‫عنوان البحث‬

‫)‪Commercial applications of Amplitude Modulation(AM‬‬

‫الهندسة االلكترونية بمنوف‬ ‫كلية ‪:‬‬

‫عام‬ ‫القسم‪/‬الشعبة ‪:‬‬

‫الثانية‬ ‫الفرقة ‪:‬‬

‫هندسة اتصاالت‬ ‫اسم المقرر ‪:‬‬

‫‪ECE 222‬‬ ‫كود المقرر ‪:‬‬

‫يوسف أحمد السيد يسن‬ ‫اسم الطالب ‪:‬‬

‫‪29906211700058‬‬ ‫الرقم القومي ‪:‬‬

‫‪el-eng.menofia.edu.eg@1700283‬‬ ‫البريد األكاديمي ‪:‬‬

‫مني شقير و أ‪.‬د‪ : .‬أحمد بنيه‬ ‫اشراف أ‪.‬د‪: .‬‬

: Abstract*

In this research we will talk about Amplitude Modulation or we can

abbreviate it to (AM). We will define what is the amplitude modulation
and known what its types and talk about each each type and its benefits or
its advantages and dis advantage. Also , we will talk about its
.applications and its commercial's in real life

:Introduction*

I have read some different researches , books and website articles and
know information about amplitude modulation but first we should know
.what is modulation

In the modulation process. Some characteristic of a high frequency carrier

signal (bandpass), is changed according to instantaneous amplitude of the
information (baseband) signal. And there is a question why the
modulation is used? Because it is suitable for signal transmission,
multiple signal transmitted on the same channel. Stability and noise
rejection. The basic modulation types is amplitude modulation ,
frequency modulation , phase modulation. Now we will talk about
amplitude modulation. In amplitude modulation, the message signal is
.impressed on the amplitude of the carrier signal C(t)

This results in in a sinusoidal signal whose amplitude is a function of the

message signal m(t). there are different spectral characteristic for the
transmitted signal and there are types of amplitude modulation and we
.will know about them in this research

:main results*

Modulation of amplitude or simply AM is one of the earliest modulation 
methods used to transmit information over the radio. 
At a time when Landell de Moura and Reginald Fessenden were 
conducting experiments using a radiotelephone in the 1900s,
 this technique was devised in the 20th century. The modulation 
technique was developed after successful attempts and was used in
 electronic communications.In general, the definition of amplitude 

modulation ation is given as a type of modulation where

 the amplitude of the carrier wave with respect to the modulating data or

 the signal is varied in some proportion.As for the mechanism,

 there's a variation in the carrier's amplitude when amplitude modulation 

is used.Here the voltage or the information signal power level

 adjusts the carrier amplitude. The carrier isn't variable 

in amplitude in AM.
The modulating data is therefore in the form of signal components 

consisting of frequencies that are either higher or lower than the carrier's. 
The signal elements are called sidebands, and the sideband strength 
is responsible for the differences in the overall signal amplitude.
The AM technique is completely different from the frequency modulation 
and phase modulation, where the frequency of the carrier signal varies in 
the first case and the phase varies in the second.
A continuous-wave persists at no intervals, and the 
information is stored in the baseband message signal. 
Must be modulated  to this wave. 
"The amplitude of the carrier signal varies according to the instantaneous 
amplitude of the modulating signal," according to the standard definition, 
which means,The amplitude of the carrier signal, which contains no
 information, variesat each instant according to the amplitude of

 the signal containing information.

- Types of amplitude modulation :

1-Double sideband suppressed carrier(DSB SC)

2-Double sideband full carrier 3-Quadrature Amplitude modulation
4-single band width 5-vestigial sideband (VSB)
First, double sideband suppressed carrier(DSB SC):
Double sideband is a type of amplitude modulation in which the message 
signal frequency range is symmetrically positioned above 
and below the frequency of the carrier signal. The upper and lower freque
ncies are known as the modulated signal sidebands. 
The upper sideband (USB) has frequency components higher than the 
carrier frequency and the lower sideband (LSB) has lower frequency 
components . mathematical expression :
supposed the message signal is sinusoidal signal m(t) = A cos ωmt
m

the carrier signal is a high frequency sinusoidal signal c(t) = A cos ω t

c  c

SB-SC transmission is a special case of reduced carrier transmission by 

double-side band. This is applicable to radio data systems. 

This mode is often used in communications with 
amateur radio voices, particularly in high frequency bands.
Advantage: -the modulation process is very simple
-no need for filtering during modulation for sidebands.
 DSB-SC is a technique used in electronic communication,
most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier
wave.
 DSB-SC used in stereo transmission of FM radio.
 Disadvantage : Demodulation need coherent carrier source.
 It carrier less information about the carrier.
 Carrier power is wasted
 Envelop detection is not possible.
 High bandwidth compares to SSB, VSB.
Second, double sideband full carrier (DSB FC):
During demodulation, the carrier signal is used at DSB-FC. 
The message signal is stored in the Modulated Signal envelope. 
The amplitude of the message signal in the modulated 
signal should not go below Zero to acquire this envelope.
A coherent source or envelope detector may be used to demodulate the
 DSB-FC or typical AM. Envelope Detector is a 
cost-effective and very simple device. An envelope detector is a 
basic circuit diode, condenser, and resistor. Neither a coherent source nor 
a low pass filter is required.
 Advantage : The receiver is very simple and low cost.
 Broadcasting is very efficient.
 Disadvantage : Waste too much power.
 Overall low efficiency (about 33%).
 AM is affected by noise.
Quadrature Amplitude modulation:
Is the type of amplitude modulation in which two different message 
signals are transmitted with a different phase shift on the same frequency 
carrier. The modulated signal DSB has double modulating signal 
bandwidth. 
To overcome excessive bandwidth, QAM is applied by sending two mess
age signals with a phase difference of 90° on the same frequency carrier
 signal. The source of the carrier emits a transporter signal.
The 0 ° phase shift carrier signal is used with the first signal1and the 90 ° 
phase shift carrier signal is used with the second signal2.
Instead, using summer, both modulated signals are applied to create a sin
gle signal of the same frequency and bandwidth. QAM modulated signal
cannot be demodulated using envelope detection technique because it
contains two message signals. The messages signals are demodulated
by multiplying the QAM signal with its coherent carrier signal.

Advantages
 Can carry more than one message signal.
 Utilize low bandwidth as compared to the information transmitted.
Disadvantages
 It has a complex design of transmitter and receiver.
 Envelope detection technique does not work.
Single sideband (SSB) :
Modulation style Amplitude, in which only one sideband is 
transmitted through an antenna, is called single sideband communication. 
Unlike DSB, the modulated SSB signal has either upper 
side-band (usually) or lower side-band only in single side-band.
The modulated SSB signal is made from the 
DSB signal by a bandpass filter passing through it. 
As shown in figure below, the bandpass filter cutoff the DSB 
modulated signal at either the upper sideband or the lower sideband.
The bandwidth of the SSB signal is equal to the bandwidth of
the message signal.If the received signal is SSB suppressed carrier signal 

then a coherent source is required for the demodulator. 
Which generates the same frequency carrier than the signal received. 
The signal is passed via low pass filter after demodulation to filter out 
high frequency components.If the received signal is a complete carrier
 SSB signal then an Envelope Detector or Rectifier is best used. 
The full carrier SSB transmission is a type of SSB transmission, 
where the carrier amplitude is very large compared to the amplitude
of the message signal.

Advantages
 Bandwidth is equal to message signal.
 Save half power by transmitting one sideband.
Disadvantages
 Filtering one sideband is very difficult and add complexity to the
transmitter circuit
 It needs a bandpass filter with a very sharp cutoff. An ideal filter.
vestigial sideband (VSB): this is the type which used commercially and
we will obtain this after define it.
As we know there is no sharp cutoff in a real bandpass 
filter and it does not filter all the frequencies outside the cutoff region. 
A real filter allows some content of frequencies outside the cutoff region. 
Because of this issue it implements vestigial sideband. In VSB one 
sideband and a small portion of the second sideband (25 percent)
 are transmitted. VSB mainly used for tv transmittion since low frequency
significant picture details they are unaffected due to VSB.
-the commercial applications of AM :
AM used in AM radio . widley used in computer moderns and vhf aircraft
radio. AM radio uses amplitude modulation and is the simplest form of
radio broadcast.
- Reason making these application use Am instead of other types:
It is beacause AM signals bounce off the upper atmosphere but suffer
from more noise and interference than FM, especially during thunder
storm. And AM is easier to implement and the receiver used for AM is
very cheap.
*conclusion:
In this research we talk about amplitude modulation and know what are
its types and each type definition and know the commercial type (VSB)
and know the advantage and disadvantage of each type then, we know the
commercial application of AM and why we specially use AM.
*References :
www. Ekb.eg
principle of communication (for j.s. chitode 2007)
amplitude modulation of pulsation modes (for Dominic Bowman)
www.wikipedia.com
www.quora.com
Electronic communication system (for Wayne Tomasi)
Digital and analog communication system( for Leon W. Couch II).