CHM 101 GAGE

FINAL REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHM 101

Wow! It=s almost the end of the semester and you have a head full of chemical concepts. To get
ready for the final exam and review those concepts work on the following material. Keep in
mind that this is only a sample and does not cover every point we discussed.

1. Complete (if necessary), write in symbols (if necessary) and balance each of the
following chemical equations. Indicate what type of reaction each one represents.

2K + CuSO4 ----------> K2SO4 + Cu single replacement

C3H8O2 + 4 O2 -----------> 4 H2 O + 3 CO2 redox

S8 + 8 F2 --------------> 8 SF2 or combination

S8 + 24 F2 --------------> 8 SF6 combination

(NH4)2CO3 + Δ ----------------> 2 NH3 + H2O + CO2 decomposition

H2SO4 + Mg(HCO3)2 -----------> MgSO4 + 2 H2O + 2 CO2

double replacement
strontium nitrate plus phosphoric acid ----------->
3 Sr(NO3)2 + 2 H3PO4 ------------> Sr3(PO4)2 + 6 HNO3
double replacement
magnesium chloride in water reacts with silver nitrate to form solid silver chloride and
soluble magnesium nitrate
MgCl2 (aq) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) -------------> 2 AgCl (s) + Mg(NO 3)2
double replacement
2. a. List every characteristic or piece of information you can about the element
sulfur. Be sure to include all properties you can determine from the periodic
table. Remember atomic structure.
16 p+, 16 e-, 16 or more n
non-metal
Group VIA
Forms ionic or covalent bonds
Forms S2- ions
Chemical properties similar to O or Se
3rd period element
atomic mass = 32.1 amu
1 mole = 32.1 g
1s22s22p63s23p4; 1st shell = 2 e-, 2nd shell = 8 e-, third shell = 6 e-; 2 unpaired e-
can determine relative: electronegativity, atomic and ionic radii, electron affinity

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 b. Sulfur can form ionic and covalent bonds. Explain why and how. Provide
examples for each type of bond.
In the presence of a metal, sulfur will gain 2e- to complete its octet, form S 2- and be
attracted to the subsequent metal ion forming an ionic bond. In the presence of a non-
metal, S will share e- to complete its octet and thereby form a covalent bond.

3. A gas has a volume of 380 mL at STP.

a. What is its volume at 25oC and 1.8 atm?
P1 = 1.00 atm V1 = 380 mL T1 = 0C = 273 K
P2 = 1.8 atm V2 = ? mL T2 = 250C = 298 K
P1V1T2 (1.00 atm)(380 mL)(298 K)
=  230 mL = 2.3 x 102 mL
P2 T1 (273 K)(1.8 atm)
b. How many moles does the sample contain?
PV (1.00 atm)(0.380 L)
PV = nRT =n= = 0.0170 mol
RT (0.0821 L atm/mol K)(273 K)
c. What pressure is needed to change the volume to 300 mL at standard
temperature?
P1 = 1.00 atm V1 = 380 mL T1 = 0C = 273 K
P2 = ? atm V2 = ? mL T2 = 0C = 273 K
P1V1 (1.00 atm)(380 mL)
=  1.27 atm
V2 (300 mL)
d. How can you tell if the gas is really an ideal gas at all conditions?
Predict the volume (from the ideal gas law) for given sets of conditions and then measure
the volume at those conditions. If the gas is ideal, the predicted volume will match the
measured volume.

4. Give an example of each of the following:

a. chemical change i. endothermic
physical process
b. physical property
j.
halogen
c. gas variable
k.
homogeneous mixture
d. empirical and molecular
formula l.
diatomic element
e. element chemically similar to
phosphorus m. ionic
compound

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 f. property unique to metals
n.
hypothesis
g. compound that shows
hydrogen bonding o.
theory
h. exothermic chemical reaction

5. Consider the compounds HNO3, CH3COOH, NaOH, NH3, CaCO3, and BF3 in aqueous
solution.
a. Which are Arrhenius acids? Arrhenius bases?
AA = HNO3, CH3COOH AB = NaOH
b. Which are considered strong and which weak?
Strong = HNO3, NaOH Weak = CH3COOH, NH3, CaCO3, BF3
c. Which are Lewis acids and Lewis bases?
LA = HNO3, CH3COOH, BF3 LB = NaOH, NH3, CaCO3
d. Which would react with active metals? Which would taste bitter?
Metals = HNO3, CH3COOH bitter = NaOH, NH3, CaCO3
e. Assume you had solutions of the same molarity of HNO3, CH3COOH, NaOH, and
NH3. Put them in order from highest to lowest pH and explain (using chemical
equations) why they are in that order.
NaOH > NH3 . CH3COOH . HNO3

6. Consider the following reaction for the production of phosphoric acid from phosphorus
pentoxide for use in fertilizer or explosive manufacture:
P2 O5 + 3 H2O -------------> 2 H3PO4
a. How many grams of phosphoric acid can be made from 0.54 moles of water?
2 mol H 3PO 4 98.0 g H3 PO 4
0.54 mol H 2 O x x = 35 g H 3PO 4
3 mol H 2 O 1 mol H 3PO 4
b. How many atoms of hydrogen are needed to form 38 molecules of phosphoric
acid?
3 atoms H
38 molecules H 3 PO 4 x = 114 atoms H
1 molecule H3 PO 4
c. If you have 3.2 x 1022 molecules of water, how many grams of P2O5 will be
needed to react with it?
1 mol H 2O 1 mol P2 O5 142.0 g P2 O5
3.2 x 1022 molecules H 2O x 23
x x = 2.5 g P2 O5
6.02 x 10 molecules H 2O 3 mol H 2 O 1 mol P2O5
d. How many grams of phosphoric acid can be produced from 90. g of phosphorus
pentoxide and 50.0 grams of water. How much of which reactant will remain?
1 mol P2 O5 2 mol H 3 PO 4 98.0 g H 3PO 4
90 g P2 O5 x x x = 1.2 x 10 2 g H 3PO 4
142.0 g P2 O5 1 mol P2 O5 1 mol H 3PO 4
1 mol H 2 O 2 mol H 3 PO 4 98.0 g H3PO 4
50.0 g H 2 O x x x = 181 g H 3PO 4
18.0 g H 2 O 3 mol H2O 1 mol H3PO 4
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Since 120 g is the lesser amount, that is the quantity that will be made.
7. Epsom salts is the common name for magnesium sulfate.
a. If you have 35.0 grams of magnesium sulfate in 650 mL of solution, what is the
g/v% and molarity of the solution?
35.0 g
x 100 = 5.38%
650 mL
1 mol MgSO 4
35.0 g MgSO 4 x = 0.291 mol MgSO 4
120.4 g MgSO 4
mol 0.291 mol
M= = = 0.447 M MgSO 4
L 0.650 L
b. How many grams of magnesium sulfate would you need to make 750 mL of a
0.26M solution?
mol 0.26 mol
M= M x L = mol x 0.750 L = 0.195 mol
L L
120.4 g MgSO4
0.195 mol x = 23 g MgSO 4 (2 sig fig)
1 mol MgSO 4
c. What happens on a particle level when the magnesium sulfate dissolves in water?
Would it be the same process when CH3CH2OH dissolves in water? Explain.
As the magnesium sulfate which is ionically bonded comes in contact with the polar
water molecules, ion-dipole forces form between the positive magnesium ions and the
slightly negative oxygen ends of water and between the slightly positive hydrogen areas
of water and the negative sulfate ion. The ions are separated from each other and
dispersed in the solution. The ions are surrounded by water molecules in solution.

The process would be similar for CH3CH2OH except that this compound is polar-
covalently bonded and so will not separate into ions in water. Dipole-dipole forces,
specifically hydrogen bonding, will cause the interactions between the molecules and the
dispersion of CH3CH2OH in the water.

8. Explain how you could accomplish the following in the lab (or possibly at home):
a. raise the boiling point of water without adding material
Increase the pressure over the water by sealing the container (such as in a pressure cooker
or autoclave). Since the atmospheric pressure over the water is higher, more energy will
be needed to overcome the pressure and allow the vapor to escape and the boiling point
will increase.
b. lower the freezing point of water
Add a solute to the water and this will reduce the freezing point by requiring the system
to go to a lower energy state to achieve order among the solvent particles and exclude the
solute particles from the solid lattice.
c. determine the molar mass of a mystery gas
Obtain a given mass of the gas. Measure the pressure, temperature and volume of the
gas. Use the ideal gas law to determine the molar mass of the gas.

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 d. determine the identity of an element without using a chemical reaction
Determine several physical properties such as density, boiling point and/or melting point.
Along with physical characteristics such as state and color, you should be able to use a
reference book to determine the identity of the element.
e. determine if a substance is a compound or element
Attempt to separate the substance by chemical means. If the separation is unsuccessful,
the substance is an element. If it can be separated it is a compound.

9. Complete the following table:

Substance electron molecular polar or non- Polar or non- Type of

geometry geometry polar bonds? polar Hybridization
molecule?
nitrite ion trigonal angular polar (just NA sp2
planar barely)
arsenic trigonal trigonal polar non-polar sp3d
pentachloride bipyramidal bipyramidal
calcium oxide NA NA NA NA NA
ionic
ammonia tetrahedral trigonal polar polar sp3
pyramidal
silicon dioxide linear linear polar non-polar sp
boron trigonal trigonal polar non-polar sp2
trichloride planar planar

10. A 1.60 gram sample of a compound contains 0.276 grams of hydrogen and 1.32 grams of
carbon. The sample occupies a volume of 655 mL at 100oC and 980.0 mmHg. What are
the empirical and molecular formulas for the compound?
1 mol H 1 mol C
0.276 g H x = 0.276 mol H 1.32 g C x = 0.11 mol C
1.0 g H 12.0 g C
0.276 0.11
 2.5  1 Multiply by 2 to achieve whole numbers
0.11 0.11
Empirical formula = C 2 H 5

Use the Ideal Gas Law to determine the molar mass for this compound.
gRT (1.60 g)(0.0821 L atm/mol K)(373 K)
MM = = = 58.0 g/mol
PV (1.29 atm)(0.655 L)
Molar mass 58.0 g/mol
= =2
Empirical mass 29.0 g/mol
Therefore the molecular formula is twice as large as the empirical formula.
Molecular formula = C 4 H10

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11. Ponder and answer the following questions or statements with a scientific explanation.
a. Why does hot air rise?
As the temperature of a gas increases the molecules move faster. Since the air is not
contained, the pressure will not increase but the volume the gas occupies will. The mass
remains the same and the volume increases so the density decreases. Less dense
materials rise so the hot air will rise above the denser, cooler air.
b. Water is very efficient at cooling our bodies as we sweat. Explain why.
Water molecules interact through strong dipole-dipole forces (hydrogen bonding). To
overcome these forces and separate these molecules takes a significant amount of energy.
As a result, when the molecules do leave the body they carry a lot of energy with them.
This makes the sweating/evaporating process very efficient at cooling the human body.

c. Why will a 0.1 M solution of table salt boil at a higher temperature than 0.1 M
table sugar (sucrose)?
When NaCl dissolves in water each unit of the substance dissociates into 2 particles
while the sucrose molecules, which are covalently bonded, do not dissociate. Therefore,
there are twice as many particles in the NaCl solution as there are in the sucrose solution
and the boiling point elevation depends on the number of solute particles in solution.
d. Boron trifluoride and nitrogen trifluoride both have three bonds from the central
atom. Do they have the same geometries? Why or why not?
They have different geometries. BF3 has only three pairs of electrons around the central
atom and therefore has a trigonal planar geometry. NF3 has four pairs of electrons
around the central atom so the electron geometry is tetrahedral and the resulting
molecular geometry is trigonal pyramidal.
e. What happens on a particle level when water vapor at 120 degrees Celsius is
cooled to minus 10 degrees Celsius?
The high energy gas particles lose energy and move more slowly until they reach 100oC.
At this temperature there is a transition from the vapor to liquid. The temperature
remains constant until all the molecules have liquified. The liquid molecules continue to
cool (slow down their translational motion) until they reach 0oC. At this point the
transition from liquid to solid occurs while the molecules arrange themselves in a crystal
lattice. Once the molecules have all entered the lattice the temperature will fall from 0oC
to -10 as the solid loses additional energy.
f. Silicon dioxide melts above 1500oC while sulfur dioxide melts well below 0oC.
Explain why.
SO2 has a higher molar mass than SiO2 and has polar covalent bonding and therefore
chances for stronger interactions than the non-polar silicon dioxide. However, silicon
dioxide forms a covalent or network crystal while sulfur dioxide forms a molecular
crystal. It is much easier to break apart the dipole-dipole forces in SO 2 than it is to break
the covalent bonds in the SiO2 crystal. Therefore it will take less energy to melt the
sulfur dioxide.

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 g. All reactions require the input of some energy. Correct?
Yes. Any reaction system must absorb enough energy to make it past any barriers. This
is the activation energy. Once the barrier is past some or more than the energy absorbed
will be released.
h. Chemical equations have to be balanced. Why?
Because there is a fundamental law of nature that says that matter cannot be created or
destroyed, we must account for all matter that is involved in a chemical change. This is
why equations must be balanced.
i. Why did Bohr suspect that electrons moved about the nucleus in set orbits? Why
did Rutherford think that the atom had a dense, positively charged nucleus?
When Bohr looked at the atomic spectra for elements he noticed that the patterns of light
released were always the same. Since each wavelength of light has a specific energy,
Bohr knew that whatever was occurring took specific amounts of energy. He concluded
that electrons must occupy specific energy levels and were making transitions from one
set level to another.

Rutherford’s gold foil experiment involved directing positively charged alpha particles at
gold foil. Most of the alpha particles made it through the foil unhindered. A small
percentage of the particles were slightly deflected from a straight line path or were
deflected back toward the source. Based on these results he concluded that atoms must
be mostly empty space but do contain a small, positively charged center (because +
particles were deflected). Since the mass of the atom must be contained in this tiny
region, it would be very dense.

12. A 3.50 x 102 g sample of a material is heated from -100C to gas at 80oC. How much
energy is involved in the process?
mp = -5oC ΔHvap = 566
J/g
bp = 80.0oC ΔHfus = 245
J/g
sp.ht.sol = 1.5J/g$oC
sp.ht.liq = 2.4 J/g$oC
sp.ht.vap = 1.2 J/g$oC
J
1.5 x 5C x 350 g = 2625 J
g C
J
245 x 350 g = 85750 J
g
J
2.4 x 85C x 350 g = 7 1400 J
g C
J
566 x 350 g = 198100 J
g
Total = 357875 J = 3.58 x 105 J

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 The molar mass of this compound is about 46 g/mol. Are the intermolecular forces
between molecules of this compound stronger or weaker than water? Explain.
All of the specific heats and enthalpies for this compound are lower than water despite
the fact the compound is heavier than water. Therefore, the forces in this compound are
probably weaker than in water since less energy is required for each transition.
13. What are the intermolecular forces between molecules or units of each of the following
compounds? Justify your answer by drawing and labeling chemical structures.
Compound Structure and IMFs
CH3F dipole-dipole forces; polar molecule
PH3 dipole-dipole forces; although the bonds between H and P are non-polar,
there is a lone pair of electrons on P and that makes the P end of the molecule
slightly negative
CH3CH2CH3 dispersion; non-polar molecule
CaCl2 electrostatic forces; ionic compound
PCl5 dispersion forces; polar bonds but symmetrical, non-polar molecule
CO2 dispersion forces; polar bonds but symmetrical, non-polar molecule
14. Arrange the species in each set below from highest to lowest boiling point and explain
why they should be ordered that way:

Set Compounds Boiling Point Order and explanation

H2O > NH3 > CH4 Both water and ammonia have
1 CH4 H2O NH3 hydrogen bonding while non-polar methane interacts
through weaker dispersion forces. Because O is more
electronegative than N and there are more possible
interaction possibilities in water, water has stronger
interactions than ammonia

GeH4 > SiH4 > CH4 All three of these molecule are
2 SiH4 GeH4 CH4 non-polar so the order of boiling point depends on the
molar mass since the heavier a molecule is the more
energy it will require to become a gaseous particle.

RbBr > AsH2Br > Br2 Intermolecular forces dominate

3 RbBr AsH2Br Br2 here- stronger forces, more energy. RbBr is ionic so the
forces are electrostatic; AsH2Br is polar so forces are
dipole-dipole; Br2 is non-polar so the forces are dispersion

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15. Consider a 10 L container of carbon dioxide gas at 10oC. In the table below, indicate
whether the frequency of collision of the gas particles with the walls of the container and
the average kinetic energy of the particles will increase, remain the same or decrease with
each change indicated and why:

Change Average KE Collisions

volume changed to 25 L same reduced; more space so fewer
interactions
number of moles doubled same increased; more particles so
more possible collisions
pressure decreased same decreased; less forces without
a temp change means fewer
collisions
temperature changed to 30oC increased increased; more energetic
particles will generate more
collisions in same volume