Lecture 2

Maxwell’s Equations and

Boundary Conditions: Review
Appendix D: all sections
Homework: From Section 5.10 Exercises – 4(a), 5, 6, 8
 Time-domain Maxwell’s Equations: Faraday’s Law

• Faraday’s law in integral form

 B
V 
t
  E  dl    t  ds
C SC

• Faraday’s law in differential (point-wise) form

B
 (  E)  ds    t
 ds
SC SC

 B
E  
t

Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 2

 Time-domain Maxwell’s Equations: Ampère’s Law
• Ampère’s law in differential (point-wise) form
D
  
H J i
  
E
J
t

JD
Maxwell’s correction:
• Ampère’s law in integral form displacement current
 D 
 H  dl    t   ds  I  I D
J 
C SC

Show that Ampère’s law of magnetostatics does not hold for time-
varying EM fields (i.e., it is inconsistent with the conservation of
charge). ? 
H  J J  
t
Show that Ampère’s law with Maxwell’s correction observes the
conservation of charge for time-varying fields.
Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 3
 All Four Time-domain Maxwell’s Equations

integral form differential form

B B
Faraday’s Law  E  dl    t
 ds E  
t
C SC

 D  D
Ampère’s Law  H  dl    J  t   ds H  
t 
E
 J

i

C SC J

Gauss’ Law of
Electricity
 D  ds   v dv  Qfree
   D  v
S VS

Gauss’ Law of
Magnetism
 B  ds  0
 B  0
S

Gauss laws follow from the conservation of charge and the curl MEs
Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 4
 Time-domain Maxwell’s Equations and Charge Conservation

Prove that the conservation of electrical charge follows from

Ampère’s law and Gauss’ law of electricity.
D
Given:   H  
 E  J i
,   D  v
t Jc

Prove:   J  
t
Prove that Gauss’ law of electricity follows from Ampère’s law and
the conservation of electrical charge.

Prove that Gauss’ law of magnetism follows from Faraday’s law.

Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 5

 Constitutive Relations
• Maxwell’s equations are 4 but only 2 of them are independent (the
two curl equations)
• there are 4 unknown vectors in the 2 curl Maxwell equations – we
need two more vector equations for a complete solution
• the constitutive EM equations are essential in describing the EM
field interaction with matter
 in vacuum (SI): D   0 E, J  0, B  0 H
0  4  107 H/m
 0  8.854187817  1012 F/m
1
 0  2 , c  2.99792458 108 m/s
c 0
 in matter:
D  Fp (E, H ), J  Fc (E, H ), B  Fm (E, H )
Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 6
 Constitutive Relations (2)
• in microwave engineering we often assume that materials are
isotropic, linear and dispersion-free:
D   0 E  P   0 r E,  r  1   e
J E
B  0 H  M  0  r H,  r  1   m
• this is not true more than often

Describe how the constitutive relations of the following materials

are described mathematically
• heterogeneous (inhomogeneous, nonuniform)
• nonlinear
• anisotropic
• bi-anisotropic
• dispersive
Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 7
 Toward Time-harmonic EM Analysis: Field Phasors

 ( x, y, z )e jt
E( x, y, z , t )  Re E 
H ( x, y, z , t )  Re H
 ( x, y, z )e jt 

• the time-domain field vector

E( x, y, z , t )  xˆ Ex ( x, y, z ) cos[t   x ( x, y, z )] 
yˆ E y ( x, y, z ) cos[t   y ( x, y, z )] 
zˆ Ez ( x, y, z ) cos[t   z ( x, y, z )]
• the respective vector-field phasor
  xˆ E ( x, y, z )e j x ( x , y , z )   ˆ E x ( x, y, z ) 
E x
E ( x, y , z )  x

yˆ E y ( x, y, z )e
j y ( x , y , z )
 yE y ( x, y, z ) 
zˆ Ez ( x, y, z )e j z ( x , y , z ) zˆ E z ( x, y, z )

Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 8

 Maxwell Equations in Phasor Form
• phasor of the time-derivative of a function
f ( x , y , z ,t )
f ( x, y , z , t )  F ( x, y , z )     j F ( x, y, z )
t
f F
• the spatial derivatives  ,   x, y , z
 

time domain frequency domain

B    j B
E   E
t
D   j D
H  E
  J i
H    E  Ji 
t  only
usually given as j D
  D  v D    v
B  0   B  0
Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 9 
 Time-average Quadratic Field Quantities and Phasors

• the time-average “energy” value (time-average of a quadratic quantity)

1 T
T 0
1 T

av   E(t )  E(t )dt   [ E x (t )]2  [ E y (t )]2  [ E z (t )]2 dt
T 0

1 T 2
   EMx cos2 (t   x )  EM
2
y cos 2
( t   y )  E 2
M z cos 2
(t   z )  dt 
T 0
1 2 1 2 1  
 ( EMx  EMy  EMz )  | E |  E  E
2 2
2 2 2
Note: E    E x E x  E y E y  E z E z  EM
 E 2
x  E 2
My  E 2
Mz

application 1: define root-mean-square (RMS) of a vector-field value

1 T |
|E E 
 E
Erms  av 
T 0
E  Edt 
2

2

Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 10
 Application of the Time-average Quadratic Field Quantity

application 2: dissipated power-density calculation

the dissipated power density at a point in space and time is (Joule’s

law in differential form)
pd (t )  J (t )  E(t )   E(t )  E(t ), W/m3
in an isotropic medium
the time-average dissipated power density is then
1 T 1 T E  ) E
  ( E   J 
pd,av   pd (t )dt    E  Edt   W/m3
T 0 T 0 2 2

Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 11

 Application of the Time-average Quadratic Field Quantity (2)
application 3: transferred power-density calculation
• the power flux density at a point in space and time is
S(t )  E(t )  H (t ), W/m 2 Poynting’s vector
• time-average transferred power density at a point in space
E(t )  eˆ E0 cos(t   ) 1 T 1 T
S av   S(t )dt   E(t )  H (t )dt
H (t )  hˆ H 0 cos(t ) T 0 T 0
T
1
Sav  (eˆ  hˆ ) E0 H 0   cos(t )  cos(t   )dt
T 0
T
1
 (eˆ  hˆ ) E0 H 0  cos(2t   )  cos(  )dt
2T 0
(eˆ  hˆ ) E0 H 0  1 T 
T 
  cos(   )  cos(2  t   )dt
2 0  
(eˆ  hˆ ) E0 H 0 cos(  ) Re( E  H ) 0
  W/m 2
2 2 12
 The Continuity Relation in Phasor Form

Write the continuity equation in J  
phasor form. t

Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 13

 Constitutive Relations in the Frequency Domain
dielectric polarization and complex permittivity Im
  j  
E
  E
D  ,      j  or    0 ( r  j r) E
d D
   (1  j tan  d ), tan  d    /    E
E( x, y, z , t )  uˆ e E ( x, y, z ) cos(t )
D( x, y, z , t )  uˆ D |  | E ( x, y, z ) cos(t   d ) Re
Im
magnetization and complex permeability H  j  H
B   H
 ,      j   or   0 ( r  j r)
m
   (1  j tan  m ), tan  m    /    H B

Why are the imaginary parts of ε and μ Re

negative?

Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 14

 Maxwell’s Curl Equations in Phasor Form
   j H
E       j  
H   j E   J i  j D  J i
effective complex permittivity – includes polarization loss (tanδd)
and conduction loss (σ)
H   jE  E   J i      j 

 H   J i   j (1  j tan  )    E

  ( j   )E   J i
d

   
 H   j    j    tan     E   J i
  
 d    Im 
    
 tan   
Re 
d,eff

    
     1  j  tan  d 
 
   
  
effective conductivity:  eff   Im   eff
or tan  d,eff
Nikolova 2012 L
ECTURE02: M ' E
AXWELL S :R
QUATIONS EVIEW   15
 Symmetric Maxwell Equations: Fictitious Magnetic Sources

  j B
  E   E  jB  Mi
H   j D  J i H   j D  J i

  D   v   D   e
  B  0   B  
m

• fictitious magnetic sources (esp. surface current density) come

handy in the analysis of radiation and scattering problems

• “charge conservation” applies to the magnetic sources as well

M  i   j m

Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 16

Symmetric Maxwell Equations: Fictitious Magnetic Sources (2)

Write the symmetric Maxwell equations in their integral form in

terms of phasors. Give the units for all 10 quantities.

  E  jB  Mi
H   j D  J i

  D   e
  B   m

Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 17

 Tangential E-field BC: Revision (Homework)
E(2)
derived from Faraday’s law En(2) w
l3
B E(2) an  2
 E  dl    t  ds (1) l2 B
tan
l4 h a tan11
C SC En(1) E
(1) tan
tan 2
E C l1
the tangential E component is continuous across a dielectric interface
Etan1
(1)
 Etan1
(2)
, Etan2
(1)
 Etan2
(2)
 E(1)  E (2)
D (1)
D(2)
tan tan tan
 tan
1 2
vector formulation an
a n  E  a n  ( Ena n  E tan )  a n  E tan
a n  (E(2)  E(1) )  0 E tan a n  E tan

when medium 1 is a perfect conductor, the tangential E field vanishes

E(2)
tan  E (1)
tan  0, D (2)
tan  D tan  0
(1)

Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 18

 Generalized Tangential E-field BC: Surface Magnetic Currents
B
generalized Faraday law:  E  dl     ds   M  ds
t
(2)
C SC S C 
En(2) E w
I m - magnetic current [V]

l3
E(2)  h an  2
(1) l2
tan1
l4 a tan11
En(1)
E M tan 2
(1) tan1
E C l1
left side: right side:
B
lim  E  dl  ( Etan1  Etan1 )w
(2) (1)
lim   ds  0
h 0
C
h 0
SC
t
lim
h 0  M  ds  lim 
h 0
Mtan2
 
h w  M s ,tan2 w
SC M s ,tan2

 Etan1
(2)
 Etan1
(1)
  M s ,tan 2
Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 19
Generalized Tangential E-field BC: Surface Magnetic Currents (2)

En(2) E(2)
w
l3
E(2) an  2
(1) l2 M
tan 2
l4 h a tan 21
En(1) E
(1) tan 2
tan1
E C l1

left side:
  d  E  E tan2 ) w
(1) (2)
lim E l ( tan2
h 0
C
right side:
lim
h 0  M  ds  lim 
h 0
M
 
tan1h w  M s ,tan1w
SC M s ,tan1

 Etan2
(1)
 Etan2
(2)
  M s ,tan1

Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 20

Generalized Tangential E-field BC: Surface Magnetic Currents (3)

• summary and vector equation

Etan1
(2)
 Etan1
(1)
  M s ,tan 2 
  an  ( E(2)  E(1) )   M s 
(1)
Etan2  Etan2
(2)
  M s ,tan1 

• the tangential E field is discontinuous on a surface only if there is

surface magnetic current there

• according to observations, magnetic current does not exist,

therefore, in reality, Ms = 0 and the tangential E field is continuous

a n  (E(2)  E(1) )  0

Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 21

 Normal E-field BC: Revision (Homework)
• apply Gauss’ law over a closed surface centered around the interface

 S
 D  ds   e dv
VS
Dn(2) lx
an
2 ly ds h
S D  ds 
(2)
lim A  lx l y Dtan
h 0
( Dn(2)  Dn(1) )  A an a tan 2 S D(1)
tan
a tan1 ds
Dn(1)
h 0 V
lim e dv 
S 1
lim e h A  e, s A
h 0 
 e , s

 Dn(2)  Dn(1)  e, s

• at a dielectric interface there is no free surface charge (ρe,s= 0)

Dn(2)  Dn(1)   2 En(2)  1En(1)
Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 22
 Normal E-field BC: Revision (2)

Write the boundary condition

Dn(2)  Dn(1)  e, s
for the case of the surface of perfect electric conductors (PEC).

Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 23

 Tangential H-field BC: Revision (Homework)

• use the analogy (duality) of the Faraday and Ampère laws

B  D 
 E  dl    t  ds   M  ds   H  dl    t   ds
 J
C SC SC C SC

(E(2)  E(1) )  a n  M s  an  ( H(2)  H(1) )  J s

• at a dielectric interface (Js = 0): H (2)

tan  H (1)
tan

Assume that medium 1 is a perfect conductor where H(1) = 0. Write

the boundary condition for the tangential H field at the surface of the
perfect conductor in a vector form. Write it again in a component-
wise form, i.e., one equation for Htan1 and another for Htan2.

Is it correct to assume that the time-varying magnetic field is zero in

a perfect electric conductor? Why?
Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 24
 Normal B-field BC: Revision (Homework)

• use the analogy (duality) of the electric and magnetic Gauss laws

 D  ds   e dv
   B  ds   m dv

S VS S VS

Dn(2)  Dn(1)  e, s  Bn(2)  Bn(1)   m, s

In view of the above BC for the normal B component, what is the

boundary condition for Bn at the surface of a perfect electric
conductor? What is it for Hn?

Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 25

 Summary of the Field Boundary Conditions

( E(2)  E(1) )  an  M s
an  ( H(2)  H(1) )  J s
Dn(2)  Dn(1)   e,s
Bn(2)  Bn(1)   m ,s

Special Cases:
(a) dielectric interface (b) PEC (electric wall)
a n  E(2)  a n  E(1) E  an  0
a n  H (2)  a n  H (1) an  H  J s
a n  D(2)  a n  D(1) a n  D  e,s
a n  B (2)  a n  B (1) an  B  0

Nikolova 2012 LECTURE 02: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS: REVIEW 26