Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing

Windows Applications

Pre-assessment Questions
1. Which of the following is a valid specific culture:
a. fr
b. de
c. fr-France
d. fr-Fr

2. Which of the following involves writing code in such a way that it is culture
and language neutral?
a. Globalization
b. Localization
c. Culture-specific formatting
d. Deployment

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
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Pre-assessment Questions (Contd.)

3. Which method is used to create an instance of the Encoding class?
a. Encoding.GetEncoding
b. Encoding.newEncoding
c. new
d. Encoding.generateEncoding

4. Which of the following properties must be set for conveying information

about a control to the accessibility aids?
a. Name
b. AccessibleName
c. AccessibleIdentity
d. AidName

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
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Pre-assessment Questions (Contd.)

5. Which of the following is not a culture-specific class?
a. DateTimeFormatInfo
b. Calendar
c. NumberFormatInfo
d. LanguageInfo

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Solutions to Pre-assessment
Questions
1. d. fr-Fr
2. a. Globalization
3. a. Encoding.GetEncoding
4. b. AccessibleName
5. d. LanguageInfo

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Objectives
In this lesson, you will learn to:
• Handle and raise exceptions
• Develop test plans
• Configure the debugging environment
• Use the Break mode to debug an application
• Use debugger windows to trace and debug an application
• Implement custom trace listeners
• Implement trace switches

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Exception Handling
• An exception is termed as an abnormal condition encountered by an
application during execution.
• Exception handling is the process of providing an alternate path of execution
when the application is unable to execute in the desired way.
• By handling exceptions, you can prevent an application from terminating
abruptly when an error is encountered.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Overview of Exception Handling

• Exceptions may be handled by placing specific code in an application that gets
executed when an exception is raised.
• The exception handling code prevents the program from terminating abruptly
and allows you to take appropriate action.
• Exception handling may be used in any method that uses operators that may
generate an exception, or that calls into or accesses other procedures that may
generate an exception.
• If an exception occurs in a method that does not contain an exception handler,
then the exception is propagated back to the calling method.
• If the calling method also has no exception handler, then the exception is
propagated back to that called method.
• When an error occurs, an object is created automatically that stores
information about the error.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Types of Errors
• There are three types of errors that can occur in an application:
• Syntax Errors: A syntax error occurs when the compiler cannot
compile the code.
• Run-time Errors: A run-time error occurs when an application
attempts to perform an operation that is not allowed.
• Logical Errors: A logical error occurs when an application compiles
and runs properly but does not produce the expected results.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Types of Exception Handling

• Visual Basic .NET provides these two ways to handle exceptions:
• Structured Exception Handling
• Unstructured Exception Handling

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Structured Exception Handling

• All the exceptions are derived from the System.Exception class.
• The hierarchy of the exception classes is displayed in the given figure.

System.Exception

System.ApplicationException

System.Windows.Forms.AxHost.InvalidActiveXStateException

System.Runtime.Remoting.MetadataServices.SUDSParserException

System.IO.IsolatedStorage.IsolatedStorageException

System.Runtime.Remoting.MetadataServices.SUDSGeneratorException

System.SystemException

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
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Structured Exception
Handling(Contd.)
• The exception classes derived from the System.Exception class are
discussed below:
• System.ApplicationException— This exception is thrown by user
created applications.
• System.Windows.Forms.AxHost.InvalidActiveXStateException— This
exception is thrown when the ActiveX control that is in an invalid state
is called by an application.
• System.Runtime.Remoting.MetadataServices.SUDSParserException—
This exception is thrown when the parsing process of Web Services
Description Language (WSDL) generates an error.
• System.IO.IsolatedStorage.IsolatedStorageException— This exception
is thrown when an error is generated in an isolated storage operation.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Structured Exception
Handling(Contd.)
• System.SystemException — This exception class acts as a base class for all
the predefined system exceptions. Some of the classes derived from this
class are given below:
• System.IO.IOException
• System.Data.DataException
• Sytsem.Data.SqlClient.SqlException
• System.IndexOutOfRangeException
• System.NullReferenceException
• In structured exception handling, the application is divided into blocks of
code.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Structured Exception
Handling(Contd.)
• The structure of the Try…Catch…Finally statement is given below:
Try
' This block includes the code that can raise an error.
Catch (optional filters)
'This block includes the code that runs if the code in
'The Try block gives an error and the filter on the Catch
'statement is true, if specified.
'(Additional Catch blocks)
Finally
'This block includes the code that will always run just before
the Try statement exits.
End Try

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Unstructured Exception Handling

• In unstructured exception handling, an On Error statement is placed in a
code block.
• The On Error statement handles any error that occurs in that code block.
• When an error occurs in a called procedure that does not have an On Error
statement, the exception is passed back to the calling procedure and the
error is handled by the calling procedure.
• The Exit Sub statement should be placed immediately before the error
handler block.
• You can use the On Error Resume Next statement to specify that when an
error occurs, the control should pass to the next line of code following the
line in which the error occurred.
• You can use the On Error GoTo 0 statement in a procedure to disable any
error handler.
• Unstructured exception handling is not recommended because it is difficult to
maintain the code containing the On Error statement.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

The Error Object

• When an error occurs in an application, an instance of the Error object is
created and the information about the error, such as the error message and
number, is stored in it.
• The properties of the Error object that are commonly used are:
• Number — Contains the integer value of the error.
• Description — Contains the error text.
• Source — Contains the information about the object that generated the
error.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

User-defined Exceptions
• In addition to handling pre-defined exceptions, users can create their own
exceptions.
• User-defined exception classes are derived from the ApplicationException
class.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Raising Exceptions
• There are instances when you want to raise exceptions.
• Exceptions can be explicitly thrown in an application by using the Throw()
method.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Debugging a Windows-based
Application
• When writing code for applications, errors may be introduced in programs,
these errors are called bugs.
• The process of locating and fixing bugs in a program is called Debugging.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Overview of Debugging
• Visual Basic .NET provides a set of tools that allow you to trace and correct
errors in your programs in the development environment itself.
• To assist you in debugging logical and run-time errors, Visual Basic.NET
provides extensive debugging tools.
• Another method to access the debugging tools is from the Debug menu.
• By using the debugging tools, you can perform the following actions:
• Start execution
• Break execution
• Step through execution
• Stop execution

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Configuring the Debugging

Environment
• The Debug version is built for debugging and the Release version is built for
the final release distribution.
• The Debug configuration of a program is compiled with full symbolic debug
information and no optimization.
• Optimization complicates debugging as the relationship between the source
code and the generated instructions is more complex.
• The Release configuration of a program is fully optimized and contains no
symbolic debug information.
• You can switch between Release and Debug versions by choosing Debug (or
Release) from the Solution Configurations list box on the Standard toolbar.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Using the Break Mode

• When debugging, an application can be in the run mode or in the break
mode.
• In Visual Basic.NET, you can debug a code in the break mode.
• In this mode, Visual Basic provides the ability to execute the application
step-by-step.
• The values of the variables and expressions can be evaluated in this
mode.
• When an application is running, in order to switch to the break mode,
you can execute any of the following actions at run time:
• Press the Ctrl and Break keys together
• Select the Break option from the Run menu
• Click the Break button on the Debug toolbar

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Setting a Breakpoint
• A break point can be set on an executable line of code.
• To set a breakpoint, you need to identify the statement where the error
starts.
• You can remove a breakpoint from a code by selecting Remove
Breakpoint from the shortcut menu of the code line at which the
breakpoint is set.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Stepping Through an Application

• When you set a breakpoint in an application and start the application using
the Start option, the application execution halts at the breakpoint and the
execution enters the break mode.
• In the break mode, you can select any of the following Debug menu options
for executing the code:
• Step Into
• Step Over
• Step Out

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

The Debugger Windows

• When an application runs or is in the break mode, you can use the following
windows to trace and debug an application:
• Call Stack window
• Watch window
• Output window
• Locals window
• Immediate window

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Call Stack Window

• When an application is in the break mode, you can find the sequence of the
called procedures by using the Call Stack window.
• The Call Stack window displays the procedure names, the parameter types,
and the parameter values.
• You can display the Call Stack window by selecting Windows from the Debug
menu and then selecting the Call Stack option from the Windows submenu.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Watch Window
• Using the Watch window, you can change the values of variables or
expressions in the break mode and observe how these different values affect
your code.
• Each variable or expression that you observe in the Watch window is called a
watch expression.
• Visual Basic. NET automatically monitors watch expressions.
• The Watch window can be displayed by selecting Windows from the Debug
menu and then selecting Watch1 from the Watch submenu.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Output Window
• The Output window is useful in displaying debug messages, such as build
errors and any user-defined messages during run time.
• The Output window is displayed by using the ViewOther WindowsOutput
option.
• You can display debug messages during run time by using the methods of
the Debug class.
• The Debug class is derived from System.Diagnostics namespace and contains
methods that you can use to debug applications.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Locals Window
• The Locals window is a debugging tool that allows you to view the values
present in the variables declared in the local procedures.
• To display the Locals window, select DebugWindowsLocals option when
debugging in the break mode.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Immediate Window
• The Immediate window is a debugging tool to check the values present in
the global and local variables.
• The Immediate window allows you to:
• Set the value of a variable to observe the change in the result based on
the value that is set.
• Create or destroy objects.
• To start the Immediate window select DebugWindowsImmediate to open
the Immediate window.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Demo
Using Breakpoints

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Problem Statement
• An application has been created to display the product ID for a product that
costs more than $3000.
• A Windows Form has been designed with a ListBox control named lbprodid.
• A data adapter named OleDbDAProduct has been created, and the Base_Cost
and ProdID columns of the table Product have been retrieved.
• A dataset named DsProduct1 has been generated for the data adapter.
• The following code has been written for the Load event of the form to display
the ProductID of the products with cost more than $3000 in the list box.
Dim criteria As String
Dim sort As String
Dim dt As DataTable
Dim result() As DataRow
Dim ctr As Integer
OleDbDAProduct.Fill(DsProduct1)
dt = DsProduct1.Tables("Product")
criteria = "Base_Cost > '3000'"
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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Problem Statement (Contd.)

sort = "ProdID DESC"
result = DsProduct1.Product.Select(criteria, sort)
For ctr = 0 To (result.Length - 1)
lbprodid.Items.Add(result(0)("ProdID").ToString)
Next ctr

• However, the application does not give the expected output. The list box
displays one product ID multiple times.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Solution
• To locate the error in the above program, the following steps need to be
performed:
1. Identify the starting point to search for errors.
2. Set a breakpoint.
3. Run the application and trace the error.
4. Rectify the code.
5. Verify the output of the code.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Demo
Debugging a Windows-based
Application

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Problem Statement
• An application has been developed that displays the corresponding base cost
and the product name of the product ID selected by the user from a list box.
• A data adapter named OleDbDAProduct has been created, and the
Base_Cost and ProdID columns of the table Product have been retrieved.
• A dataset named DSProduct has been generated for the data adapter.
• A ListBox control named lbprodid, two TextBox controls, and a Button control
with Text property set to Display have been added to the Form. The following
general level declarations have been made.
A ListBox control named lbprodid, two TextBox controls, and a Button control with
Text property set to Display have been added to the Form. The following
general level declarations have been made.
Dim dt As DataTable
Dim result(), resultarray As DataRow
Dim prodid, criteria, sort As String
Dim ctr As Integer

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Problem Statement (Contd.)

• The following code has been added:
Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
 
OleDbDAProduct.Fill(DSProduct)
dt = DSProduct.Tables("Product")
criteria = "Base_Cost > '3000'"
sort = "ProdID DESC"
result = DSProduct.Product.Select(criteria, sort)
 
For ctr = 0 To (result.Length - 1)
lbprodid.Items.Add(result(ctr)("ProdID").ToString)
Next ctr
 
End Sub

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Problem Statement (Contd.)

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles Display.Click
 
prodid = lbprodid.SelectedItem
prodid = "P014"
dt = DSProduct.Tables("Product")
resultarray = dt.Rows.Find(prodid)
TextBox1.Text = resultarray(1)
TextBox2.Text = resultarray(2) 
End Sub
• However, the application displays the product name and the base cost of the
product ID P014 regardless of the ID selected by the user.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Solution
• To solve the preceding problem, the following steps need to be performed:
1. Identify the mechanism to debug the code.
2. Implement debugging.
3. Rectify the code.
4. Verify the output of the code.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Testing a Windows-based Application

• Testing an application ensures that it fulfills the requirements for which it
was designed and meets quality expectations.
• An application must be tested to ensure that it meets customer expectations.
• The compiler can detects only syntax errors, but the run-time errors and
logical errors might not be exposed unless the application is thoroughly
tested.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Overview of Testing
• Testing measures the quality of the software you are developing.
• Testing is undertaken to find and resolve the defects in your application.
• Testing can be of various types, which include:
• Unit testing: Unit testing consists of isolating the smallest piece of
testable software from the remaining application and determining
whether it behaves as expected.
• Integration testing: Integration testing combines two or more tested
units into a component and tests the interface between them.
• Regression testing: In regression testing you rerun the existing tests
against the modified code to determine whether the changes have
affected anything that was working correctly before the modification of
code.
• Acceptance testing: During acceptance testing, users are allowed to use
the application and give feedback about the functionality, effectiveness,
and efficiency of the application as per the requirements.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Developing a Test Plan

• Planning for a test includes budget, schedule, and performance
considerations.
• Preparing a proper test plan makes the testing more effective and efficient.
• A test plan outlines the entire testing process and includes individual test
cases.
• A test plan consists of the following components:
• Test Scenario: The plan for testing each module in an application is
called a test scenario.
• Test Cases: Testing for every possible input value is almost an
impossible task so testing can be done for some representative inputs,
which are called test cases.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Implementing Tracing
• Tracing is a technique that allows you to log informative messages about an
application’s conditions at run time.
• Using tracing, you can get informative messages about the execution of your
application without interrupting the application execution even after it has
been deployed.
• There are three phases of code tracing:
• Instrumentation: In the instrumentation phase, trace code is added to
your application.
• Tracing: In the tracing phase, the tracing code writes information about
the execution of the application to the specified target.
• Analysis: In the analysis phase, tracing information is evaluated to
identify and understand problems in the application.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Using the Debug and Trace Classes

• The System.Diagnostics namespace contains the Debug and Trace classes
that include Shared methods which can be used to test conditions at run
time and log the results.
• The Debug class is mainly used in the development phase for debugging.
• The Trace class is used for testing and optimization even after an application
is compiled and released.
• The six Debug and Trace methods that write tracing information are listed
below:
• Assert
• Fail
• Write
• WriteLine
• WriteIf
• WriteLineIf

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Working with Listeners

• The Listeners collection includes classes that can receive output from the
Shared methods of the Trace and Debug classes.
• Each member of the Listeners collection collects, stores, and routes tracing
messages.
• There are three types of predefined listeners:
• DefaultTraceListener: It is an instance of the DefaultTraceListener class
and is a default member of the Listeners collection.
• TextWriterTraceListener: It is an instance of the
TextWriterTraceListener class and it redirects trace output to an
instance of the TextWriter class or to a Stream object.
• EventLogTraceListener: It is an instance of the EventLogTraceListener
class and it redirects trace output to an event log.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Logging Trace Output to Text Files

• The TextWriterTraceListener class is used to log trace output to text files.
• To log trace output to a text file, the following steps must be performed:
1. Create an instance of a FileStream object that specifies the appropriate
text file.
Dim myFile As New System.IO.FileStream _
(“C:\myFile.txt”, IO.FileMode.OpenOrCreate)
2. Create an instance of TextWriterTraceListener that specifies the new
FileStream object as its target.
Dim myListener As New TextWriterTraceListener(myFile)
3. Add the new listener to the Trace.Listeners collection.
Trace.Listeners.Add(myListener)
flush the Trace buffer by calling the Flush method to write output to the
text file.
Trace.Flush()

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Logging Trace Output to an EventLog

• You use the EventLogTraceListener class to log the trace output to an
EventLog object.
• To log the trace output to an EventLog, the following steps must be
performed:
1. Create an instance of a EventLog object and assign it to a new event
log or an existing event log.
Dim myLog As New EventLog (“Event Log”)
2. Set the Source property of the EventLog.
myLog.Source = “Trace Output”
3. Create an instance of EventLogTraceListener that specifies the new log
as its target.
Dim myListener As New EventLogTraceListener(myLog)
4. Add the new listener to the Trace.Listeners collection.
Trace.Listeners.Add(myListener)

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Implementing Trace Switches

• Trace switches allow you to enable, disable, and filter tracing output.
• Two types of trace switches are provided in the .NET Framework:
• BooleanSwitch Class: The BooleanSwitch class acts as a toggle switch
that may either enable or disable a variety of trace statements.
• TraceSwitch Class: The TraceSwitch class allows you to enable a trace
switch for a particular tracing level.
• To use the BooleanSwitch or the TraceSwitch class you need to create an
instance of these classes.
• The TraceSwitch class exposes four read-only properties that represent the
Trace levels. These are:
• TraceSwitch.TraceError Property
• TraceSwitch.TraceWarning Property
• TraceSwitch.TraceInfo Property
• TraceSwitch.TraceVerbose Property

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Summary
In this lesson, you learned that:

• The types of errors that can occur in an application are syntax errors, run-
time errors, and logical errors.
• An exception is an abnormal condition that an application encounters
during execution.
• Exception handling is the process of providing an alternate path to be
executed when the application is not able to execute in the desired way.
• Visual Basic .NET provides two methods to handle exceptions:
• Structured exception handling
• Unstructured exception handling
• In addition to handling pre-defined exceptions, users can create their own
exceptions by deriving an exception class from the ApplicationException
class.

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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Summary (Contd.)
• Once an application has been coded, it must be tested to ensure that it
fulfills the requirements for which it was designed and meets quality
expectations.
• There are various types of testing that an application has to go through.
These include unit testing, integration testing, regression testing and
acceptance testing.
• For testing to be successful, a test plan must be created that outlines the
entire process of testing and includes budget, schedule and performance
considerations.
• In order to assist you in debugging logical and runtime errors, Visual Basic
.NET provides extensive debugging tools. You can use the Visual Basic
.NET Debug toolbar to access these tools.
• By using the debugging tools, you can perform the following actions:
• Start execution
• Step through execution
• Stop execution
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Exception Handling, Debugging and Testing
Windows Applications

Summary (Contd.)
• You can log informative messages about your application’s conditions at
run time by using tracing.
• Tracing can be implemented by using the Trace and Debug classes.
• The Listeners collection is a group of classes capable of receiving output
from the Debug and Trace classes.
• Trace switches allow you to enable, disable, and filter tracing output.
• Conditional compilation is a means of selectively compiling portions of
your program code. This can be used for creating multiple versions of your
application without the need to maintain multiple copies of code.

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