Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics

Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation

Exercise-1(A) Page: 9

1. What is meant by measurement?

Solution:
It is the comparison of the specified physical quantity with the known standard quality of the equivalent
nature.

2. What do you understand by the term unit?

Solution:
Unit is the quantity of a constant magnitude which is used to measure the magnitudes of other quantities
of the same nature.

3. What are the three requirements for selecting a unit of a physical quantity?
Solution:
The three requirements for selecting a unit of a physical quantity are:
 It should be reproducible
 Is required to be of convenient size
 No ambiguity while defining the unit
 The value of unit should not change with space and time.

4. Name the three fundamental quantities.

Solution:
The three fundamental quantities are:
 Length
 Mass
 Time

5. Name the three systems of unit and state the various fundamental units in them.
Solution:
The three systems of unit and the corresponding fundamental units are:

System of Unit Fundamental units

CGS system Centimeter (cm)
Gram(g)
Second(s)
F.P.S system Foot(ft)
Pound(lb)
Second(s)
M.K.S system Metre(m)
Kilogramme(kg)
Second(s)
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
6. Define a fundamental unit.
Solution:
It is that unit which is independent of any other unit or which can neither be changed nor can be related
to any other basic unit. Example – Units of mass, length, time etc.

7. What are the fundamental units in S.I. system? Name them along with their symbols.
Solution:
The fundamental units in S.I. system along with their symbols are:

Quantity Symbol
Length m
Mass kg
Time s
Temperature K
Luminous intensity cd
Electric current A
Amount of substance mol
Angle rd
Solid angle st-rd

8. Explain the meaning of derived unit with the help of one example.
Solution:
Derived units are those which depend on the fundamental units or which can be expressed in relation
with the fundamental units.
Example – to measure area, we need to measure length and breadth in the unit of length and then express
area in a unit which is length x length or (length)2

9. Define standard metre.

Solution:
The standard meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vaccum during a time interval of
1/299 792 458 of a second.

10. Name two units of length which are bigger than a metre. How are they related to the metre?
Solution:
The two units of length that are bigger than a metre are:
 Astronomical unit (A.U)
 Kilometre (km)

Relation between metre (m) and astronomical unit (A.U):

1 A.U = 1.496 X 1011 m

Relation between metre (m) and kilometer (km):

1 km = 1000m
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
11. Write the name of two units of length smaller than a metre. How are they related to the metre?
Solution:
The two units of length smaller than a metre are:
 Angstrom(Å)
 Fermi (f)

Relation between metre (m) and Angstrom (Å) is:

1 Angstrom (Å) = 10-10 metre

Relation between metre (m) and Fermi is:

1 fermi (f) = 10-15m

12. How is nanometer related to Angstrom?

Solution:
Relation between nanometer (nm) and Angstrom (Å):
1 nanometer = 10 Å

13. Name the three convenient units used to measure length ranging from very short to very long
value. How are they related to the S.I. unit?
Solution:
The 3 convenient units used to measure length ranging from very short to very long value are:
 Centimeter (cm)
 Metre (m)
 Kilometer (km)
Relation between meter (m) and the units are:
1 m = 100cm
1 km = 1000m

14. Name the S.I unit of mass and define it.

Solution:
The S.I. unit of mass is Kilogram (Kg)
One kilogram was defined as the mass of a cylindrical piece if platinum-iridium alloy kept at
International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Serves near Paris.

15. Complete the following:

(a) 1 light year = ________ m
(b) 1 m = ________ Å
(c) 1 m = ________ µ
(d) 1 micron = ________ Å
(e) 1 fermi = ________ m
Solution:
(a) 1 light year = 9.46 x 1015 m
(b) 1 m = 1010 Å
(c) 1 m = 106 µ
(d) 1 micron = 104 Å
(e) 1 fermi = 10-15 m
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
16. State two units of mass smaller than a kilogram. How are they related to kilogram?
Solution:
The two units of mass smaller than a kilogram (kg) are:
 gram(g)
1 g = 10-3kg
 milligram(mg)
1 mg = 10-6kg

17. State two units of mass bigger than a kilogram. Give their relationship with the kilogram.
Solution:
The two units of mass bigger than a kilogram (kg) are:
 Quintal
1 quintal = 100kg
 Metric tonne
1 metric tonne = 1000kg

18. Complete the following:

(a) 1g = ______kg
(b) 1mg = ________kg
(c) 1 quintal = ________kg
(d) 1 a.m.u (or u) = ________kg
Solution:
(a) 1g = 10-3kg
(b) 1mg = 10-6 kg
(c) 1 quintal = 100 kg
(d) 1 a.m.u (or u) = 1.66 x 10-27 kg

19. Name the S.I. unit of time and define it.

Solution:
The S.I. unit of time is second(s).
A second can be defined as 1/86400th part of a mean solar day, i.e.,
1s = 1/86400 x one mean solar day

20. Name two units of time bigger than a second. How are they related to second?
Solution:
The two units of time bigger than a second (s) are:
 Minute (min)
1 min = 60s
 Hour (h)
1 h = 3600s

21. What is a leap year?

Solution:
A leap year is the year in which the month of February is of 29 days, i.e.,
1 Leap year = 366 days
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
22. ‘The year 2020 will have February of 29 days’. Is this statement true?
Solution:
Yes, the year 2020 shall be a leap year.

23. What is a lunar month?

Solution:
It is a month measured between successive new moons.

24. Complete the following:

(a) 1 nano second = ________s
(b) 1 µs = _______s
(c) 1 mean solar day = ________s
(d) 1 year = ________s
Solution:
(a) 1 nano second = 10-9 s
(b) 1 µs = 10-6 s
(c) 1 mean solar day = 86400s
(d) 1 year = 3.15 x 107s

25. Name the physical quantities which are measured in the following units:
(a) u
(b) ly
(c) ns
(d) nm
Solution:

Unit Physical quantity

measured
u Mass
ly Length
ns Time
nm Length

26. Write the derived units of the following:

(a) Speed
(b) Force
(c) Work
(d) Pressure
Solution:
The derived units of the following are as follows:
(a) Speed = ms-1

(b) Force = kg m s-2

(c) Work = kg m2 s-2

(d) Pressure = kg m-1 s-2
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
27. How are the following derived units related to the fundamental units?
(a) Newton
(b) Watt
(c) Joule
(d) Pascal
Solution:
(a) Newton – kg m s-2
(b) Watt - kg m2 s-3
(c) Joule - kg m2 s-2
(d) Pascal - kg m-1 s-2

28. Name the physical quantities related to the following units:

(a) km2
(b) newton
(c) joule
(d) pascal
(e) watt
Solution:
The physical quantities related to the following units are:
(a) km2 - area
(b) newton – force
(c) joule – energy
(d) pascal – pressure
(e) watt – power

Multiple Choice Type

1. The fundamental unit is:

(a) newton
(b) pascal
(c) hertz
(d) second
Solution:
(d) second
Second is a fundamental unit. Some other fundamental units are meter (m), kilogram(kg).

2. Which of the following unit is not a fundamental unit:

(a) metre
(b) litre
(c) second
(d) kilogram
Solution:
(b) litre
Litre is a unit of volume, which is a derived physical quantity.
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
3. The unit of time is:
(a) light year
(b) parsec
(c) leap year
(d) angstrom
Solution:
(c) leap year
A leap year is the year in which the month of February is of 29 days.

4. 1 Å is equal to:
(a) 0.1 nm
(b) 10-10cm
(c) 10-8m
(d) 104µ
Solution:
(a) 0.1 nm
1 m= 1010 Å

5. ly is the unit of:

(a) time
(b) length
(c) mass
(d) none of these
Solution:
(b) length
ly is the short for light year, which is a unit of distance or length.

Numericals

1. The wavelength of light of a particular colour is 5800 Å. Express it in (a) nanometer and
(b) metre
Solution:
The wavelength of light of a particular colour is 5800 Å.
(a) 1nm = 10 Å
5800 Å = 5800/10 = 580 nm
(b) 1 m= 1010 Å
5800 Å = 5800 / 1010 = 5.8 x 10-7m

2. The size of a bacteria is 1 µ. Find the number of bacteria in 1m length.

Solution:
Size of bacteria is 1 µ
1 µ = 10-6m
Number of bacteria in 1m = 1/10-6
Number of bacteria in 1m length = 106 bacteria
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
3. The distance of a galaxy from the earth is 5.6 x 1025m. Assuming the speed of light to be
3 x 108 ms-1 find the time taken by light to travel this distance.
𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝
[Hint: Time taken = ]
𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝
Solution:
Given:
distance = 5.6 x 1025m
speed = 3 x 108 ms-1
Time = ?
distance travelled
Time taken =
speed

5.6 x 1025
=
3 x 108

= 1.867 x 10 17s

4. The wavelength of light is 589nm. What is its wavelength in Å?

Solution:
Given:
The wavelength of light is 589nm.
1 nm = 10 Å
∴ 589nm = 5890 Å

5. The mass of an oxygen atom is 16.00 u. Find its mass in kg.

Solution:
Given:
Mass of oxygen atom = 16u
1 u = 1.66 x 10-27 kg
Mass of 16 u = 16 x 1.66 x 10-27
= 2.656 x 10-26 kg

6. It takes time 8 min for light to reach from the sun to the earth surface. If speed of light is
taken to be 3 x 108 ms-1, find the distance from the sun to the earth in km.
Solution:
Given:
Time = 8 min
Speed = 3 x 108 ms-1
Distance = ?

Time is not given in the standard form, i.e., in seconds. So first convert to seconds;
1 min = 60s
8 min = 8 x 60s = 480s

Distance = s x t
= 3 x 108 x 480 = 1.44 x 108 km
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation

7. ‘The distance of a star from the earth is 8.33 light minutes’. What do you mean by this
statement? Express the distance in metre.
Solution:
Given:
The distance of a star from the earth is 8.33 light minutes means that it takes 8.33 minutes for
light to reach the earth from the ultimate source of light – the Sun. The distance is large, hence
light year is used.

Speed of light = 3 x 108 ms-1

Time = 8.33 min = 499.8s
Distance = speed x time
= 3 x 108 x 499.8
= 1.5 x 1011 m
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation

Exercise-1(B) Page: 20
1. Explain the meaning of the term ‘least count of an instrument’ by taking a suitable
example.
Solution:
The least count of an instrument is the smallest measurement which can be accurately taken from
that particular instrument.
Example – if there are 10 divisions between 0 and 5s mark of a stop watch, the least count of that
stop watch is 0.5s.

2. A boy makes a ruler with graduation in cm on it (i.e., 100 divisions in 1m). To what
accuracy this ruler can measure? How can this accuracy be increased?
Solution:
Given: ruler has 100 divisions – centimeter scaling system
100 cm = 1m
Hence the accuracy the ruler can measure up to is the centimeter division.
∴ the ruler can be used to measure the length up to the accuracy of centimeter

In order to increase the accuracy, the scale must further be able to measure the next unit in-line,
i.e., the millimeter division. By doing so the accuracy of the ruler can increase from centimeter to
millimeter.
Hence,
1m=100cm = 10mm
1 m = 1000 mm

3. A boy measures the length of a pencil and expresses it to be 2.6cm. What is the accuracy
of his measurement? Can he write it as 2.60cm?
Solution:
Given: The length of the pencil is 2.6cm.
We know that length can be expressed in different units such as metre, centimeter, millimeter
etc.
Hence we can say that the measurement may be accurate but not precise enough.

The boy can write 2.6cm or can express it as 2.60cm, both are the same as the value of zero here
is not significant.

4. Define least count of a venier calipers. How do you determine it?

Solution:
The least count of a vernier caliper can be defined as the difference between the values of one
main scale division and one vernier scale division. It is also referred to as vernier constant.
It can be determined using the formula:

Value of one main scale division

Least count (L.C.) =
total number of divisions on vernier
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation

5. Define the term ‘Vernier constant’.

Solution:
Vernier constant can be defined as the difference between the values of one main scale division
and one vernier scale division.

6. When is a vernier calipers said to be free from zero error?

Solution:
When the zero mark of the vernier scale coincides with the zero mark of the main scale, the tenth
division of the vernier calipers coincides with the ninth division of the main scale. In this
condition, the vernier is said to be free from zero error.

7. What is meant by zero error of a vernier calipers? How is it determined? Draw neat
diagrams to explain it. How is it taken in account to get the correct measurement?
Solution:
Sometimes due to mechanical errors, the zero mark of the vernier scale does not coincide with
the zero mark on the main scale, in this condition, the vernier callipers is said to have a zero
error.
Determination of zero error: Measure the length between the zero mark of the main scale and the
zero mark of the vernier scale.

Zero errors are of two kinds, they are:

 Positive zero error
 Negative zero error

Positive zero error: if the zero mark of the vernier scale is on the right part of the zero mark of
the main scale on brining the two jaws together, it is a positive zero error.
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation

To find positive zero error, division of the vernier scale should be noted that coincides with any
division of the main scale. Zero error is obtained when this number of the vernier division is
multiplied by the least count of the vernier calipers.
Here, in the example (scale), the L.C = 0.01cm. It is also observed that the 6th division of the
vernier scale coincides with main scale division.
∴ zero error = 6 x L.C = 6 x 0.01cm = 0.06cm.

Negative zero error: if the zero mark of the vernier scale is on the left part of the zero mark of
the main scale upon bringing the two jaws together, it is a negative zero error.

To find negative zero error, the division of the vernier scale that coincides with any division of
the main scale should be observed and noted. The number appearing at this vernier division is
subtracted from the total number of divisions on the vernier scale and then the difference is
multiplied by the least count.

The total number of division on the callipers is 10. Here, in the example (scale), the L.C =
0.01cm, the 6th division of the vernier scale coincides with a particular division of the main scale.
∴ zero error = - (10 – 6) x L.C = -4 x 0.01cm = -0.04cm

In order to correct the measurement of the vernier callipers with zero error, the zero error with
proper sign is subtracted always from the observed reading.

∴ Correct reading = observed reading – zero error (with sign)

 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation

8. A vernier callipers has a zero error +0.06cm. Draw a neat labelled diagram to represent
it.
Solution:

Given: L.C. = 0.01cm

As per the scale readings, main scale reading = 3.3mm
The 6th vernier division coincides with a main scale division
Vernier scale reading = 6 x 0.01 cm = 0.06cm
Total reading = m.s.r + v.s.r = 3.3 + 0.06 = 3.36cm

9. Draw a neat labelled diagram of a vernier callipers. Name its main parts and state their
functions.
Solution:
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation

The various parts ant their functions are:

Parts Functions
Main scale To measure length correct upto 1mm
Vernier scale To measure length correct upto 0.1mm
Outside jaws To measure length of rod, external diameter of a hollow cylinder, diameter of a
sphere
Inside jaws Measure the internal diameter of a pipe or hollow cylinder
Strip Measure the depth of a bottle/beaker

10. State three uses of a vernier calipers.

Solution:
The three uses of vernier calipers are:
 It can be used to measure the length of an object
 It can be used to measure the diameter of a hollow cylinder
 It can be used measure the depth of a beaker

11. Name the two scales of a vernier callipers and explain, how it is used to measure a
length correct up to 0.01cm.
Solution:
Two scales of a vernier callipers are:
 Main scale - can read up till 1mm
 Vernier scale – length of 10 divisions is equal to length of 9 divisions on the main scale

The value of one division on the main scale is 1mm

 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
Total number of divisions on the vernier scale is 10
∴ Least count = 1mm/10 = 0.1mm = 0.01cm
Consequently, a vernier calipers can be used to measure a length accurately up to 0.01cm.

12. Describe in steps, how would you use a vernier calipers to measure the length of a small
rod?
Solution:

Using vernier calipers to measure the length of a small rod:

 The rod is placed between the fixed end and the vernier scale as observed in the figure
 The zero mark of the vernier scale here is ahead of the 1.2cm mark on the main scale.
Hence the actual rod length is the total of 1.2cm and the length between the 1.2cm
marking on the main scale and 0 mark on the vernier scale (length ‘ab’ as seen in the
figure)
 In order to know the length of ‘ab’, the pth division of the vernier scale is noted that
coincides with ant division of the main scale.
 Length of p division on main scale = ab + length of p division on vernier scale
Length of p divisions on the main scale – length of p division on the verier scale = ab
= Length of 1 division of main scale – length of 1 division on vernier scale (p)
= p x Least Count
∴ Final reading = main scale reading + vernier scale reading
= 1.2cm + (p x L.C)
This gives the length of the small rod.

13. Name the part of the vernier calipers which is used to measure the following:
(a) External diameter of a tube
(b) Internal diameter of a mug
(c) Depth of a small bottle
(d) Thickness of a pencil
Solution:
(a) External diameter of a tube – outside jaws
(b) Internal diameter of a mug – Inside jaws
(c) Depth of a small bottle - Strip
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
(d) Thickness of a pencil – Outer jaws

14. Explain the terms (i) pitch, and (ii) least count of a screw gauge. How are they
determined?
Solution:
(i) Pitch of a screw gauge – it is the distance moved by the screw through its axis along one
complete rotation.
(ii) Least count of a screw gauge – It is the distance moved by it in rotating the circular scale
by one division.
Pitch & L.C of the screw gauge can be determined by:
L.C = Pitch of the screw gauge ÷ total number of divisions on its circular scale
For example, if a screw moved by 1mm through 1 rotation and if the circular scale has
100 divisions, then the pitch of the screw = 1mm.
The L.C = 1mm/100 = 0.01mm = 0.001cm

15. How can the least count of a screw gauge be decreased?

Solution:
The least count can be decreased by
 Increasing the total number of divisions on the circular scale
 Reducing the pitch

16. Draw a neat labelled diagram of a screw gauge. Name its main parts and state their
functions.
Solution:
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
The main parts and their functions are:

1. Ratchet – advances the screw by turning it till the object to be measured in held gently in
between the spindle of the screw and the stud.
2. Sleeve – it notes the base line and the base line
3. Thimble – circular scale is marked by the thimble
4. Circular scale – reads length correctly to 0.01mm
5. Main scale – reads length to 1mm

17. State one use of a screw gauge.

Solution:
Use of screw gauge:
 It can be used to measure the diameter of a wire
 It can be used to measure thickness of a paper

18. State the purpose of ratchet in a screw gauge.

Solution:
The purpose of a ratchet in a screw gauge is that it is used to advance the screw by turning it till
the object is gently held between the stud and the spindle of the screw.

19. What do you mean by zero error of a screw gauge? How is it accounted for?
Solution:
Several times, because of mechanical errors, the anvil and spindle end come in contact wherein
the zero mark of the circular scale does not coincide with the main scale’s base line, as it is either
below or above the base line of the main scale. In this condition, the screw gauge is referred to
have zero error which can be both negative and positive.
The zero error can be accounted by subtracting the zero error (with sign) from the reading
observed to obtain the actual reading.
Correct reading = Observed reading – zero error (with sign)

20. A screw gauge has a least count 0.001cm and zero error + 0.007cm. Draw a neat
diagram to represent it.
Solution:
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation

21. What is backlash error? Why is it caused? How is it avoided?

Solution:
A backlash error is an error in the observation caused due to wear and tear of threads of the
screw observed while reversing the direction of rotation of the thimble where the tip of the
screw does not start moving in the opposite direction at once, but remains stationary for a
part of rotation.
Avoid backlash error:
 While taking measurements, screw should be rotated in one direction only.

22. Describe the procedure to measure the diameter of a wire with the help of a screw
gauge.
Solution:

Procedure to measure the diameter of a wire with the help of a screw gauge is as follows:
 Find the least count and the zero error of the screw gauge
 Turn the ratchet anticlockwise so as to obtain a gap between the stud A and the flat
end B. Place the wire in the gap between the stud A and the flat end B. Then turn the
The ratchet clockwise so as to hold the given wire gently between the stud A and the
flat end B of the screw.
 Make note of the main scale reading
 Make note of the division of p on the circular scale that coincides with the base line
of the main scale. This circular scale division p when multiplied by the least count,
gives the circular scale reading i.e., Circular scale reading = p x L.C.
 Add the circular scale reading to the main scale reading to obtain the total reading
(i.e., the observed diameter of the wire).
 Repeat it by keeping the wire in perpendicular direction. Take two more observations
at different places of the wire and record them in the table below.

23. Name the instrument which can measure accurately the following:
(a) The diameter of a needle
(b) The thickness of a paper
(c) The internal diameter of the neck of a water bottle
(d) The diameter of a pencil
Solution:
(a) The diameter of a needle – screw gauge
(b) The thickness of a paper – screw gauge
(c) The internal diameter of the neck of a water bottle – vernier callipers
(d) The diameter of a pencil – screw gauge
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation

24. Which of the following measures a small length to a high accuracy: metre rule, vernier
calipers, screw gauge?
Solution:
The screw gauge measures a small length to a high accuracy.

25. Name the instrument which has the least count:

(a) 0.1mm
(b) 1mm
(c) 0.01mm
Solution:
(a) 0.1mm – vernier callipers
(b) 1mm – metre rule
(c) 0.01mm – screw gauge

Multiple Choice Type

1. The least count of a vernier calipers is:

(a) 1cm
(b) 0.001cm
(c) 0.1cm
(d) 0.01cm
Solution:
(c) 0.01cm
Least count is the smallest measurement that can be accurately taken with the instrument

2. A microscope has its main scale with 20 divisions in 1cm and vernier scale with 25
divisions, the length of which is equal to the length of 24 divisions of main scale. The least
count of microscope is:
(a) 0.002cm
(b) 0.001cm
(c) 0.02cm
(d) 0.01cm
Solution:
(a) 0.002cm
The least count of any instrument is the smallest measurement that can be taken accurately

3. The diameter of a thin wire can be measured by:

(a) A vernier calipers
(b) A metre rule
(c) A screw gauge
(d) None of these
Solution:
(c) A screw gauge
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
Numericals:

1. A stop watch has 10 divisions graduated between the 0 and 5s marks. What is its least
count?
Solution:
Least count is the smallest value that can be measured by an instrument.
L.C = (5-0)/10 = 0.5s
2. A vernier has 10 divisions and they are equal to 9 divisions of main scale in length. If the
main scale is calibrated in mm, what is its least count?
Solution:
Value of the main scale division = 1/10
Value of one main scale division
∴ L.C= = 1mm/10=0.1mm=0.01cm
total number of divisions on vernier

3. A microscope is provided with a main scale graduated with 20 divisions in 1cm and a
vernier scale with 50 divisions on it of length same as of 49 divisions of main scale. Find the
least count of the microscope.
Solution:
Given: 1 main scale division = 1/20cm
50 divisions of vernier scale = 49 divisions of main scale
1 division of vernier scale = 49 ÷ 50 main scale divisions
= 0.98 main scale division

Vernier calipers:
L.C = 1 main scale division – 1 vernier scale division
= 1 main scale division – 0.98 main scale division
= 0.02 main scale division

Microscope:
1 main scale division = 1/20cm
L.C = 0.02 x 1/20 = 0.001cm

∴ Least count of the microscope is 0.001cm

4. A boy uses a vernier calipers to measure the thickness of his pencil. He measures it to be
1.4mm. If the zero error of vernier calipers is +0.02cm, what is the correct thickness of
pencil?
Solution:
Given: Thickness of the pencil = 1.4mm
Zero error = +0.02cm
Actual thickness =?

Correct reading = observed reading – zero error

= 1.4mm – 0.02cm
= 1.4mm – 0.2mm
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
= 1.2mm

5. A vernier calipers has its main scale graduated in mm and 10 divisions on its vernier scale are equal
in length to 9mm. When the two jaws are in contact, the zero of vernier scale is ahead of zero of
main scale and 3rd division of vernier scale coincides with a main scale division. Find: (i) the least
count and (ii) the zero error of the vernier calipers.
Solution:
Main scale reading = 9mm
Vernier scale reading = 10
Coinciding division = 3

Value of one main scale division

∴ L.C= = 1mm/10 = 0.1mm
total number of divisions on vernier

Least count = 0.1mm = 0.01cm

Positive zero error = L.C x Coinciding division
= + (0.1mm x 3)
= + 0.3mm or +0.03cm

6. The main scale of a vernier calipers is calibrated in mm and 19 divisions of main scale are
equal in length to 20 divisions of vernier scale. In measuring the diameter of a cylinder by
this instrument, the main scale reads 35 divisions and 4th division of vernier scale coincides
with a main scale division. Find: (i) least count and (ii) radius of cylinder.
Solution:

(i) To find the least count

Given:
20 divisions of vernier scale = 19 divisions of main scale
Least count of the vernier scale = 1/20 mm = 0.05mm or 0.005cm

(ii) To find the zero error of the vernier caliper

Vernier scale reading = 4 x 0.005cm = 0.02cm

Total reading = main scale reading + vernier scale reading

= 3.5cm + 0.02cm
= 3.52cm
Diameter = 3.52cm
Radius = ½ x diameter = ½ x 3.52cm = 1.76cm or 17.6mm

7. In a vernier calipers, there are 10 divisions on the vernier scale and 1cm on the main scale
is divided in 10 parts. While measuring a length, the zero of the vernier lies just ahead of
1.8cm mark and 4th division of vernier coincides with a main scale division.
(a) Find the length
(b) If zero of vernier calipers is -0.02cm, what is the correct length?
Solution:
(a) L.C = 0.01cm
Main scale reading of vernier calipers = 1.8cm
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
Coinciding division = 4th
Vernier scale reading = vernier scale division x L.C
= 4 x 0.01 = 0.04cm
Total reading = main scale reading + vernier scale reading
= 1.8cm + 0.04cm = 1.84cm

(b) If zero error is -0.02cm, the correct length is

Correct reading = observed reading – zero error
= 1.84cm – (-0.02cm)
= 1.86cm

8. While measuring the length of a rod with a vernier calipers, Figure below shows the position of its
scales. What is the length of the rod?

Solution:
The least count of vernier calipers = 0.01cm
Main scale reading = 3.3cm
6th division of vernier scale coincides with a division on main scale i.e., p=6
∴ vernier scale reading = 6 x 0.01 = 0.06cm

Observed reading = main scale reading + vernier scale reading

= 3.3cm + 0.06cm
=3.36cm
If the vernier calipers is free from zero error, then the true length of the rod is 3.36cm

9. The pitch of a screw gauge is 0.5mm and the head scale is divided in 100 parts. What is the
least count of screw gauge?
Solution:
Given : Pitch = 0.5mm
Number of divisions on circular head = 100

Pitch
Least count = = 0.5mm/100
total number of divisions on circular head

= 0.005mm or 0.0005cm

10. The thimble of a screw gauge has 50 divisions. The spindle advances 1mm when the screw
is turned through two revolutions.
(i) What is the pitch of screw gauge?
(ii) What is the least count of the screw gauge?
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
Solution:
Given: Number of circular divisions = 50
Distance covered in two rotations = 1mm
(i) Pitch = ½ x distance covered in two rotations
= ½ x 1mm = 0.5mm
Pitch
(ii) Least count = = 0.5mm/50 = 0.01mm
total number of divisions on circular head

11. The pitch of a screw gauge is 1mm and its circular scale has 100 divisions. In measurement of the
diameter of a wire, the main scale reads 2mm and 45th mark on circular scale coincides with the
base line. Find:
(i) The least count, and
(ii) The diameter of the wire
Solution:
Pitch
(i) Least count =
total number of divisions on circular head
= 1mm/100
=0.01 mm or 0.001cm
(ii) Diameter of the wire = main scale reading + circular scale reading
= 2mm + (45 x 0.01mm)
= 2 + 0.45
= 2.45mm or 0.245cm

12. When a screw gauge of least count 0.01mm is used to measure the diameter of a wire, the reading
on the sleeve is found to be 1mm and the reading on the thimble is found to be 27 divisions. (i) what
is the diameter of the wire in cm? (ii) if the zero error is +0.005cm, what is the correct diameter?
Solution:
Reading on the sleeve = 1mm
Reading on the thimble = 27 x least count = 27 x 0.01mm = 0.27mm
Total reading = reading on the sleeve + reading on the thimble
= 1mm + 0.27mm = 1.27mm or 0.127cm

Zero error = + 0.005mm

Correct reading = observed reading – zero error
= 1.27mm – 0.005mm = 1.265mm

13. A screw gauge has 50 divisions on its circular scale and its screw moves by 1mm on turning it by
two rotations. When the flat end of the screw is in contact with the stud, the zero of circular scale
lies below the base line and 4th division of circular scale is in line with the base line. Find: (i) the
pitch, (ii) the least count and (iii) the zero error, of the screw gauge.
Solution:
Given : 50 divisions on circular scale
(i) One complete rotation, or the distance travelled by the screw is the pitch
1mm movement has 2 rotations.
∴ pitch = distance / rotation = ½ = 0.5mm

Pitch
(ii) Least count = = 0.5/50 = 0.01mm
total number of divisions on circular head
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation

(iii) Zero error = coinciding division x least count

= +4 x 0.01mm = + 0.04mm

14. Figure below shows the reading obtained while measuring the diameter of a wire with a screw
gauge. The screw advances by 1 division on main scale when circular head is rotated once.
Find: (i) pitch of the screw gauge,
(ii) Least count of the screw gauge, and
(iii) The diameter of the wire.

Solution:
(i) Pitch = distance covered in one revolution = 1mm
Pitch
(ii) Least count = = 1mm/50=0.02mm
total number of divisions on circular head
(iii) Diameter of the wire = main scale reading + circular scale reading
= 4.94mm

15. A screw has a pitch equal to 0.5mm. What should be the number of division on its head so
as to read correct up to 0.001mm with its help?
Solution:
Given: Pitch = 0.5mm
Number of divisions = 0.5mm/0.001mm = 500
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation

Exercise-1(C) Page: 25
1. What is a simple pendulum? Is the pendulum used in a pendulum clock simple pendulum?
Give reason to your answer.
Solution:
It is a heavy point mass that is suspended from a rigid support by a massless and inextensible
string.
No, the pendulum in the pendulum clock is not a simple pendulum as it is an ideal case. The
mass cannot be heavy having the size of point and string having no mass.

2. Define the terms: (i) oscillation, (ii) amplitude (iii) frequency (iv) time period as related to a
simple pendulum
Solution:
(i) Oscillation – one complete to and fro motion of the bob of pendulum
(ii) Amplitude – It is the maximum displacement of the bob from its mean position on either
side
(iii) Frequency – It is the number of oscillations made in one second
(iv) Time period – It is the time taken to complete one oscillation

3. Draw a neat diagram of a simple pendulum. Show on it the effective length of the
pendulum and its one oscillation.
Solution:
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
4. Name two factors on which the time period of a simple pendulum depends. Write the
relation for the time period in terms of the above named factors.
Solution:
The two factors on which the time period of a simple pendulum is dependent are:
 Acceleration due to gravity
 Length of the string of the pendulum
Time period in terms of the above named factors are:
𝑙
T = 2 π√
𝑔
Time period is directly dependent on length with square root and inversely proportional to ‘g’ –
acceleration due to gravity with square root.

5. Name two factors on which the time period of a simple pendulum does not spend.
Solution:
The time period of a simple pendulum does not spend on the following factors:
 Mass of the bob
 Material of the pendulum

6. How is the time period of a simple pendulum affected, if at all, in the following situations:
(a) The length is made four times,
(b) The acceleration due to gravity is reduced to one-fourth.
Solution:
𝑙
T = 2 π√
𝑔
(a) The length is made four times – ‘T’ is directly proportional to the square root of the ‘l’ –
length of the string and inversely proportional to the acceleration due to gravity. Hence the
length is doubled when the period is increased by two times.
(b) The acceleration due to gravity is reduced to one-fourth – when g - acceleration due to
gravity, is reduced by 1/4th, the period is increased by 2 times.

7. How are the time period T and frequency f of an oscillation of a simple pendulum related?
Solution:
The time period and frequency of an oscillation of a simple pendulum are related as stated
below:
1
f=
𝑇

8. How do you measure the time period of a given pendulum? Why do you note the time for
more than one oscillation?
Solution:
In order to measure the time period of pendulum, total time taken by the pendulum should be
divided by the number of oscillations.
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
9. How does the time period (T) of a simple pendulum depend on its length (l)? Draw a graph
showing the variation of T2 with l. How will you use this graph to determine the value of g
(acceleration due to gravity)?
Solution:
In a simple pendulum, Time period is dependent on the length directly. Time period is directly
proportional to the square root of its effective length.
i.e., T ∝ √𝑙

The acceleration due to gravity (g) can be calculated from the above mentioned graph:

To find the slope of the straight line, two points P and Q can be taken on the straight line. Draw
two normals from these mentioned points on the X and Y axis respectively. Value of T2 can be
noted at a and b. To note the value at ‘l’, consider the points c and d.

PR ab T21 −T22
Slope = QR = cd = l1 −l2

4π2
The slope is observed to be constant at a point which is equal to , g=acceleration due to
𝑔
gravity at that place. Hence ‘g’ can be determined at a place with the help of these measurements
with the help of this relation:

4π2
g=
Slope of T2 vs l graph

10. Two simple pendulum A and B have equal lengths, but heir bobs weigh 50 gf and 100 gf
respectively. What would be the ratio of their time periods? Give reason for your answer.
Solution:
The ratio of the time periods to the two pendulums A and B are 1:1 as the time period is a factor
that is independent of the mass of the bob.
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
11. Two simple pendulums A and B have lengths 1.0m and 4.0m respectively at a certain place.
Which pendulum will make more oscillations in 1 minute? Explain your answer.
Solution:
Pendulum A will take more time, twice to be precise in the given period of time as the time
period (T) is directly proportional to the square root of the length, i.e., T ∝ √𝑙 . Consequently, A
will make more oscillations in a given period of time than B, as B has lesser oscillations.

12. State how does the time period of a simple pendulum depend on (a) length of pendulum, (b)
mass of bob, (c) amplitude of oscillation and (d) acceleration due to gravity.
Solution:
Time period varies in the following ways with the listed below factors:
(a) length of pendulum – Time period is directly proportional to the square root of the length of the
pendulum
(b) mass of bob – Time period does not depend on the mass of the bob
(c) amplitude of oscillation - Time period does not depend on the amplitude of oscillation
(d) acceleration due to gravity – Time period inversely varies with the square root of ‘g’ –
acceleration due to gravity.

13. What is a seconds’ pendulum?

Solution:
Seconds’ pendulum is a pendulum with the time period of oscillation equal to two seconds.

14. State the numerical value of the frequency of oscillation of a seconds’ pendulum. Does it
depend on the amplitude of oscillation?
Solution:
The numerical value of the frequency of oscillation of a seconds’ pendulum is 0.5 s-1. No, it does
not depend on the amplitude of oscillation.

Multiple Choice Type:

1. The length of a simple pendulum is made one-fourth. Its time period becomes:
(a) Four times
(b) One-fourth
(c) Double
(d) Half
Solution:
(d) Half
Time period is directly proportional to the square root of the length of the pendulum.

2. The time period of a pendulum clock is:

(a) 1s
(b) 2s
(c) 1 min
(d) 12h
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
Solution:
(b) 2s
Time period is found using the number of oscillations more than once as least count of stop
watch is either 1s or 0.5s.

3. The length of a seconds’ pendulum is nearly:

(a) 0.5m
(b) 9.8m
(c) 1.0m
(d) 2.0m
Solution:
(c) 1.0m
The effective length of a pendulum is the distance of the point of oscillation from the point of
suspension

Numericals:

1. A simple pendulum completes 40 oscillations in one minute. Find its (a) frequency, (b) time
period.
Solution:
Given: oscillations = 40
Time taken = 1 minute or 60s
(a) In one second the frequency is 40/60 = 0.67hertz

(b) Frequency = 1/time period

∴ time period = 1/frequency
= 1/0.67
=1.5s

2. The time period of a simple pendulum is 2s. What is its frequency? What name is given to
such a pendulum?
Solution:
Given:
Time period = 2s
Frequency =?

Frequency = 1/time period

= ½ = 0.5 s-1
The name given to such a pendulum is seconds’ pendulum.

3. A seconds’ pendulum is taken to a place where acceleration due to gravity falls to one-
forth. How is the time period of the pendulum affected, if at all? Give reason. What will be
its new time period?
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
Solution:
The time period is affected by acceleration due to gravity. The relation given below clearly states
that:
1
T ∝√ . Time period is inversely proportional to the square root of acceleration due to
𝑔
gravity. Hence, when ‘g’ falls one-fourth, time period increases, it doubles.
Hence the new time period is 2 x 2 = 4s.

4. Find the length of a seconds’ pendulum at a place where g=10ms-2 (Take π =3.14).
Solution:
For seconds’ pendulum T=2s, g=10ms-2

𝑙
We know, T = 2 π √
𝑔
𝑔𝑇 2
∴ Length of pendulum, l =
4𝛑 2
10 ×22
l=
4 ×3.14 2

10 ×4
=
4 ×3.14 2

10
= = 1.0142m
9.8956

5. Compare the time periods of two pendulums of length 1m and 9m.

Solution:
We know that time period of pendulum is:
𝑙
T = 2 π√
𝑔
‘l’ = length of the pendulum
‘g’ = acceleration due to gravity

As per the above relation, time period is proportional to the square root of the length.
Let T(1) and T(2) be the time period and L(1) and L(2) be the length of the pendulum
respectively, accordingly;

T(1) : T(2) = √𝐿(1): √𝐿(2)

= √1: √9
= 1:3
6. A Pendulum completes 2 oscillations in 5s. (a) What is its time period?
(b) If g=9.8 ms-2, find its length.
Solution:
Given: oscillations = 2
 Selina Solutions For Class 9 Physics
Chapter 1 – Measurements and Experimentation
(a) Time period = 1/oscillations per second
1 5
= = = 2.5s
2 ÷5 2
(b)
𝑙
We know, T = 2 π √
𝑔
𝑔𝑇 2
∴ Length of pendulum, l =
4𝛑 2

9.8 × (2.5)2
= 2
4 × (3.14)

= 1.55m

7. The time periods of two simple pendulums at a place are in the ratio 2:1. What will be the
ratio of their lengths?
Solution:
We know that time period of pendulum is:
𝑙
T = 2 π√
𝑔

As per the above relation, time period is proportional to the square root of the length.
Let T(1) and T(2) be the time period and L(1) and L(2) be the length of the pendulum
respectively, accordingly;

T(1) : T(2) = √𝐿(1): √𝐿(2)

Or
L1: L2 = (T1) : (T2)2
2

L1: L2 = (2)2: (1)2

= 4:1

8. It takes 0.2s for a pendulum bob to move from mean position to one end. What is the time
period of pendulum?
Solution:
Time taken to complete one oscillation is the time period
= (4 x 0.2)s
= 0.8s

9. How much time does the bob of a seconds’ pendulum take to move from one extreme of its
oscillation to the other extreme?
Solution:
We know that the time period of a seconds’ pendulum is 2seconds
∴ The time taken for a seconds’ pendulum to make half oscillation is ½ x 2 seconds = 1
second.