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HVDC Control: Professor N K Kishore IIT Kharagpur

1. HVDC control involves controlling the thyristors in the converters to regulate the current and voltage in the HVDC transmission line for normal operation, fault clearing, and power reversal. 2. The converters use grid control and AC voltage control cooperatively, with grid control providing initial rapid response and AC voltage control providing steady-state operation through adjustment of firing angles. 3. HVDC systems can operate in either constant current (CC) mode or constant voltage (CV) mode, with CC limiting current fluctuations but CV reducing losses for lower power transmission. Desirable control features include limiting overcurrents while maintaining high power factor.

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56 views

HVDC Control: Professor N K Kishore IIT Kharagpur

1. HVDC control involves controlling the thyristors in the converters to regulate the current and voltage in the HVDC transmission line for normal operation, fault clearing, and power reversal. 2. The converters use grid control and AC voltage control cooperatively, with grid control providing initial rapid response and AC voltage control providing steady-state operation through adjustment of firing angles. 3. HVDC systems can operate in either constant current (CC) mode or constant voltage (CV) mode, with CC limiting current fluctuations but CV reducing losses for lower power transmission. Desirable control features include limiting overcurrents while maintaining high power factor.

Uploaded by

ojaswa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HVDC CONTROL

Professor N K Kishore
IIT Kharagpur
Control
• Normal Transmission
• Clearing Faults in Convertors
• Clearing Faults on Lines
• Mainly through Grid Control
• Thyristors – only Ignition can be controlled
through a delay or ALFA
• Transistors – both Ignition and Extinction can
be controlled
• Mechanical Switches/ Marx Switches
bidirectional
Conduction in Thyristor Valve
• When anode voltage positive wrt Cathode
• If control voltage at grid positive wrt cathode
• Extinction or cessation of conduction depends
on external circuit
• If it were simple conductor current would
reverse
Basic Control
• Ohm’s law governs basic current flow in
steady state on a dc line

• Beta goes with + Rc2 (Beta control of Invertor)


and gamma goes with –Rc2 (CEA control of Invertor)
• Since current is ratio of difference in Potentials
and resistance controlling two potentials controls
current hence power flow
• If two commutating resistances are equal and line
is uniform mid point is at average of two internal
voltages at two ends
• Internal voltage controlled by Grid Control (Delay
or Alfa) or ac voltage control (auto transformer
action – tap changer – gen. excitation)
• Grid control takes 1 to 10 ms while ac voltage
control takes 5-6 s/step.
• Used cooperatively – grid control for initial
rapid action and ac voltage control for ss
operation – restoration of ignition angle in
rectifier or voltage in invertor
Power Reversal
• Id and hence (Vd01 – Vd02) are positive as valves
are unidirectional
• Simple to reverse the flow is to invert
potentials at two ends maintaining sign of
difference
• Station 2 becomes rectifier and station 1
becomes invertor
• Magnitude of Rectifier Terminal voltage is
greater than the Invertor Terminal Voltage
• Some times reversing polarity of poles is not
desirable say in dc cables then reversing
switches are used between each convertor
and line
Manual control limitations
• dc voltages at either end may change or vary
due to faults on ac system due to sc or in
convertors - calls for rapid grid control in that
scenario
• Assume each convertor has manual ignition
angle control – view from mid point of line
• Look at the characteristics on line from each
convertor to one half of the line. Intersection
would be mid point at (Idn, Vdn)
• Typical drop due to commutation is 8 % and that due to
line is 9 %
• Drop over half the line is 12.5 %
• Say ac voltage at the inverter drops by 12.5 %
• Point of intersection moves to “A”  1.5 Idn
• Another 12.5 % drop at inverter moves point of
intersection to “B”  2 Idn
• Say ac voltage at the rectifier drops by 12.5 %
• Point of intersection moves to “C”  0.5 Idn
• Another 12.5 % drop at rectifier moves point of
intersection to “D”  0 Idn
Constant Current vs Constant Voltage
• Constant current(CC) as voltage varies with
power transmitted
• Constant voltage (CV) as current varies with
power transmitted
• Applicable on ac systems too
• CC systems loads along with one/more sources
are connected in series – load is taken of by
bypassing it – if source bringing emf to zero –
employed on street lights and early dc
transmission systems
• CV systems loads are connected in parallel –
load/source is taken off by opening particular
branch – common in ac transmission and dc
distribution systems
• HVDC having only two terminals can be CC or CV
– distinction not apparent
• Criteria are:
1. Limitation of variation of current due to faults
on dc line or ac system or convertors
2. Energy losses and efficiency
• SC currents are high on CV ac systems –
limited by impedance mainly reactive in
nature
• They become significant as only limited by line
resistance
• On a CC systems SC currents are limited to
load current at max 2 pu
• Accidental OC give rise to High Voltages - rare
• CV systems have I2R losses proportional to
square of Power while CC systems have it as
proportional to full load current
• When transmitting less than rated power
(usual) losses are low on CV systems
• Voltage dep losses are lower compared to
current dep losses
• Loss reduction favors CV while Current limit
favors CC
Desirable Features of Control
• Limit maximum current to avert damage of convertors
or current carrying parts
• Limit fluctuation of current due to fluctuation of ac
voltage
• Keeping power factor as high as possible
• Prevent commutation failures of inverters
• In multi anode valves keep anode voltage high enough
before ignition
• Sending end voltage constant at rated value to reduce
losses
• Control of power transmitted and freq at times
• Power factor kept high on four counts:
1. Rated power as high as possible at rated
current/voltage for valves and Transformers (Rated
Voltage of Transformer and Voltage across valves α
Vd0 while rated Power α Vd )
2. Reduce stresses on Valves
3. Minimize Required current rating/copper losses on ac
lines to convertors
4. Minimize voltage drop at ac terminals of the
convertors
• PF raised by adding shunt capacitors increases cost of
capacitors
• High PF needs very low alfa or gamma
• Make alfa zero in a rectifier – easy
• Multi anode valves α kept ~ 50 => PF 0.996
• Difficult in an Inverter
• To avoid failure of commutation complete
commutation before ϒ = 0 when commutating voltage
reverses – hence ϒ >0 to avoid this
• Can not control ϒ hence β = ϒ + u is controlled
• Computation of β may not be accurate due to changes
in Id and Vc hence taken a high value reducing PF
• Compute α to get min. ϒ (CEA)
Control Characteristics

β
• Rectifier maintains Id at Vd at sending end at
CC control => vertical chrs i.e. line AB ideal
practically high –ve slope
• Say inverter has CEA control - line CD low –ve
slope

• Operating point is intersection of AB and CD


“E”
• Both can be shifted – rectifier shifted
horizontally by current command of CC control
by changing α and inverter vertically by Tap
Changer
• Rectifier controls Id and Inverter controls Vd
• Both work as inverters to de-energize the line
• Solid lines 1 to 2 P1
• Dashed lines 2 to 1 P2
• Both stations given same current reference –
but at inverter station current margin is
subtracted
• When reversing current margin to be shifted –
shunt capacitance to be discharged first and
then charged

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