MAT 133-PRE CALCULUS

TOPIC 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND

LINES

1.1: Real Number System

1.1.1 Classification of numbers.

1) Whole (W) : {0,1,2,…}
2) Integer (Z) : a set of positive and negative integer including zero {…,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…}
3) Prime : a number which can only be divided by 1 (one) and itself {2,3,5,7,11…}
4) Rational (Q) : a number which can be represented in a fraction form 3/2 = 1.5
5) Irrational (Q́ ¿ : a number which cannot be represented in a fraction form, and the
decimals neither terminate nor recur 2  1.4142
.., π=3.14159…
6) Natural (N) : also known as counting number {1,2,3,...}
7) Real number (R) : number that are either rational or irrational

1.1.2 The Real Number Line

Real number can be represented geometrically by points on a straight line, called a real number line.
origin
negative direction positive direction

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

1.2 Inequalities

Definition: for any real numbers a and b,

1) a<b means a is less than b
2) a≤b means a is less than or equal to b
3) a>b means a is greater than b
4) a≥b means a is greater than or equal to b

The interval notation:

For Finite Intervals
The double inequality a<x≤b means x is greater than a (x>a) and x is less than or equal to b (x≤b).

a<x<b (a,b) a b Open Interval

a≤x≤b [a,b] Closed Interval

Half-Open Interval/ Half Closed

a<x≤b (a,b] Interval

Half-Open Interval/ Half Closed

a≤x<b [a,b) Interval

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For Infinite Intervals.

x<b (−∞ b
,b)

x≤b (−∞
,b]

x>b (b,∞ )

x≥b [b,∞ )

Example 1.2.1: Graph the following set of real numbers on real number lines.
a) The set of real numbers less than 6
b) The set of real numbers less than or equal to 9
c) The set of real numbers greater than -3
d) The set of real numbers greater than or equal to 2

1.2.1 Properties of Inequalities

For any real numbers a,b, and c;

1. Transitive property
If a<b and b<c, then a<c Example: -6<0 and 0<5 then -6<5

2. Addition property
If a<b, then a+c<b+c Example: If 3<5, then 3+2<5+2

3. Substraction property
If a<b, then a-c<b-c Example: If 4<9, then 4-1<9-1

4. Multiplication property
i) If a<b and c is positive, then ca<cb
ii) If a<b and c is negative, then ca>cb

Example: i) If 2<8 and c is 7, then 14<56

ii) If 5<7 and c is -3 then -15>-21

5. Division Property
a b
i) If a<b and c is positive, then <
c c
a b
ii) If a<b and c is negative, then >
c c
1 1
iii) If a and b are both positive or both negative, and a<b, then >
a b
Note: These properties also hold for ≤ , ≥ or if the inequality signs are reversed.

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1.2.2 Solving Inequalities

Linear Inequality

A linear inequality in one variable can be written in one of the following forms:

ax +b< 0 ax+b ≤ 0 ax +b>0 ax +b ≥ 0

where x is a variable, a is a non-zero real number and b is a real number.

Example 1.2.2.1: Solve the following inequalities

i) 2 x−4 >8
ii) −3 x+ 8 ≤5
iii) 5 x+ 28>−3 x+ 4
iv) 6<−2 x +4 ≤12

Quadratic Inequality

A quadratic inequality in one variable is an inequality that can be written in the form

a x 2+ bx+ c> 0 ,(a ≠ 0)

where x is a variable and a,b,c are real numbers. The symbol > can be replace by ≤ , ≥∨¿.

Example 1.2.2.2
Solve the inequalities:

i) 4 x2 + 4 x+ 1≥ 25 x +2
vi) ≥ 2 (Rational Inequality)
ii) x 2+ 1≤ 2 x−4
iii) (x+1)(x-2)<0 30
vii) x +2>
iv) 6 x 2+ 8 x> 0 x +1
v) 5−x< x ≤7−x x
viii) ≤2
x−3
2 x +3
ix) ≥0
x +3
8−5 x
x) 1< x +
x +6

1.3 Absolute Value

Definition 1.3.1:
If x is real number, the absolute value of x, denoted as |x| is defined as follows:
|x|= x
{−x if x ≥0
if x< 0

Therefore, the absolute value of every real number is non-negative |x|≥ 0 for every x ∈ R .
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Theorem 1: For any real numbers a and b then |a−b| represents the distance between a and b and
hence |a−b|=|b−a|.

Property
|a|=|−a|
|ab|=|a||b|
a |a|
|| = ,b≠0
b |b|
|a|= √a 2
|a+ b|≤|a|+|b|
|a−b|≥|a|−|b|
|a+ b|≠|a|±|b|

1.3.2 Equations Involving Absolute Value

|x|= p ↔ x= p or x=− p

Example 1.3.2.1:
i) |2 x−1|=8 iii) |x +4|=|3 x−10|
ii) |x +8|=5 iv) | y 2−3 y −2|=2
1.3.3 Inequalities Involving Absolute Value

Property
|a|< p ↔ x < p and x>−p
|a|> p ↔ x > p or x <− p

Example 1.3.3.1:
i) |2 x−3|<5
ii) |3 x +1|>2 x−5
iii) |x 2 +2 x−4|<4
iv) |3 x−1|> 8
v) | x+x 3|> 1
vi) |3 x|≤|2 x−5|

1.4 Complex Number

What is the value of x=√ −1?

Clearly there is no real number that satisfies this equation. By introducing i= √ −1 or
i 2=−1, we can solve x 2=−1 as follows:

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 x 2=−1
x 2=i 2
x=±i
x=i and x=−i

Therefore √ −1 is not real number. It is imaginary number which is denoted by i.

1.4.1: Definition: A complex number is number that has the form a+bi, where a and b are real
number and i=√ −1.

Complex Number, z=a+ bi Real part, Re(z) = a

Imaginary part, Im(z) = b

Example 1.4.1.1: State the real and Imaginary parts of the following complex number.

No. Complex Number, z Re(z) Im(z)

a. 2-5i
b. 5+8i
c. πi
d. -.132
e. −√ 3− √2 i

Example 1.4.1.2: Express each of the following in terms of i.

a. √ −16 c. √ −98
d. i99
b.
√ −1
8

1.4.1.2: Graph of a complex number

Imaginary Axis

b (a,b) Plot z=a+bi in an Argand Diagram

a Real Axis

Example 1.4.1.3
Plot the following complex numbers in an Argand Diagram
M=4-2i
5
A=-3+5i
W=8
I=5i

1.4.2: Algebraic Operation On Complex Number

Equality of two complex numbers

Two complex numbers are equal a+bi=c+di if and only if a=c and b=d. In particular, z=a+bi=0 if and
only if a=0 and b=0.

Example 1.4.2.1: Find the real values of x and y from the following equations
a) 2(x-2yi)=6+12i b) (5x-y)+x-y)i=9+i

Properties of Complex Numbers

Addition : (a+bi)+(c+di)=(a+c)+(b+d)i
Subtraction : (a+bi)-(c+di)=(a-c)+(b-d)i
Multiplication : (a+bi) (c+di)=(ac-bd)+(ad+bc)i

 (a+bi)(c+di)=a(c+di)+bi(c+di)
=ac+adi+bci+bdi 2
=ac+(ad+bc)i+bd(-1)
=(ac-bd)+(ad+bc)i

Definition: 1.4.2: Conjugate of Complex Number

Let z=a+ bi, the complex conjugate, or conjugate of z is defined by ź=a−bi.

A product of a complex number and its conjugate (a+bi)(a-bi)= a 2+b 2

Division of Complex Number

Example 1.4.2.2: write the following in the standard form a+bi

a) (2+8i)/2 b) 1/(3-2i)
c) (4+3i)/(2+5i) d) 9i/(2-i)

1.4.3: Quadratic Equation Involving Complex Root

What if √ a+bi , where b ≠ 0?

The square root of a complex number is also a complex number.
√ a+bi=c+ di
2
( √ a+ bi) =(c +di)2
a+bi=c 2−d2 +2 cdi
a=c 2−d 2 and b=2 cd
 solve these equations simultaneously to find c and d.

Example 1.4.2.3: Solve

a) √ 6+8 i c) (x+yi)(3-i)=1+2i
z1  3  4i and z2  2i  1 , find z1  3 i  5 and z2  3 ,
b) Given that d)

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z2 z2
z1 . z
find 1 .