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CE 581 Reinforced Concrete Structures: Lecture 4: Axial Loading

This document discusses axial loading on reinforced concrete structures. It covers elastic and inelastic responses, reinforcement stability, and stress transfer between steel and concrete. Key points include: 1) Unconfined columns experience splitting cracks and bar buckling, while confined columns experience less localization and spiral fracture. 2) Plane sections remain plane under axial loading assumptions. Material models account for elastic and inelastic responses. 3) Reinforcement in compression can buckle in different modes depending on lateral restraint. Codes require minimum support for each bar. 4) Crack widths are estimated based on steel stress at cracks, bar cover, and effective concrete area. Minimum reinforcement is needed to control cracking.

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Celil Orak
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106 views36 pages

CE 581 Reinforced Concrete Structures: Lecture 4: Axial Loading

This document discusses axial loading on reinforced concrete structures. It covers elastic and inelastic responses, reinforcement stability, and stress transfer between steel and concrete. Key points include: 1) Unconfined columns experience splitting cracks and bar buckling, while confined columns experience less localization and spiral fracture. 2) Plane sections remain plane under axial loading assumptions. Material models account for elastic and inelastic responses. 3) Reinforcement in compression can buckle in different modes depending on lateral restraint. Codes require minimum support for each bar. 4) Crack widths are estimated based on steel stress at cracks, bar cover, and effective concrete area. Minimum reinforcement is needed to control cracking.

Uploaded by

Celil Orak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE 581

Reinforced Concrete Structures


Lecture 4: Axial Loading
Introduction
- Observations
- Elastic Response
- Inelastic Response
- Reinforcement Stability
- Stress Transfer between steel and concrete
- Crack widths
Circulas Column Tests
Observations
Unconfined:

- Splitting
cracks
- Localization
- Spalling
- Longitudinal
bar buckling

Confined
- Splitting
cracks
- Less
localization
- Spiral
fracture
- Bar buckling
Analysis Assumptions
• Plane section remains plane
• Perfect bond
• Material models
• Equilibrium
Free-body diagram
Elastic Analysis
Inelastic Response

- Until compressive strain of 0.002, cover and core behave in a similar manner.
- Beyond that cover spalls and softens, whereas core concrete is subjected to
confinement with larger deformation capacity.
- Softening of the core occurs with less steep softening branch
Reinforcement

- Reinforcement in compression start to buckle.


- There are two basic buckling modes:
- Buckling along one stirrup spacing
- Buckling over more than one stirrup spacing depending on the lateral restraint
- Buckling of central bars are easier since the only restraint comes from flexural stiffness
of hoops.
- Remember the code requirements!!
- According to ACI and NZC, every bar must be supported in SMRF!
Euler Buckling for Reinforcement

For elastic buckling: E=200GPa, fy=420 MPa,


k≈0.7 (0.5-1) results in s ≈25db

For inelastic buckling: E= 10GPa, fy=420 MPa,


k≈0.7 (0.5-1) results in s ≈5db
Reinforcement in Compression
Almost
similar to
bare bar

Softening
after yielding

Softening
Higher Modes of Buckling
Axial Load Deformation Response
• Impose axial strain
• Compute stress from material model
• Compute force from equilibrium
• Compute deformation by integrating strain
Ductile vs. Brittle Column Response
Unloading Softening

Damage
Localization
Ensuring Ductile Behavior
Before Spalling After Spalling (𝜂: 𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑/𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑)

For ductile response


Rectangular Columns

Note that in the Turkish Earthquake Code:


Tensile Stresses in Concrete After Cracking
When εc>εcr we assumed that
tensile strain in concrete is
concrete
zero. In other words for c>cr,
response is same as a bare bar.
1899 Considere, 1908 Mörsch bar

“Because of friction against reinforcement and of tensile strength which still


exists in pieces lying between the cracks, even cracked concrete decreases to
some extent the stretch of the reinforcement”
This effect is called tension stiffing.

Bond between bar and concrete enables some tension to be transfered from
the bar to concrete. Transfer occurs with inclined compressive forces radiating
out from the bar. Secondary cracks form in addition to primary cracks.
Bond transfer
through:
• Bearing
• Adhesion
• Friction

Formation of internal cracks


Bond
Bond

Equation shows that there must be slip between ab and cd and the slip
increases with the distance from central portion bc.
Bond slip models
Parameters affecting bond:
- Concrete strength
- X: distance from crack
- Transverse reinforcement (comp)
- Bar size
- Loading type/rate

For uniform bond stress: Typically 𝐮 = 𝟎. 𝟓 − 𝟏 𝒇𝒄

𝛥𝑓𝑐 = 𝑢𝜋𝑑𝑏 𝛥𝑥/𝐴𝑐


𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑠𝑝 𝐴𝑐 /𝑢𝜋𝑑𝑏 Cracks will space between lmin-2lmin
Reinforcement Behavior in Concrete
Load Sharing between concrete and reinforcement

1- Prior to cracking Nc, Ns constant.


2- σc>ft’ primary cracks develops at the
cracked section only steel contribution.
In other section σc<fcr
3- Stress in concrete can not build up any
further
No more primary cracks (Not sufficient
length for transfer)
4- Steel yielding
• If the variation of tensile force along the length of the member is known, strain
can easily be computed.
• Deformation then can be calculated by integrating the strains.
• Because of concrete presence, average steel strain is somewhat smaller than
the maximum strain in the steel which occurs at cracks.
• The average force in the bar can be found by subtracting the average concrete
force from the applied load.

Ns
 av   at cracks c  s 
Es As
N s  N  Nc
N  Nc  N s
average force in steel N c  Ac f c
average force in concrete
When first primary cracks occur σc=ft
After formation of first cracks, average stress in concrete reduces as
further cracks develop stress further drops.

Model by
Vecchio and Collins
1986.

Variation of steel strain along the length of a tension specimen

1  f cr α1=1.0 deformed bar


c  α1=0.7 plain bars, wires, bonded strands
1  500   c α1=0 unbonded tendons
Example:
As  300mm2 f y  400MPa Ec  26000MPa
Ac  22800mm2 f c  30MPa
'
Assume plain bar
f t  2MPa
2
 c  0.001   cr   7.6 E  6
26000
1.0
c   2  1.17 MPa
1  500 1E  3
N  1.17  22800  200E3 0.001 300  87kN
Check if cracks can transmit the load without yielding in steel

87000
s   290MPa  f y (OK )
300
Capacity is limited with yielding of the bar at crack location.

f cr  3

2.45


0.0001

Yield force at crack location determines the ultimate


Crack Widths
wf
 cf 
5smm

cf ; ignores small elastic


strain at cracks
wf; mean crack width
sm; mean crack spacing

Tensile stress at the


outer surface must
reach tensile strength
wf Crack opening of concrete. When a
s5mm
crack occur a “stress
relief (free) zone”
occurs.
A Simple Estimate of Crack Width

s5mm  3  C
max

Cmax: Maximum distance that s point on the surface can be away from a
reinforcing bar.
Estimating Crack Widths
Gergely – Lutz expression for crack widths

Wmax  11
1.1 
   f scr  3 dc  A 10 6
1E-5 
fscr; stress in reinforcing bar at crack (elastic analysis)
dc; distance from extreme tension fiber to center
of closest bar
A; effective concrete area per bar (Total area of concrete in
tension which has the same centroid as the tension reinforcement
divided by the number of equivalent largest size bars)

1→ uniform strain
h2/h1→ varying strain
;
[h1; distance from tension steel to NA]
[h2; distance from extreme tension fiber to NA]
when different size bar are used number of bars; As total equivalent
number of largest bar size.
Example Crack Calculation

50mm
N  160kN Estimate maximum crack width?

N 160000
250mm
f scr    200 MPa
As 800
16mm
250mm

A=2502/4=15625 mm

 
wmax  1.1 200  3 50 15625 10 5  0.2mm
Minimum Reinforcement for Crack Control
If very small amount of reinforcement is provided, reinforcement yields
when first crack forms. Further deformation occurs locally

 250mm 1500mm s.t tension


18bars 0.24% to 2.36%

No crack control
When first crack occurs, reinforcement must be transfered from concrete to
steel.
f cr f cr
N  Ac  f cr  As  f y  s   min
fy fy

f cr  2MPa f y  420MPa  min  0.5%


Distribution of Cracks

Influence of percentage of
reinforcement on crack pattern
and steel stress at cracking.
Adapted from Williams

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