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Available Mn in Salt Affected Soils

Article  in  Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science · January 1994

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Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, Vol.42, No. 1, pp 36-39 (1994)
Received August 1992, Accepted September 1993

Available Mn in Salt Affected Soils

A.K. SRIVASTAVA* AND O.P. SRIVASTAVA

Department of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry, Institute of Agriculture Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005

Abstract: Studies on distribution of different forms of Mn, in air-dried and water logged sodic and salt affected
soils (Natraqualfs) at varying levels of soil pH and response to Mn application by rice soluble Mn, 6.4 fold
reduction in exchangeable Mn and 2.6 fold increase in easily reducible Mn with increase in soil pH from 7.2 to
10.3, ECe from 1.46 to 20.82 dS m-1 and ESP from 8.3 to 70.0. Exchangeable Mn, easily reducible Mn and soil
pH governed the availability of Mn. DTPA and IN neutral NH 4 OAc extractable Mn were reduced
substantially with increasing pH, ECe, and ESP of salt affected soils. Waterlogging echanced the availability of
Mn in all the soils under investigation. Rice and wheat did not respond to Mn application in a gypsum amended
saline sodic soil.
(key words: Forms of Mn, waterlogging, gypsum, response saline –sodic soil)

The pH, salinity and sodicity of soils affect the availability of different forms of Mn
in salt- affected soils. Water logging of these soils further brings drastic changes in the Mn
availability (Swarup1989) and accordingly the response of Mn application may vary. The
present investigation was undertaken to study different forms of Mn and its availability at
varying soil pH under air-dry and waterlogged condition and response of rice and succeeding
wheat crop to manganese application in the gypsum amended soil.

Materials and Method

In order to obtain the soils of different pH, six hundred surface (0.0-0.15 m) soil
samples were collected from contiguous belts of salt affected soils showing different phases
of salinity and sodicity development from Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh. On the basis of
variation in pH, finally 19 soil samples ranging in pH from 7.3 to 10.8 having ESP 9.3 to
82.3 and ECe from 1.52 to 70.52 dS m-1 were selected for studying the available Mn
content. Majority of soils having ESP more than 15 (78% of total 19 selected soil samples)
are loamy, illitic hyperthermic family of with pH 10.3, ECe 18.8 dS m -1, ESP 82.8 and 1N
NH4OAc extractable Mn 1.1 mg kg-1 All the pots with closed bottom were treated with
gypsum @100 percent of gypsum requirement, kept waterlogged for four weeks and leached
with water having EC as 0.15 dS m-1 for succeeding two weeks by opening the bottom of
pots. Five week old rice seeding (var. Saket -4) were transplanted in thoroughly leached pots
and soon after rice harvest, wheat crop (var.HUM-205) was sown which was given a further
basal dose of N, P, K and manganous sulphate.

Results and Discussion

Forms of Mn

Water soluble and exchangeable Mn decreased with increase in soil pH and more so very
remarkably in sodic soils (Table1). This is on account of oxidation
Table 1. Effect of varying pH on different forms of Mn in normal, sodic and saline soils
Sr.No pH ECe ESP Org .C CaCo3 1N NH4OAc Forms of Mn (mg kg-1)
(dS m-1 ) (g kg -1 ) (g kg -1) Mn (pH 7.0)
water Exchangeable Easily Active
(mg kg -1 )
Soluble reducible

1 7.2 1.5 8.3 7.8 5.0 9.5 0.8 6.2 107.5 114.5

2 7.6 1.5 11.3 7.6 15.0 9.4 0.6 5.9 108.5 115.0

3 8.4 1.9 33.7 5.6 10.0 3.1 0.6 2.4 191.0 193.9

4 9.9 5.3 62.3 2.8 40.0 1.8 0.5 1.4 282.5 184.4

5 10.3 20.8 70.0 2.1 55.0 1.4 0.4 0.9 288.0 289.4

CD(p=0.05) 1.2 1.0 4.1 0.6 3.0 3.6 0.1 2.2 79.5 77.2

Typic Natraqualf. Available Mn was also determined after 15 days of waterlogging of soils.
The soils of varying pH and distilled water were taken in the ratio of 1:2.5 in 100 mL
beakers along with biological activator in the form of water extract of fresh cultivated soil
and everyday the level of water was maintained by adding the water lost in the past 24 hours.
Five Soil samples covering the whole range of pH from 7.2 to 10.3 were taken to study
different forms of Mn (Sherman & Harmer 1943).

A pot experiment was also conducted to study the response to added Mn in a bulk of
homogeneously processed salt – affected soil. Five treatmentsViz., control, N, NP, NPK and
NPK-Mn were laid out in randomized block design with four replications under
screenhouse condition. The soil was loam in texture of water soluble and exchangeable Mn
into Mn3+ as the oxidation status of soil increased with rise in soil pH, ECe and ESP. Singh
(1970) and Rai et al. (1972) observed highly inverse relationship between pH and
exchangeable Mn as critical limit suggested by Sherman and Harmer (1943), Soils in pH
range of 7.2 to 7.6 may be classified as moderate in exchangeable Mn and soils having pH
range of 8.4 to 10.3 as poor in exchangeable Mn status. The content of easily reducible Mn
was comparatively higher in soil due to forms having higher valency states. Active Mn as the
sum of water soluble, exchangeable and easily reducible Mn increase from normal soil of pH
7.2 to sodic soil pH of 10.3 These soils are rated as sufficient in active Mn considering the
critical limit of 100 ppm suggested by Sherman and Harmer (1943).

Different forms of Mn were interrelated with each other. In the multiple correlation
and regression analysis, exchangeable Mn easily reducible Mn and soil pH were further
significantly correlated with NH4 OAc- Mn and regression equation is Y (Available Mn) = -
7.626 + 1.731 X3 (Exchangeable Mn) -0.012 X4 (easily reducible Mn) + 1.072 X5 (pH).Shukla
et al. (1975) observed that reducible Mn controlled the readily available forms of Mn in arid
brown soils of Haryana. Water soluble and exchangeable Mn were negatively correlated
with soil pH (r=-0.879*and -0.942**), ECe (r=-0.923** and -0.956**), ESP (r=-0.994**and -
0.979**) and- 0.956**), and CaCO3 (r=-0.889* and 0.881*) and positively correlated with
organic carbon (r= 0.921** and 0.942**, respectively. Similarly, easily reducible Mn was
negatively correlated with organic carbon (r=0.961**) and positively correlated with organic
carbon (r=0.961**), ECe (r=0.987**) ESP (r= 0.994) and CaCO3 (r=0.902**).
 Availability of Mn

In the soils under investigation, the critical limit of pH at 15 ESP to diagnose sodic
from non- sodic soils has been observed as 8.0 according to linear regression equation
between ESP and pH (Y= 7.39+ 0.39X).DTPA extractable and 1N neutral NH4 OAc
extractable Mn were reduced with increase in pH and sodicity of soils. In sodic soils, DTPA
extractable and 1N NH4 OAc (pH 7.0) extractable Mn further decreased with increase in pH
and ESP (Table 2). These observations indicate the comparatively higher magnitude of
reduction in available Mn in Sodic Soils, The presence of high amount of NaHCO 3 and
NaCO3 increases the soil ESP, thereby sodic soils possess higher oxidation status
immobilizing the available Mn. DTPA- Mn was positively and significantly correlated with
organic carbon (r= 0.883** and 0.888**). Comparatively higher increase in DTPA- Mn with
increase in organic carbon is attributed to better ability of DTPA to Solubilize complexed Mn
even in Presence of low organic carbon in salt affected soils. Saline soils were associated
with adequate.

Table 2. Available manganese in the soils

Sr.No pH ECe ESP Org .C CaCo3 DTPA-Mn 1N NH4OAc 1N NH4OAc-
(dS m-1 ) (g kg -1 ) (g kg -1) (mg kg -1) Mn (pH 7.0) Mn (pH 7.0)
Under air dry Under
condition waterlogged
(mg kg -1 ) condition
(mg kg -1 )
1 7.3 1.6 9.3 6.9 5.0 14.2 9.6 14.2

2 7.4 1.7 10.8 7.1 5.0 15.1 7.0 11.7

3 7.6 1.5 11.3 6.0 15.0 14.2 6.5 17.0

4 1.9 1.8 13.4 6.5 10.0 12.8 6.0 16.1

5 8.2 2.0 23.4 6.0 5.0 11.2 3.7 13.8

6 8.4 1.9 33.7 5.7 10.0 10.8 3.0 5.0

7 8.5 1.4 29.9 5.7 25.0 10.1 1.9 5.9

8 8.6 2.1 37.4 4.9 25.0 10.2 2.2 6.1

9 8.7 2.3 43.0 4.7 20.0 10.4 2.9 6.0

10 9.2 2.3 49.0 5.0 25.0 9.0 3.0 10.6

11 9.3 3.1 49.1 3.4 30.0 9.1 2.6 11.7

12 9.7 3.2 53.3 2.3 25.0 8.2 2.0 12.8

13 9.9 5.3 62.3 2.1 40.0 8.5 1.9 13.4

14 10.1 70.5 63.1 2.2 95.0 7.2 1.6 10.6

15 10.2 38.8 70.1 2.3 55.0 7.1 1.4 10.8

16 10.4 12.4 70.5 2.8 40.0 7.2 1.1 8.9

17 10.6 22.8 76.6 2.7 50.0 5.1 1.0 9.5

18 10.7 15.3 80.5 1.8 40.0 4.6 0.9 6.1

19 10.8 18.2 82.3 1.4 50.0 3.8 1.0 10.6

CD(p=0.05) 1.1 1.9 6.2 2.0 22.0 3.8 2.3 3.5

amount of calcium carbonate ranging from 4.0 to 9.0 per cent compared to 0.5 to 3.0 per cent
in sodic soils. DTPA and NH4OAc extraxtable Mn were significantly correlated with
CaCO3(r= 0.849** and 0.812*, respectively) in sodic soils, where as in saline- sodic soils the
relationships were non-significant. This shows that availability of Mn is more affected by
oxidation – reduction process than adsorption.

On the basis of critical limit of DTPA- Mn (Lindsay & Norvell 1978) as 10 mg Kg-1
soil and NH4OAc- Mn as 4.5 mg kg-1 soil ( Unpublished work of ICAR), 52.7 percent and
79.0 percent soils ranging in pH from 9.2 to 10.8 and from 8.25 to 10.8, may be considered
deficient in manganese.

In sodic sand saline- Sodic soils, high intensity of reduction is required to make Mn
available in the soil. Waterlogging has helped in increasing the availability of Mn by
counterbalancing the negative impact of pH as evident from non- significant correlations as
r= 0.381 and 0.240 in sodic and saline –sodic soils, respectively. Under air- dry condition,
available Mn decreased with increase in pH. Under waterlogged condition, sufficient level of
available Mn is maintained and addition of gypsum further improved the status of available
Mn by lowering the soil pH (Swarup 1989). Therefore, no response to Mn application could
be observed in rice and succeeding wheat crop in saline- sodic soil amended with
gypsum(Table3).

Table 3. Yield of rice and wheat on reclaimed soil

Treatments Rice Wheat
Straw Grain Straw Grain
(g/pot) (g/pot) (g/pot) (g/pot)
Control 13.1 5.6 4.1 1.5
N 29.8 15.2 16.3 7.6
NP 34.7 16.8 17.1 8.0
NPK 35.9 16.9 18.9 8.2
NPK Mn 42.8 23.5 23.4 11.4
CD(P=0.05) 8.9 8.7 4.7 3.7

Acknowledgements
The Senior author (AKS) is thankful to University Grants Commission for providing
financial assistance in the form of a Junior Research fellowship during the course of study.

References
Lindsay, W.L. & Norvell, W.A.(1978) soil Sci Soc. Am J. 42,421.
Rai, M.M., Pal, A.R., Chimania, B.P., Shitoely, D.B. & Vakil, P.
(1972) J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 20,129.
Sherman, G.D. & Harmer, P.M. (1943) Proc. Soil Sci. Sco. Am. 7,
398.
Shukla, U.C., Gupta, B.L., & Raghbir Singh (1975) J Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 23, 484.
Singh, M. (1970) Agrokem, talajt.14.565.
Swarup, Anand (1989) fertile, News, 34,21.
Mustard (Brassica Napus ) is the most important oilseed crop (rabi) of Manipur and finds a
major place in the agriculture- based farming systems. The soils of the state are acidic Al
fisol, deficient in available Pand rich in organic carbon and total N content. But the
availability of N is not in proportion of the reserve N due to low rate of mineralization and
the crop is highly responsive to N and P fertilization. The Present Investigation aimed at
assessing the relative performance of different chemical extract ants for estimation of soil
available P and to work out the critical limit of available N,P and organic matter in these soils
and critical concentration of these major elements in the plant tissue below which the
economic response of N and P is expected.

Materials and Methods

Twentytwo surface soil samples belonging to fine loamy, mixed, Typic Hapludalf
were collected in bulk from hill and valley portion of Imphal, Senapati, Bishnupur and
Ukhrul districts of Manipur. The soils (<2mm) were analysed for important soil
characteristics following standard procedures. Available N in these soils was determined by
alkaline KMnO4 method (Subbiah &Asija 1956). The available P in the soils was extracted
by different extractants as mentioned in table 2 and P was determined in the extract by
chlorostannous reduced molybdphosphoric acid blue colour method in sulphuric acid
medium (Jackson 1973). Two pot experiments were conducted in polythene sheet-lined pots
, separately one with 20 soils for the determination of critical limit of organic carbon and
available N and other with 19 soils for that of available P. Seventeen soils were common to
both the experiments. Four kg of processed (<2mm) air- dried soil was filled in each pot and
usual pot culture technique was followed. In the first experiment, 0,50 and 100 mg N kg-1
was used and in the second experiment 0,15 and 30mg p kg-1 was applied in the form of
regent grade KH2PO4 in three replications. Toria variety M-27 was used as test crop. In the
first experiment, six plants were raised in each pot of which two were cut at flowering stage
(45 days old) from each pot and analysed for N content The remaining Plants were harvested
at maturity and the total dry matter yield was recorded. The N Content in grain and straw
were determined by Kjeldahi method. In the second experiment all the plants were cut at
ground level after 50days’ growth, washed, dried at 65oC in oven, Plant samples were
digested in triacid mixture of HNO3 HClO4 and H2SO4 (10:4:1) and analysed for P by
vanadomolybdate yellow colour method. Bray’s per cent yield was calculated.

The critical limit of P, organic carbon and available N was evaluated by plotting
Bray’s per cent yield against soil available P, organic carbon, available N and plant tissue N
and P concentration by scatter diagram procedure of Cate and Nelson (1965).

Results and Discussion

All the soils were acidic in reaction with the pH ranging between 4.9 and 6.5 and
sandy loam to clay in texture. Organic Carbon, total N and available N ranged from 12.5 to
55.6g kg -1 , 1.29-4. 75g kg-1 and 125-280 mg kg -1 , respectively in all the soils (Table 1).

Organic Carbon and Nitrogen

Simple correlation coefficients showed significantly positive relationship of organic

carbon content of soil with Bray’s per cent dry matter yield (r= 0.712**), N concentration in
plant (r=0.658**) N concentration in grain (r=0.5771**) and N uptake in control plot (r=
 6272**). Total and available N content of soils were also positively and significantly
correlated with Bray’s per cent dry matter yield, N concentration in plant and grain and total
N uptake. Values for correlation coefficients were higher for available N with other variables
as compared to organic carbon and total N content suggesting that the available N influenced
the dry matter yield, N concentration in plant tissue and N uptake by the plant than total N
or organic carbon content of the soil. Bray’s per cent dry matter yield had positive and
significant correlation with N concentration in 45- day-old plant (r= 0.634**), per cent grain
yield also had significant correlation with total N uptake ( r= 0.7299**) and N concentration
in whole plant (r=0.785**).

The critical levels of available N, organic.

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