Export Pre Shipment and Post Shipment Finance.

 Types of Pre Shipment Finance

 Requirment for Getting Packing Credit
o Eligibility
o Quantum of Finance
 Different Stages of PreShipment Finance
o Appraisal and Sanction of Limits
 Disbursement of Packing Credit Advance
 Follow up of Packing Credit Advance
 Liquidation of Packing Credit Advance
 Overdue Packing
 Special Cases
 Packing Credit to Sub Supplier
 Running Account facility
 Preshipment Credit in Foreign Currency (PCFC)
 Packing Credit Facilities to deemed Exports
 Packing Credit facilities for Consulting Services
 Advance against Cheque / Drafts received as advance payment

Pre Shipment Finance is issued by a financial institution when the seller want the payment of
the goods before shipment. The main objectives behind preshipment finance or pre export
finance is to enable exporter to:

 Procure raw materials.

 Carry out manufacturing process.
 Provide a secure warehouse for goods and raw materials.
 Process and pack the goods.
 Ship the goods to the buyers.
 Meet other financial cost of the business.

Types of Pre Shipment Finance

 Packing Credit
 Advance against Cheques/Draft etc. representing Advance Payments.

Preshipment finance is extended in the following forms :

 Packing Credit in Indian Rupee

 Packing Credit in Foreign Currency (PCFC)
Requirment for Getting Packing Credit
This facility is provided to an exporter who satisfies the following criteria

 A ten digit importerexporter code number allotted by DGFT.

 Exporter should not be in the caution list of RBI.
 If the goods to be exported are not under OGL (Open General Licence), the exporter
should have the required license /quota permit to export the goods.

Packing credit facility can be provided to an exporter on production of the following evidences
to the bank:

1. Formal application for release the packing credit with undertaking to the effect that the
exporter would be ship the goods within stipulated due date and submit the relevant
shipping documents to the banks within prescribed time limit.
2. Firm order or irrevocable L/C or original cable / fax / telex message exchange between
the exporter and the buyer.
3. Licence issued by DGFT if the goods to be exported fall under the restricted or canalized
category. If the item falls under quota system, proper quota allotment proof needs to be
submitted.

The confirmed order received from the overseas buyer should reveal the information about the
full name and address of the overseas buyer, description quantity and value of goods (FOB or
CIF), destination port and the last date of payment.

Eligibility

Pre shipment credit is only issued to that exporter who has the export order in his own name.
However, as an exception, financial institution can also grant credit to a third party
manufacturer or supplier of goods who does not have export orders in their own name.

In this case some of the responsibilities of meeting the export requirements have been out
sourced to them by the main exporter. In other cases where the export order is divided
between two more than two exporters, pre shipment credit can be shared between them

Quantum of Finance

The Quantum of Finance is granted to an exporter against the LC or an expected order.   The
only guideline principle is the concept of NeedBased Finance. Banks determine the percentage
of margin, depending on factors such as:

 The nature of Order.

  The nature of the commodity.
 The capability of exporter to bring in the requisite contribution.

Different Stages of Pre Shipment Finance

Appraisal and Sanction of Limits

1. Before making any an allowance for Credit facilities banks need to check the different aspects
like product profile, political and economic details about country. Apart from these things, the
bank also looks in to the status report of the prospective buyer, with whom the exporter
proposes to do the business. To check all these information, banks can seek the help of
institution like ECGC or International consulting agencies like Dun and Brad street etc.

The Bank extended the packing credit facilities after ensuring the following"

1. The exporter is a regular customer, a bona fide exporter and has a goods standing in the
market.
2. Whether the exporter has the necessary license and quota permit (as mentioned earlier)
or not.
3. Whether the country with which the exporter wants to deal is under the list of
Restricted Cover Countries(RCC) or not.

Disbursement of Packing Credit Advance

2. Once the proper sanctioning of the documents is done, bank ensures whether exporter has
executed the list of documents mentioned earlier or not. Disbursement is normally allowed
when all the documents are properly executed.

Sometimes an exporter is not able to produce the export order at time of availing packing
credit. So, in these cases, the bank provide a special packing credit facility and is known as
Running Account Packing.

Before disbursing the bank specifically check for the following particulars in the submitted
documents"

1. Name of buyer
2. Commodity to be exported
3. Quantity
4. Value (either CIF or FOB)
5. Last date of shipment / negotiation.
6. Any other terms to be complied with
The quantum of finance is fixed depending on the FOB value of contract /LC or the domestic
values of goods, whichever is found to be lower. Normally insurance and freight charged are
considered at a later stage, when the goods are ready to be shipped.

In this case disbursals are made only in stages and if possible not in cash. The payments are
made directly to the supplier by drafts/bankers/cheques.

The bank decides the duration of packing credit depending upon the time required by the
exporter for processing of goods.

The maximum duration of packing credit period is 180 days, however bank may provide a
further 90 days extension on its own discretion, without referring to RBI.

Follow up of Packing Credit Advance

3. Exporter needs to submit stock statement giving all the necessary information about the
stocks. It is then used by the banks as a guarantee for securing the packing credit in advance.
Bank also decides the rate of submission of this stocks.

Apart from this, authorized dealers (banks) also physically inspect the stock at regular intervals.

Liquidation of Packing Credit Advance

4. Packing Credit Advance needs be liquidated out of as the export proceeds of the relevant
shipment, thereby converting preshipment credit into postshipment credit.

This liquidation can also be done by the payment receivable from the Government of India and
includes the duty drawback, payment from the Market Development Fund (MDF) of the Central
Government or from any other relevant source.
In case if the export does not take place then the entire advance can also be recovered at a
certain interest rate. RBI has allowed some flexibility in to this regulation under which
substitution of commodity or buyer can be allowed by a bank without any reference to RBI.
Hence in effect the packing credit advance may be repaid by proceeds from export of the same
or another commodity to the same or another buyer. However, bank need to ensure that the
substitution is commercially necessary and unavoidable.

Overdue Packing

5. Bank considers a packing credit as an overdue, if the borrower fails to liquidate the packing
credit on the due date. And, if the condition persists then the bank takes the necessary step to
recover its dues as per normal recovery procedure.

Special Cases
Packing Credit to Sub Supplier

1. Packing Credit can only be shared on the basis of disclaimer between the Export Order
Holder (EOH) and the manufacturer of the goods. This disclaimer is normally issued by the EOH
in order to indicate that he is not availing any credit facility against the portion of the order
transferred in the name of the manufacturer.

This disclaimer is also signed by the bankers of EOH after which they have an option to open an
inland L/C specifying the goods to be supplied to the EOH as a part of the export transaction.
On basis of such an L/C, the subsupplier bank may grant a packing credit to the subsupplier to
manufacture the components required for exports.
On supply of goods, the L/C opening bank will pay to the sub supplier's bank against the inland
documents received on the basis of the inland L/C opened by them.

The final responsibility of EOH is to export the goods as per guidelines. Any delay in export
order can bring EOH to penal provisions that can be issued anytime.

The main objective of this method is to cover only the first stage of production cycles, and is not
to be extended to cover supplies of raw material etc. Running account facility is not granted to
subsuppliers.

In case the EOH is a trading house, the facility is available commencing from the manufacturer
to whom the order has been passed by the trading house.

Banks however, ensure that there is no double financing and the total period of packing credit
does not exceed the actual cycle of production of the commodity.

Running Account facility

2. It is a special facility under which a bank has right to grant preshipment advance for export to
the exporter of any origin. Sometimes banks also extent these facilities depending upon the
good track record of the exporter.
In return the exporter needs to produce the letter of credit / firms export order within a given
period of time.

Preshipment Credit in Foreign Currency (PCFC)

3. Authorised dealers are permitted to extend Preshipment Credit in Foreign Currency (PCFC)
with an objective of making the credit available to the exporters at internationally competitive
price. This is considered as an added advantage under which credit is provided in foreign
currency in order to facilitate the purchase of raw material after fulfilling the basic export
orders.

The rate of interest on PCFC is linked to London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). According to
guidelines, the final cost of exporter must not exceed 0.75% over 6 month LIBOR, excluding the
tax.

The exporter has freedom to avail PCFC in convertible currencies like USD, Pound, Sterling,
Euro, Yen etc. However, the risk associated with the cross currency truncation is that of the
exporter.

The sources of funds for the banks for extending PCFC facility include the Foreign Currency
balances available with the Bank in Exchange, Earner Foreign Currency Account (EEFC), Resident
Foreign Currency Accounts RFC(D) and Foreign Currency(NonResident) Accounts.

Banks are also permitted to utilize the foreign currency balances available under Escrow
account and Exporters Foreign Currency accounts. It ensures that the requirement of funds by
the account holders for permissible transactions is met. But the limit prescribed for maintaining
maximum balance in the account is not exceeded. In addition, Banks may arrange for
borrowings from abroad. Banks may negotiate terms of credit with overseas bank for the
purpose of grant of PCFC to exporters, without the prior approval of RBI, provided the rate of
interest on borrowing does not exceed 0.75% over 6 month LIBOR.

Packing Credit Facilities to Deemed Exports

4. Deemed exports made to multilateral funds aided projects and programmes, under orders
secured through global tenders for which payments will be made in free foreign exchange, are
eligible for concessional rate of interest facility both at pre and post supply stages.

Packing Credit facilities for Consulting Services

5. In case of consultancy services, exports do not involve physical movement of goods out of
Indian Customs Territory. In such cases, Preshipment finance can be provided by the bank to
allow the exporter to mobilize resources like technical personnel and training them.

Advance against Cheque/Drafts received as advance payment

6. Where exporters receive direct payments from abroad by means of cheques/drafts etc. the
bank may grant export credit at concessional rate to the exporters of goods track record, till the
time of realization of the proceeds of the cheques or draft etc. The Banks however, must satisfy
themselves that the proceeds are against an export order.

Export Post Shipment Finance.

  Introduction
 Basic Features
 Financing For Various Types of Export Buyer's Credit
 Supplier's Credit
 Types of Post Shipment Finance
 Crystallization of Overdue Export Bills

Introduction
Post Shipment Finance is a kind of loan provided by a financial institution to an exporter or
seller against a shipment that has already been made. This type of export finance is granted
from the date of extending the credit after shipment of the goods to the realization date of the
exporter proceeds. Exporters don’t wait for the importer to deposit the funds.

Basic Features
The features of postshipment finance are:

 Purpose of Finance
Postshipment finance is meant to finance export sales receivable after the date of
shipment of goods to the date of realization of exports proceeds. In cases of deemed
exports, it is extended to finance receivable against supplies made to designated
agencies.
 Basis of Finance
Postshipment finances is provided against evidence of shipment of goods or supplies
made to the importer or seller or any other designated agency.
 Types of Finance

Postshipment finance can be secured or unsecured. Since the finance is extended

against evidence of export shipment and bank obtains the documents of title of goods,
the finance is normally self liquidating. In that case it involves advance against undrawn
balance, and is usually unsecured in nature.
Further, the finance is mostly a funded advance. In few cases, such as financing of
project exports, the issue of guarantee (retention money guarantees) is involved and
the financing is not funded in nature.

 Quantum of Finance
As a quantum of finance, postshipment finance can be extended up to 100% of the
invoice value of goods. In special cases, where the domestic value of the goods increases
the value of the exporter order, finance for a price difference can also be extended and
the price difference is covered by the government. This type of finance is not extended
in case of preshipment stage.
 Banks can also finance undrawn balance. In such cases banks are free to stipulate
margin requirements as per their usual lending norm.
 Period of Finance
Postshipment finance can be off short terms or long term, depending on the payment
terms offered by the exporter to the overseas importer. In case of cash exports, the
maximum period allowed for realization of exports proceeds is six months from the date
of shipment. Concessive rate of interest is available for a highest period of 180 days,
opening from the date of surrender of documents. Usually, the documents need to be
submitted within 21days from the date of shipment.

Financing For Various Types of Export Buyer's Credit

Postshipment finance can be provided for three types of export :

 Physical exports: Finance is provided to the actual exporter or to the exporter in whose
name the trade documents are transferred.
 Deemed export: Finance is provided to the supplier of the goods which are supplied to
the designated agencies.
 Capital goods and project exports: Finance is sometimes extended in the name of
overseas buyer. The disbursal of money is directly made to the domestic exporter.

Supplier's Credit
Buyer's Credit is a special type of loan that a bank offers to the buyers for large scale purchasing
under a contract. Once the bank approved loans to the buyer, the seller shoulders all or part of
the interests incurred.

Types of Post Shipment Finance

The post shipment finance can be classified as :

1. Export Bills purchased/discounted.

2. Export Bills negotiated
3. Advance against export bills sent on collection basis.
4. Advance against export on consignment basis
5. Advance against undrawn balance on exports
6. Advance against claims of Duty Drawback.

1. Export Bills Purchased/ Discounted.(DP & DA Bills)

Export bills (Non L/C Bills) is used in terms of sale contract/ order may be discounted or
purchased by the banks. It is used in indisputable international trade transactions and the
proper limit has to be sanctioned to the exporter for purchase of export bill facility.
2. Export Bills Negotiated (Bill under L/C)

The risk of payment is less under the LC, as the issuing bank makes sure the payment. The risk is
further reduced, if a bank guarantees the payments by confirming the LC. Because of the inborn
security available in this method, banks often become ready to extend the finance against bills
under LC.

 However, this arises two major risk factors for the banks:

1. The risk of nonperformance by the exporter, when he is unable to meet his terms and
conditions. In this case, the issuing banks do not honor the letter of credit.
2. The bank also faces the documentary risk where the issuing bank refuses to honour its
commitment. So, it is important for the for the negotiating bank, and the lending bank
to properly check all the necessary documents before submission.

3. Advance Against Export Bills Sent on Collection Basis

Bills can only be sent on collection basis, if the bills drawn under LC have some discrepancies.
Sometimes exporter requests the bill to be sent on the collection basis, anticipating the
strengthening of foreign currency.
Banks may allow advance against these collection bills to an exporter with a concessional rates
of interest depending upon the transit period in case of DP Bills and transit period plus usance
period in case of usance bill.
The transit period is from the date of acceptance of the export documents at the banks branch
for collection and not from the date of advance.

4. Advance Against Export on Consignments Basis

Bank may choose to finance when the goods are exported on consignment basis at the risk of
the exporter for sale and eventual payment of sale proceeds to him by the consignee.
However, in this case bank instructs the overseas bank to deliver the document only against
trust receipt /undertaking to deliver the sale proceeds by specified date, which should be within
the prescribed date even if according to the practice in certain trades a bill for part of the
estimated value is drawn in advance against the exports.
In case of export through approved Indian owned warehouses abroad the times limit for
realization is 15 months.

5. Advance against Undrawn Balance

It is a very common practice in export to leave small part undrawn for payment after
adjustment due to difference in rates, weight, quality etc. Banks do finance against the
undrawn balance, if undrawn balance is in conformity with the normal level of balance left
undrawn in the particular line of export, subject to a maximum of 10 percent of the export
value. An undertaking is also obtained from the exporter that he will, within 6 months from due
date of payment or the date of shipment of the goods, whichever is earlier surrender balance
proceeds of the shipment.

6. Advance Against Claims of Duty Drawback

Duty Drawback is a type of discount given to the exporter in his own country. This discount is
given only, if the inhouse cost of production is higher in relation to international price. This type
of financial support helps the exporter to fight successfully in the international markets.

In such a situation, banks grants advances to exporters at lower rate of interest for a maximum
period of 90 days. These are granted only if other types of export finance are also extended to
the exporter by the same bank.

After the shipment, the exporters lodge their claims, supported by the relevant documents to
the relevant government authorities. These claims are processed and eligible amount is
disbursed after making sure that the bank is authorized to receive the claim amount directly
from the concerned government authorities.

Crystallization of Overdue Export Bills

Exporter foreign exchange is converted into Rupee liability, if the export bill purchase /
negotiated /discounted is not realize on due date. This conversion occurs on the 30th day after
expiry of the NTP in case of unpaid DP bills and on 30th day after national due date in case of
DA bills, at prevailing TT selling rate ruling on the day of crystallization, or the original bill buying
rate, whichever is higher.