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AC Distribution System

The document discusses alternating current (AC) distribution systems. It begins by explaining that electrical energy is now generated, transmitted, and distributed using AC rather than direct current due to advantages like easy voltage transformation via transformers. It then describes the primary and secondary components of AC distribution systems and various configurations including single phase and three phase setups. Common wire arrangements for AC distribution include two-wire, three-wire, four-wire, and three-phase three-wire and four-wire systems. The document concludes by classifying distribution systems based on their connection topology as either radial, ring main, or interconnected systems.

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1K views16 pages

AC Distribution System

The document discusses alternating current (AC) distribution systems. It begins by explaining that electrical energy is now generated, transmitted, and distributed using AC rather than direct current due to advantages like easy voltage transformation via transformers. It then describes the primary and secondary components of AC distribution systems and various configurations including single phase and three phase setups. Common wire arrangements for AC distribution include two-wire, three-wire, four-wire, and three-phase three-wire and four-wire systems. The document concludes by classifying distribution systems based on their connection topology as either radial, ring main, or interconnected systems.

Uploaded by

mathematics learners
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Generation Transmission and Distribution

AC Distribution System

Presented By: Submitting To :


Gowtham CR Venu Gopal N
PES1201801581 Department of EEE
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The distribution system is a part of the power system, existing between distribution
sub-stations and the consumers.

2
In the beginning of electrical age, electricity was generated, transmitted and
distributed as direct current. The principal disadvantage of D.C. system was that
voltage level could not readily be changed, except by the use of rotating machinery,
which in most cases was tooexpensive.

With the development of transformer by George Westinghouse, A.C. system has


become so predominant as to make
D.C. system practically extinct in most parts of the world. The present day large
power system has been possible only
Due to the adoption of A.C. system.
Now-a-days, electrical energy is generated, transmitted and distributed in
the form of alternating current as an economical proposition. The electrical
energy produced at the power station is transmitted at very high voltages by
3- phase, 3-wire system to step-down sub-stations for distribution.

The distribution system consists of two parts viz. primary distribution and
secondary distribution. The primary distribution circuit is 3-phase, 3-wire
and operates at voltages (33kV or 66kV or 11 kV) somewhat higher than
general utilization levels. It delivers power to the secondary distribution
circuit through distribution transformers.
• Continuity in the power supply must be ensured.
• Voltage must not vary more than the prescribed limits.(∓5%).
• Efficiency of line must be high as possible.

• Safefrom consumer point of view.

• Layout should not effect the appearance of locality.

• Line should not be overloaded.

5
DC AC
DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM SYSTEM

DC THREE WIRE GENERAL RING MAIN RADIAL


DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM SYSTEM

6
Now-a-days electrical energy is generated, transmitted and distributed in the form
of alternating current. One important reason for the widespread use of alternating
current in preference to direct current is the fact that alternating voltage can be
conveniently changed in magnitude by means of a transformer. Transformer has
made it possible to transmit A.C power at high voltage and utilize it at a safe
potential. High transmission and AC Distribution System voltages have greatly
reduced the current in the conductors and the resulting line losses.
There is no definite line between transmission and distribution according to voltage
or bulk capacity. However, in general, the AC Distribution System is the electrical
system between the step-down substation fed by the transmission system and the
consumers’ meters. The AC Distribution System is classified into
Primary distribution system and
Secondary distribution system
According to phases and wires involved, an AC distribution system can
be classified as
I. Single phase, 2-wire system
II. Single phase, 3-wire system
III. Two phase, 3-wire system
IV. Two phase, 4-wire system
V. Three phase, 3-wire system
VI. Three phase, 4-wire system
Single Phase, 2-Wire Distribution

This system may be used for very short distances. The following figure
shows a single phase two wire system with - fig (a) one of the two wires
earthed and fig. (b) mid-point of the phase winding is earthed.
This system is identical in principle with 3-wire dc distribution system. The
neutral wire is center-tapped from the secondary winding of the transformer and
earthed. This system is also called as split-phase electricity distribution system. It
is commonly used in North America for residential supply.
In this system, the neutral wire is taken from the junction of two phase windings
whose voltages are in quadrature with each other. The voltage between neutral wire
and either of the outer phase wires is V. Whereas, the voltage between outer phase
wires is √2V. As compared to a two-phase 4-wire system, this system suffers from
voltage imbalance due to unsymmetrical voltage in the neutral.
In this system, 4 wires are taken from two phase windings whose voltages are in
quadrature with each other. Mid-point of both phase windings are connected together.
If the voltage between the two wires of a same phase is V, then the voltage between
two wires of different phase would be 0.707V.
Three phase systems are very widely used for AC power distribution. The three
phases may be delta connected or star connected with star point usually grounded.
The voltage between two phases or lines for delta connection is V, where V is the
voltage across a phase winding. For star connection, the voltage between two
phases is √3V.
This system uses star connected phase windings and the fourth wire or neutral wire is
taken from the star point. If the voltage of each winding is V, then the line-to-line
voltage (line voltage) is √3V and the line-to-neutral voltage (phase voltage) is V. This
type of distribution system is widely used in India and many other countries. In these
countries, standard phase voltage is 230 volts and line voltage is √3x230 = 400 volts.
Single phase residential loads, single phase motors which run on 230 volts etc. are
connected between any one phase and the neutral. Three phase loads like three- phase
induction motors are put across all the three phases and the neutral.
Distribution system can be classified according to its
connection scheme or topology as follows –
I. Radial system
II. Ring main system
III. Interconnected system
THANK YOU

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