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Solid State Physics: Course No: PHY F341 2 Sem (2019-20)

This document provides an overview of solid state physics and crystallography. It discusses the classification of solids as crystalline, polycrystalline, or amorphous depending on their atomic structure. It also describes common crystalline structures like simple cubic, body centered cubic, face centered cubic, and hexagonal close packed. Key concepts covered include unit cells, Bravais lattices, atomic packing factors, Miller indices for crystallographic planes and directions.

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Ankit Goyal
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121 views52 pages

Solid State Physics: Course No: PHY F341 2 Sem (2019-20)

This document provides an overview of solid state physics and crystallography. It discusses the classification of solids as crystalline, polycrystalline, or amorphous depending on their atomic structure. It also describes common crystalline structures like simple cubic, body centered cubic, face centered cubic, and hexagonal close packed. Key concepts covered include unit cells, Bravais lattices, atomic packing factors, Miller indices for crystallographic planes and directions.

Uploaded by

Ankit Goyal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solid State Physics

Course no: PHY F341


2nd Sem (2019-20)

by
Subhashis Gangopadhyay
Department of Physics
(Room 3242-A)
Crystallography
Classification of solids depending on structures

Crystalline: atoms arrange in 3D long range order


Single crystal: only one type of order

Polycrystalline: ordered arrangement in short range (grain)

Amorphous: no regular ordered arrangement of atoms


Glassy to rubbery transition above Tg
Crystalline solids: hard sphere model

Crystal: three dimensional periodic array of atoms


Objectives

How do atoms assemble into solid structures?


→ Crystal structure
How does the density of a material depend on its structure?
→ Packing fraction

When do material properties vary with the sample?


→ lattice orientation
Single crystal system

• Different combinations of sides (a, b, c)


• Different combination of angles (, , )
Bravais lattices
Bravais lattices
How to generate a crystal structure?

• Choose regular periodic array of points in space.

• If you put atoms on each point, you generate a


crystal structure.

• Such points constitute a Space lattice.

• Group of atoms on these points are called basis.


How to make a lattice ?

Crystal: network of lines in 3 dimension

Regular periodic array of points


Lattice + Basis = Crystal

+
Compound material crystal

More than one atom may exist on a lattice point


Unit cell

Smallest geometry whose repetition generate the XL


structure.

Wigner-Seitz primitive cell


Representation of unit cell

Basis Lattice
Formation of bulk single crystal
Simple cubic structure (SC)

• Rare due to poor packing (only Po has this structure)


• Close-packed directions are cube edges.

• Coordination # = 6
(# nearest neighbors)
Atomic packing factor : SC

Volume of atoms in unit cell*


APF =
Volume of unit cell

volume
atoms atom
a 4
unit cell 1 p (0.5a)3
3
R=0.5a APF =
a3 volume
close-packed directions
unit cell
contains 8 x 1/8 = 1
1atom/unit cell
APF for a simple cubic structure = 0.52
Body centered cubic structure (BCC)

Close packed directions are cube diagonals.

• Coordination # = 8

Note: All atoms are identical; the center atom


Example: Cr, Mo, Ta,
is shaded differently only for ease of viewing. CsCl
Atomic packing factor : BCC
• APF for a body-centered cubic structure = 0.68

Close-packed directions:
length = 4R = 3 a

Unit cell contains:


1 + 8 x 1/8
= 2 atoms/unit cell
R
a
Face centered cubic structure (FCC)

Close packed directions are face diagonals.

Coordination # = 12

Note: All atoms are identical; the face Example: Al, Au, Cu,
centered atoms are shaded differently NaCl
only for ease of viewing.
Atomic packing factor : FCC

APF for a body-centered cubic structure = 0.74

Unit cell contains:


6 x 1/2 + 8 x 1/8
= 4 atoms/unit cell
a
FCC stacking sequence

• ABCABC... Stacking Sequence


• 2D Projection
A
B B
C
A
A sites B B B
C C
B sites B B
C sites

• FCC Unit Cell


Hexagonal closed pack structure (HCP)

• ABAB... Stacking Sequence


• 3D Projection • 2D Projection

A sites

B sites

A sites

• Coordination # = 12
• APF = 0.74
Relationship in hexagonal lattice

A sites 2
a
B sites X2  Y 2
4
2
A sites a
a c/2 X2 
3
Middle layer a 2 2
c a
a
a2
 
X 4 3
Bottom layer
Y
a c
 1.633
a
Structure of compound: NaCl (FCC)

• Compounds: have similar close-packed structures.


• Structure of NaCl • Close-packed directions
--along cube edges.
Theoretical density ()

Example: Copper

• crystal structure = FCC: 4 atoms/unit cell


• atomic weight = 63.55 g/mol (1 amu = 1 g/mol)
• atomic radius R = 0.128 nm (1 nm = 10 -7cm)

Result: theoretical Cu = 8.89 g/cm3


Compare to actual: Cu = 8.94 g/cm3
Crystallographic point coordinates

P (qrs) ½½½
Number/indices to designate a
point, plane and directions.

Basis of the indexing is a unit cell.

Choose origin at the unit cell

Coordinates of any point from the


origin are point coordinates.
Point coordinates for SC

000, 001, 010, 100, 110, 101, 011, 111


Point coordinates for BCC

000, 001, 010, 100, 110, 101, 011, 111, ½ ½ ½


Point coordinates for FCC

000, 001, 010, 100, 110, 101, 011, 111,


½ ½ 0, ½ ½ 1, ½ 0 ½, ½ 1 ½, 0 ½ ½, 1 ½ ½,
Crystallographic directions

• A point where direction has to be seen is joined from origin.

• For directions, where origin is not the beginning point, one can
assume origin at starting point.

• Projection is seen on x, y and z axes.

• Number to be reduced to smallest integer.


Directions for SC point coordinates

[100], [010], [001], [110], [101], [011], [111]


Directions for BCC point coordinates

[100], [010], [001], [110], [101], [011], [111]


[111]
Directions for FCC point coordinates

[100], [010], [001], [110], [101], [011], [111]


[110], [101], [011], [112], [121], [211],
Crystallographic direction (within unit cell)
Show direction

[101], [312], [211], [111]


Determined the direction

A
• A:
• B:
C • C:
B
• D:
D
Equivalent directions

• Angle bracket <110> that means all the combinations


of two 1’s and one 0
• Magnitude should also be same.

Actually we will have 12


directions
Parallel directions we will
count only once.
So 6 directions in the family.
Crystallographic planes (Miller indices)

• Plane indices are represented by Miller Indices

• Find the intercepts of plane

• Find Fractional intercepts

• Reciprocal of fractional intercepts are miller indices

• If the plane passes through origin, another parallel


plane must be constructed, or new origin must be
established.
(110) plane
(210) plane
(111) plane
Equivalent planes

Planes of same family. (100) and (200) are not


equivalent, though parallel.

Notonly, parallel planes are equivalent but all with the


same family, provided the area is same.

With respect to rotational symmetry, they look


identical.
Equivalent planes
Unit cell

Smallest geometry whose repetition generate the XL


structure.

Wigner-Seitz primitive cell


BCC primitive unit cell

BCC primitive cell lattice vector


FCC primitive unit cell

BCC primitive cell lattice vector


2D lattice system
Honeycomb lattice (Graphene): not a Bravais
lattice, but surely a crystal structure (2D).
Rotation symmetry of cubic crystal
Reflection symmetry of cubic crystal
5-fold rotation symmetry is not possible

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