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(Reaffirmed 2016) 

IS 2911
pply Bureau UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR RESEARCH DESIGNS & STANDARDS ORGANISATION (Part
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1/Sec
- LUCKNOW : 2010 5:32:59 AM (10.100.117.1

Hkkjrh; ekud (Reaffirmed 2015) 

ikby uhao dh fMtkbu vkSj fuekZ.k — jhfr laf  grk

Hkkx 1 daØhV ikby (Reaffirmed 2014) 

vuqHkkx 3 iwoZ<fyr daØhV dh fMªou ikby  

( nwljk iqujh{k.k ) (Reaffirmed 2013) 

Indian Standard (Reaffirmed 2012) 

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PILE 

FOUNDATIONS — CODE OF PRACTICE
(Reaffirmed 2011) 
PART 1 CONCRETE PILES
 
Section 3 Driven Precast Concrete Piles
(Reaffirmed 2010) 
( Second Revision )
 

(Reaffirmed 2009) 
ICS 91.100.30 : 93.020
 

(Reaffirmed 2008) 

(Reaffirmed 2007) 

(Reaffirmed 2006) 

(Reaffirmed 2005) 

© BIS 2010
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

May 2011 Price Group 9

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Soil and Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 43

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard (Part 1/Sec 3) (Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after
the draft finalized by the Soil and Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the
Civil Engineering Division Council.
Piles find application in foundations to transfer loads from a structure to competent subsurface strata having
adequate load-bearing capacity. The load transfer mechanism from a pile to the surrounding ground is
complicated and is not yet fully understood, although application of piled foundations is in practice over
many decades. Broadly, piles transfer axial loads either substantially by friction along its shaft and/or by
the end-bearing. Piles are used where either of the above load transfer mechanism is possible depending
upon the subsoil stratification at a particular site. Construction of pile foundations require a careful choice
of piling system depending upon the subsoil conditions, the load characteristics of a structure and the
limitations of total settlement, differential settlement and any other special requirement of a project. The
installation of piles demands careful control on position, alignment and depth, and involve specialized skill
and experience.
This standard was originally published in 1964 and included provisions regarding driven cast
in-situ piles, precast concrete piles, bored piles and under-reamed piles including load testing of piles.
Subsequently the portion pertaining to under-reamed pile foundations was deleted and now covered in
IS 2911 (Part 3) : 1980 ‘Code of practice for design and construction of pile foundations: Part 3 Under-
reamed piles (first revision)’. At that time it was also decided that the provisions regarding other types of
piles should also be published separately for ease of reference and to take into account the recent
developments in this field. Consequently this standard was revised in 1979 into three section. Later, in
1984, a new section as (Part 1/Sec 4) was introduced in this part of the standard to cover the provisions of
bored precast concrete piles. The portion relating to load test on piles has been covered in a separate part,
namely, IS 2911 (Part 4) : 1984 ’Code of practice for design and construction of pile foundations: Part 4
Load test on piles. Accordingly IS 2911 has been published in four parts. The other parts of this standard
are:
Part 2 Timber piles
Part 3 Under-reamed piles
Part 4 Load test on piles
Other sections of Part 1 are:
Section 1 Driven cast in-situ concrete piles
Section 2 Bored cast in-situ concrete piles
Section 4 Precast concrete piles in prebored holes
It has been felt that the provisions regarding the different types of piles should be further revised to take
into account the recent developments in this field. This revision has been brought out to incorporate these
developments.
In the present revision following major modifications have been made:
a) Definitions of various terms have been modified as per the prevailing engineering practice.
b) Procedures for calculation of bearing capacity, structural capacity, factor of safety, lateral load
capacity, overloading, etc, have also been modified to bring them at par with the present practices.
c) Design parameters with respect to adhesion factor, earth pressure coefficient, modulus of subgrade
reaction, etc, have been revised to make them consistence with the outcome of modern research and
construction practices.

(Continued on third cover)

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d) Provision has been made for use of any established dynamic pile driving formulae, instead of
recommending any specific formula, to control the pile driving at site, giving due consideration to
limitations of various formulae.
e) Minimum grade of concrete to be used in pile foundations has been revised to M 25. Minimum time
of curing before handling of precast piles has been modified.
Driven precast concrete pile is a pile constructed in a casting yard and subsequently driven in the ground
with or without jetting, or other technics like preboring (depending on the conditions of soil) when the pile
has attained sufficient strength. By driving, the subsoil is displaced and remain in direct contact with the
pile. These piles find wide application particularly for structures, such as, wharves, jetties, etc, to act as a
free standing pile above the soil/water level or where conditions are unfavourable for use of cast in-situ
piles.
The recommendations for detailing for earthquake-resistant construction given in IS 13920 : 1993 ‘Ductile
detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces — Code of practice’ should be taken
into consideration, where applicable (see also IS 4326 : 1993 ‘Earthquake resistant design and construction
of buildings — Code of practice’).
The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex F.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final
value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis shall be rounded off in accordance
with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’. The number of significant places
retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
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Indian Standard
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PILE
FOUNDATIONS — CODE OF PRACTICE
PART 1 CONCRETE PILES
Section 3 Driven Precast Concrete Piles

( Second Revision )

1 SCOPE a) Elastic displacement of the soil participating

in the load transfer, and
1.1 This standard (Part 1/Sec 3) covers the design
b) Elastic displacement of the pile shaft.
and construction of driven precast concrete piles of
solid section which transmit the load to the soil by 3.6 Factor of Safety — It is the ratio of the ultimate
resistance developed either at the pile tip by end- load capacity of a pile to the safe load on the pile.
bearing or along the surface of the shaft by friction 3.7 Gross Displacement — The total movement of
or by both. the pile top under a given load.
1.2 This standard is not applicable for use of driven 3.8 Initial Load Test — A test pile is tested to
precast concrete piles for any other purpose, for determine the load-carrying capacity of the pile by
example, temporary or permanent retaining structure. loading either to its ultimate load or to twice the
estimated safe load.
2 REFERENCES
3.9 Initial Test Pile — One or more piles, which are
The standards listed in Annex A contain provisions not working piles, may be installed if required to
which through reference in this text, constitute assess the load-carrying capacity of a pile. These
provisions of this standard. At the time of piles are tested either to their ultimate load capacity
publication, the editions indicated were valid. All or to twice the estimated safe load.
standards are subject to revision and parties to 3.10 Load Bearing Pile — A pile formed in the
agreements based on this standard are encouraged to ground for transmitting the load of a structure to the
investigate the possibility of applying the most soil by the resistance developed at its tip and/or
recent editions of the standards listed in Annex A. along its surface. It may be formed either vertically
or at an inclination (batter pile) and may be required
3 TERMINOLOGY
to resist uplift forces.
For the purpose of this standard, the following If the pile supports the load primarily by resistance
definitions shall apply. developed at the pile tip or base it is called ‘End-
3.1 Allowable Load — The load which may be bearing pile’ and if primarily by friction along its
applied to a pile after taking into account its surface, then ‘Friction pile’.
ultimate load capacity, group effect, the allowable 3.11 Net Displacement — The net vertical
settlement, negative skin friction and other relevant movement of the pile top after the pile has been
loading conditions. subjected to a test load and subsequently released.
3.2 Anchor Pile — An anchor pile means a pile 3.12 Pile Spacing — The spacing of piles means the
meant for resisting pull or uplift forces. centre-to-centre distance between adjacent piles.
3.3 Batter Pile (Raker Pile) — The pile which is 3.13 Precast Driven Pile — A pile constructed in
installed at an angle to the vertical using temporary concrete in a casting yard and subsequently driven into
casing or permanent liner. the ground when it has attained sufficient strength.
3.4 Cut-off Level — It is the level where a pile is 3.14 Routine Test Pile — A pile which is selected
cut-off to support the pile caps or beams or any other for load testing may form a working pile itself, if
structural components at that level. subjected to routine load test up to not more than
3.5 Elastic Displacement — This is the magnitude 1.5 times the safe load.
of displacement of the pile head during rebound on 3.15 Safe Load — It is the load derived by
removal of a given test load. This comprises two applying a factor of safety on the ultimate load
components: capacity of the pile or as determined from load test.

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3.16 Ultimate Load Capacity — The maximum 4.2 As far as possible all informations given in 4.1
load which a pile can carry before failure, that is, shall be made available to the agency responsible
when the founding strata fails by shear as evidenced for the design and/or construction of piles and/or
from the load settlement curve or the pile fails as a foundation work.
structural member. 4.3 The design details of pile foundation shall give
3.17 Working Load — The load assigned to a pile the information necessary for setting out, layout of
as per design. piles, cut-off levels, finished cap level, layout and
3.18 Working Pile — A pile forming part of the orientation of pile cap in the foundation plan and
foundation system of a given structure. the safe capacity of each type of pile, etc.

4 NECESSARY INFORMATION 5 EQUIPMENTS AND ACCESSORIES

4.1 For the satisfactory design and construction of 5.1 The equipments and accessories would depend
driven precast piles the following information would upon the type of precast driven piles, giving due
be necessary: consideration to the subsoil strata, ground-water
conditions, types of founding material and the
a) Site investigation data as laid down under
required penetration therein, wherever applicable.
IS 1892. Sections of trial boring,
supplemented, wherever appropriate, by 5.2 Among the commonly used plants, tools and
penetration tests, should incorporate data/ accessories, there exists a large variety; suitability
information down to depth sufficiently of which depends on the subsoil condition, manner
below the anticipated level of founding of of operation, etc. Brief definitions of some
piles but this should generally be not less commonly used equipment are given below.
than 10 m beyond the pile founding level. 5.2.1 Dolly — A cushion of hardwood or some
Adequacy of the bearing strata should be suitable material placed on the top of the casing to
ensured by supplementary tests, if required. receive the blows of the hammer.
b) The nature of the soil both around and 5.2.2 Drop Hammer (or Monkey) — Hammer, ram or
beneath the proposed pile should be monkey raised by a winch and allowed to fall under
indicated on the basis of appropriate tests of gravity.
strength, compressibility, etc. Ground water 5.2.3 Single or Double Acting Hammer — A hammer
level and artesian conditions, if any, should operated by steam compressed air or internal
also be recorded. Results of chemical tests to combustion, the energy of its blows being derived
ascertain the sulphate, chloride and any mainly from the source of motive power and not from
other deleterious chemical content of soil gravity alone.
and water should be indicated. 5.2.4 Hydraulic Hammer — A hammer operated by
c) For piling work in water, as in the case of a hydraulic fluid can be used with advantage for
bridge foundation data on high flood levels, increasing the energy of blow.
water level during the working season, 5.2.5 Kentledge — Dead weight used for applying
maximum depth of scour, etc, and in the case a test load on a pile.
of marine construction, data on high and low
5.2.6 Pile Rig — A movable steel structure for
tide level, corrosive action of chemical
driving piles in the correct position and alignment
present and data regarding flow of water
by means of a hammer operating in the guides of the
should be provided.
frame.
d) The general layout of the structure showing
estimated loads and moments at the top of 6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
pile caps but excluding the weight of the
piles and caps should be provided. The top 6.1 General
levels of finished pile caps shall also be Pile foundations shall be designed in such a way that
indicated. the load from the structure can be transmitted to the
e) All transient loads due to seismic, wind and sub-surface with adequate factor of safety against
forces due to water current, etc, indicated shear failure of sub-surface and without causing such
separately. settlement (differential or total), which may result in
f) In soils susceptible to liquefaction during structural damage and/or functional distress under
earthquake appropriate analysis may be permanent/transient loading. The pile shaft should
done to determine the depth of liquefaction have adequate structural capacity to withstand all
and consider the pile depth accordingly. loads (vertical, axial or otherwise) and moments

2
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which are to be transmitted to the subsoil and shall applicable for cohesive and non-cohesive soil
be designed according to IS 456. respectively, are indicated in Annex B. Other formula
based on static cone penetration test [see IS 4968
6.2 Adjacent Structures (Parts 1, 2 and 3)] and standard penetration test (see
6.2.1 When working near existing structures care IS 2131) are given in B-3 and B-4.
shall be taken to avoid damage to such structures. 6.3.1.2 Dynamic formula
IS 2974 (Part 1) may be used as a guide for studying
qualitatively the effect of vibration on persons and Any established dynamic formula can be used to
structures. control the pile driving at site giving due
6.2.2 In case of deep excavations adjacent to piles, consideration to limitations of various formulae.
proper shoring or other suitable arrangement shall be Whenever double acting diesel hammers or hydraulic
made to guard against undesired lateral movement hammers are used for driving of piles, manufacturer’s
of soil. guidelines about energy and set criteria may be
referred to. Dynamic formulae are not directly
6.3 Pile Capacity applicable to cohesive soil deposits, such as,
The load-carrying capacity of a pile depends on the saturated silts and clays as the resistance to impact
properties of the soil in which it is embedded. Axial of the tip of the casing will be exaggerated by their
load from a pile is normally transmitted to the soil low permeability while the frictional resistance on
through skin friction along the shaft and end-bearing the sides is reduced by lubrication.
at its tip. A horizontal load on a vertical pile is 6.3.2 Uplift Capacity
transmitted to the subsoil primarily by horizontal
subgrade reaction generated in the upper part of the The uplift capacity of a pile is given by sum of the
shaft. Lateral load-capacity of a single pile depends frictional resistance and the weight of the pile
on the soil reaction developed and the structural (buoyant or total as relevant). The recommended
capacity of the shaft under bending. It would be factor of safety is 3.0 in the absence of any pullout
essential to investigate the lateral load-capacity of test results and 2.0 with pullout test results. Uplift
the pile using appropriate values of horizontal capacity can be obtained from static formula (see
subgrade modulus of the soil. Alternatively, piles Annex B) by ignoring end-bearing but adding
may be installed in rake. weight of the pile (buoyant or total as relevant).
6.3.1 The ultimate load capacity of a pile may be 6.4 Negative Skin Friction or Dragdown Force
estimated by means of static formula on the basis of
soil test results, or by using a dynamic pile formula When a soil stratum, through which a pile shaft has
using data obtained during driving the pile. penetrated into an underlying hard stratum,
However, dynamic pile driving formula should be compresses as a result of either it being
generally used as a measure to control the pile unconsolidated or it being under a newly placed fill
driving at site. Pile capacity should preferably be or as a result of remoulding during driving of the
confirmed by initial load tests [see IS 2911 (Part 4)]. pile, a dragdown force is generated along the pile
The settlement of pile obtained at safe load/working shaft up to a point in depth where the surrounding
load from load-test results on a single pile shall not soil does not move downward relative to the pile
be directly used for estimating the settlement of a shaft. Existence of such a phenomenon shall be
structure. The settlement may be determined on the assessed and suitable correction shall be made to the
basis of subsoil data and loading details of the allowable load where appropriate.
structure as a whole using the principles of soil
6.5 Structural Capacity
mechanics.
The piles shall have necessary structural strength to
6.3.1.1 Static formula transmit the loads imposed on it, ultimately to the
The ultimate load capacity of a single pile may be soil. In case of uplift, the structural capacity of the
obtained by using static analysis, the accuracy being pile, that is, under tension should also be considered.
dependent on the reliability of the soil properties for
6.5.1 Axial Capacity
various strata. When computing capacity by static
formula, the shear strength parameters obtained from Where a pile is wholely embedded in the soil
a limited number of borehole data and laboratory (having an undrained shear strength not less than
tests should be supplemented, wherever possible by 0.01 N/mm2), its axial load-carrying capacity is not
in-situ shear strength parameters obtained from field limited by its strength as a long column. Where piles
tests. The two separate static formulae, commonly are installed through very weak soils (having an

3
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undrained shear strength less than 0.01 N/mm2), interconnected by grade beams in two directions and
special considerations shall be made to determine for twin piles by grade beams in a line transverse to
whether the shaft would behave as a long column or the common axis of the pair so that the pile head is
not; if necessary, suitable reductions shall be made for fixed. In all other conditions the pile shall be taken
its structural strength following the normal structural as free headed.
principles covering the buckling phenomenon.
6.5.3 Raker Piles
When the finished pile projects above ground level
and is not secured against buckling by adequate Raker piles are normally provided where vertical
bracing, the effective length will be governed by the piles cannot resist the applied horizontal forces.
fixity imposed on it by the structure it supports and Generally the rake will be limited to 1 horizontal to
by the nature of the soil into which it is installed. The 6 vertical. In the preliminary design the load on a
depth below the ground surface to the lower point of raker pile is generally considered to be axial. The
contraflexure varies with the type of the soil. In good distribution of load between raker and vertical piles
soil the lower point of contraflexure may be taken at in a group may be determined by graphical or
a depth of 1 m below ground surface subject to a analytical methods. Where necessary, due
minimum of 3 times the diameter of the shaft. In weak consideration should be made for secondary bending
soil (undrained shear strength less than 0.01 N/mm2), induced as a result of the pile cap movement,
such as, soft clay or soft silt, this point may be taken particularly when the cap is rigid. Free-standing raker
at about half the depth of penetration into such piles are subjected to bending moments due to their
stratum but not more than 3 m or 10 times the own weight, or external forces from other causes.
diameter of the shaft whichever is more. The degree Raker piles, embedded in fill or consolidating
of fixity of the position and inclination of the pile top deposits, may become laterally loaded owing to the
and the restraint provided by any bracing shall be settlement of the surrounding soil. In consolidating
estimated following accepted structural principles. clay, special precautions, like provision of
The permissible stress shall be reduced in accordance permanent casing, should be taken for raker piles.
with similar provision for reinforced concrete
6.6 Spacing of Piles
columns as laid down in IS 456.
The minimum centre-to-centre spacing of piles is
6.5.2 Lateral Load-Capacity considered from three aspects, namely,
A pile may be subjected to lateral force for a number a) practical aspects of installing the piles;
of causes, such as, wind, earthquake, water current,
b) diameter of the pile; and
earth pressure, effect of moving vehicles or ships,
plant and equipment, etc. The lateral load-capacity c) nature of the load transfer to the soil and
of a single pile depends not only on the horizontal possible reduction in the load capacity of
subgrade modulus of the surrounding soil but also piles group.
on the structural strength of the pile shaft against NOTE — In the case of piles of non-circular cross-
bending, consequent upon application of a lateral section, diameter of the circumscribing circle shall be
adopted.
load. While considering lateral load on piles, effect
of other co-existent loads, including the axial load 6.6.1 In case of piles founded on hard stratum and
on the pile, should be taken into consideration for deriving their capacity mainly from end-bearing the
checking the structural capacity of the shaft. A minimum spacing shall be 2.5 times the diameter of
recommended method for the pile analysis under the circumscribing circle corresponding to the cross-
lateral load is given in Annex C. section of the pile shaft. In case of piles resting on
rock, the spacing of two times the said diameter may
Because of limited information on horizontal
be adopted.
subgrade modulus of soil and pending refinements
in the theoretical analysis, it is suggested that the 6.6.2 Piles deriving their load-carrying capacity
adequacy of a design should be checked by an mainly from friction shall be spaced sufficiently
actual field load test. In the zone of soil susceptible apart to ensure that the zones of soils from which the
to liquefaction the lateral resistance of the soil shall piles derive their support do not overlap to such an
not be considered. extent that their bearing values are reduced.
Generally the spacing in such cases shall not be less
6.5.2.1 Fixed and free head conditions than 3 times the diameter of the pile shaft.

A group of three or more pile connected by a rigid 6.7 Pile Groups

pile cap shall be considered to have fixed head 6.7.1 In order to determine the load-carrying
condition. Caps for single piles must be capacity of a group of piles a number of efficiency
4
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equations are in use. However, it is difficult to a) the reliability of the calculated value of
establish the accuracy of these efficiency equations ultimate load capacity of a pile;
as the behaviour of pile group is dependent on many
b) the types of superstructure and the type of
complex factors. It is desirable to consider each case
loading; and
separately on its own merits.
c) allowable total/differential settlement of the
6.7.2 The load-carrying capacity of a pile group
structure.
may be equal to or less than the load-carrying
capacity of individual piles multiplied by the number 6.8.2 When the ultimate load capacity is determined
of piles in the group. The former holds true in case from either static formula or dynamic formula, the
of friction piles, driven into progressively stiffer factor of safety would depend on the reliability of
materials or in end-bearing piles. For driven piles in the formula and the reliability of the subsoil
loose sandy soils the group capacity may even be parameters used in the computation. The minimum
higher due to the effect of compaction. In such cases factor of safety on static formula shall be 2.5. The
a load test may be carried out on a pile in the group final selection of a factor of safety shall take into
after all the piles in the group have been installed. consideration the load settlement characteristics of
the structure as a whole at a given site.
6.7.3 In case of piles deriving their support mainly
from friction and connected by a rigid pile cap, the 6.8.3 Higher value of factor of safety for
group may be visualized as a block with the piles determining the safe load on piles may be adopted,
embedded within the soil. The ultimate load capacity where,
of the group may then be obtained by taking into a) settlement is to be limited or unequal
account the frictional capacity along the perimeter of settlement avoided,
the block and end-bearing at the bottom of the block
b) large impact or vibrating loads are expected,
using the accepted principles of soil mechanics.
and
6.7.3.1 When the cap of the pile group is cast
c) the properties of the soil may deteriorate with
directly on reasonably firm stratum which supports
time.
the piles, it may contribute to the load-carrying
capacity of the group. This additional capacity 6.9 Transient Loading
along with the individual capacity of the piles
multiplied by the number of piles in the group shall The maximum permissible increase over the safe load
not be more than the capacity worked out according of a pile, as arising out of wind loading, is
to 6.7.3. 25 percent. In case of loads and moments arising out
6.7.4 When a pile group is subjected to moment of earthquake effects, the increase of safe load on a
either from superstructure or as a consequence of single pile may be limited to the provisions contained
inaccuracies of installation, the adequacy of the pile in IS 1893 (part 1). For transient loading arising out
group in resisting the applied moment should be of superimposed loads, no increase is allowed.
checked. In case of a single pile subjected to moment 6.10 Overloading
due to lateral loads or eccentric loading, beams may
be provided to restrain the pile cap effectively from When a pile in a group, designed for a certain safe
lateral or rotational movement. load is found, during or after execution, to fall just
6.7.5 In case of a structure supported on single piles/ short of the load required to be carried by it, an
group of piles resulting in large variation in the overload up to 10 percent of the pile capacity may be
number of piles from column-to-column it may result allowed on each pile. The total overloading on the
in excessive differential settlement. Such differential group should not, however, be more than
settlement should be either catered for in the 10 percent of the capacity of the group subject to the
structural design or it may be suitably reduced by increase of the load on any pile being not more than
judicious choice of variations in the actual pile 25 percent of the allowable load on a single pile.
loading. For example, a single pile cap may be
6.11 Design of Pile Section
loaded to a level higher than that of the pile in a
group in order to achieve reduced differential 6.11.1 Design of pile section shall be such as to
settlement between two adjacent pile caps supported ensure the strength and soundness of the pile against
on different number of piles. lifting from the casting bed, transporting, handling
and driving stresses without damage.
6.8 Factor of Safety
6.11.2 Any shape having radial symmetry will be
6.8.1 Factor of safety should be chosen after satisfactory for precast piles. The most commonly
considering, used cross-sections are square and octagonal.

5
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6.11.3 Where exceptionally long lengths of piles are concrete piles for the entire length. All the main
required, hollow sections can be used. If the final longitudinal bars shall be of the same length and
condition requires larger cross-sectional area, the should fit tightly into the pile shoe if there is one.
hollow sections can be filled with concrete after Shorter rods to resist local bending moments may be
driving in position. added but the same should be carefully detailed to
6.11.4 Wherever final pile length is so large that a avoid any sudden discontinuity of the steel which
single length precast pile unit is either uneconomical may lead to cracks during heavy driving. The area
or impracticable for installation, the segmental of main longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less
precast RCC piles with a number of segments using than the following percentages of the cross-sectional
efficient mechanical jointing could be adopted. area of the piles:
Excessive whipping during handling precast pile a) For piles with a length less than 30 times the
may generally be avoided by limiting the length of least width — 1.25 percent,
pile to a maximum of 50 times the least width. As an b) For piles with a length 30 to 40 times the
alternative, segmental precast piling technique could least width — 1.5 percent, and
be used.
c) For piles with a length greater than 40 times
The design of joints shall take care of corrosion by the least width — 1.5 percent.
providing additional sacrificial thickness for the
6.12.2 Piles shall always be reinforced with a
joint, wherever warranted.
minimum amount of reinforcement as dowels
6.11.5 Lifting and Handling Stress keeping the minimum bond length into the pile shaft
Stresses induced by bending in the cross-section of below its cut-off level and with adequate projection
precast pile during lifting and handling may be into the pile cap, irrespective of design requirements.
estimated as for any reinforced concrete section in 6.12.3 Clear cover to all main reinforcement in pile
accordance with relevant provisions of IS 456. The shaft shall be not less than 50 mm. The laterals of a
calculations for bending moment for different reinforcing cage may be in the form of links or
support conditions during handling are given in spirals. The diameter and spacing of the same is
Table 1. chosen to impart adequate rigidity of the reinforcing
Table 1 Bending Moment for Different cage during its handling and installations. The
Support Conditions minimum diameter of the links or spirals shall be
Sl Number of Location of Support Bending Moment 8 mm and the spacing of the links or spirals shall be
No. Points of from End in Terms to be Allowed not less than 150 mm. Stiffner rings preferably of
Pick Up of Length of Pile for for Design 16 mm diameter at every 1.5 m centre-to-centre to
Minimum Moments kN-m
be provided along the length of the cage for
(1) (2) (3) (4)
providing rigidity to reinforcement cage. Minimum
i) One 0.293 L 4.3 WL
6 numbers of vertical bars shall be used for a circular
ii) Two 0.207 L 2.2 WL
pile and minimum diameter of vertical bar shall be
iii) Three 0.145 L, the 1.05 WL
12 mm. The clear horizontal spacing between the
middle point will
be at the centre
adjacent vertical bars shall be four times the
NOTE — W = weight of pile, in kN. maximum aggregate size in concrete. If required, the
L = length of pile, in m. bars can be bundled to maintain such spacing.
6.11.6 The driving stresses on a pile may be 6.13 Design of Pile Cap
estimated by the following formula: 6.13.1 The pile caps may be designed by assuming
Driving resistance
×
LM 2
−1
OP that the load from column is dispersed at 45º from
Cross-sectional area of the pile MN n PQ the top of the cap to the mid-depth of the pile cap
from the base of the column or pedestal. The
where reaction from piles may also be taken to be
n = efficiency of the blow (see Annex D for distributed at 45º from the edge of the pile, up to
probable value of n). the mid-depth of the pile cap. On this basis the
NOTE — For the purpose of this formula, cross-sectional maximum bending moment and shear forces should
area of the pile shall be calculated as the overall sectional be worked out at critical sections. The method of
area of the pile including the equivalent area for
reinforcement. analysis and allowable stresses should be in
accordance with IS 456.
6.12 Reinforcement
6.13.2 Pile cap shall be deep enough to allow for
6.12.1 The longitudinal reinforcement of any type necessary anchorage of the column and pile
or grade shall be provided in precast reinforced reinforcement.
6
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IS 2911
pply Bureau UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR RESEARCH DESIGNS & STANDARDS ORGANISATION (RDSO) (Part 1/Sec
- LUCKNOW 3) : 2010
ON 1/7/2006 5:32:59 AM (10.100.117.1

6.13.3 The pile cap should be rigid enough so that 7.3 Concrete
the imposed load could be distributed on the piles
in a group equitably. 7.3.1 Consistency of concrete to be used for driven
precast piles shall be consistent with the method of
6.13.4 In case of a large cap, where differential
installation of piles. Concrete shall be so designed
settlement may occur between piles under the same
or chosen as to have a homogeneous mix having a
cap, due consideration for the consequential moment
slump/workability consistent with the method of
should be given.
concreting. The minimum grade of concrete to be
6.13.5 The clear overhang of the pile cap beyond used for piling shall be M 25.
the outermost pile in the group shall be a minimum
7.3.2 For the concrete, water and aggregates
of 150 mm.
specifications laid down in IS 456 shall be followed
6.13.6 The cap is generally cast over a 75 mm thick in general.
levelling course of concrete. The clear cover for
main reinforcement in the cap slab shall not be less 8 WORKMANSHIP
than 60 mm.
6.13.7 The embedment of pile into cap should be 8.1 Casting and Tolerance
75 mm. 8.1.1 The casting yard for all concrete piles should
6.14 The design of grade beam if used shall be as preferably be so arranged that the piles can be lifted
given in IS 2911 (Part 3). directly from their beds and transported to the piling
frame with a minimum of handling. The casting yard
7 MATERIALS AND STRESSES should have a well-drained surface to prevent
excessive or uneven settlement due to softening
7.1 Cement during manufacture and curing.
The cement used shall be any of the following: 8.1.2 All shuttering shall be placed on firm supports
a) 33 Grade ordinary Portland cement capable of withstanding the loads of shuttering, wet
conforming to IS 269, concrete and incidental load of workmen, so that cast
piles are straight and free from deformations. The
b) 43 Grade ordinary Portland cement shuttering shall be lubricated with oil on the inside
conforming to IS 8112, face.
c) 53 Grade ordinary Portland cement 8.1.3 As far as practicable each longitudinal
conforming to IS 12269, reinforcement shall be in one length. In cases where
d) Rapid hardening Portland cement joints in reinforcing bars cannot be avoided, the
conforming to IS 8041, joints in bars shall be staggered. The hoops and links
for reinforcement shall fit tightly against
e) Portland slag cement conforming to IS 455,
longitudinal bars and be bound to them by welding
f) Portland pozzolana cement (fly ash based) or by tying with mild steel wire, the free ends of
conforming to IS 1489 (Part 1), which should be turned into the interior of the pile.
g) Portland pozzolana cement (calcined clay The longitudinal bars may be held apart by
based) conforming to IS 1489 (Part 2), temporary or permanent spreader forks not more than
2.5 m apart. The reinforcement shall be checked for
h) Hydrophobic cement conforming to IS 8043,
tightness and position immediately before
j) Low heat Portland cement conforming to concreting.
IS 12600, and
8.1.4 The piles should be cast in a continuous
k) Sulphate resisting Portland cement operation from end-to-end of each pile. The concrete
conforming to IS 12330. should be thoroughly compacted against the forms
and around the reinforcement by means of immersion
7.2 Steel and/or shutter vibrators. Immediately on completion
Reinforcement steel shall be any of the following: of the casting, the top surface should be finished
level without excessive trowelling. Care should be
a) Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars
taken to ensure that vibration from adjoining works
conforming to IS 432 (Part 1),
does not affect the previously placed concrete for
b) High strength deformed steel bars piles during the setting period.
conforming to IS 1786, and 8.1.5 In-situ extension of piles already pitched shall
c) Structural steel conforming to IS 2062. be avoided. If necessary, piles may be extended at
the top and cured before pitching. Lifting positions

7
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IS LICENSE
pply Bureau UNDER THE 2911 (Part
FROM1/Sec 3) : RESEARCH
BIS FOR 2010 DESIGNS & STANDARDS ORGANISATION (RDSO) - LUCKNOW ON 1/7/2006 5:32:59 AM (10.100.117.1

shall be adjusted to suit the increased length of piles. Table 2 Time for Curing of Precast Piles
The reinforcement at the top of the pile will need to (Clause 8.2.2)
be exposed for a distance of 40 times the bar Type of Cement Minimum Periods from the
diameter and the new bars overlapped for the Time of Casting
distance. The central duct will also have to be
Strike Roll Pile End of Lift from
carefully extended. Where facilities at site are Side off Bottom Wet Casting
available, welding of reinforcement shall be as per Shutters Shutter Curing Yard
the relevant Indian Standard referred for welding in (h) (days) (days) (days)
the product specification standard for steel (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
reinforcing bars. Ordinary Portland 8 48 7 8 /211)
cement/Sulphate
Extension of piles length 150 mm or lesser should
resisting Portland
be avoided and instead pile cap depths increased cement
suitably 150 mm all around the pile. 1)
When pile length is more than 15 m.
8.1.6 For precast piles, the following tolerances
should be adhered: 8.3 Storing and Handling
a) Cross-section Tolerance 8.3.1 Piles shall be stored on firm ground free from
(Each direction) chances of unequal subsidence or settlement under
1) Up to 500 mm ± 6 mm the weight of the piles.
2) 500 to 750 mm ± 10 mm 8.3.2 Care shall be taken at all stages of
3) Additional for every ± 3 mm transporting, lifting and pitching of the piles so that
subsequent 250 mm they are not damaged or do not crack. During
transportation, the piles shall be properly secured
b) Straightness or bow Tolerance and shall be lifted at the appropriate lifting holes
(Deviation from (maximum) provided for the purposes. If the piles are put down
intended line) temporarily after being lifted, they shall be placed
1) Up to 3 m 6 mm on trestles of blocks located at the lifting points or
on firm level ground.
2) 3 to 6 m 10 mm
3) 6 to 12 m 12 mm 8.4 Control of Pile Driving

4) Additional for every 6 mm 8.4.1 The hammer blow generates a stress wave
subsequent 6 m which traverses the length of the pile, and failure,
whether by compression or tension, may occur
8.1.7 All precast piles shall be inspected for any anywhere along the pile.
defects/honeycombing, etc, and approved for 8.4.2 Failure due to excessive compressive stress
installation as per structural requirements. most commonly occurs at the head. Head stresses
8.1.8 Piles shall be identified by marking in paint depend upon the ground conditions, weight of the
the number of the pile, length of the pile and its date hammer, its drop and the stiffness of head cushion.
of casting. 8.4.3 The maximum set for a given stress is obtained
by using the heaviest hammer and the softest
8.2 Curing packing the hammer drop being adjusted to suit the
8.2.1 Though from consideration of speed and allowable stress in the concrete.
economy precast concrete piles will have to be in 8.4.4 Head-packing materials increase in stiffness
place with the least possible delay after casting, it with repeated use. Hence, optimum driving
shall be kept in mind that a thorough curing and conditions can be maintained only by regular
hardening is necessary before the piles are driven and replacement of the packing.
proper schedule to take care of this shall be decided 8.4.5 Failure in the lower sections of a pile can only
for casting, stacking and placing. The most occur in exceptionally hard driving where in theory
important factors effecting the time of curing are the the compressive stress at tip can reach twice the head
method of curing, weather during hardening, stresses. In practice, however, this rarely occurs and
probable hardness of placing and the method of the maximum compressive stress tends to be fairly
lifting and pitching. uniform over considerable length of the pile.
8.2.2 Before the handling of the piles, the minimum 8.4.6 Longitudinal tension is caused by reflection
periods counted from the time of casting shall be as of the compressive wave at the ‘free’ end. Tensile
given in Table 2. stresses, therefore, may arise when the ground
8
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IS 2911
pply Bureau UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR RESEARCH DESIGNS & STANDARDS ORGANISATION (RDSO) (Part 1/Sec
- LUCKNOW 3) : 2010
ON 1/7/2006 5:32:59 AM (10.100.117.1

resistance is low and/or when the head conditions avoided and greater rates and depths of penetration
result in hammer rebound, that is, with hard packing can be achieved by reducing the tip resistance by
and light hammer. jetting than by percussive methods. Jetting is
8.4.7 In addition, a relatively long length of pile effective in cohesionless soils, such as, sand, gravel
unsupported above a hard stratum may encourage and also in fine-grained soils provided the
transverse or flexural vibrations, which may be set percentage of clay is small. Jetting is not effective
up if the hammer below becomes non-axial or the in clay soils.
pile is not restrained. 8.4.14 Jetting of piles shall be carried out only when
8.4.8 Pile may be driven with any type of hammer, it is desired and in such a manner as not to impair
provided the pile penetrate to the prescribed depth the bearing capacity of the piles already in place, the
or attain the specified resistance without being stability of the ground or the safety of any adjoining
damaged. The hammer, helmet, dolly and pile shall buildings.
be coaxial and shall sit squarely one upon the other. 8.4.15 The quantity of water required for effective
It is always preferable to employ the heaviest jetting is directly related to the cross-sectional area
hammer practicable and to limit the stroke/drop so of the piles (including external jet piles). Pile in
as not to damage the pile. The stroke/drop of a single dense cohesionless soils may require water up to
acting or drop hammer shall preferably be limited to 2 l/min/cm2 of the pile cross-sectional area. Loosely
1.2 m. A shorter stroke/drop with particular care shall compacted soils may require less water. The jetting
be used when there is a danger of damaging the pile. pressure shall be from 0.5 to 1.0 N/mm2 or more. If
The following are examples of such conditions. large quantities of water are used, it may be
a) Where in the early stages of driving of a long necessary to make provision for leading away the
pile, a hard layer near the ground surface has water that emerges at the ground surface so that the
to be penetrated. stability of the piling equipment is not endangered
by the softening of the ground.
b) Where there is a very soft ground up to a
considerable depth, so that a large 8.4.16 The arrangement of the jets shall be balanced
penetration is achieved at each hammer to ensure that the pile penetrates vertically.
blow. Independent piles surged down or two pipes attached
to the opposite sides of the pile may be used. To
c) Where the pile is expected suddenly to reach minimize the risk of blockages, the nozzles shall not
refusal on rock or other virtually be positioned at the point of the tip. Acceptable
impenetrable soil. verticality may be achieved by the use of rigid
8.4.9 A satisfactory set with an appropriate hammer leaders and allowing the pile to enter the ground
and drop for the last 10 blows shall be achieved. gradually, after operating the water under weight of
Repeat tests shall be carried out if necessary, with the pile and hammer, the rate of penetration being
caution. Long-continued driving, after the pile has controlled by the pile winch. Once maximum
almost ceased to penetrate, shall be avoided. apparent penetration is achieved by this method,
8.4.10 Any sudden change in the rate of penetration further penetration may generally be obtained on
which cannot be ascribed to normal changes in the cohesionless soils by light driving whilst the water
nature of the ground shall be noted and the cause jets are running.
ascertained, if possible, before driving is continued. Jetting shall be stopped before completing the
8.4.11 When the acceptance of piling is determined driving, which shall always be finished by ordinary
by driving to a set, the driving conditions when methods.
taking the set shall be the same as those used when
the sets of test piles were obtained. 8.5 Control of Alignment
8.4.12 The head of precast concrete pile shall be Piles shall be installed as accurately as possible as
protected with packing of resilient material, care per the designs and drawings either vertically or to
being taken to ensure that it is evenly spread and the specified batter. Greater care should be exercised
held securely in place. A helmet shall be placed over in respect of installation of single pile or piles in two
the packing and provided with a dolly of hardwood pile groups. As a guide, for vertical piles, an angular
or other material not thicker than the width of the deviation of 1.5 percent and, for raker piles, a
pile. deviation of 4 percent should not normally be
8.4.13 Jetting may be used as a means of minimizing exceeded. Piles should not deviate more than 75 mm
or eliminating the resistance at the tip; frictional or D/6 whichever is less (75 mm or D/10 whichever
resistance along the surface of the pile shaft may also is more in case of piles having diameter more than
be reduced. Very hard driving and vibration can be 600 mm) from their designed positions. In the case

9
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IS LICENSE
pply Bureau UNDER THE 2911 (Part
FROM1/Sec 3) : RESEARCH
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of single pile under a column the positional 8.8 Defective Piles

deviation should not be more than 50 mm or D/6
whichever is less (100 mm in case of piles having 8.8.1 In case defective piles are formed, they shall
diameter more than 600 mm). Greater tolerance may be left in place and additional piles as necessary
be prescribed for piles cast over water and for raking shall be provided.
piles. For piles to be cut-off at a substantial depth 8.8.2 If there is a major variation in the depths at
below the working level, the design shall provide for which adjacent piles in a group meet refusal, a
the worst combination of the above tolerances in boring may be made nearby to ascertain the cause of
position and inclination. In case of piles deviating such difference. If the boring shows that the strata
beyond these limits and to such an extent that the contain pockets of highly compressive material
resulting eccentricity can not be taken care of by a below the level of shorter pile, it may be necessary
re-design of the pile cap or pile ties, the piles shall to take such piles to a level below the bottom of the
be replaced or supplemented by additional piles. zone, which shows such pockets.
8.9 Deviations
8.6 Sequence of Piling
Any deviation from the designed location, alignment
8.6.1 In a pile group the sequence of installation of or load-carrying capacity of any pile shall be noted
piles shall normally be from the centre to the and adequate measures taken to check the design
periphery of the group or from one side to the other. well before the concreting of the pile cap and grade
beams are done.
8.6.2 Driving a Group of Friction Piles
8.9.1 While removing excess concrete or laitance
8.6.2.1 Driving piles in loose sand tends to compact above cut-off level, manual chipping shall be
the sand, which in turn, increases the skin friction. permitted after three days of pile concreting.
In case where stiff clay or dense sand layers have to Pneumatic tools shall be permitted only after seven
be penetrated, similar precautions described in 8.2.1 days after casting. Before chipping/breaking the pile
need to be taken. However, in the case of very soft top, a groove shall be formed all around the pile
soils, the driving may have to proceed from outside diameter at the required cut-off level.
to inside so that the soil is restricted from flowing
out during operations. 8.10 Recording of Data
8.6.2.2 In ground where there is a possibility of piles 8.10.1 A competent inspector shall be maintained at
rising due to ground heave, levels of the tops of the site to record necessary information during
piles should be measured at interval while nearby installation of piles and the data to be recorded shall
piles are being installed. Piles which have risen as a essentially contain the following:
result of driving adjacent piles should be redriven
a) Sequence of installation of piles in a group,
to the original depth or resistance, unless redriving
tests on neighbouring piles have shown this to be b) Type and size of driving hammer and its
unnecessary. stroke, or with double acting hammers, the
number of blows per minute,
8.7 Concreting
c) Type of the packing on the pile head and the
8.7.1 The top of concrete in a pile shall be brought dolly in the helmet,
above the cut-off level to permit removal of all d) Dimensions of the pile including the
laitance and weak concrete before capping and to reinforcement details and mark of the pile,
ensure good concrete at cut-off level. The reinforcing
e) Cut-off level and working level,
cages shall be left with adequate protruding length
above cut-off level for proper embedment into the f) Depth driven,
pile cap. g) Final set for the last ten blows or as may be
8.7.2 Where cut-off level is less than 1.50 m below specified,
working level, the concrete shall be cast to a h) Time taken for driving and for concreting
minimum of 600 mm above the cut-off level. In case recorded separately, and
the cut-off is at deeper level, the empty bore shall be
j) Any other important observations, during
filled with lean concrete or suitable material,
driving, concreting and after withdrawal of
wherever the weight of fresh concrete in the casing
casing tube.
pipe is found inadequate to counteract upward
hydrostatic pressure at any level below the cut-off 8.10.2 Typical data sheet for recording piling data
level. are shown in Annex E.

10
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IS 2911
pply Bureau UNDER THE LICENSE FROM BIS FOR RESEARCH DESIGNS & STANDARDS ORGANISATION (RDSO) (Part 1/Sec
- LUCKNOW 3) : 2010
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9 ADDITIONAL PROVISION FOR 9.3.1.1 For diesel hammers the minimum prestress
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PILES should be 5 N/mm2.
9.3.2 A considerably greater prestress may be
9.1 General required for raking piles, particularly if these are
The stresses set up when handling prestressed piles driven in ground which may tend to deflect the piles
of given length can be resisted by smaller cross- from their true alignments.
section and thus economy in materials may be 9.3.3 Loss of prestress should be calculated in
achieved. The small cross-section may permit or accordance with IS 1343.
necessitate greater penetration. The bearing capacity
9.4 Prestressing Wires and Stirrups
may govern the cross-section of a pile and could
preclude the use of the smaller sizes that would be 9.4.1 The prestressing wires should be evenly
possible from strength considerations alone. The spaced parallel to faces of the pile.
tensile stresses caused by the action of stress waves 9.4.2 Mild steel stirrups of not less than 6 mm
when driving can be reduced by the prestress. The diameter should be placed at pitch of not more than
reduction of tensile cracks may give greater the side dimension less 50 mm. At the top and bottom,
durability to the pile, particularly if the pile is for a length of three times the side dimensions, the
submerged. The piles are better able to resist, without stirrup volume should be not less than 0.6 percent of
cracking, any tensile forces set up by the working the pile volume. The concrete cover to reinforcement
loads, whether direct or due to bending, or by should be in accordance with 6.12.3.
accidental loads.
9.5 Materials and Stresses
9.2 Concrete
9.5.1 Reinforcement
9.2.1 The maximum axial stress that may be applied Where ordinary reinforcement is introduced into
to a pile acting as a short strut should be 25 percent prestress piles, it should be in accordance with 7.2
of the specified works cube strength at 28 days less of IS 1786.
the prestress after losses.
9.5.2 Prestressing Steel
9.2.2 The static stresses produced during lifting and
pitching should not exceed the values given in Prestressing steel should be in accordance with
IS 1343, the values relating to loads of short IS 2090.
duration. To allow for impact, the tensile stresses
9.5.3 Concrete
during transport, calculated as static stresses, should
not exceed one-third of the values calculated as The materials should, in general, be in accordance
above. with IS 1343.

9.3 Prestresses 9.6 Workmanship

9.3.1 The prestress after allowing for losses of 9.6.1 Manufacture, Curing and Transfer of Prestress
prestress should satisfy the following conditions: Prestressed piles require high strength concrete and
a) Prestress to cover handling, transporting and careful control during manufacture, usually this
lifting conditions. For this purpose, it may means casting in a factory where the curing
be assumed that only 75 percent of the full conditions can be strictly regulated. Where piles
loss of prestress will have occurred within have to be lengthened the procedure is more
two months of casting. elaborate.

b) Prestress in N/mm2 of not less than 0.07 times 9.6.2 Manufacture

the ratio of the length of the pile to its least Prestressed concrete piles are normally cast by the
lateral dimensions. ‘long-line’ method in a factory under conditions of
close control. Where piles are cast other than in
c) Minimum prestress related to the ratio of factory, casting should take place in an enclosed
effective weight of hammer to weight of pile space at an air temperature of not less than 10ºC
to be as follows: (50ºF).

Ratio of hammer to pile weight not less than 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
Minimum prestress for normal driving, N/mm2 2.0 3.5 5.0 6.0
Minimum prestress for easy driving, N/mm2 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0

11
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IS LICENSE
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FROM1/Sec 3) : RESEARCH
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Piles should not be removed from the place of reinforced concrete piles as in 8.4, 8.5 and 8.9.
casting until after the transfer of prestress. Although the effect of prestressing is to reduce
The piles should be cast in one operation using tension cracks induced by stress waves, such
internal and external vibrators to assist compaction cracking may still occur, particularly when driving
of the concrete. is ‘light’, or if too light a hammer is used. A careful
check for tension cracks should be made during the
Care should be taken to ensure that vibration from
driving of the first pile and, if these occur, the
adjoining work does not affect the placed concrete
hammer drop should be reduced. If the cracks persist
during the setting period. Care should be taken that
or recur when the full drop has to be used, then a
the head of the piles is finished plane and normal to
heavier hammer should be substituted.
the axis of the pile. Each pile should be marked with
a reference number and date of casting. Curing 9.8 Embedment of Pile Head into Pile Cap
should be carried out as described in 8.2 or the piles
may be steam cured. The concrete of the pile may be stripped to expose
the prestressing wires. The concrete should be
9.6.3 Transfer of Prestress stripped to such a level that the remaining concrete
Whenever a batch of piles if cast, four test cubes projects 75 mm into the pile cap. Where tension has
should be cast and stored in close proximity to and to be developed between the cap and pile, the
under the same conditions of temperature and exposed prestressing wires should extend at least
humidity as the piles. 600 mm into the cap. An alternative method is to
incorporate mild steel reinforcement in the upper
The minimum cube strength of the concrete at
part of the pile. After stripping the concrete this
transfer of prestress should be 2.5 times the stress in
reinforcement should be bonded into the cap.
the concrete at transfer, or 28 N/mm2 for strand or
crimped wire or 35 N/mm2 for plain or indented wire, 9.9 Where piles have to be lengthened during
whichever is the greater. The attainment of this driving, this may be done by one of the following
strength may be checked either by testing the methods:
relevant test cubes or by allowing sufficient times to a) Where mild steel reinforcement is
elapse after casting, provided this period can be incorporated in the head of the pile,
shown to be adequate on the basis of previous test lengthening may be as described in 8.1.5.
cube results and strictly controlled curing
b) By using a mild steel splicing sleeve
conditions. After transfer of prestress, the prestressing
together with a precast extension piece. The
wires should be cut-off flush with the face of the
sleeve should be bedded on to the top of the
concrete or pile shoe.
pile with an earth-dry sand/cement mortar or
9.6.4 Stacking and Storing other compound, and the extension piece
similarly bedded on to the sleeve.
For stacking and storing, 8.3 may be referred to.
It should be noted that piles lengthened in
9.7 Driving this way have a limited resistance to bending
at the splice.
There is some evidence to suggest that a larger ratio
of hammer weight to pile weight is required to avoid c) By means of dowel bars inserted into drilled
damaging the pile. Driving of prestressed concrete holes the connection being made with grout
piles should follow the recommendations for or epoxy resin.

12
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ANNEX A
(Clause 2)
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS

IS No. Title IS No. Title

269 : 1989 Ordinary Portland cement, 33 2131:1981 Method for standard penetration
grade — Specification (fourth test for soils (first revision)
revision) 2911 Code of practice for design and
construction of pile foundations:
432 (Part 1) : Specification for mild steel and
(Part 3) : 1980 Under-reamed piles (first
1982 medium tensile steel bars and
revision)
hard-drawn steel wire for concrete
(Part 4) : 1984 Load test on piles (first revision)
reinforcement: Part 1 Mild steel
and medium tensile steel bars 2974 (Part 1) : Code of practice for design and
(third revision) 1982 construction of machine
foundations: Part 1 Foundation
455 : 1989 Portland slag cement —
for reciprocating type machines
Specification (fourth revision)
(second revision)
456 : 2000 Plain and reinforced concrete —
Code of practice (fourth revision) 4968 Method for sub-surface sounding
for soils:
1343 : 1980 Code of practice for prestressed
concrete (first revision) (Part 1) : 1976 Dynamic method using 50 mm
cone without bentonite slurry
1489 Portland-pozzolana cement —
(first revision)
Specification:
(Part 1) : 1991 Fly ash based (third revision) (Part 2) : 1976 Dynamic method using cone and
bentonite slurry (first revision)
(Part 2) : 1991 Calcined clay based (third
revision) (Part 3) : 1976 Static cone penetration test (first
revision)
1786 : 1985 Specification for high strength
deformed steel bars and wires for 6403 : 1981 Code of practice for determination
concrete reinforcement (third of bearing capacity of shallow
revision) foundations (first revision)
1892 : 1979 Code of practice for sub-surface 8041 : 1990 Rapid hardening Portland cement
investigations for foundations — Specification (second revision)
(first revision) 8043 : 1991 Hydrophobic Portland cement —
1893 (Part 1) : Criteria for earthquake resistant Specification (second revision)
2002 design of structures: Part 1
8112 : 1989 43 grade ordinary Portland cement
General provisions and buildings
— Specification (first revision)
(fifth revision)
2062 : 2006 Hot rolled low, medium and high 12269 : 1987 Specification for 53 grade
tensile structural steel (sixth ordinary Portland cement
revision) 12330 : 1988 Specification for sulphate
2090 : 1983 Specification for high tensile steel resisting Portland cement
bars used in presetressed concrete 12600 : 1989 Portland cement, low heat —
(first revision) Specification

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ANNEX B
(Clauses 6.3.1.1 and 6.3.2)
LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY OF PILES-STATIC ANALYSIS

B-1 PILES IN GRANULAR SOILS PDi = effective overburden pressure for the ith
layer, in kN/m2;
The ultimate load capacity (Qu) of piles, in kN, in δi = angle of wall friction between pile and
granular soils is given by the following formula: soil for the ith layer; and
Asi = surface area of pile shaft in the ith layer,
Qu = Ap (½ Dγ Nγ + PD N q )∑ ni =1 K i PDi tan δ i Asi ...(1)
in m2.
The first term gives end-bearing resistance and the NOTES
second term gives skin friction resistance. 1 N γ factor can be taken for general shear failure
according to IS 6403.
where 2 Nq factor will depend on the nature of soil, type
Ap = cross-sectional area of pile tip, in m2; of pile, the L/B ratio and its method of construction.
The values applicable for driven piles are given in
D = diameter of pile shaft, in m; Fig. 1.
3 Ki, the earth pressure coefficient depends on the
γ = effective unit weight of the soil at pile nature of soil strata, type of pile, spacing of pile and
tip, in kN/m3; its method of construction. For driven piles in loose
Nγ = bearing capacity factors depending upon to dense sand with φ varying between 30°and 40°, Ki
values in the range of 1 to 2 may be used.
and Nq the angle of internal friction, φ at pile tip; 4 δ, the angle of wall friction may be taken equal to
PD = effective overburden pressure at pile tip, the friction angle of the soil around the pile stem.
in kN/m2 (see Note 5); 5 In working out pile capacity by static formula, the
maximum effective overburden at the pile tip should
∑i =1
n correspond to the critical depth, which may be taken
= summation for layers 1 to n in which pile
is installed and which contribute to as 15 times the diameter of the pile shaft for φ ≤ 30°
and increasing to 20 times for φ ≥ 40°.
positive skin friction; 6 For piles passing through cohesive strata and
terminating in a granular stratum, a penetration of at
Ki = coefficient of earth pressure applicable
least twice the diameter of the pile shaft should be
for the ith layer (see Note 3); given into the granular stratum.

FIG. 1 BEARING CAPACITY FACTOR, Nq FOR DRIVEN PILES

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B-2 PILES IN COHESIVE SOILS B-3.2 Ultimate end-bearing resistance (qu), in kN/m2,
may be obtained as:
The ultimate load capacity (Qu) of piles, in kN, in
cohesive soils is given by the following formula: qc0 + qc1
+ qc2
qu = 2
Qu = Ap Nc c p + ∑ni = 1 α i ci Asi …(2) 2
The first term gives the end-bearing resistance and where
the second term gives the skin friction resistance. qc0 = average static cone resistance over a depth
where of 2D below the pile tip, in kN/m2;
Ap = cross-sectional area of pile tip, in m2; qc1 = minimum static cone resistance over the
Nc = bearing capacity factor, may be taken same 2D below the pile tip, in kN/m2;
as 9; qc2 = average of the envelope of minimum static
cp = average cohesion at pile tip, in kN/m2; cone resistance values over the length of
pile of 8D above the pile tip, in kN/m2; and
∑i =1
n
= summation for layers 1 to n in which the
D = diameter of pile shaft.
pile is installed and which contribute to
B-3.3 Ultimate skin friction resistance can be
positive skin friction;
approximated to local side friction (f s), in kN/m2,
αi = adhesion factor for the ith layer obtained from static cone resistance as given in
depending on the consistency of soil, Table 3.
(see Note); Table 3 Side Friction for Different Types of Soils
ci = average cohesion for the ith layer, in
kN/m2; and Sl Type of Soil Local Side Friction,
No. fs , kN/m2
Asi = surface area of pile shaft in the ith layer, (1) (2) (3)
in m2.
i) q c less than 1 000 kN/m 2 q c /30 < fs < q c/10
NOTE — The value of adhesion factor, αi depends
on the undrained shear strength of the clay and may ii) Clay q c/25 < fs < 2qc /25
be obtained from Fig. 2. iii) Silty clay and silty sand q c/100 < f s < qc /25
iv) Sand q c/100 < f s < q c /50
v) Coarse sand and gravel q c/100 < fs< qc /150

qc = cone resistance, in kN/m2 .

B-3.4 The correlation between standard penetration

resistance, N (blows/30 cm) and static cone
resistance, qc, in kN/m2 as given in Table 4 may be
used for working out the end-bearing resistance and
skin friction resistance of piles. This correlation
should only be taken as a guide and should
preferably be established for a given site as they can
substantially vary with the grain size, Atterberg
limits, water table, etc.
Table 4 Co-relation Between N and qc for
Different Types of Soil
Sl Type of Soil q c /N
No.
(1) (2) (3)
FIG. 2 VARIATION OF α WITH Cu i) Clay 150-200
ii) Silts, sandy silts and slightly 200-250
B-3 USE OF STATIC CONE PENETRATION cohesive silt-sand mixtures
DATA iii) Clean fine to medium sand 300-400
and slightly silty sand
B-3.1When full static cone penetration data are
iv) Coarse sand and sands with 500-600
available for the entire depth, the following little gravel
correlation may be used as a guide for the
v) Sandy gravel and gravel 800-1 000
determination of ultimate load capacity of a pile.

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B-4 USE OF STANDARD PENETRATION As = surface area of pile shaft, in m2.

TEST DATA FOR COHESIONLESS SOIL
NOTE — The end-bearing resistance should not
B-4.1 The correlation suggested by Meyerhof using exceed 400 NAp .
standard penetration resistance, N in saturated
B-4.2 For non-plastic silt or very fine sand the
cohesionless soil to estimate the ultimate load
equation has been modified as:
capacity of driven pile is given below. The ultimate
load capacity of pile (Qu), in kN, is given as: Lb N As
Qu = 30 N Ap + …(4)
Lb N As D 0.60
Qu = 40 N Ap + …(3) The meaning of all terms is same as for equation 3.
D 0.50
The first term gives the end-bearing resistance and B-5 FACTOR OF SAFETY
the second term gives the frictional resistance.
The minimum factor of safety for arriving at the safe
where pile capacity from the ultimate load capacity
N = average N value at pile tip; obtained by using static formulae shall be 2.5.
Lb = length of penetration of pile in the bearing B-6 PILES IN STRATIFIED SOIL
strata, in m;
In stratified soil/C-φ soil, the ultimate load capacity
D = diameter or minimum width of pile shaft,
of piles should be determined by calculating the end-
in m;
bearing and skin friction in different strata by using
Ap = cross-sectional area of pile tip, in m2; appropriate expressions given in B-1 and B-2.
N = average N along the pile shaft; and

ANNEX C
(Clause 6.5.2)
ANALYSIS OF LATERALLY LOADED PILES

C-1 GENERAL C-2 STIFFNESS FACTORS

C-1.1 The ultimate resistance of a vertical pile to a C-2.1 The lateral soil resistance for granular soils
lateral load and the deflection of the pile as the load and normally consolidated clays which have varying
builds up to its ultimate value are complex matters soil modulus is modelled according to the equation:
involving the interaction between a semi-rigid structural p
element and soil which deforms partly elastically and y = ηh z
partly plastically. The failure mechanisms of an infinitely where
long pile and that of a short rigid pile are different. The p = lateral soil reaction per unit length of pile
failure mechanisms also differ for a restrained and at depth z below ground level;
unrestrained pile head conditions.
y = lateral pile deflection; and
Because of the complexity of the problem only a ηh = modulus of subgrade reaction for which
procedure for an approximate solution, that is, the recommended values are given in
adequate in most of the cases is presented here. Table 5.
Situations that need a rigorous analysis shall be
Table 5 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction for
dealt with accordingly.
Granular Soils, η h, in kN/m3
C-1.2 The first step is to determine, if the pile will (Clauses C-2.1 and C-2.3.1)
behave as a short rigid unit or as an infinitely long
flexible member. This is done by calculating the Sl Soil Type N Range of ηh
No. (Blows/30 cm) kN/m3 × 103
stiffness factor R or T for the particular combination
of pile and soil. Dry Submerged
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Having calculated the stiffness factor, the criteria for
i) Very loose sand 0-4 < 0.4 < 0.2
behaviour as a short rigid pile or as a long elastic
ii) Loose sand 4-10 0.4-2.5 0.2-1.4
pile are related to the embedded length L of the pile.
iii) Medium sand 10-35 2.5-7.5 1.4-5.0
The depth from the ground surface to the point of
virtual fixity is then calculated and used in the iv) Dense sand > 35 7.5-20.0 5.0-12.0
conventional elastic analysis for estimating the NOTE — The ηh values may be interpolated for
lateral deflection and bending moment. intermediate standard penetration values, N.

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C-2.2 The lateral soil resistance for preloaded clays C-3 CRITERIA FOR SHORT RIGID PILES
with constant soil modulus is modelled according to AND LONG ELASTIC PILES
the equation: Having calculated the stiffness factor T or R, the
p criteria for behaviour as a short rigid pile or as a long
y =K elastic pile are related to the embedded length L as
where given in Table 7.
k 0.3 Table 7 Criteria for Behaviour of Pile
K = 1 ×
1.5 B Based on its Embedded Length
where k1 is Terzaghi’s modulus of subgrade reaction Sl Type of Pile Relation of Embedded
as determined from load deflection measurements on No. Behaviour Length with
a 30 cm square plate and B is the width of the pile Stiffness Factor
(diameter in case of circular piles). The recommended Linearly Constant
values of k 1 are given in Table 6. Increasing
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Table 6 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
i) Short (Rigid) Pile L ≤ 2T L ≤ 2R
for Cohesive Soil, k1, in kN/m3
ii) Long (Elastic) Pile L ≥ 4T L ≥ 3.5R
Sl Soil Unconfined Range of k 1 NOTE — The intermediate L shall indicate a case
No. Consistency Compression kN/m3 × 10 3 between rigid pile behaviour and elastic pile
Strength, q u behaviour.
kN/m 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
C-4 DEFLECTION AND MOMENTS IN
i) Soft 25-50 4.5-9.0
LONG ELASTIC PILES
ii) Medium stiff 50-100 9.0-18.0
iii) Stiff 100-200 18.0-36.0 C-4.1 Equivalent cantilever approach gives a simple
iv) Very stiff 200-400 36.0-72.0 procedure for obtaining the deflections and moments
v) Hard > 400 >72.0 due to relatively small lateral loads. This requires the
NOTE — For qu less than 25, k1 may be taken as zero, determination of depth of virtual fixity, zf.
which implies that there is no lateral resistance.
The depth to the point of fixity may be read from
C-2.3 Stiffness Factors the plots given in Fig. 3. e is the effective
C-2.3.1 For Piles in Sand and Normally Loaded eccentricity of the point of load application obtained
Clays either by converting the moment to an equivalent
horizontal load or by actual position of the
5 EI horizontal load application. R and T are the stiffness
Stiffness factor T, in m = ηh factors described earlier.
where C-4.2 The pile head deflection, y shall be computed
E = Young’s modulus of pile material, in using the following equations:
b g
MN/m2; 3
I = moment of inertia of the pile cross- H e + zf
Deflection, y = × 103
section, in m4; and 3 EI
ηh = modulus of subgrade reaction, in MN/m3 …for free head pile
(see Table 5).
Deflection, y =
b
H e + zf g 3

× 103
C-2.3.2 For Piles in Preloaded Clays 12 EI
…for fixed head pile
4 EI where
Stiffness factor R, in m =
KB H = lateral load, in kN;
where
y = deflection of pile head, in mm;
E = Young’s modulus of pile material, in
MN/m2; E = Young’s modulus of pile material, in
I = moment of inertia of the pile cross- kN/m2;
section, in m4; I = moment of inertia of the pile cross-section,
k1 0.3 in m4;
K = × (see Table 6 for values of k 1, in
1.5 B zf = depth to point of fixity, in m; and
3
MN/m ); and
e = cantilever length above ground/bed to the
B = width of pile shaft (diameter in case of point of load application, in m.
circular piles), in m.

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FIG. 3 DEPTH OF FIXITY

C-4.3 The fixed end moment of the pile for the The fixed end moment, M F of the equivalent
equivalent cantilever may be determined from the cantilever is higher than the actual maximum
following expressions: moment M in the pile. The actual maximum moment
b g
Fixed end moment, MF = H e + z f may be obtained by multiplying the fixed end
moment of the equivalent cantilever by a reduction
…for free head pile
H be + z g
factor, m, given in Fig. 4.
f
Fixed end moment, M =F
2
…for fixed head pile

4A For Free Head Pile

4B For Fixed Head Pile

FIG. 4 DETERMINATION OF REDUCTION FACTORS FOR COMPUTATION OF MAXIMUM MOMENT IN PILE
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ANNEX D
(Clause 6.11.6)
PROBABLE VALUES OF n, EFFICIENCY OF THE BLOW

D-1 The formula for efficiency of the blow, Ratio of e = 0.5 e = 0.4 e = 0.32 e = 0.25 e = 0
representing the ratio of energy after impact to P/W
striking energy of ram, n, is: 3½ 0.39 0.33 0.30 0.27 0.22
Where W is greater than P.e and the pile is driven 4 0.36 0.31 0.28 0.25 0.20
into penetrable ground,
5 0.31 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.16

n=
d
W + P ⋅ e2 i 6 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.14
W+P 7 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.12
8 0.22 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.11
Where W is less than P.e and the pile is driven into
penetrable ground, NOTES

LW + dP ⋅ e i OP L W − bP ⋅ eg O
1 W = mass of the ram, in tonne and P = weight of

n=M
2 the pile, anvil, helmet, and follower (if any) in

MN W + P PQ − MMN W + P PPQ
2
tonne.
2 Where the pile finds refusal in rock, 0.5P should
be substituted for P in the above expressions for n.

The following are the values of n in relation to e and 3 e is the coefficient of restitution of the materials
under impact as tabulated below:
to the ratio of P/W:
a) For steel ram of double-acting hammer striking
Ratio of e = 0.5 e = 0.4 e = 0.32 e = 0.25 e = 0 on steel anvil and driving reinforced concrete
P/W pile, e = 0.5.
b) For cast-iron ram of single-acting or drop
½ 0.75 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.67 hammer striking on head of reinforced concrete
1 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.50 pile, e = 0.4.
c) Single-acting or drop hammer striking a well-
1½ 0.55 0.50 0.47 0.44 0.40 conditioned driving cap and helmet with hard
2 0.50 0.44 0.40 0.37 0.33 wood dolly in driving reinforced concrete piles
or directly on head of timber pile, e = 0.25.
2½ 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.33 0.28 d) For a deteriorated condition of the head of pile
3 0.42 0.36 0.33 0.30 0.25 or of dolly, e = 0.

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ANNEX E
(Clause 8.10.2)
DATA SHEET
Site ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Title .........................................................................................................................................................................
Date of enquiry ......................................................................................................................................................
Date piling commenced .........................................................................................................................................
Actual or anticipated date for completion of piling work .................................................................................
Number of pile ........................................................................................................................................................

TEST PILE DATA

Pile: Pile test commenced .......................................................................................................

Pile test completed .........................................................................................................

Pile type: .........................................................................................................................................

(Mention proprietary system, if any) ............................................................................

Shape — Round/Square

Pile specification: Size — Shaft ...................................................... Tip ......................................................

Reinforcement ................ No. ............................. dia for ....................................(depth)

.........................................................................................................................................
Sequence of piling: From centre towards the periphery or from periphery towards the centre
(for groups)

Concrete : Mix ratio 1: ...................................................................................... by volume/weight

or strength after …………..days ........................................................................ N/mm2
Quantity of cement/m3: .........................................................................................................................................
Extra cement added, if any: ..................................................................................................................................
Weight of hammer ........................................ Type of hammer ....................................................................
(Specify rated energy, if any)
Fall of hammer ........................................ Length finally driven ...........................................................

No. of blows during last 25 mm of driving .........................................................................................................

Dynamic formula used, if any ...............................................................................................................................

Calculated value of working load ........................................................................................................................

(Calculations may be included)

Test loading:

Maintained load/Cyclic loading/C.R.P ......................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................
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Capacity of jack ............................................................................................................................................

If anchor piles used, give ............................ No., Length ...........................................................................

Distance of test pile from nearest anchor pile ...........................................................................................

Test pile and anchor piles were/were not working piles

Method of Taking Observations:

Dial gauges/Engineers level ........................................................................................................................

Reduced level of pile tip ............................................................................................................................

General Remarks:
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Special Difficulties Encountered:
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Results:
Working load specified for the test pile .......................................................................................................
Settlement specified for the test pile ............................................................................................................
Settlement specified for the structure ...........................................................................................................
Working load accepted for a single pile as a result of the test ..................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
Working load in a group of piles accepted as a result of the test .............................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................

General description of the structure to be founded on piles .............................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................

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Name of the piling agency ....................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................
Name of person conducting the test ....................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Name of the party for whom the test was conducted .........................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................

BORE-HOLE LOG

1. Site of bore hole relative to test pile position .............................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................
2. If no bore hole, give best available ground conditions .............................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................

Soil Soil Reduced Soil Depth Thickness

Properties Description Level Legend Below Ground Level of Strata
Position of the
tip of pile to
be indicated thus
Standing ground
Water level indicated
thus

METHOD OF SITE INVESTIGATION

Trial pit/Post-hole auger/Shell and auger boring/Percussion/Probing/Wash borings/Mud-rotary drilling/Core-
drilling/Shot drilling/Sub-surface sounding by cones or Standard sampler
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
NOTE — Graphs, showing the following relations, shall be prepared and added to the report:
a) Load vs Time, and
b) Settlement vs Load.

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ANNEX F
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Soil and Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 43

Organization Representative(s)

In personal capacity (188/90, Prince Anwar Shah Road, DR N. S OM (Chairman)

Kolkatta 700045)
A.P. Engineering Research Laboratories, Hyderabad SHRI P. SIVAKANTHAM
S HRI P. JOHN VICTOR (Alternate)
AFCONS Infrastructure Limited, Mumbai SHRI A. D. LONDHE
S HRI V. S. KULKARNI (Alternate)
Central Board of Irrigation & Power, New Delhi DIRECTOR
Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee SHRI Y. P ANDEY
S HRI R. DHARMRAJU (Alternate)
Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi DIRECTOR (TCD)
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (TCD) (Alternate)
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (DESIGN)
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (DESIGN-V) (Alternate)
Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi SHRI SUDHIR MATHUR
SHRI VASANT G. HAVANGI (Alternate)
Central Soil & Materials Research Station, New Delhi SHRI S. K. BABBAR
S HRI D. N. BERA (Alternate)
Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, New Delhi SHRI J. B. S HARMA
S HRI N. K. JAIN (Alternate)
Engineers India Limited, New Delhi SHRI T. BALRAJ
S HRI S. D EBNATH (Alternate)
F. S. Engineers Pvt Limited, Chennai DR A. VERGHESE C HUMMAR
Gammon India Limited, Mumbai DR N. V. N AYAK
S HRI S. PATTIWAR (Alternate)
Ground Engineering Limited, New Delhi SHRI ASHOK KUMAR JAIN
SHRI NEERAJ KUMAR J AIN (Alternate)
Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, Vadodara DIRECTOR
S HRI J. K. P ATEL (Alternate)
Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi SECRETARY
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore PROF A. SRIDHARAN
Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai PROF S. R. GHANDI
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi DR A. VARADARAJAN
DR R. KANIRAJ (Alternate)
Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai SHRI G. VENKATACHALAM
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee PROF M. N. VILADKAR
DR MAHENDRA SINGH (Alternate)
Indian Society of Earthquake Technology, Uttaranchal REPRESENTATIVE
ITD Cementation India Ltd, Kolkata SHRI P. S. S ENGUPTA
S HRI MANISH KUMAR (Alternate)
M.N. Dastur & Company (P) Ltd, Kolkata DIRECTOR-CIVIL STRUCTURAL
S HRI S. N. PAL (Alternate)
M/s Cengrs Geotechnical Pvt Limited, New Delhi SHRI S ANJAY G UPTA
SHRI RAVI SUNDARAM (Alternate)
Ministry of Surface Transport, New Delhi SHRI A. K. B ANERJEE
SHRI S ATISH KUMAR (Alternate)
Mumbai Port Trust, Mumbai SHRIMATI R. S. H ARDIKAR
S HRI A. J. L OKHANDE (Alternate)
Nagadi Consultants Pvt Limited, New Delhi DR V. V. S. R AO
SHRI N. SANTOSH RAO (Alternate)
National Thermal Power Corporation Limited, Noida DR D. N. NARESH
S HRI B. V. R. S HARMA (Alternate)

23
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Organization Representative(s)

Pile Foundation Constructions Co (I) Pvt Limited, SHRI B. P. GUHA NIYOGI

Kolkata S HRI S. BHOWMIK (Alternate)
Safe Enterprises, Mumbai SHRI VIKRAM S INGH R AO
SHRI S URYAVEER S INGH RAO (Alternate)
School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi PROF V. THIRIVENGADAM
Simplex Infrastructures Limited, Chennai SHRI SHANKAR GUHA
S HRI S. RAY (Alternate)
The Pressure Piling Co (I) Pvt Limited, Mumbai SHRI V. C. DESHPANDE
SHRI P USHKAR V. D ESHPANDE (Alternate)
University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur SHRI G. R. CHOWDHARY
BIS Directorate General SHRI A. K. S AINI, Scientist ‘F’ & Head (CED)
[Representing Director General (Ex-officio)]

Member Secretary
SHRIMATI MADHURIMA MADHAV
Scientist ‘B’ (CED), BIS

Pile and Deep Foundations Subcommittee, CED 43 : 5

In personal capacity (Satya Avenue, 2nd Cross Street, SHRI M URLI I YENGAR (Convener)
Janganatha Puram, Velachery, Chennai 600042)
AFCONS Infrastructure Ltd, Mumbai SHRI A. N. J ANGLE
Association of Piling Specialists (India), Mumbai SHRI V. T. GANPULE
SHRI M ADHUKAR L ODHAVIA (Alternate)
Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee SHRI R. DHARAMRAJU
S HRI A. K. S HARMA (Alternate)
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (DESIGN)
EXECUTIVE E NGINEER (DESIGN D IVISION V) (Alternate)
Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, New Delhi DIRECTOR GENERAL OF WORKS
Engineers India Limited, New Delhi DR ATUL NANDA
S HRI SANJAY K UMAR (Alternate)
Gammon India Limited, Mumbai DR N. V. N AYAK
S HRI R. K. MALHOTRA (Alternate)
Ground Engineering Limited, New Delhi SHRI ASHOK KUMAR JAIN
SHRI NEERAJ KUMAR J AIN (Alternate)
Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi DR S ATYENDRA MITTAL
DR K. R AJAGOPAL (Alternate)
Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai DR S. R. GANDHI
DR A. BHOOMINATHAN (Alternate)
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee DR G. RAMASAMY
Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi SHRI A. K. B ANERJEE
S HRI I. K. P ANDEY (Alternate)
ITD Cementation India Limited, Kolkata SHRI M ANISH KUMAR
SHRI P ARTHO S. S ENGUPTA (Alternate)
M/s Cengrs Geotechnical Pvt Limited, New Delhi SHRI S ANJAY G UPTA
SHRI RAVI S UNDURAM (Alternate)
Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways, SHRI V. K. SINHA
New Delhi
National Thermal Power Corporation, Noida SHRI R. R. M AURYA
S HRI V. V. S. RAMDAS (Alternate)
Pile Foundation Constructions Co (I) Pvt Limited, SHRI B. P. GUHA NIYOGI
Kolkata S HRI S. BHOWMIK (Alternate)
Research, Designs & Standards Organization, Lucknow DIRECTOR (B&S)
DIRECTOR GE (Alternate)
Simplex Infrastructures Limited, Chennai SHRI SHANKAR GUHA
S HRI S. RAY (Alternate)
Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai SHRI N. GOPALAKRISHNAN
DR K. RAMANJANEYULU (Alternate)
TCE Consulting Engineers Limited, Mumbai SHRI C. K. RAVINDRANATHAN
S HRI S. M. PALERKAR (Alternate)
Victoria-Jubilee Technical Institute, Mumbai REPRESENTATIVE

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Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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