Volume 5, Issue 4, April – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Antimicrobial and Synergistic Potentials of

Xylopia Aethiopica (UDA) and Occimum
Gratissimum (Nchanwu) Leaf Extracts
Emeh, Amara. A., Anyanwu, Gladys O., Onyeulor, Prisca N., Chimereze, Nwamaka C. and Abba-Father, Chinyere A.M.
Department of Microbiology,
Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria.

Abstract:- Soxhlet ethanolic leaf extracts of Xylopia steroids and glycosides (Edeoga & Eriata, 2001; Edeoga et
aethiopica, Occimum gratissimum and their combined al., 2005; Emeh et al., 2010; Emeh et al., 2014; Okigbo et
extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial activities al., 2005). These antimicrobial properties are of
against clinical pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus importance in therapeutic treatments, as a number of
aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, studies have been conducted in different countries to prove
Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and a fungus (Candida such efficiencies (Anyanwu & Okoye, 2017; Asekun &
albicans) using the agar well diffusion technique. The Adeniyi, 2004; Emeh et al., 2014; Fleischer et al., 2008;
susceptibility with regards to their zones of inhibition, Nwachukwu and Osuji, 2008; Okigbo et al., 2005;
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Tatsadjieu et al., 2003).
minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) unraveled
that the extracts exhibited antibacterial activities Xylopia aethiopica, an evergreen, aromatic tree,
without effect on Candida albicans. Diameter zone of belonging to the Annonaceae family grows up to 20m high
inhibition of the Xylopia aethiopica extract ranged from in rain forests. It is found in the moist fringe forests and
15mm to 19mm without effect on Escherichia coli. lowland rainforest in the savanna zones of Africa (Erhirhie
Occimum gratissimum zone of inhibition ranged from & Moke, 2014). Xylopia aethiopica is used extensively as
16mm to 34mm while the combined extracts zone of spice in African cuisine and as herbal medicine. Ailments
inhibition ranged from 19mm to 35mm. The MIC result treated with X. aethiopica in traditional medicine include;
revealed that both X. aethiopica and O. gratissimum helminthiasis, candidiasis, biliousness, cough, bronchitis,
extracts ranged from 200mg/ml to >250mg/ml. An dysentery, boils, sores (Asekun & Adeniyi, 2004; Fall et
improved MIC was observed on the activity of the al., 2003; Fleischer et al., 2008; Nwachukwu and Osuji,
combined extracts of X. aethiopica and O. gratissimum 2008; Okigbo et al., 2005; Tatsadjieu et al., 2003), stomach
which ranged from 100mg/ml to 250mg/ml. The MBC aches, rheumatism or used as a mouthwash to treat
ranged from 200mg/ml to >250mg/ml for the separate toothaches (Mshana et al., 2000; Okigbo et al., 2005). It is
extracts of X. aethiopica and O. gratissimum but X. used as antiseptic and analgesic (Konnning et al., 2004),
aethiopica exhibited bacteriostatic effect on Escherichia anti-feedant activity on termite (Lajide et al., 1995),
coli. Whereas the combined extracts had MBC of insecticide (Adewoyin et al., 2006; Ukeh et al., 2012) and
100mg/ml and 200mg/ml on the test isolates. The exhibits an antioxidant activity which defend and protect
combined extracts and the individual extracts could be the body from adverse effects of irradiation (Asekun &
described as antibacterial rather than antifungal. The Adeniyi, 2004).
combined extracts had synergistic effect on the test
bacterial organisms and were more effective than the On the other hand, Ocimum gratissimum L.
individual extract. The combined extracts can be commonly known as “Alpha or Nchanwu’’ which belongs
incorporated into drugs for broad spectrum to the family of Lamiaceae is an important aromatic and
antibacterial activity. medicinal plant that possesses water stress tolerance
capacity. It is either cultivated or seen naturally wild in
Keyword:- Antibacterial, Xylopia aethiopica, Ocimum various tropical and subtropical regions of the world
gratissimum, isolates, synergy. (Pandey, 2017). The plant contains essential oil with much
chemical composition including; alcohols, aldehydes,
I. INTRODUCTION ketones, ethers, esters, lactones, oxides, peroxides
(Adesegun et al., 2013). Ocimum gratissimum L. is
Antibiotics usage in the treatment of infections with naturally used in the treatment of different bacteria and
microorganisms follows herbal medicine (Owoyale et al., fungi diseases such as upper respiratory tract infection,
2005) and so, herbal medicine cannot be neglected because diarrhea, headache, fever, skin diseases and pneumonia
it will continue to play an essential role in health care (Joshi, 2013; Katara et al., 2013; Matasyoh et al., 2008;
system especially in the remote areas where medical Mbata & Saikia, 2007; Mith et al., 2016; Nguefack et al.,
doctors are scarce (Saraf et al., 2011; Sofowora, 1982). The 2007). Studies have shown that the phytochemical content
antibacterial potentials of plant extracts have been of the plant are; tannins, flavonoids, saponins and
attributed to the active phytochemical contents such as anthroquinone (Alexander, 2016; Ijeh et al., 2005;
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, anthraquinone, Macdonald et al., 2010). In previous work documented by

IJISRT20APR783 www.ijisrt.com 1179

Volume 5, Issue 4, April – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
(Adebolu & Salau, 2005), pathogenic bacteria that cause to obtain 200mg/ml concentration for each of the extracts.
diarrhea; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Subsequently, two fold serial dilutions of the three extracts
Salmonella typhi and Salmonella typhimurium were (Xylopia aethiopica, Occimum gratissimum, and combined
susceptible to the extracts of Ocimum Xylopia aethiopica and Occimum gratissimum) were
gratissimum. (Nweze & Eze, 2009) stated that the regular carried out from the 200mg/ml concentration by
consumption of Ocimum gratissimum as spice without transferring 2ml of the 200mg/ml concentration to 2ml of
affecting the activities of conventional antibiotics makes it DMSO and homogenized properly. Hence, the entire
a strong antimicrobial herbal product throughout the procedure provided concentrations of 250mg/ml,
tropics. 200mg/ml, 100mg/ml and 50mg/ml of each of the extract
(Akujobi et al., 2004). These were refrigerated at 15oC until
Often times, a combination of two or more medicinal required.
plant have achieved some interesting positive curation of
ailments traditionally. This has necessitated and motivated  The Test Microorganisms
this present study. Although, (Fall et al., 2003) and The test organisms were four clinical bacterial isolates
(Ogunkunle & Ladejobi, 2006) have documented that the (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes,
combination of different parts of X. aethiopica or X. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and a fungus
aethiopica with other plant types is used to achieve the (Candida albicans) collected in nutrient agar slants and
desired effects, the necessity to challenge the conventional Sabouraud dextrose agar slant respectively from the
antibiotics resistant strains with the proper way of Microbiology department of the Federal Medical center,
application of medicinal plants has not been exhausted. Owerri. They were then sub-cultured and purified
Furthermore, according to (Sofowora, 1982), the use of appropriately on sterile Nutrient agar and Sabouraud
herbal medicine cannot be ignored in rural areas where dextrose agar plates and preserved in slants. The microbial
medical doctors are scarce. The fact that research on pure cultures were identified using standard texts (Baker et
synergy of medicinal plants is very limited and there is a al., 2001, Cheesbrough, 2006).
tremendous pressure on these plants probing the proper
way of application for most effective result. This study was  Determination of the Antimicrobial Potency of the Plant
therefore aimed at determining the antimicrobial properties Extracts
of leaf extracts of Xylopia aethiopica and Ocimum Each of the bacterial pure isolate was diluted with
gratissimum as well as evaluating the synergistic effect of peptone water to obtain a suspension containing 2.0 x
the combined extracts on the test organisms. 105cells/ml. A loopfull of Candida albicans was emulsified
in 5ml of sterile water. The agar well diffusion technique as
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS described by (Osadebe & Ukwueze, 2004) was employed in
this study to evaluate the antibacterial activities of the
The fresh leaves of Xylopia aethiopica and Occimum extracts comprising of Xylopia aethiopica, Occimum
gratissimum were purchased from Naze market, Owerri in gratissimum, and combined Xylopia aethiopica and
the month of July, 2019. The plants were properly Occimum gratissimum. 15ml of sterile molten nutrient agar
identified by Dr. C. M. Duru, a botanist of Federal was poured into separate sterile petridishes and plates of
University of Technology Owerri. Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) were also prepared and
allowed to solidify. Using the spread plate method, 0.1ml
 Preparation and Extraction of the Plant Materials of each of the bacterial test isolate suspension was
The leaf samples were dried at room temperature and aseptically inoculated on the nutrient agar plates while
pulverized into powder using sterile manual blender. Candida albicans was inoculated onto the SDA plates. Six
Soxhlet alcoholic extraction method as described by holes (agar wells) measuring 5.0 mm each in diameter were
(Association of Analytical Chemist, 1980) was adopted for bored equidistant to each other in each of the inoculated
this study. 20g of each of the grinded leaf samples were plates using a standard sterile cork borer. One drop of
transferred into different thimble and subjected to molten agar was used to seal the base of each of the wells
extraction in 200ml of 99% ethyl alcohol. The extracts to prevent diffusion of the extract beneath the agar. Using a
were concentrated by evaporation using a rotary evaporator sterile Pasteur pipette, 0.2ml of each of the prepared extract
(Model type 349/1, Corning Limited). The separate was appropriately added to wells 1 to 4 of each inoculated
concentrated extracts were labeled appropriately and stored plate representing the different test microorganisms. The 5th
at 4oC in the refrigerator before use. and 6th wells contain ciprofloxacin and dimethylsulphoxide
(DMSO) acting as the positive and negative controls
 Preparation of Crude Extract respectively while fluconazole was the positive control for
1.5g of each of the plant concentrated extracts was Candida albicans (Emeh et al., 2010). The bacterial and
mixed thoroughly in a dry sterile cork screw universal fungal plates were allowed to stand for one hour in order to
bottle to obtain 3g of the combined Xylopia aethiopica and allow pre-diffusion of the extracts to take place and then
Occimum gratissimum extracts and was properly labeled. incubated for 24hours and 48hours respectively. The
1g of each of the extracts was dissolved in 4ml of 30% developed diameters of zones of inhibition were measured
dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) to obtain concentrations of in millimeter (mm) using a meter rule. The average of the
250mg/ml in the test tubes. Then, 0.8g of each of the four readings in each plate containing the specified extract
extracts was added as labeled respectively in 4ml of DMSO

IJISRT20APR783 www.ijisrt.com 1180

Volume 5, Issue 4, April – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
was calculated and taken as the zone of inhibition of the III. RESULTS
extract on the particular test organism.
The results of the antimicrobial activities of the
 Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of the Plant extracts of Xylopia aethiopica and O. gratissimum revealed
Extracts that the extracts of X. aethiopica exhibited zone of
The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the inhibition that ranged from 15mm to 19mm in diameter
extracts were determined using the micro-broth dilution against the test organism with the exception of Escherichia
technique (Emeh et al., 2010). Series of sterile tubes coli and Candida albicans. O. gratissimum extract had
containing dilutions of the specified leaf extract were diameter zone of inhibition on the bacterial test organisms
inoculated with 2.0 x 105cells/ml suspension of the test ranging from 16mm to 34mm. All the bacterial test isolates
organisms and incubated for 24 hours at 37oC. The lowest were sensitive to the combined extracts ranging from
concentration of each of the extracts that inhibited the 19mm to 35mm. There was no sensitivity recorded for
growth of the test organism was recorded as the minimum Candida albicans (Table 1).
inhibitory concentration (MIC).
The results of the minimum inhibitory concentration
 Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) of the Xylopia aethiopica and Occimum gratissimum on the
Tubes showing no visible growth from the minimum bacterial test isolates unraveled that both extracts had MIC
inhibitory concentrations (MIC) test were selected out on the bacterial test organisms ranging from 200mg/ml to
carefully and a loopfull from each tube sub-cultured onto >250mg/ml. While that of the combined extracts ranged
sterile nutrient agar plates and incubated at 370C for 24 from 100mg/ml to 250mg/ml (Table 2). In table 3 the result
hours. The lowest concentration of the extracts yielding no of the minimum bactericidal activities of Xylopia
growth was recorded as the Minimum Bactericidal aethiopica and O. gratissimum showed that Xylopia
Concentration (Tilton & Howard, 1987). aethiopica extract had MBC effect of 250mg/dl on S.
aureus, 200mg/ml on Streptococcus pyogenes and
>250mg/ml minimum bactericidal concentration effect on
P. aeruginosa, while it had bacteriostatic effect on
Escherichia coli. On the other hand, leaf extract of O.
gratissimum had 250mg/ml MBC on all the bacterial test
organisms. While the combined extracts of Xylopia
aethiopica and Occimum gratissimum exhibited MBC
effect of 100mg/ml on gram positive S. aureus and
Streptococcus pyogenes but had MBC effect of 200mg/ml
on the gram negative P. aeruginosa and E. coli.

Table 1:- Antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of Xylopia aethiopica and O. gratissimum.

Key: mm = millimeter; NI = no inhibition; C = bacteria positive control (10mg/ml ciprofloxacin)

*C = Candida albicans positive control (fluconazole); X = Xylopia aethiopica leaf extract
O = O. gratissimum extract; XO = combined extracts of X. aethiopica and O. gratissimum

IJISRT20APR783 www.ijisrt.com 1181

Volume 5, Issue 4, April – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Table 2:- Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the leaf extracts of Xylopia aethiopica and O. gratissimum.

Key: mg/ml =milligram per millimeter; X = X. aethiopica leaf extract; O = O. gratissimum leaf extract; XO = combined extracts
of Xylopia aethiopica and Ocimum gratissimum

Table 3:- Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extract of O. gratissimum and X. aethiopica

Key: mg/ml =milligram per millimeter; BS= bacteriostatic; X = X. aethiopica extract; O = O. gratissimum extract; XO =
combined extracts of X. aethiopica and O. gratissimum;

IV. DISCUSSION activity which recorded that Escherichia coli was resistant
but disagrees on the susceptibility of Candida albicans to
The results realized in this research study unraveled X. aethiopica extract in their work. This slight discrepancy
that the soxhlet ethanolic extracts of X. aethiopica and O. can be attributed to the fact that the species used may be of
gratissimum had varying degrees of antibacterial potentials different strains. The extracts of Occimum gratissimum had
on the test bacterial isolates but not on the fungal test zone of inhibition ranging from 16mm to 34mm.
isolate, Candida albicans. Table 1 revealed that the extracts Staphylococcus aureus was most inhibited while P.
of X. aethiopica exhibited zone of inhibition ranging from aeruginosa was least inhibited. Staphylococcus aureus
15mm to 19mm. Its activity showed zone of inhibition in have zone of inhibition of 34mm, and in decreasing order;
decreasing order as Streptococcus pyogenes (19mm) was Streptococcus pyogenes (20mm), Escherichia coli (19mm)
most inhibited (19mm), followed by P. aeruginosa (18mm) and P. aeruginosa (16mm) but Candida albicans was
and Staphylococcus aureus (15mm) while it had no effect resistant to the extract. In this study, both the gram positive
on Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. This result and gram negative bacteria test organisms employed were
supports the previous work of (Tatsadjieu et al., all susceptible to the O. gratissimum leaf extract and this in
2003), (Asekun & Adeniyi, 2004) and (Okigbo et al., 2005) line with the work of (Pandey, 2017) who documented
except that it failed to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli same. Furthermore, in line with the report obtained in this
which these authors reported that the extract inhibited in study, Escherichia coli and S. aureus were susceptible to
their study. In addition, the resistance of Candida albicans the extracts of O. gratissimum which concurs with the
to X. aethiopica extract in this study contradicts their findings of (Adebolu & Salau, 2005) who reported that
inclusion of Candida albicans as being susceptible to X. Escherichia coli and S. aureus as pathogenic bacteria that
aethiopica extract. In addition, (Fleischer et al., 2008) cause diarrhea were susceptible to the extracts of O.
documented that the antibacterial properties of the extracts gratissimum.
of X. aethiopica on Staphylococcus aureus and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa gave zone of inhibition of The extracts of O. gratissimum exhibited higher
24.17mm and 16.17mm respectively which is similar to the antibacterial efficacy than the extract of X. aethiopica in
results of this study. This present study also agrees with the this study. For instance, it was observed that X. aethiopica
work of (Fleischer et al., 2008) as regarding antibacterial had no antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli whereas O.

IJISRT20APR783 www.ijisrt.com 1182

Volume 5, Issue 4, April – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
gratissimum exhibited zone of inhibition of 19mm on the V. CONCLUSION
organism. It was remarkably obvious that the entire
bacterial test isolates exhibited improved susceptibility to This work has shown that the combined extracts were
the combined extracts than to the separate extracts and more effective than the individual efficacy of the extracts.
exhibited diameter zone of inhibition ranging from 19mm This further strengthens the fact that the combination of the
to 35mm. Hence, the combined extracts could be said to extracts exhibited synergistic activity against the test
have synergistic effect against the test organisms as a result organisms used in this study. Conclusively, the extracts can
of synergy of activity between the two extracts although be used to treat the disease caused by these test organisms.
Candida albicans was still resistant to it. The combined
extracts as well as the individual extracts could be RECOMMENDATION
described as antibacterial rather than antifungal. This is
desirable and suggests that both extracts together could be  The combined extracts of Xylopia aethiopica and
used to treat diseases caused by these microorganisms. Ocimum gratissimum can be incorporated into drugs for
more effective broad spectrum antibacterial activity
Table 2 indicated the results of the minimum which can be used to treat diseases or infections caused
inhibitory concentration of the Xylopia aethiopica and by the test organisms used in this study.
Occimum gratissimum which unraveled that both extracts  Researchers in this field should be encouraged
had MIC ranging from 200mg/ml to >250mg/ml on the financially to enhance and expand the scope of work on
bacterial test organisms. While that of the combined plant remedies for various ailments caused by bacteria,
extracts of X. aethiopica and O. gratissimum ranged from fungi and even viruses.
100mg/ml to 250mg/ml. Though both extracts have the
same range of MIC, the extracts of Occimum gratissimum REFERENCES
exhibited greater antibacterial activity than Xylopia
aethiopica extracts. The MIC of both extracts tallied on [1]. Adebolu, T. T., & Salau, A. O. (2005). Antimicrobial
Streptococcus pyogenes (200mg/ml) and on Escherichia activity of leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum on
coli (>250mg/ml), but Xylopia aethiopica had varied MIC selected diarrhoea causing bacteria in southwestern
of 250mg/ml on Staphylococcus aureus while Occimum Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(7), 682–
gratissimum’s leaf extract had 200mg/ml on the same 684. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2005.000-3126
organism. In the same vein, it was observed that X. [2]. Adesegun, A. S., Folorunso, S. O., Ojekale, A. B., &
aethiopica had MIC of >250mg/ml on Pseudomonas Osho, N. A. (2013). Antioxidant and Inhibitory
aeruginosa whereas O. gratissimum’s extract had on it Properties of Essential Oil of Ocimum Gratissimum
250mg/ml. Interestingly, an improved minimum inhibitory Against Extracellular Protease of Escherichia Coli.
concentration (MIC) was observed on the activity of the IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), 3(1), 50–55.
combined extracts of X. aethiopica and O. gratissimum as https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-31305055
this study recorded 100mg/ml on Streptococcus pyogenes, [3]. Adewoyin, F. B., Odaibo, A. B., & Adewunmi, C. O.
200mg/ml on Staphylococcus aureus and P. aeruginosa (2006). MOSQUITO REPELLENT ACTIVITY OF
and MIC of 250mg/ml on Escherichia coli. The minimum PIPER GUINEENSE AND XYLOPIA AETHIOPICA
bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged from 200mg/ml FRUITS OILS ON AEDES AEGYPTI. African
to >250mg/ml for X. aethiopica but had bacteriostatic effect Journal of Traditional, Complementary and
on Escherichia coli. In the case of O. gratissimum, MBC Alternative Medicines, 3(2), 79–83.
of 250mg/ml was recorded on the entire bacterial test [4]. Alexander, P. (2016). Phytochemical Screening and
organism. Then, that of the combined extracts was Mineral Composition of the Leaves of Ocimum
100mg/ml on gram positive Streptococcus pyogenes and gratissimum (Scent Leaf). International Journal of
Staphylococcus aureus while 200mg/ml MBC was Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 4(2), 161–165.
observed on gram negative P. aeruginosa and Escherichia https://doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v4i2.15101
coli. This study confirmed the statement of (Fall et al., [5]. Anyanwu, M. U., & Okoye, R. C. (2017).
2003) and (Ogunkunle & Ladejobi, 2006) who documented Antimicrobial activity of Nigerian medicinal plants.
that the combination of X. aethiopica with other plant types Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 6(2),
is used to achieve the desired effects. 240–259.
https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20170106073231
This research showed that the combined extracts of X. [6]. Asekun, O. T., & Adeniyi, B. A. (2004).
aethiopica and O. gratissimum were more effective on Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the fruit
antibacterial basis than when applied separately. Therefore, essential oil of Xylopia aethiopica from Nigeria.
the combined extracts of X. aethiopica and O. gratissimum Fitoterapia, 75(3–4), 368–370.
will provide curative effect on diseases caused by any or https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2003.12.020
combination of two or more of the bacterial test organisms [7]. Association of Analytical Chemist. (1980). Official
used in this study. methods of analysis of the Association of Official
Analytical Chemists (13th Ed, Ed.). Washington,
D.C. : Association of Official Analytical Chemists.

IJISRT20APR783 www.ijisrt.com 1183

Volume 5, Issue 4, April – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
[8]. Edeoga, H. O., & Eriata, D. O. (2001). Alkaloid, [21]. Matasyoh, L. G., Matasyoh, J. C., Wachira, F. N.,
tannin and saponin contents of some Nigerian Kinyua, M. G., Thairu, M. A. W., & Mukiama, T. K.
medicinal plants. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic (2008). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of
Plant Sciences, 23(3), 344–349. Ocimum gratissimum L. From different populations
[9]. Edeoga, H. O., Okwu, D. E., & Mbaebie, B. O. of Kenya. Afr J Tradit Complementary Altern Med, 5,
(2005). Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian 187–193.
medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology, [22]. Mbata, T., & Saikia, A. (2007). Crude Ethanolic
4(7), 685–688. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2005.000- Extract Of Leaves Of Ocimum Gratissimum L On
3127 Listeria Monocytogenes . The Internet Journal of
[10]. Emeh, A. ., Duru, N. ., Peter-Ogu, P., & Achilike, K. . Microbiology, 4(2), 1–6.
(2010). The antimicrobial potentials and [23]. Mith, H., Yayi-Ladékan, E., Sika Kpoviessi, S. D.,
phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of Yaou Bokossa, I., Moudachirou, M., Daube, G., &
Kalanchoe pinnata. World Journal of Biotechnology, Clinquart, A. (2016). Chemical Composition and
11(1), 1696–1702. Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of Ocimum
[11]. Emeh, A. ., Mbata, T. ., Peter-Ogu, P. ., & Ozurumba, basilicum, Ocimum canum and Ocimum gratissimum
A. . (2014). Antimicrobial Efficacy and in Function of Harvesting Time. Journal of Essential
Phytochemical Analysis of Ethanolic Extracts of Leaf Oil-Bearing Plants, 19(6), 1413–1425.
and Stem Bark of Spondias mombin. Journal of https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2014.890076
Applied Sciences, 17(1), 11101–11114. [24]. Mshana, N., Abbiw, D. K., Addae-Mensah, E.,
[12]. Erhirhie, E. O., & Moke, G. E. (2014). Xylopia Mshana, N., Abbiw, K., Addae-Mensah, I., … Tackie,
Aethiopica: A Review of its Ethnomedicinal, A. Traditional medicine and pharmacopoeia:
Chemical and Pharmacological Properties. J. contribution to the revision of Ethnobotanical and
PharmTech Res, 4(6), 1–7. Floristic Studies in Ghana. , (2000).
[13]. Fall, D., Badiane, M., Ba, D., Loiseau, P., Bories, C., [25]. Nguefack, J., Nguikwie, S. K., Fotio, D., Dongmo, B.,
Gleye, C., … Hocquemiller, R. (2003). Antiparasitic Zollo, P. H. A., Leth, V., … Poll, L. (2007).
effect of Senegalese Annonaceae used in traditional Fungicidal Potential of Essential Oils and Fractions
medicine. Dakar Med, 48(2), 112–116. from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and
[14]. Fleischer, T. ., Mensah, M. L. ., Mensah, A. ., Thymus vulgaris to Control Alternaria padwickii and
Komlaga, G., Gbedema, S. Y., & Skaltsa, H. (2008). Bipolaris oryzae, Two Seed-Borne Fungi of Rice
Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Xylopia (Oryza Sativa L.). Journal of Essential Oil Research,
aethiopica. African Journal Traditional Complement 19(6), 581–587.
Alternative Medicine, 5(4), 391–393. [26]. Nwachukwu, E. O. and Osuji, J. O. (2008). Evaluation
[15]. Ijeh, I. I., Omodamiro, O. D., & Nwanna, I. J. (2005). of Plant Extracts for Antifungal Activity Against
Antimicrobial effects of aqueous and ethanolic Sclerotium rolfsii Causing Cocoyam Cormel Rot in
fractions of two spices, Ocimum gratissimum and Storage Evaluation of Plant Extracts for Antifungal
Xylopia aethiopica. African Journal of Biotechnology, Activity Against S clerotium rolfsii Causing Cocoyam
4(9), 953–956. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2005.000- Cormel Rot in Storage. Research Journal of
3193 Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 4(6), 784–787.
[16]. Joshi, R. . (2013). Chemical Composition, In Vitro [27]. Nweze, E. I., & Eze, E. E. (2009). Justification for the
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the use of Ocimum gratissimum L in herbal medicine and
Essential Oils of Ocimum Gratissimum, O. Sanctum its interaction with disc antibiotics. BMC
and their Major Constituents. Indian J Pharm Sc, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 9, 37.
75(4), 457–462. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-9-37
[17]. Katara, A., Pradhan, C. K., Singh, P., Singh, V., & [28]. Ogunkunle, A. T. J., & Ladejobi, T. A. (2006).
Ali, M. (2013). Volatile Constituents and Ethnobotanical and phytochemical studies on some
Antimicrobial Activity of Aerial parts of Ocimum species of Senna in Nigeria. African Journal of
gratissimum Linn. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Biotechnology, 5(21), 2020–2023.
Plants, 16(2), 283–288. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajb.v5i21.55933
https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2013.794025 [29]. Okigbo, R. N., Mbajiuka, C. S., & Njoku, C. O.
[18]. Konnning, G. ., Agyare, C., & Ennison, B. (2004). (2005). Antimicrobial potential of (UDA) Xylopia
Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants from aethopica and Ocimum gratissimum on some
Ghana. Fitoterapia, 75, 65–67. pathogens of man. Int J. Mol. Med. Ad. Sci. ….
[19]. Lajide, L., Escoubas, P., & Mizutani, J. (1995). Retrieved from
Termite antifeedant activity in Xylopia aethiopica. http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/medwelljournals/ijmmas/20
Phytochemistry, 40(4), 1105–1112. 05/392-397.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)92653-P [30]. Osadebe, P. ., & Ukwueze, S. . (2004). A
[20]. Macdonald, I. O., Agunbiade, S. O., & Akintobi, O. Comparative Study of the Phytochenical and Anti-
(2010). Phytotoxic and anti-microbial activities of Microbial Properties of the Eastern Nigerian Specie of
flavonoids in Ocimum gratissimum. Life Science African Mistletoe (Loranthus micranthus) Sourced
Journal, 7(3), 45–48. from Different Host Trees. Journal of Biological
Research and Biotechnology, 2(1), 18–23.

IJISRT20APR783 www.ijisrt.com 1184

Volume 5, Issue 4, April – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
[31]. Owoyale, J. A., Olatunji, G. A., & Oguntoye, S. O.
(2005). Antifungal and antibacterial activities of an
alcoholic extract of Senna alata leaves. Journal of
Applied Science and Environmental Management,
9(3), 105–107.
https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v9i3.17362
[32]. Pandey, S. (2017). Antibacterial and Antifungal
Activities of Ocimum Gratissimum L. International
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
9(12), 26.
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i12.22678
[33]. Saraf, A., Mishra, M. S., & Sharma, K. (2011).
Antibacterial Activity of Commercial and Wild
Cinnamon Species. Journal of Phytology, 3(2), 102–
106.
[34]. Sofowora, A. (1982). Medicinal plants and
Traditional Medicine in Africa (First Edit). Wiley.
[35]. Tatsadjieu, L. N., Essia Ngang, J. J., Ngassoum, M.
B., & Etoa, F. X. (2003). Antibacterial and antifungal
activity of Xylopia aethiopica, Monodora myristica,
Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloïdes and Zanthoxylum
leprieurii from Cameroon. Fitoterapia, 74(5), 469–
472. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(03)00067-4
[36]. Tilton, R. ., & Howard, B. . (1987). Antimicrobial
susceptibility testing (D. Carson & S. Birchor, Eds.).
[37]. Ukeh, D. A., Oku, E. E., Udo, I. A., Nta, A. I., &
Ukeh, J. A. (2012). Efecto insecticida de extractos de
fruta de Xylopia aethiopica y Dennettia tripetala
(Annonaceae) contra Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae). Chilean Journal of Agricultural
Research, 72(2), 195–200.
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392012000200005

IJISRT20APR783 www.ijisrt.com 1185