
 Tip to tail

200N
100N

400N

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Vector Addition: Colinear Forces

 Forces that have the same line of action
 Can be same or opposite direction
 Tip to tail

100N
200N

400N

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Vector Addition: Colinear Forces

 Forces that have the same line of action
 Can be same or opposite direction
 Tip to tail

100N 200N

400N

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Vector Addition: Colinear Forces

 Forces that have the same line of action
 Can be same or opposite direction
 Tip to tail

100N 200N 400N

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Vector Addition: Colinear Forces

 Forces that have the same line of action

 Can be same or opposite direction
 Tip to tail

100N 200N 400N

700N
 The resultant force is found by drawing an arrow from the tail of the first force to
the tip of the last force

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Vector Addition: Colinear Forces

 Tug-of-war example

300 N

200 N
100 N
200 N

200 N
100 N

200 N 200 N 100 N 100 N 200 N 300 N

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Vector Addition: Colinear Forces

200 N 200 N 100 N 100 N 200 N 300 N

 Vector direction
 Cartesian +
coordinates
+
 Arbitrary directions -
-

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Vector Addition: Colinear Forces

200 N 200 N 100 N 100 N 200 N 300 N

(-200) +Resultant
(-200) + (-100)
force+ =100 + 200 + 300 = X
100N
(-500) + 600 = X
X = 100

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Vector Addition: Concurrent Forces

 Forces do not act on the same line, but they do

act through the same point

20N
25N

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Exercise
A sprinter is just coming out of the starting block, and
only one foot is touching the block. The sprinter pushes
back (horizontally) against the block with a force of
500N and down (vertically) against the ground with a
force of 800N. What is the resultant of these forces?

-Represent each force with an arrow 500 N

-Line up the forces tip to tail
-Resultant is line from tail of 500 N
first force to tip of last force 800 N
800 N
x

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934.4N = Concurrent force

Vector Addition: Concurrent Forces

500 N
 Pythagorean theorem
A2 + B2 = C2
5002 + 8002 = x2
250,000 + 640,000 = x2
800 N
9x43.4 N 890,000 = x2
943.4 N = x

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Exercise
Vector Addition

 The following slide depicts four vectors pushing on a head.

Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant
force…using the tip-to-tail method for adding the vectors.
How many different ways can we find the resultant force??

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Horizontal: 60N -75N= -15N (left)

Vertical: 80N -100N = -20N (down) 100N

Resultant: (-15N)2 + (-20N)2 = ?

c2 = √a2+b2
60N
15N
75N Resultant force = 25N

20N
25N
80N

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Vector Addition

 Remember, when using the tip-to-tail method, it DOESN’T matter which

vector you decide to use first, second, third, etc. It is simply imperative that
you place the tail of the next vector on the tip of the one immediately prior.
 Now, let’s determine the magnitude of the resultant force…

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Vector Resolution

 Breaking any vector into its horizontal and vertical components

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Exercise
 Three athletes are tugging on a ring. Nancy pulls with a force of 150N in
the northerly direction. Evelyn pulls with a force of 100N in the easterly
direction. Sara pulls with a force of 200N in the southwesterly direction
(225° clockwise from north). What is the resultant of the three forces?

Nancy

150 N

Evelyn
100 N

200 N
225° CW from N

Sara

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Exercise
Resolve into horizontal and
Nancy
vertical components
Add all horizontal components

150 N
Add all vertical components
Calculate resultant vector
Evelyn
100 N

200 N
225° CW from N Directional Note: From y-axis (‘north’)
CW is Negative
Sara CCW is Positive

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225-180=45 degree
Exercise
Resolve into horizontal and
225° CW from N
vertical components
Calculate interior angle

SOHCAHTOA
Opposite
45° sin  =
Hypotenuse
x
sin(45) =
141.42N 200
200sin(45) = x
200(.7071) = x X= -141.42 N
x = 141.42

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Exercise
Resolve into horizontal and
225° CW from N
vertical components
Calculate interior angle

SOHCAHTOA
Adjacent
45° cos  =
141.42N Hypotenuse
y
cos(45) =
141.42N 200
200cos(45) = y
200(.7071) = y Y= -141.42N
y = 141.42 2 sides of horizontal angles
are the same

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Exercise
Nancy 100 N
Evelyn 150 – 141.42 = 8.58
100 – 141.42 = -41.42
A2 + B2 = C2
150 N

141.42N
200 N
225° CW from N

Sara 141.42N

42.30N
8.58N
41.42N

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Exercise 360/3=120 degree each

 Three groups are pushing

against an earth ball
 The three groups are pushing
from equidistant positions on
the ball
 Group 1 – 200N
 Group 2 – 150N
 Group 3 – 100N
 Which direction will the ball
go? Resultant Force= 86.6 N
Direction: down and left (60° below left horizontal)

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Free-body Diagram
 A sketch of a system
 Representative simple figure
Fa
 With all accelerations drawn
 With all external forces
drawn mg
Ff

R
 Process
 Identify a system/object
 Draw External forces

 Can also be performed

using:
 Moment arms
 Torques

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Examples

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GRF in walking

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Ground Reaction Force

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Internal Forces

 Internal Forces—forces acting within the

object of interest
 Tensile force—ends of the internal
structure being pulled on
 Muscle pulling on tendon pulling on bone,
causing tension

 Compressive force—ends of the internal

structure being pushed on
 Bones pushing on bones

 Can occur simultaneously or separately

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External Forces

 Forces resulting from interaction with

environment
 Contact—forces occurring between objects
in contact
 Ball, opponent, ground, friction

 Resolved into friction (parallel) and normal

contact (perpendicular)

 Noncontact—forces occurring even when

objects aren’t touching
 Gravity, magnetic, electrical forces

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Friction

 Parallel to the interacting surfaces (X direction)

 Proportional to normal contact force
 Not impacted by surface area
 Coefficient of friction—based on interacting materials
 Static friction—occurs between two surfaces NOT
moving relative to each other
 Dynamic friction—occurs between two surfaces
moving relative to each other

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Internal vs. External Forces

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How those muscles a

Free-body diagram Femorals, Biceps

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