ARMEZA, AILEEN MARIE DE GUIA
BSE- ENGLISH 2A
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
Dr. Martina M. Gacutan
OUTPUT #5: Lesson 4- Nanoworld
QUESTIONS:
1.What are nanomaterials and how are they made?
Nanomaterials are materials with an external dimension of the nanoscale of approximately 1- 100 nm.
- ISO (2015)
Nanomaterials are made up of Nanoparticles. They are extremely small materials that may exist
naturally, form accidentally, or be made.
Engineered- nanomaterials are manufactured by humans which can be also used for everyday living.
For example, medicines, electrical appliances, cosmetics, cleaning products and such.
Incidental- nanomaterials may be incidentally produced as a by-product of mechanical or industrial
processes. It includes vehicle engine exhausts, welding fumes, and fuels used for heating and
cooking.
Natural- nanomaterials are often naturally occurring. It includes viruses, some butterfly wing scales,
horny materials (skin, claws, beaks, feathers, hairs) and even our bones are nanomaterials. It may be
organic or inorganic.
2. What are the factors that need to be considered before manufacturing materials through
nanotechnology?
There are two approaches to nano-manufacturing: top-down or bottom-up. Top-down manufacturing
starts with the block of the primary material and systematically sculpts it down to the final nanoscale
product. For the bottom-up approach, products are made by building them up with atomic and
molecular parts, which allows engineers more building choices. According to the NNI, advanced
processes that allows bottom-up nano-manufacturing include:
Chemical vapor deposition — Chemicals are combined to react and produce very pure, high-
performance film.
Molecular beam epitaxy — a method of depositing single crystals, particularly useful in
semiconductor manufacturing.
Atomic layer epitaxy — a process for depositing single-atomic layers on the surface of the
"Dip Pen" lithography — dips the tip of the atomic force microscope into a chemical fluid that does
not contain any chemical substances.
Nanoimprint lithography – creates nanoscale features by stamping or printing on the surface
Roll-to-roll processing – produces nanoscale devices on a roll of ultra-thin plastic or High-volume
metal
Self-assembly – a process by which individual chemical or biological molecular structures were
naturally clustered together to form an ordered structure, without external direction.
3.What are the contributions of nanotechnology for the improvement and sustainability of our
environment?
Nanotechnology is applied to improve the environment and to reduce the problems of the generation.
•Climate protection by reducing greenhouse gases and hazardous wastes.
•Increasing the electricity generated by Windmills.
•Cleaning up oil spills.
•Less pollution during the manufacture of materials.
•Cleaning up organic chemicals polluting groundwater.
•Water Purification
•Clean energy technologies
•Materials supply and utilization
•Green manufacturing and chemistry
4.Write a written research report on the ff.
a.Current uses or application of nanoscience and nanotechnology (indicate your sources or
references)
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Applications in:
•Medicines- to deliver drugs directly to the diseased cells in the body.
•Electronics- to increase the capabilities of electronic devices in reducing their weight and power
consumption.
•Food- to impact aspects of food science, from how food is grown and packaged and also for in food
safety.
•Fuel Cells- to reduce the costs in fuel cells in producing hydrogen ions from fuel such as methanol
and to improve the efficiency of membranes used in fuel cells to separate hydrogen ions from other
gases.
•Solar Cells- to develop nanotech solar cells to be manufactured at a significantly lower cost than
conventional solar cells.
•Batteries- to develop batteries using nanomaterials. One such battery will be good as new after
sitting on a shelf for decades. Another battery can be recharged significantly faster than conventional
batteries.
•Space- to make space- flight more practical. It makes a lightweight spacecraft and a cable for a
possible space elevator. To reduce the amount of rocket fuel required that could lower the cost of
reaching orbit and traveling in space.
•Fuels- to address the shortage of fossil fuels such as diesel and gasoline by making the production
of fuels from low-grade material economically and the production of fuels from normal raw materials
more efficient.
•Better Air Quality- to improve the transformation of vapors escaping from cars or industrial plants into
harmless gasses.
•Better Water Quality- to develop solutions to three very different problems in water quality. It is to
remove industrial wastes, such as cleaning solvent, from groundwater. To convert the contaminating
chemical through a chemical reaction to make it harmless.
•Chemical Sensors- to enable sensors to detect very small amounts of chemical vapors.
•Sporting Goods- to increase the strength of tennis racquets, filling any imperfections in club shafts
materials and reducing the rate at which air leaks from tennis balls.
•Fabric- to improve fabric properties without a significant increase in weight, thickness, or stiffness.
b.impact of nanotechnology in various aspects( health, environment, economy, ethics)
Health
•By making the diagnosis and treatment more accurate, nanotechnology could save lives.
•This contributes to the goals of reducing infant mortality, reducing maternal deaths and fighting HIV /
AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
•Nanotechnology provides disease detection options, as there is an urgent need for improved
diagnosis of disease in the developing world.
•Nanotechnology may also revolutionize drug delivery by addressing problems such as how to
sustain drug release into the body and improve bioavailability— the amount of active ingredient per
dose.
•Nanotechnology may facilitate a new age of immunization by offering alternatives to disease-
affecting injectable vaccines.
Environment
•Nanomaterials for radioactive waste clean-up in water.
•Water quality can be improved.
•Toxic gases in the air can be cleaned.
•Remediation of soil
•Enhanced Pollution prevention methods
•Environmental monitoring
•Clean energy technologies
•Materials supply and utilization
•Green manufacturing and chemistry
Economy
•Nanotechnology continues to have a large and fundamental influence on almost every field of the
global economy, including electronics, oil, biomedicine, cosmetics, defense, automotive and
agriculture.
•Technological developments in nanotechnology, for example in electronics.
•Environmental, health and safety threats and commercialization of nanotechnology issues.
•Factors such as technological advancement, increased government support and private sector R&D
funding, increased demand for equipment miniaturization, and strategic partnerships among countries
were expected to drive global market growth in nanotechnology.
Ethics
•The highest and best use of nanotechnology should be to create a world of abundance where there
is no shortage of people for their basic needs. These needs include adequate food, safe water, a
clean environment, housing, medical care, education, public safety, fair labor, unrestricted travel,
artistic expression and freedom from fear and oppression.
•A high priority must be given to the efficient and economic global distribution of nanotechnology
services and products. There is a need for a reasonable return on investment, but we must also
recognize that our planet is small and that we all depend on each other for security, stability and even
survival.
•Nanotechnology military research and applications must be limited to defense and security systems,
not for political purposes or aggression. And any government-funded research that generates useful
non-military technological advances must be released to the public.
•Scientists developing and experimenting with nanotechnology must have a strong foundation in
ecology and public safety, or have someone on their team who does so. Scientists and their
organizations must also be held accountable for the intentional, fraudulent or irresponsible misuse of
science.
•All published research and discussion on nanotechnology should be as clear as possible, adhere to
the scientific method and give due credit to the sources. Labeling of products should be clear and
accurate, and promotion of services, including consultation, should disclose any conflicts of interest.
•Published debates on nanotechnology, including discussions in the chat room, should focus on
advancing the merits of arguments rather than personal attacks, such as questioning opponents'
motives.
• Business models in the field would implement long-term, sustainable practices such as the effective
use of energy, the recycling of hazardous products, adequate wages for employees and other fair
labor practices.
•Industry leaders should be collaborative and self-regulating, but also support public science
education and sound legislation to tackle the legal and social issues of nanotechnology.
c.recent innovations or advancements in nanotechnology in different countries.
The following are the latest advancements in different countries as of 2020:
•New York City, United States of America
Micro-device to detect bacteria, viruses
New process improves lab-on-chip devices to isolate drug-resistant strains of bacterial infection,
viruses
•Seoul, South Korea
A new catalyst recycles greenhouse gases into fuel and hydrogen gas.
•West Lafayette, Indiana
Metal surfaces can now be instant bacteria killers.
•Berkeley, California
3D nanoparticles and magnetic spin
Scientists capture 3D images of nanoparticles, atom by atom, with unprecedented precision.
•Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Revolutionary light-emitting silicon
Breakthrough after 50 years of work paves the way for photonic chips.
•Corvallis, Oregon
Researchers use nanotechnology to develop new treatments for endometriosis.
•Daejon, South Korea
3D reconstructions of individual nanoparticles
Liquid phase electron microscopy illuminates 3D atomic structures of platinum nanoparticles,
advancing full control of bioengineering.
•Baltimore, Maryland
Experiments in mice and human cells shed light on the best way to deliver nanoparticle therapy for
cancer.
•Lausanne, Switzerland
A nanoscale device to generate high-power Terahertz waves- Researchers at EPFL have developed
a nanodevice that operates more than 10 times faster than today's fastest transistors.
•Espoo, Finland
A new material developed could help clean energy revolution.
•Nagoya, Japan
Electric jolts to carbon make better water purifiers.
•Houston, Texas
The Double-walled nanotubes have electro-optical advantages.
As you can see some countries in America, Europe, and some parts in Asia are at the top when it
comes to advancements in Nanotechnology.
REFERENCES:
1. Nanotechnology and Manufacturing: The Future Is Bright: News & Insights. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.gray.com/insights/nanotechnology-and-manufacturing-the-future-is-bright/
2. Nanotechnology for health: Facts and figures. Shetty, P. Retrieved from:
https://www.scidev.net/global/disease/feature/nanotechnology-for-health-facts-and-figures-1.html?
3. Markets, R. and. (2018, June 27). Global Nanotechnology Market 2018-2024: Market is Expected to Exceed US$
125 Billion. Retrieved from https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-nanotechnology-market-2018-
2024-market-is-expected-to-exceed-us-125-billion
4. Nanotechnology Now. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nanotech-now.com/ethics-of-nanotechnology.htm?
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