University of Perpetual Help System -

DALTA
Paciano Rizal,Calamba City Laguna
College of Engineering

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION SYSTEM:

PROPOSED DESIGN OF A CENTRALIZED

AIRCONDITIONING SYSTEM

Barosa, Romart B.
BSME – V

ENGR. RIZAL M. MOSQUERA

INSTRUCTOR

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INTRODUCTION:

      Air-Conditioning is a process which conditions air in a confined space into the desired level
of comfort compared from outside condition. Most of Air-Conditioning System in service
comfort cooling especially in places where the outside temperature is very high for human
comfort. Air-Conditioning does not only cool a confined space but it also dehumidifies or filter
air supplied to the space. Thus it provides comfort cooling for occupants of the space.
Basically there are 4 components of an Air-Conditioning Unit: Evaporator, which receives
heat from the space; Compressor, which is the heart of the system it compresses and pumps the
refrigerant; Condenser, which rejects heat; Expansion Valve, used to meter the flow of liquid
refrigerant entering the evaporator at a rate that matches the amount of refrigerant being boiled
off in the evaporator.
There are also 2 Units that play an important part in Air-Conditioning System. The Air
Handling Unit (AHU) and the Cooling Tower. Air Handling Unit, it is the unit used with the
system to minimize the cost especially when using ducts. The Air Handling Unit controls, mix,
condition, and may filter the air flow. It supplies conditioned air to each room via ducts. On the
other hand, Cooling Tower, is another unit which helps in raising the efficiency of the system. It
helps the condenser to reject heat faster by heat exchanger. The Cooling Tower is a tower like
structure, where the hot water from the heat exchanger of the condenser is sprinkle down to the
raisin of the tower. It is pumped again to the condenser. Air is blown toward the sprinkled water
to removed heat. Make-up water is added due to evaporation.
Air conditioning systems using centrally located equipment provided only heated (Tempered)
air for comfort and ventilation using relatively simple ductwork and control. The addition of
cooling, dehumidification, and humidification equipment allowed year-round comfort to be more
attainable in all climates. By dividing the condition spaces into zones with individual thermostat
controls, better comfort was possible, even where heating and cooling requirements were not
uniform from one part of a building to another. This led to the need for more sophisticated
equipment and controls. Building owners and occupants have also become more sophisticated
and more demanding of the HVAC systems. In recent years design has been strongly influenced
by increasing emphasis on Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Energy Conversion, Environmental Effects,
Safety, and Economics.
      The use of digital computers has facilitated many of the advances made in the HVAC
industry. Computers have allowed the design of more complex and intricate but more reliable
components; programs have reduced the time required for determining building requirements and
have permitted better and faster design of duct and piping systems. Complex HVAC systems can
be controlled using Direct Digital Control (DDC) systems which can be integrated into building
management system to provide monitoring and almost any control sequence by the owners.

Cooling Load Calculation:

      Cooling load calculation for air conditioning system design are mainly used to determine the
volume flow rate of the air system as well as the coil and refrigeration load of the equipment to
size the HVAC & R equipment and to provide the inputs to the system for the energy use

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calculations in order to select optimal design alternatives. Cooling load usually can be classified
into two categories; external and internal.
External Cooling Load – The loads are formed because of heat gain in the conditioned space from
external sources through the building envelope or building shell and the partition walls. Sources
of external loads include the following cooling loads;
1. Heat gain entering from the exterior walls and roofs.
2. Solar heat gain transmitted through the fenestrations.
3. Conductive heat gain coming through the fenestrations.
4. Heat gain entering from the partition walls and interior doors.
5. Infiltration of outdoor air into the conditioned space.
Internal Cooling Loads – These loads are formed by the release of sensible and latent heat sources
inside the conditioned space. These sources contribute internal cooling loads;

1. People
2. Electric lights
3. Equipment and appliances
   If moisture transfers from the building structures and the finishing are excluded, only infiltrated
air, occupants, equipment, and appliances have both sensible and latent cooling loads. The
remaining components have only sensible cooling loads.

Wall Gain Load:

      The wall gain load, sometimes called the wall leakage load, is a measure of the heat flow rate
by conduction through the walls of the refrigerated space from outside to inside. The wall gain
load is a measure of the heat flow rate by the conduction through the walls of the refrigerated
space from the outside to the inside. Since there is no perfect insulation, there is always a certain
amount of heat passing from the outside to the inside whenever the inside temperature is below
that of the outside. The wall gain load is common to all refrigeration application and is ordinarily
a considerable part of total cooling load. Also include the flooring, roofing and doors.

FACTORS DETERMINING THE WALL GAIN LOAD :

      The quantity of heat transmitted through the walls of a refrigerated space/unit of time is the
function of three factors whose relationship is expressed in the following equation;
Q = UATD

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Where:  Q = the quantity of heat transferred, Btu/Hr.
            A = the outside surface area of the wall, ft².
            U = the overall coefficient of heat transmission, Btu/hr-ft²-°F
            TD = the temperature differential across the wall, °F

DESIGN CONDITIONS:

FORMULA:
HEAT TRANSFER THROUGHOUT THE DESIGN BUILDING USING FORMULA:
Q = AU ∆T
WHERE: Q = HEAT TRANSFERRED / CONNECTED ACROSS A
SURFACE THROUGH A WALL THICKNESS.
A = AREA WHICH HEAT FLOWS.
∆T = TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE PASSING
THROUGH THE WALL.
U = OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT.

WHERE: FI = INSIDE ROOM COEFFICIENT

1 FO = OUTSIDE ROOM COEFFICIENT
X = THICKNESS OF WALL
1 x 1
+∑ +
fi k fo

CONDITIONS FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN:

HEIGHT FROM FLOOR TO CEILING = 8m
EXTERNAL WALL = 0.3m
FLOOR THICKNESS = 0.3m
MAIN DOOR (4 DOOR): THICKNESS = 0.05 m²
AREA = 2m x 16.25m = 32.5m²

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(4 PCS) WINDOW GLASS: THICKNESS = 0.01m
AREA = 2m x 16.25m = 32.5m²
FILM COEFICIENT:
fi = 2.89 ; fo = 10.57

OUTSIDE CONDITION:
MAXIMUM TEMP. OUTSIDE = 42.2° C
DESIGN GROUND TEMP. = 20° C

INSIDE CONDITIONS:
DESIGN DRY-BULB TEMP. INSIDE = 22° C
DESIGN RELATIVE HUMIDITY = 50%

II-WALL COMPOSITION:

AT NORTH WALL & SOUTH WALL:

AREA OF WALL = (8m x 125m) = 1,000m²
AREA OF DOOR = 2.5m² x 2 = 5.0 m²
TOTAL AREA OF NORTH WALL & SOUTH WALL :
= 1,000m² - 5m² - 1.22m²
= 995m²

AT WEST WALL:
AREA OF WALL = (8m x 80m) = 640m²
TOTAL AREA OF WEST WALL:
= 640m²

AT EAST WALL:
AREA OF WALL = (8m x 80m) = 640m²
AREA OF WINDOW = 510 m² (2m x 16.25 m) = 32.5 m² x 4 = 130 m²
TOTAL AREA OF EAST WALL:
= 510m²

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 FLOOR PLAN

DRAWING IS SCALED IN AUTOCAD

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III-OVER-ALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT:

CONSTANT VALUES NEEDED:

W w
1 f o =10. 57 K carbonsteel=43
U= m2 K m− K
1 x 1
+∑ + w
fi k fo K concrete =1 .7
m−K
W
f 1 =2 . 89
m2 K
w
K polyutherane =0 . 02
m−K

w
K glass =1. 1
m−K

COMPOSITION FOR THE HEAT TRANSEDER COEFFICIENT OF

WALL (CONCRETE)

42 .2° C

22° C

0.3m
1
=1.625W /m2 k
U= 1
+
.3
+
1
2.89 1.75 10.57

COMPOSITION FOR THE HEAT TRANSEDER COEFFICIENT OF

WALL (WINDOW GLASS)

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 42 .2° C

22° C

0. 015 m

1
=1.9813W /m2 k
U= 1
+
.05
+
1
2.89 1.75 10.57

IV-STRUCTURAL COOLING LOAD:

NORTH & SOUTH SECTION OF THE BUILDING COOLING LOAD

Q = AU ΔT
W
Where: A WALL= 950m² ; U WALL=1 .62856 ; T1 = 42. 2 °C
m²-K

HEAT LOAD OF WALL TOTAL HEAT LOAD:

W
Q = ( 950m² )(1.6285 )(42 .2° C- 22° C ) Q WALL+ Q WINDOW
m²-K
Q = 30. 94kW 30.94kW +0. 163KW
Q TOTAL=31.103kW
HEAT LOAD OF DOOR
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Q = (5m²)(2.267 )(42.2° C- 22° C )
m²-K
Q = 0. 163 kW
 EAST SECTION OF THE BUILDING COOLING LOAD
Q = AU ΔT
W
Where: A WALL= 510m² ; U WALL=1 .6285 ;
m²-K
T1 = 42 .2 °C ;T2 = 22 °C

HEAT LOAD OF WALL

W
Q = (510m²)(1 .6285 )(42.2 ° C- 22° C )
m²-K
Q = 16.61 kW

HEAT LOAD OF WINDOW

W
Q = (130m² )(1 .6285 )(42 .2 ° C- 22° C )
m²-K
Q = 5.15 kW

ROOF SECTION OF THE BUILDING COOLING LOAD

Q = AU ΔT
W
Where: A ROOF= 10000m² ; U ROOF=1 . 6285 ;
m²-K
T1 = 42 .2 °C ;T2 = 22 °C

HEAT LOAD OF WALL

W
Q = (10000m² )(1 .6285 )(42 .2 ° C- 22° C )
m²-K Mechanical Engineering |
Q = 325.712 kW
WEST SECTION OF THE BUILDING COOLING LOAD
Q = AU ΔT
W
Where: A WALL= 640m² ; U WALL =1 .6285 ;
m²-K
T1 = 42 .2 °C ;T2 = 22 °C

HEAT LOAD OF WALL

W
Q = (640m²)(1 .6285 )(42.2 ° C- 22° C )
m²-K
Q = 20.8 kW
FLOOR SECTION OF THE BUILDING COOLING LOAD
Q = AU ΔT
W
Where: A FLOOR= 10000m² ; U FLOOR =1 .6285 ;
m²-K
T1 = 42 .2 °C ;T2 = 22 °C
HEAT LOAD OF FLOOR
W
Q = (10000m² )(1 .6285 )(42 .2 ° C- 22° C )
m²-K
Q = 32.57 kW
TOTAL STRUCTURAL COOLING LOAD
Q NORHTWALL +Q SOUTHWALL +Q EASWALL+Q WESTWALL+Q ROOF+ QFLOOR
Q TSL=431.95kW

V-FENESTRATION:

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 NORTH SOLAR HEAT GAIN AT 14 DEGREE LATITUDE

SOUTH SOLAR HEAT GAIN AT 14 DEGREE LATITUDE

For computation of solar heat gain at is from REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING by AURORA, pg . 602, TABLE 17 .9
Manila Latitude = from www .mapsofworld .com/lat_long /philippines-lat-long .html

NORTH WALL FENESTRATION HEAT LOAD

W
SOLAR HEAT GAIN=40
m²
AREA OF GLASS=16 m²

W (
( )
40
m²
5 m² ) =0 .2 kW

SOUTH WALL FENESTRATION HEAT LOAD

W
SOLAR HEAT GAIN=59. 2
m²
AREA OF GLASS=5 m² Mechanical Engineering |

(59 .2 Wm² )( 5m ²)=0. 296 kW

EAST WALL FENESTRATION
W
SOLAR HEAT GAIN=32. 5
m²
AREA OF GLASS=5 m²

W
( 32 .5
m² )
( 5m ² )=5 . 72 kW

TOTAL FENESTRATION HEAT LOAD:

NORTH WALL FENESTRATION +SOUTHWALL FENESTRATION + EASTWALL FENESTRION
¿ 6.216

VI-MISCELLANEOUS COOLING LOAD

10 COMPUTER
3 PHOTOCOPIERS
1750 LUMEN/BULB
= 2152.782 BULB/60W
COMPUTER COOLING LOAD
= (131W) (12HRS/24HRS) = .0655 KW X 10 = .655
PRINTER
=(450W) (12HRS/24HRS) = .225 X 10 = 1.125 KW

TOTAL = 165.84
VII.INSIDE COOLING LOAD (PERSON):

HEAT GAIN PER OCCUPANT

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REFERENCE : AIRCONDITOINING BY ARORA

TOTAL CAPACITY:
10000 m/100m (21PERSONS) = 2100 PERSONS

SENSIBLE HEAT CALCULATIONS:

WALKING =((300 )(305W )(35%)) / 1000=32 .025kW
RUNNING=((100 )(375W )(110% )) / 1000=41.25kW
STANDING=((250 )(150W)(50%)) / 1000=18. 75kW
SEATED=((125 )(100W )(60%)) / 1000=7. 5kW
TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT LOAD= 99 .525kW
LATENT HEAT CALCULATIONS:
WALKING =((300)(305W )(65%)) / 1000=59.475kW
RUNNING=((100)(375W )(140%)) / 1000=41.25kW
STANDING=(250)(150W )(50%)) / 1000=18.75kW
SEATED=((125)(100W)(40%)) / 1000=7.5kW
TOTAL LATENT HEAT LOAD= 127 . 075KW

VIII.VENTILATION:

COMFORTABLE AIR REQUIREMENTS:

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 Kg
D=1 . 4048 (CONSTANT ) TOTAL CAPACITY:
m³
2100m 2 / 100m2(30 PERSONS )= 2100PERSONS
OCCUPANCY:
21PERSON PER 100m²
L/s - person = 10
L
VolumeFlowRate=( 2100 persons ) 10( )
s
person
= 21000
L
s
cubicmeters
=441
min ute

DENSITY OF AIR:

40−50 40−42 .2 KJ
= Cpair=1 . 0067
1.1272−1. 0924 1.1272−x kg−° C

x=1.11954

Kg m³ Kg
(
Mass Flow Rate =ρv= 1. 3457
m 3 )(
441
min )
=9 . 89
s

CALCULATION FOR SENSIBLE HEAT LOAD:

QS = ṁCpair ΔT
Kg KJ
(
QS = 9 . 89
s )(1. 0064
Kg−° C )
( 42 .2 °C−22° C )
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QS =199 . 25 kW
CALCULATION FOR MASS WATER REMOVE
mwr =ṁair ( ϖ o −ϖ i )
OUTSIDE CONDITION:
RH=58%
T Db =42.2 ° C
INSIDE CONDITION:
RH=50%
T Db =22° C

4 . 9578 kPa kg . da
ϖ O=0 . 622 ( 101. 325 kPa−4 . 9578 kPa )
=0 . 032
kg . v

1. 321 kPa kg .da

ϖ i=0 . 622 ( 101 .325 kPa−1. 4452 kPa )
=0. 0082
kg . v

kg kg. da kg .da kg
∴ ṁwr =8 .0607
s (
0. 032
kg .v
−0 .009
kg .v)=0.1854
s

CALCULATION OF LATENT HEAT

Q L=ṁwr ( h fg )

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 kg kJ
∴Q L=0. 2354
S (
2449 . 38
kg )
Q L=577 kW

XI.INFILTRATION

Qv =0.172A √( H ( to- ti))

2
Qv=(0.172 )(15m ) √(8m(42 .2°C− 22 °C ))
m3
Qv=5. 259
s
For Wind Action:
m3
Qv
C= ;C=
A ( )(
5. 259

2. 5m
2
s 1km 3600 s
1000 m 1hr )( )
=7. 573
km
hr

INFILTRATION DUE TO OPENNING OF DOORS

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 C 17. 573kph
Vratio= = (
12kph 12kph )
=0 .631

Q( wood door)=AVratio
2 m3
Q(door)=(2 .5m )(0 .631 )(1m/min)= 1. 5775
min
3
m 1000L 1min L
(
Qdoor= 1 .5775
min m )(
3 )( )
60s
=26 . 92
s

Sensible Infiltration Rate

L
Q IS =1. 23(Q ) ΔT;=1 . 23 (26 .292 )( 42. 2 °C-22 °C )= . 6467
s
Latent Infiltration Rate
L
Q IL =3000(Q )( wo-wi )=3000 (. 6467 )(0 . 032-0. 0082)= 1. 877 kW
s

GRAND TOTAL COOLING LOAD

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 Sensible Heat Load Latent Heat Load
Total structural cooling 431.945 kw
load
Total miscellaneous load 165.84 kw
Total fenestration 6.216 kw
Total inside cooling load 99.525 kw 126.975 kw
Total ventilation 199.25 kw 577 kw
Total Infiltration .6467 kw 1.877 kw
Total Design cooling Load 1609.2747 kw

DESIGN COOLING LOAD

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Q S =903.298 kW
Q L=705.892 kW
QS 903.298 kW
Sensible Heat Ratio= = =.5614
Q T 903.298 kW +705.852 kW
QS =mCp (t 4−t 3)
QS 903.298 kW
m 5= = =149.622kg /s
Cp(t 4−t 3 ) kJ
( 1.0062
kg )
(22 ° C−16 ° C )

Point 4 : At t 4 =22 ° C∧RH =50 %

kg v
W 4=0.00825
kgda
kJ
h 4=43.2
kg
At Point 3 :Q L =( m ) (2500 ) (W 4 −W 3 )
kg
(
705.852 kW = 149.622
s )
(2500)(0.00825−W 3 )

kgv
W 3 =.006363
kg da

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 kgv
At t 3 =16° C∧W 3 =0.006363
kg da
m3
v3 =0.826
kg
h3 =31.2 kJ /kg
Outdoor Air Requirement = 7.5 Liters/second/person
Li
V 1= ( )
7.5
s
person
Li
( 2,100 person )=15,750 =15.75
s
m3
s

m3 ( m3
Safety=V 1 x 1.25= 15.75
s( )
1.25 =19.6875
)
s
m3
19.6875
V s
m 1= 1 = 3
=23.834 kg /s
v3 m
0.826
kg
m1 23.834 kg /s
Fresh Air Supply , %= x 100= x 100=15.93 %
m5 149.622 kg /s
kg v
Point 2 : At W 2=W 3 =0.006363 ∧saturated
kg da
h2 =31 kJ /kg
Point 1 : At t 1=42.2° C∧RH =54 %
h1 =99 kJ /kg
kg kg kg
m 4 =m 5−m 1=149.622 −23.834 =125.788
s s s
kg kJ kg kJ
h=
m h +m h
1 1
=
( 23.834 )( 99 ) + ( 125.788 )( 43.2 )
4 s
4 kg s kg
=52.0886 kJ /kg
5
m5 kg
149.622
s
kg kJ kJ
Refrigeration Load=( m 5 )( h5−h 2 )= 149.622( s )(
52.0886 −31
kg kg )
3134.3487 kW

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 kg kJ kJ
(
Heat Supplied=( m5 ) ( h3−h2 ) = 149.622
s)(
31.2 −31
kg kg )
=29.9244 kW

kg m3 m3 ft 3
(
FanCapacity=m5 v 3= 149.622
s )(
0.826
kg )
=123.588 =261666.5959
s min

¿ 24∈.
Neck Velocity=500 ft /min
Velocity Pressure=0.016∈. wg
Tota Pressure=0.038∈. wg
Flow Rate=1570 ft ³ /min
Radius of Diffusion
Min=8 ft
Mid=12 ft
Max=19 ft
NC =13 ft
Page 377, table 11-5
From Ventilation and Air Conditioning Analysis and Design by F. McQuiston, J. Parker,
J. Spitler
ft 3
261,666.5959
volume flow rate min
No .of diffuser= =166.67 ≈ 167 diffuser
flow rate/diffuser ft 3
min
1570
diffuser

m3
444916.8
volume flow rate min
No .of AHU = 3
=9 AHU
flow rate/diffuser m
min
49432
diffuser

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 m3
49432
diffuser volume flow rate min
No .of = 3
=19 diffuser / ahu
ahu flow rate/diffuser m
min
2669.4965
diffuser

Ductings and Pipings Layout

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