SECOND DIVISION

[G.R. No. 212161. March 29, 2017.]

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES , plaintiff-appellee, vs. JUANITO

ENTRAMPAS , accused-appellant.

DECISION

LEONEN , J : p

This is a tragic story resulting from an act of depravity: an 11-year old girl gave
birth to a child after she was repeatedly raped by the common-law husband of her
biological mother.
This is an appeal from a conviction for two (2) counts of statutory rape.
We emphatically affirm the conviction.
The setting of this case is in a rural sitio of Barangay Bawod, San Isidro, Leyte. 1
It is far from the urban centers where courts sit, but it is a place where the writs shaped
by the rule of law can still provide succor.
Accused-appellant Juanito Entrampas (Entrampas) and BBB were common-law
spouses. 2 They co-habited for eight (8) years, from 1995 to 2003. AAA, BBB's
daughter from a previous relationship, lived with them. 3 She looked up to Entrampas
as her adoptive father.
Entrampas, then 50 years old, 4 was a farmer who tilled a rice eld half a
kilometer away from their home. 5 BBB collected shrimps and shells for a living, 6 and
would usually be at sea or by the beach from 4:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. 7 AAA was still in
elementary school. 8
Sometime in February 2003, at about 5:00 p.m., AAA arrived from school to cook
for her family. She was interrupted by Entrampas and was asked to go to the room
upstairs. 9 The 11-year old girl obeyed. 1 0
"Once in the room, [Entrampas] forced AAA to lie down on the oor[.]" 1 1 She was
warned by accused-appellant that if she shouted he would kill her. She was also warned
that if she told her mother about what he was about to do, he would kill them. 1 2
Entrampas took off the child's panty, undressed himself, and inserted his penis
into her vagina. AAA felt pain as he penetrated her. Her vagina bled. She cried and
pleaded him to stop. 1 3
As he consummated the act, she noticed a knife on the wall within his reach. She
became more fearful. After satisfying himself, he again warned the child that he would
kill her and her mother if she informed anyone about the incident. 1 4
She was left in the room sobbing. 1 5
That evening, after arriving from the sea shore, BBB asked AAA why she was
crying. Fearful of Entrampas' threats, AAA did not tell her mother. 1 6
The incident occurred again a week later in February 2003. 1 7 Entrampas told
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2017 cdasiaonline.com
 AAA to lie down, penetrated her vagina, and then left her. 1 8 AAA stayed in the room
upstairs, crying, until her mother came home at 10:00 p.m. 1 9
Over the following months, Entrampas repeatedly raped AAA, who, out of fear,
remained silent. 2 0
In July 2003, BBB observed some changes in her daughter's body. 2 1 AAA's
breasts had swollen, she had lost her appetite, and she was always sleeping. 2 2 By
September 2003, AAA's belly had become noticeably bigger. 2 3 She was brought to the
dispensary where her urine test was submitted for analysis. 2 4 AAA's pregnancy test
yielded positive. 2 5
Fearing for her life, AAA refused to reveal the identity of the father of her child. 2 6
Neighbors suspected that Entrampas got her pregnant. BBB asked Entrampas, who,
according to BBB, admitted that he was the father of AAA's child. 2 7
On September 8, 2003, Entrampas and BBB went to BBB's brother, CCC, "to
confess the crime he had committed against AAA." 2 8 Entrampas allegedly felt
remorseful and told CCC to kill him to avenge AAA. CCC immediately reported the
matter to the police. 2 9
On November 3, 2003, AAA gave birth to a baby boy at the North Western Leyte
District Hospital of Calubian, Leyte. 3 0
Before the Regional Trial Court, Entrampas was charged with two (2) counts of
quali ed rape under the Revised Penal Code, as amended by Republic Act No. 8353
(Anti-Rape Law of 1997). 3 1 Two (2) separate informations were filed against him:
CRIMINAL CASE NO. CN-04-457
That sometime in the afternoon of February, 2003, in the Municipality of
San Isidro, Province of Leyte, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this
Honorable Court, the accused, actuated by lust, did, then and there, willfully,
unlawfully and feloniously, through threat and intimidation, succeed in having
carnal knowledge of [AAA], who was eleven (11) years old and the daughter of
his common-law wife, without her consent and against her will.
CRIMINAL CASE NO. CN-04-458
That sometime in the evening of February, 2003, in the Municipality of
San Isidro, Province of Leyte, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this
Honorable Court, the above-named accused, actuated by lust, did, then and
there, willfully, unlawfully and feloniously, through threat and intimidation,
succeed in having carnal knowledge of [AAA], who was eleven (11) years old
and the daughter of his common-law wife, without her consent and against her
will.
CONTRARY TO LAW with the qualifying circumstances that the victim
was under eighteen (18) years of age and the offender is the common-law
spouse of the mother of the victim. 3 2
Prosecution presented AAA's certi cate of live birth, the laboratory report of
AAA's pregnancy test, Dr. Robert C. Nicolas's certi cation dated October 26, 2004, and
four (4) witnesses' testimonies. 3 3
According to BBB, Entrampas was her live-in partner for eight (8) years. 3 4 BBB
was at sea when the rape happened in February 2003. 3 5 Entrampas admitted to BBB
that he impregnated AAA, and that they came to see CCC, to whom Entrampas also
admitted the rape. 3 6
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2017 cdasiaonline.com
 The second prosecution witness, AAA, narrated how Entrampas raped her in
February 2003, again one (1) week after, and in the succeeding months until she had a
baby bump. 3 7 He gave her P10.00 for the rst time he raped her. 3 8 She had her
menstruation at 11 years old, while she was in Grade 5, and Entrampas knew this. 3 9
AAA had no boyfriend as she had no suitors. 4 0
The third prosecution witness, Dr. Danilo Bagaporo (Dr. Bagaporo), veri ed that
he was the Municipal Health O cer of San Isidro, Leyte. 4 1 On September 10, 2003, he
administered AAA's pregnancy test, which yielded a positive result. 4 2
The fourth prosecution witness, CCC, held that, on September 8, 2003, he was
chopping wood in Sitio Cabgan, Brgy. Biasong, San Isidro, Leyte when Entrampas and
BBB visited him. 4 3 Entrampas confessed the rape to CCC. At about 11:00 a.m. on the
same day, CCC reported this to the barangay captain of Bawod, San Isidro. CCC was
rst referred to the house of the punong tanod, who was then not around. At noon, he
proceeded to the police headquarters. The police investigated the incident and then
incarcerated Entrampas. 4 4
The defense's sole witness was Entrampas himself. 4 5 Entrampas claimed that
he could not have raped AAA as he was often in the rice eld. 4 6 He usually went to the
rice field at 5:00 a.m. and headed home at about 5:00 p.m. or 6:00 p.m. 4 7
He denied having raped AAA and having visited CCC with BBB. 4 8 He equally
refuted confessing to CCC that he raped AAA and asking for his forgiveness. 4 9 He also
contested the alleged inconsistent statements of AAA regarding the time the rst and
second rape happened, and whether she was awake or asleep before the sexual
molestation. 5 0
On December 6, 2008, the Regional Trial Court found the accused guilty beyond
reasonable doubt of two (2) counts of statutory rape. The dispositive portion of the
Decision 5 1 reads:
WHEREFORE, judgment is hereby rendered convicting the accused,
Juanito Entrampas, in Criminal Cases [sic] Nos. CN-04-457 and CN-04-458,
[guilty] beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of statutory rape as charged in the
Informations and as de ned and penalized in Article 299-A of the Revised Penal
Code, and in accordance with Criminal Case No. CN-04-457, this Court is left
with no alternative but to impose upon the accused, Juanito Entrampas, the
penalty of Reclusion Perpetua with all the accessory penalties provided for by
law, and to indemnify the victim, [AAA] the sum of Fifty Thousand (P50,000.00)
Pesos, without subsidiary imprisonment in case of insolvency and to pay Ten
Thousand (P10,000.00) Pesos, as moral damages, and to pay the cost, and in
Criminal Case No. CN-04-458, the accused, Juanito Entrampas, is sentenced to
suffer the penalty of Reclusion Perpetua, with all the accessory penalties
provided for by law and to indemnify the victim, [AAA], the sum of Fifty
Thousand (P50,000.00) Pesos, without subsidiary imprisonment in case of
insolvency and to pay Ten Thousand (P10,000.00) Pesos, as moral damages
and to pay the cost.
The herein accused, being a detention prisoner, is entitled to a full credit
of his preventive imprisonment in the service of his sentence.
SO ORDERED. 52 (Emphasis in the original)
In the Decision 5 3 dated November 6, 2013, the Court of Appeals a rmed the
ruling of the Regional Trial Court. It held that the inconsistencies alleged by Entrampas
did not "touch upon the commission of the crime nor affect [the minor victim]'s
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2017 cdasiaonline.com
 credibility." 5 4 The dispositive portion of this Decision reads as follows:
WHEREFORE , in view of the foregoing premises, the Decision of the
Regional Trial Court, Branch 11 of Calubian, Leyte, in Criminal Case Nos. CN04-
457 and CN-04-458 are hereby AFFIRMED with the following
MODIFICATIONS that the award of civil indemnity and moral damages in both
charges are increased to Php75,000.00 each. Further, accused-appellant is
ordered to pay Php30,000.00 as exemplary damages as well as the rate of 6%
per annum interest on all the damages awarded to be computed from the date
of finality of the judgment until fully paid. No pronouncement as to costs.
SO ORDERED. 55 (Emphasis in the original)
On December 2, 2013, Entrampas appealed via a Notice of Appeal 5 6 before the
Court of Appeals, which resolved to give it due course on March 25, 2014. 5 7
For resolution is whether accused-appellant Juanito Entrampas is guilty beyond
reasonable doubt of two (2) counts of statutory rape.
We affirm the finding of Entrampas' guilt.
The alleged inconsistencies "are collateral and minor matters which do not at all
touch upon the commission of the crime nor affect [the minor victim]'s credibility." 5 8
AAA's inability to recall the precise date and time of the rape is immaterial as these are
not elements of the crime. 5 9 Moreover, "rape victims are not expected to cherish in
their memories an accurate account of the dates, number of times[,] and manner they
were violated." 6 0
Inconsistencies on minor details and collateral matters do not affect the
substance, truth, or weight of the victim's testimonies. 6 1 "[M]inor inconsistencies may
be expected of [a girl] of such tender years . . . who is unaccustomed to a public trial[,]"
6 2 particularly one where she would recount such a harrowing experience as an assault
to her dignity. The inconsistencies and contradictions in AAA's declarations are quite
expected. The victim is a child less than 12 years old and, therefore, more likely to
commit errors than teenagers or adults. 6 3
Neither do these alleged discrepancies, not being elements of the crime, diminish
the credibility of AAA's declarations. Jurisprudence has consistently given full weight
and credence to a child's testimonies. 6 4 "Youth and immaturity are badges of truth and
sincerity." 6 5 "Leeway should be given to witnesses who are minors, especially when
they are relating past incidents of abuse." 6 6
AAA, then only 11 years old, had no reason to concoct lies against petitioner. Her
declarations are generally coherent and intrinsically believable. In People v. Dimanawa :
67

[R]everence and respect for the elders is deeply rooted in Filipino children and is
even recognized by law. Thus, it is against human nature for a . . . girl to fabricate a story
that would expose herself, as well as her family, to a lifetime of shame, especially when
her charge could mean the death or lifetime imprisonment of her own father. 6 8
(Citation omitted)
Her failures to resist the sexual aggression and to immediately report the
incident to the authorities or to her mother do not undermine her credibility. The silence
of the rape victim does not negate her sexual molestation or make her charge baseless,
untrue, or fabricated. 6 9 A minor "cannot be expected to act like an adult or a mature
experienced woman who would have the courage and intelligence to disregard the
threat to her life and complain immediately that she had been sexually assaulted." 7 0
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2017 cdasiaonline.com
 Force and intimidation must be appreciated in light of the victim's perception and
judgment when the assailant committed the crime. 7 1 In rape perpetrated by close kin,
such as the common-law spouse of the child's mother, actual force or intimidation need
not be employed. 7 2
"While [accused-appellant] was not the biological father of AAA . . . [she]
considered him as her father since she was a child." 7 3 Moral in uence or ascendancy
added to the intimidation of AAA. It enhanced the fear that cowed the victim into
silence. Accused-appellant's physical superiority and moral in uence depleted AAA's
resolve to stand up against her foster father. The threats to her and her mother's lives,
as well as the knife within accused-appellant's reach, further prevented her from
resisting her assailant. As accused-appellant sexually assaulted AAA, she cried and
pleaded him to stop. Her failure to shout or tenaciously repel accused-appellant does
not mean that she voluntarily submitted to his dastardly act.
Accused-appellant questioned the Regional Trial Court's appreciation of the age
of the victim at the time of the commission of rape. He claimed that the birth certi cate
cast doubt on whether the victim was indeed below 12 years old in February 2003,
when the offense was rst committed. According to him, AAA's birth certi cate should
be questioned as it was registered late. 7 4 This allegation is speculative.
Absent proof to the contrary, accused-appellant's objection must be set aside. A
public document such as a birth certi cate generally enjoys the presumption of
regularity. 7 5 Accused-appellant failed to present any evidence to overturn this legal
presumption. In Baldos v. Court of Appeals: 7 6
Applications for delayed registration of birth go through a rigorous
process. The books making up the civil register are considered public
documents and are prima facie evidence of the truth of the facts stated there.
As a public document, a registered certi cate of live birth enjoys the
presumption of validity. It is not for [the owner of the birth certi cate] to prove
the facts stated in his [or her] certi cate of live birth, but for petitioners who are
assailing the certificate to prove its alleged falsity. 7 7 (Citations omitted)
Thus, it is not for AAA to prove that the Certi cate of Live Birth re ects the truth
of the facts stated in it; rather, it is for accused-appellant to rebut the presumption that
AAA's birth certi cate su ciently establishes her birth on November 11, 1991.
Accused-appellant miserably failed to do this.
A careful examination of the records shows that there is nothing that would
warrant a reversal of the Decisions of the Regional Trial Court and the Court of Appeals.
"[W]hen a woman, especially a minor, says that she has been raped, she says in effect all
that is necessary to show that rape was committed." 7 8
Settled is the rule that "factual ndings of the trial court and its evaluation of the
credibility of witnesses and their testimonies are entitled to great respect and will not
be disturbed on appeal, unless the trial court is shown to have overlooked,
misapprehended, or misapplied any fact or circumstance of weight and substance." 7 9
On the two (2) charges of quali ed rape, AAA clearly and consistently
communicated how accused-appellant threatened and forced her into having sexual
congress with him. Sometime in February 2003, accused-appellant made AAA lie down
on the oor and warned her that he would kill her and her mother if she called for
attention. 8 0 He removed AAA's panty, undressed himself, and stripped her of her
innocence. 8 1 AAA cried and pleaded him to stop. 8 2 She grew more fearful as she saw
a knife within the assailant's reach. 8 3 Accused-appellant again threatened her and her
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2017 cdasiaonline.com
 mother's lives. 8 4 Terri ed of accused-appellant's threats, AAA did not tell her mother
what happened. 8 5
The incident occurred again a week later in February 2003. 8 6 Accused-appellant
told her to lie down, penetrated her vagina, and then went outside. 8 7 AAA stayed in the
room upstairs, crying, until BBB came home later that evening. 8 8 "For the succeeding
months, [Entrampas] continued to rape AAA who [kept silent] out of fear." 8 9
Accused-appellant's acts amounted to statutory rape through carnal knowledge
under Article 266-A (1) (d) of the Revised Penal Code, as amended:
Article 266-A. Rape, When and How Committed. Rape is committed —
1) By a man who shall have carnal knowledge of a woman under any
of the following circumstances:
a) Through force, threat, or intimidation;
b) When the offended party is deprived of reason or otherwise
unconscious;
c) By means of fraudulent machination or grave abuse of
authority; and
d) When the offended party is under twelve (12) years of age or
is demented, even though none of the circumstances
mentioned above be present. (Emphasis supplied)
Accused-appellant also committed the crime with the aggravating/qualifying
circumstance that he was the common-law spouse of AAA's mother. Under Article 266-
B (1) of the Revised Penal Code, as amended:
Article 266-B. Penalties. — Rape under paragraph 1 of the next
preceding article shall be punished by reclusion perpetua.
xxx xxx xxx
The death penalty shall also be imposed if the crime of
rape is committed with any of the following
aggravating/qualifying circumstances:
1) When the victim is under eighteen (18) years of age
and the offender is a . . . guardian . . . or the
common-law spouse of the parent of the victim[.]
As to the circumstances qualifying rape, the prosecution established that the
victim was less than 12 years old when the incident happened in February 2003, and
that the offender was her guardian. 9 0 AAA's Certi cate of Live Birth proved her
minority. AAA was accused-appellant's foster daughter. AAA and her mother, who was
accused-appellant's former live-in partner, resided with accused-appellant in his house.
In September 2003, Dr. Bagaporo administered AAA's pregnancy test and found
her to be with child. 9 1 AAA gave birth on November 3, 2003, 9 2 within nine (9) months
from the date of the first rape in February 2003.
Meanwhile, CCC averred that accused-appellant admitted the crime to him, after
which CCC reported the incident to the barangay captain and then to the police. 9 3
As against these details and testimonies, all that accused-appellant offered in
defense were denials and alibis, which jurisprudence has long considered weak and
unreliable. 9 4

CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2017 cdasiaonline.com

 The Regional Trial Court, as a rmed by the Court of Appeals, properly found that
the testimonies of AAA, BBB, CCC, and Dr. Bagaporo corroborated each other and
supported the physical evidence. There was no showing that the witnesses for the
prosecution had ill motives to testify against accused-appellant. Their testimonies are,
therefore, accorded full faith and credence.
Raping a daughter destroys the purity of a father-daughter relationship. It
shatters her dignity. It destroys her ability to trust her elders charged with her care. The
sel sh momentary pleasure of the father will torment her for life. In this case, it will also
aggravate with the existence of the child of his daughter. This Court is at a loss for
words to describe this evil. All it can do is to increase the amounts awarded to AAA in
the hope that she will remember that the law is on her side.
In view of the depravity of the acts committed by accused-appellant against his
11-year old foster daughter, this Court increases the amounts awarded to AAA, in
accordance with jurisprudence:
For quali ed rape through carnal knowledge, this Court modi es the award of
civil indemnity from P75,000.00 to P100,000.00; moral damages from P75,000.00 to
P100,000.00; and exemplary damages from P30,000.00 to P100,000.00. 9 5
WHEREFORE , in view of the foregoing premises, the Regional Trial Court
Decision dated December 6, 2008 and Court of Appeals Decision dated November 6,
2013 are hereby AFFIRMED with the following MODIFICATIONS:
Judgment is hereby rendered nding the accused, Juanito Entrampas, in Criminal
Case Nos. CN-04-457 and CN-04-458, guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of
statutory rape as charged in the informations and as de ned and penalized in Article
266-A of the Revised Penal Code.
In Criminal Case No. CN-04-457, Juanito Entrampas is SENTENCED to reclusion
perpetua with all the accessory penalties provided for by law. We modify the award of
civil indemnity from P75,000.00 to P100,000.00; moral damages from P75,000.00 to
P100,000.00; and exemplary damages from P30,000.00 to P100,000.00, 9 6 without
subsidiary imprisonment in case of insolvency.
Likewise, in Criminal Case No. CN-04-458, Juanito Entrampas is SENTENCED to
reclusion perpetua with all the accessory penalties provided for by law. We modify the
award of civil indemnity from P75,000.00 to P100,000.00; moral damages from
P75,000.00 to P100,000.00; and exemplary damages from P30,000.00 to
P100,000.00, 9 7 without subsidiary imprisonment in case of insolvency.
All awards for damages are with interest at the legal rate of six percent (6%) per
annum from the date of finality of this judgment until fully paid. 9 8
SO ORDERED.
Carpio, Peralta and Martires, JJ., concur.
Mendoza, * J., on official leave.
Footnotes
* On official leave.
1. Rollo, p. 7, Court of Appeals Decision.
2. Id.

CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2017 cdasiaonline.com

 3. Id.
4. CA rollo, p. 39.

5. Rollo, p. 7.
6. Id.
7. CA rollo, p. 36.
8. Rollo, p. 7.
9. CA rollo, p. 36.

10. Rollo, p. 7.
11. Id.
12. Id.
13. Id.

14. Id.
15. Id.
16. Id.
17. Id. at 8.
18. CA rollo, pp. 36-37.

19. Id.
20. Rollo, p. 8.
21. Id.
22. Id.
23. Id.

24. CA rollo, p. 37.

25. Rollo, p. 8.
26. Id.
27. Id.

28. Id.
29. Id.
30. Id.
31. CA rollo, p. 33.
32. Id. at 33-34.

33. Id. at 34-35.

34. Id. at 35.
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2017 cdasiaonline.com
 35. Id.
36. Id.
37. Id. at 36-37.

38. Id. at 37.

39. Id.
40. Id.
41. Id.
42. Id.

43. Id. at 38.

44. Id.
45. Id.
46. Id. at 39.

47. Id. at 38. The time stated that he would go to the field was mistakenly reported as 5:00 p.m.
48. Rollo, p. 9.
49. Id.
50. Id. at 13-14.
51. CA rollo, pp. 33-44. The Decision was penned by Executive Judge Crescente F. Maraya, Jr.
of Branch 11, Regional Trial Court, Calubian, Leyte.
52. Id. at 44.

53. Rollo, pp. 4-19. The Decision was penned by Associate Justice Ramon Paul L. Hernando
and concurred in by Associate Justices Carmelita Salandanan-Manahan and Ma. Luisa
C. Quijano-Padilla of the Twentieth (20th) Division of the Court of Appeals, Cebu City.
54. Id. at 13-14.
55. Id. at 18.

56. Id. at 20-22.

57. Id. at 23.
58. Id. at 14.
59. Id.
60. People v. Lor, 413 Phil. 725, 736 (2001) [Per J. Ynares-Santiago, En Banc], citing People v.
Zaballero, 340 Phil. 371 (1997) [Per J. Panganiban, Third Division]; citing People v.
Sabellina, G.R. Nos. 93514, December 1, 1994, 238 SCRA 492 [Per J. Bellosillo, First
Division].
61. People v. Avanzado, Sr., 242 Phil. 163, 169 (1988) [Per J. Melencio-Herrera, Second
Division].
62. Id.
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2017 cdasiaonline.com
 63. Id.
64. See Pielago v. People, 706 Phil. 460, 468-469 [Per J. Reyes, First Division]; Campos v.
People, 569 Phil. 658, 671 (2008) [Per J. Ynares-Santiago, Third Division]; People v.
Galigao, 443 Phil. 246, 260 (2003) [Per J. Ynares-Santiago, En Banc]; Ricalde v. People,
G.R. No. 211002, January 21, 2015 <http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/pdf/web/viewer.html?
file=/jurisprudence/2015/january2015/211002.pdf> 8-10 [Per J. Leonen, Second
Division].
65. People v. Dimanawa, 628 Phil. 678, 689 (2010) [Per J. Nachura, Third Division].
66. People v. Dominguez, 667 Phil. 105, 119 (2011) [Per J. Sereno (now Chief Justice), Third
Division].
67. People v. Dimanawa, 628 Phil. 678 (2010) [Per J. Nachura, Third Division].
68. Id. at 689.
69. People v. Lor, 413 Phil. 725, 736 (2001) [Per J. Ynares-Santiago, En Banc].

70. Id.
71. People v. Dimanawa, 628 Phil. 678, 688 (2010) [Per J. Nachura, Third Division].
72. People v. Corpuz, 597 Phil. 459, 467 (2009) [Per J. Carpio-Morales, Second Division].
73. Rollo, p. 15.
74. The birth certificate was registered on July 9, 2002.

75. Baldos v. Court of Appeals, 638 Phil. 601, 608 (2010) [Per J. Carpio, Second Division].
76. Baldos v. Court of Appeals, 638 Phil. 601 (2010) [Per J. Carpio, Second Division].
77. Id. at 608.
78. People v. Dimanawa, 628 Phil. 678, 689 (2010) [Per J. Nachura, Third Division].

79. People v. De Jesus, 695 Phil. 114, 122 (2012) [Per J. Brion, Second Division].
80. Rollo, pp. 7-8.
81. Id.
82. Id.
83. Id.

84. Id.
85. Id.
86. Id. at 8.
87. Id.
88. CA rollo, pp. 36-37.

89. Rollo, p. 8.
90. Id. at 7.

CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2017 cdasiaonline.com

 91. CA rollo, p. 37.
92. Rollo, p. 8.
93. CA rollo, p. 38.
94. People v. Liwanag, et al., 415 Phil. 271, 295 (2001) [Per J. Ynares-Santiago, First Division].
95. People v. Jugueta, G.R. No. 202124, April 5, 2016
<http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/pdf/web/viewer.html?
file=/jurisprudence/2016/april2016/202124.pdf> 29-30 [Per J. Peralta, En Banc].
96. Id.
97. Id.

98. Ricalde v. People, G.R. No. 211002, January 21, 2015

<http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/pdf/web/viewer.html?
file=/jurisprudence/2015/january2015/211002.pdf> 16 [Per J. Leonen, Second Division].

CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2017 cdasiaonline.com