Agricultural Waste

Author(s): James B. Marr and Roderick M. Facey

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 Industrial Wastes

application of these wastes. These wastes were evaluated and

Agricultural waste ranked based on their fulvic acidity for the carboxylic- and phe
nolic-OH functional groups.
James B. Marr, Roderick M. Facey Koon ( 1992 ) conducted research to characterize variations
in the particle size distribution and the chemical composition
of pine shavings poultry litter growouts. The majority of the
nutrient mass was found associated with the larger sized fractions,
CHARACTERIZATION
while the higher densities, ash and crude fiber content, increased
Adhikary et al ( 1992) identified numerous species of micro with the smaller size fractions. Achkari-Begdouri and Goodrich
organisms as beneficial in the pretreatment of mushroom nu ( 1992b) used regression analysis to relate total solids to bulk
trient substrate consisting of various agricultural wastes. Among density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity of dairy cattle
the microorganism screened, Asperoillus and Bacillus exhibited manure. The same authors also studied the rheological properties
the highest cellulose activity, while a mixture of fungi, actino of the dairy cattle manure and classified its fluid properties based
mycetes and other bacteria were observed to degrade wastes by on its total solids content (Achkari-Begdouri and Goodrich,
up to 74%. The leachate of poultry litter was evaluated for toxicity 1992a). Schioerring et al (1992) trial tested a simple passive
and found to be mutagenic for the test bacteria using the Ames sampling device and found it provided accurate determinations
test (Gupta and Kelly, 1992). The LC50 Microtox and Daphnia of ammonia emissions from land surfaces and manure storage
bioassays for the same waste was determined to be 2.9 mg/L. facilities.
Nodar et al ( 1992) characterized the composition and evolution
of the microbiological population of poultry slurry during the ANAEROBIC TREATMENT
storage of the waste. After storage the activity of the aerobic
bacteria abruptly declined, and subsequently a more viable an Andreadakis (1992) reviewed the application of anaerobic
aerobic bacterial population emerged to five fold of their initial digestion of piggery wastes and found that short retention times
concentration levels after two weeks of storage. favored maximization of gas production, yet allowed enough
Gupta et al (1993) analyzed, for nutritional potential, 24 time for sufficient biological stabilization to occur. Wieland
vegetable wastes and found them to be rich in protein, calcium, ( 1993 ) investigated two processes of anaerobic digestion for
and crude fiber; but poor in carbohydrates and phosphorus. vegetable residues and found 50 to 70% of the organic matter
Megias et al ( 1993) studied the changes in chemical and nu could be degraded. Safley and Westerman (1992a) conducted
tritional composition of artichoke by-products during ensilage. a four-year study on a single-stage lagoon process for the treat
Moisture content, crude protein, ash content, acid detergent fiber, ment of dairy manure. Reductions in chemical oxygen demand
neutral detergent fiber, and lignin content was determined after (COD), total solids, volatile solids, fatty acids, and biochemical
a trial period of 100 days. Several chemical parameters and am oxygen demand (BOD)5 all exceeded 80%. Methane concentra
bient air conditions also were monitored during the test. Garcia tions in the biogas exceeded 80% for the entire test period. Polat
et al ( 1992 ) conducted a study to define the humic acids from et al ( 1992, 1993) studied biogas production in a series of lab
uncomposted and composted wastes comprised of sewage sludge oratory scale anaerobic digestion experiments on waste sunflower
and grape debris using both chemical oxidation methods and heads. The study involved varying hydraulic retention times and
instrument analysis (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer alkali pretreatment dosages. Biogas production rates were found
and Fourier Transform Infared). Kirchmann and Witter ( 1992) to decrease with hydraulic retention time and to increase with
assessed the composition of fresh cattle, pig, and poultry exreta pretreatment alkali dosage for the experimental ranges tested.
and found calcium was a dominant element and that uric acid Similarly, Viswanath et al ( 1992) studied other fruit and veg
was the major nitrogen form present in the poultry excreta while etable wastes to determine biogas production rates and how they
cattle and pig feces contained only small amounts of ammonia relate to hydraulic retention time and chemical content of the
and traces of urea. Piccolo et al ( 1992) chemically characterized wastes. A decrease in biogas production with an increase in hy
humic substances extracted from a soil from a four-year trial draulic retention time was noted. Anaerobic digestion of cattle
test where a sludge composed of civil, industrial, and agricultural waste using a downflow filter packed with raschig rings was in
wastes was land applied at different loading rates. Walch et al vestigated for organic decomposition, biogas production, and
( 1992) studied different properties of xyalanses and their use in operating performance (Sanchez and Rodriguez, 1992). During
the saccharification of sugar cane bagasse and beech bark. Two the one-year trial period, no plugging of the filter was experienced
thermal pretreatment processes, one involving a recirculation despite the higher initial solids in the feedstock stream. Ghaly
step, the other using a direct flow process, indicated that more and Echiequ ( 1992) investigated an anaerobic process to treat
effective conversion was possible using the recirculation process. dairy manure by varying temperature, feedstock solids, and hy
Pandeya ( 1992) characterized several organic wastes (municipal draulic retention time. The process generated comparable biogas
wastewater sludge, farmyard manure, sulphitation pressmud and production and a sludge suitable for land application. Two new
poultry manure) for their specific fulvic acid components to digestion systems operated at thermophilic temperatures to treat
provide an understanding of the potential impacts in the land straw-rich cattle manure, and fruit, garden, and vegetable residues

June 1994 387

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 Industrial Wastes_

were reported (Wellinger et a!, 1993a). Successful treatment degradability of wheat straw carbohydrates. Micellulose was the
could be achieved for both feedstocks; however, the process for major obstacle in the biod?gradation of the cell wall. Safley and
the later required mechanical modifications to the mixing design. Westerman (1992b) studied the performance of an anaerobic
Kalia et a! ( 1992) explored the anaerobic treatability and biogas lagoon system for the treatment of dairy cattle manure and found
production rate for apple pomace, vegetable wastes, and rotten the performance to be satisfactory. Variations in biogas pro
cabbage inoculated with cow dung. Cuzin et a! ( 1992) conducted duction were linked to seasonal changes in ambient temperature.
a series of pilot plant tests using a plug flow digestor to treat a Liao and Lo ( 1992 ) used an extended aeration system for the
troublesome cassava peel waste. treatment of poultry processing wastes and observed BOD5 re
Various adsorbents were studied in an effort to improve the movals of between 82 to 89%. Deans and Svoboda ( 1992) ex
anaerobic digestion of cattle dung waste. Improved biogas pro amined the treatment of silage effluent using aerobic oxidation
duction and increased BOD5 reductions with the use of the ad and observed high levels of organic reduction. Yang et al (1993)
sorbents was observed (Patel et a!, 1992). Venkataraman et a! tested two processes designed for moderate land limitations and
( 1992 ) determined kinetic constants for a two-stage anaerobic tropical operations requiring the treatment of agricultural wastes.
bioreactor and presented data describing the rate of biological The results indicated high removals for organic and inorganic
degradation and biogas formation. Wellingner et a! (1993b) pollutants. Orhon et al (1993) investigated the treatability of
pilot tested a series of horizontal continuous stirred tank reactors dairy wastewaters using laboratory tests and activated sludge
to evaluate the anaerobic treatment of fruit, yard, and vegetable modeling to estimate the final operating conditions. COD of the
residuals. Feedstocks ranging in a solids content of between 15 effluent approached 85 mg/L based on the generation of inert
and 40% were treated successfully; however, modifications to microbial byproducts during the biological oxidation process.
the mixing design were required to ensure proper treatment. Aziz and Ng ( 1992 ) studied the use of an activated-algae reactor
Akao et a! ( 1992 ) investigated the improvement potential of for the treatment of agricultural wastes. High levels of BOD5
citrus peels anaerobic digestion by utilizing fungus enzymes in and COD removals for piggery wastes, domestic wastewater,
simultaneous treatment and pretreatment strategies. Pretreat and palm oil mill wastewater were possible.
ment of the peels increased digestion by 50% in terms of loading Willers et al. (1993) investigated the aerobic temperature
rate. Hill and Bolte ( 1992) evaluated three new synthetic support dependency of the dentrification process for veal cattle manure
media for anaerobic digestion. The polypropylene felt proved and found the rate to increase linearly with temperature. Bortone
to be the best of the media based upon its physical durability et al ( 1992 ) performed biological treatment studies for COD
and bioresistant characteristics. removal, denitrification, and biological phosphorus removal for
Marchaim ( 1993 ) studied the ratio of propionic to acetic acid piggery manure. High levels of COD and nitrogen removal were
and how it relates to process upset or organic overloading of an possible; however, lower removals for phosphorus were observed.
anaerobic digestor for treatment of cow manure and offered rec Biological treatment of three agroindustrial wastes was explored
ommendations for an improved method for process monitoring. in terms of biogas production, and nitrogen and phosphorus
Kang and Weiland ( 1993 ) determined the first-order decay con reduction (de Casabiance-Chassany et al, 1992). Optimum
stants for the anaerobic degradation of several agroindustrial biogas production occurred for ammonium nitrogen concen
wastes. Chowdhury and Fulford ( 1992) also tested a first-order trations of between 100 to 150 mg/L.
kinetic model describing the anaerobic digestion of cow manure Kobayashi et al ( 1992) trial tested the combined process of
with both batch and continuous laboratory scale test apparatus. clarification and ultrafiltration for the treatment of agroindustrial
Duarte et a! ( 1992a) found anaerobic mesophlilic digestion to wastewaters. The process was capable of high reductions for total
be an effective method for reducing the concentration of patho suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, BOD5, COD, phos
genic microbes from pig breeding effluents. Engeli et a! ( 1993) phorus, and total nitrogen. Namasivayam and Ranganathan
conducted anaerobic digestion experiments of refuse waste at ( 1992) reported the use of wastewater from the fertilizer industry
55 ?C and noted an increase in the destruction rate of weed seeds rich in iron and chromium ion for the coagulation of dairy
during the process. wastewaters. Turbidities were reduced by 80%, BOD5 by 68%,
COD by 70%, oil by 52%, grease by 70%, and that the final pH
OTHER TREATMENT STUDIES was 5.7. Termeer and Warman (1993) studied the impact of
mineral additions to dairy cattle and chicken manure to assess
Earthworm biotechnology has been shown to be beneficial in the impact on the volatilization of ammonia. Addition of su
the management of manure contaminated with "Salmonella perphosphate, calcium chloride, and gypsum reduced the vol
enteritis. " Pathogen persistence in sample cultures with earth atilization of ammonia in dairy manure, while calcium chloride
worms was observed to decrease by 6% in comparison to sample and superphosphate reduced the volatilization in poultry ma
cultures without earthworms (Murray and Hinckley, 1992). A nure.
column study was performed and various soils evaluated as a
REUSE AND RECYCLE
purification media for liquid piggery wastes. Certain alluvial soils
achieved extremely high purification efficiencies for Escherichia Mercade et al ( 1993 ) used olive oil mill effluent as a substrate
coli, and extremely high removal efficiencies for BOD5, total for the biosynthesis of surfactants. Some success was achieved
phosphorus, total nitrogen, phosphate, ammonium, and am with Pseudomonas sp. and the formation of rhamnolipid was
monia (Lam et a!, 1993). Singh et al (1993) concluded that observed. Chemical modification of agricultural waste obtained
the addition of various boron compounds to cowdung, human from apple and cider processing and production facilities has
excreta, and distillery effluents affected the methanogenesis and been shown to enhance the wastes binding capacity for copper,
increased biogas production. Miron and Ben-Ghedalia (1992) zinc, and nickel ions (Maranon and Sastre, 1992a). Maranon
investigated the effect of sulphur dioxide application on the bio and Sastre ( 1992b) used apple agricultural waste as a binding

388 Water Environment Research, Volume 66, Number 4

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 _Industrial Wastes

source for the preconcentration of trace metals. Said et al ( 1993) supplemented by poultry droppings. Growth rates and digesti
treated bambara nuts and rice husks with copper and nickel ions bility factors were monitored during the study. Adeloye ( 1992)
and found the adsorption behavior dependent on metallic ion performed a similar growth and digestion study where the diet
substrate contact time and on the concentration and type of ion of a group of goats was primarily restricted to Leucaena Leaf
present. Sehgal et al (1992) found the application of biogas meal, yam peels, and cocoa bean shells. Sihag ( 1992) reported
slurry into carp ponds resulted in an increase in the Zooplankton on the use of hollow waste stems of the sarkadas and castor
concentration. The biogas application along with supplementary plants to promote the nesting of bees. Several species readily
feed treated tanks resulted in maximum fish yield for this study. accepted these stems as tunnels and promoted nesting. Subbur
A laboratory study was performed to evaluate the use of apple amu et al ( 1992) defined the potential uses of jack fruit wastes
pomace as an alternative substrate for the biosynthesis of pectic as a cattle feedstock.
enzyme production, and a 25% higher yield was possible by Waste cotton seed hulls were tested as the matrix for particle
using the apple pomace (Garz?n and Hors, 1992). Jwanney et board ( Anon, 1993 ). Sampathrajan et al ( 1992 ) also investigated
al ( 1993) investigated a wet extraction process for the removal the development of particle board using five different farm res
and recovery of edible protein concentrates from waste sugarbeet idues. Mechanical and thermal tests were performed, and the
leaves. Hayashi et al ( 1992) evaluated the production of a mi boards were evaluated in terms of potential application. Shaikh
crobial enzyme using a fermentation process to biodegrade soy et al ( 1992 ) successfully utilized linseed stalk for the fabrication
bean residue. Azzam ( 1992) studied the production of microbial of paper and twines. Saikia et al ( 1992) fabricated paper from
protein production from sugar cane waste by utilizing a fer waste grass stems generated by a local grass broom industry.
mentation process employing a defined, but mixed culture of Eminov et al ( 1991 ) applied the silica content from waste rice
microbes. Singh and Narang (1992) studied the nutritional hulls to the manufacture of porcelain, while Vlasov et al ( 1991 )
characteristics of apple pomace and concluded it to be a viable investigated utilization of rice shell waste in the silicon carbide
feedstock source. Ma et al ( 1993) performed laboratory scale production industry. Raj et al (1992) studied the mechanical
tests investigating pectin extraction from orange peel wastes. properties of composites comprised of polyethylene, pecan nut
Jokela (1992) investigated management of manure in land shells, and peanut hull flour with and without the addition of
application as a important source of nitrogen and organic com polyisocyanates.
ponents for crop production. The use of crop residues as surface Mohan and Gopalan ( 1992) demonstrated the use of biogas
mulches has been shown to have a beneficial effect on the growth generated from cowdung could be used for insect control during
of pearl millet (Geiger et al, 1992). Ritter ( 1993) provided a the storage of seeds. Conway and McClelland ( 1991 ) reviewed
review of land application of some agricultural wastes and dis the role that biogas technology will play in the future and related
cussed potential limitations as they may apply to upcoming En how some agricultural wastes will serve as source feedstocks.
vironmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations. Gupta, V.K. Murphy (1991) studied a fluidized bed combustion system for
et al ( 1992) conducted a study on the use of different organic burning of agriculture wastes and discussed the operational ex
manure as fertilizer supplements and how their application im perience of larger scale testing since 1985. Skordilis ( 1992) pre
pacted zinc uptake in wheat. Pandey et al ( 1992) investigated sented the operational experience describing the use of cotton
the land application of pig slurry manure and evaluated the fate gin residues as a source of fuel in a lime kiln reactor. Boateng
and behavior of ammonia contained in the waste. Gnanamani et al ( 1992 ) studied the bench scale gasification of rice hull
and Bai ( 1992 ) demonstrated increased crop yields with the wastes as a source of gas production and agricultural waste dis
land application of a combined stream of biodigested cattle waste posal. Nielsen ( 1992) studied the potential of using waste straw
and mineral fertilizer. Okhuoya and Etugo ( 1993) investigated as a source of fuel in straw fired plants for heating and heating/
the growth behavior of mushrooms using various agricultural power distribution. Duarte et al ( 1992b) investigated the char
wastes as a growth promoter. Amadi et al ( 1992, 1993) inves acteristics, the treatment, and the potential application of solid
tigated the potential of bioremediation of oil contaminated soils residues generated from a biomethanization process of pig wastes.
by the addition of poultry manure and other agroindustrial waste Abasaeed ( 1992) reported on the potential of briquetting of car
streams. Wrigley and May ( 1992 ) reviewed the key components bonized cotton stalk as a method of reducing agricultural waste,
of manure as either a fertilizer or soil conditioner and discussed while simultaneously providing the local market with a domestic
management techniques in land applications. Mbagwu ( 1992a fuel source. Valenzuela et al (1992) studied the pyrolosis of
and b) studied the improvements in crop production under var olive pruning wastes as a method of generating charcoal, and
ious soil conditioning/fertilizing scenarios including the appli similarly Lim and Vizhi ( 1993) investigated the carbonization
cation of poultry manure and rice shavings in two cases. Ahring of cocoa tree prunings. Various authors cited the potential for
et al ( 1992) presented and discussed their operational experience manufacturing activated carbon from agricultural based feed
of a large scale biogas plant for the treatment of combined stocks using high temperatures and steam for activation and
streams of agricultural and industrial wastes. Wrigley et al ( 1992) pore structure development (Fowler et al, 1992; Gergova et al,
explored the potential for cogeneration of struvite precipitates 1992; Merchant and Petrich, 1992).
during the anaerobic digestion of piggery wastes. Savoie et al
(1992) investigated variations in straw quality and how these COMPOSTING
variations related to mushroom growth/yield trends. Akhtar and
Alam ( 1992 ) studied the addition of crop residues from marigold, Lau et al. ( 1992) studied the impact of aeration on the effi
mustard, and sunflower to provide effective parasitic nematode ciency of composting swine wastes and found that the temper
control. ature of the composting process was the most important indicator
Akinsoyinu (1992) conducted trial tests whereby 24 goats of process performance. Gonzalez et al ( 1992) applied pig-slurry
where subjected to a diet consisting of sun-dried cassava peels compost as a wheat fertilizer supplement. Bernai et al. (1993)

June 1994 389

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 Industrial Wastes_

combined chopped straw with pig slurry wastes to reduce am ronomic implications, as well as alternative methods such as
monia release during the composting process. To further reduce composting and biogas generation were summarized. The au
the release of ammonia, the compost was topped with a natural thors used the review to recommend areas requiring future re
zeolite to assist in the capture of ammonia (Lopez-Real and search. Joshi et al ( 1992) conducted an energy-demand assess
Scott, 1993 ). Martin et al ( 1993 ) assessed improvements in the ment of the domestic and agricultural sectors of a typical village
compost process with the use of bulking materials (sawdust and using a linear model developed to minimize the cost for an en
peat) together with variations in mixtures of compost feedstock, ergy-supply system consisting of a mix of energy sources and
which included fish offal, chicken manure, and crab processing conversion devices. Bala et al. (1992) studied the utilization
wastes. Promising results were observed when the final compost pattern of animal draft power and cow dung by three categories
was land applied. Martins and Dewes ( 1992 ) studied the release of farmers and found both wastes had patterns that were non
of ammonia during the composting of animal wastes and found uniform. Kristoferson and Bokalders ( 1991 ) explored the avail
the greatest portion to be lost via emission rather than associated ability, annual production rates, and the utility of agricultural
with the leachate. Composting temperature and heap rotation residues consisting of woody residues, crop straw, crop processing
were determined to be important factors influencing losses. Kao wastes, green crop residues, and animal dung as potential fuel
(1993) discussed the improvement of the compost process for sources. Rajagopal and Chitra (1992) surveyed the environ
the treatment of swine waste and wastewater in terms of odor mental impacts of biofuel production and utilization from urban
control via the addition of sawdust. The potential land appli and industrial wastes, energy crops, logging residues, animal
cation of the compost was investigated and discussed. wastes, and crop residues. Jenkins et al ( 1992) employed a sur
Baca et al. (1993) monitored the changes in composition of vey method as a means of determining the fraction of crop bio
the gas phase from compost variations of sugarcane bagasse. mass burned each year. Watts et al ( 1992) developed a com
Bono et al ( 1992) evaluated the impact of temperature on the prehensive phosphorus mass balance to aid in reducing phos
composting of wheat straw and corn stalk at a bench-scale level. phorus content in cattle manure. Odend'Hal ( 1993) conducted
Badawi et al ( 1992 ) investigated composting with methane re a three-year study to determine the potential cattle populations
covery of three variations of municipal solid waste and agricul that could be supported by agricultural wastes. Local populations
tural residues. Shuval et al ( 1991 ) composted dewatered waste of draft animals could be significantly increased by supple
water sludge together with agricultural residues (poplar bark and menting animal feedstocks with crop residues. Jones ( 1992) de
grape vine stalks) and later land applied the final compost and veloped a management plan for reducing the impact of dairy
found it to be an effective soil fertilizer. farms on Lake Pontchartrain and the Tangipahoa River. Bou
zaher and Offutt ( 1992) developed a stochastic linear model to
MANAGEMENT STUDIES AND SYSTEMS help estimate the supply of corn crop residues. The results were
used in a feasibility study examining variations in harvesting
Safley et al ( 1992) exposed seven different types of galvanized methods and equipment. Heatwole and Shanholtz (1991) de
steels to dairy, swine, and poultry manure found in collection veloped a mathematical model to define animal pollution po
pits, animal houses, and anaerobic lagoons. The collection pits tential based on waste loads, annual rainfalls, topography, and
caused the greatest corrosion to all metals except the stainless distance to streams or rivers.
and batch galvanized, which did not suffer any metal loss. Laguee Narayanan et al ( 1992) measured the radar characteristics
(1991) developed a prototype spreader for surface application of different types of plant residue cover from which they devel
or direct injection of a semiliquid dairy cattle manure. Field test oped a first-order model that relates the radar backscatter coef
results along with recommended design modifications were re ficient to the percent residue cover. Results of the study found
ported. Delves ( 1992) considered design modifications to a slurry that if the type of crop is known and the optimal polarization
injection system for land application of manure. Parish ( 1992) selected, air borne radar sensors can be used for remote mea
evaluated the distribution patterns of peanut hull granules by surements of crop residue cover. Arora and Garg ( 1992) con
various commercial turf applicators and found one common ducted a comparative study of the degradation of wheat straw
spreader to provide a superior pattern. Jones et al ( 1992) de and pine wood sawdust using various fungal cultures. Lober and
veloped and tested a olfactometer consisting of eight panelists Eisengarten ( 1992) mixed broiler litter with different amounts
with three sniffing positions per panelist, and a computerized of urea and investigated its influence on the biological stabili
data analysis system. This system was used in cattle feedlot odor zation of the waste. Salmonellae and Clostridia were killed when
research aimed at reducing odor related problems. Barrington mixed with 2% urea, the total number of colony forming units
et al ( 1993) tested geotextiles as lining systems for manure res decreased, and the digestibility of the organic matter increased
ervoirs by monitoring the quantity and quality of the leakage. from 58 to 65%. Ghaley and Singh ( 1991 ) investigated nitrogen
Geotextiles failed to meet current leakage guidelines during pe lost through the process of leaching and volatilization from land
riods of high rainfall. Further work was recommended because receiving high application rates of dairy cattle manure. Masters
a 1000-fold reduction in permeability of the geotextile was ob ( 1993 ) described the theoretical background of a low cost treat
served during the trial, and the potential capital cost reduction ment system that was used to reduce groundwater pollution from
of 50% when constructing these reservoirs. dairy wastes. The treatment system used three stages: a sump
Douglas and Rickman (1992) developed four equations to for anaerobic digestion, an aerobic vegetated filter with a base
estimate the decomposition of cereal residues used to control of permeable phosphorus-absorbing material, and an irrigated
soil erosion. Regression analysis of the results indicated R2 values plantation of crops capable of using water from the process.
of between 0.76 to 0.99. Edwards and Daniel (1992a and b) Sharma and Madam (1992) screened ericulture waste for P.
reviewed information on the disposal and environmental effects saior-caju cultivation and biogas production. Results of the study
of on-farm poultry wastes. Land disposal methods and the ag found the integration with anaerobic digestion produced micro

390 Water Environment Research, Volume 66, Number 4

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 _Industrial Wastes

bial protein, biogas, fertilizer, as well as minimized environ Arora, D.S., and Garg, K.K. ( 1992) Comparative Degradation of Lion
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Using the Activated-Algae Process. Bioresource Techno!, 40, 3, 205.
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Azzam, A.M. (1992) Pretreatments of Aoroellulosic Waste for Microbial
farm liquid-waste soil amendments in drainage waters. Changes Biomass Production with a Defined Mixed Culture. J. Environ. Sei.
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Health, B, Food Contam., Agrie. Wastes, 27, 1643.
and drainage waters. Eight of twelve manure spreading events Baca, M.T., et a! ( 1993 ) Changes in the Gas Phase of Compost During
caused a rapid degradation in water quality. Beltrame et al Solid-State Fermentation of Sugarcane Baoasse. Bioresource Tech
( 1992 ) investigated the pretreatment of wheat straw by steam no!, 44, 1,5.
explosion for inducing a high fractionation of lignocellulosic Badawi, M.A., et a! ( 1992 ) Anaerobic Treatment with Methane Recovery
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an electron bean accelerator. A combination of irradiation and Cow Dung in Bangladesh. Bioresource Techno!, 41, 1, 1.
Barrington, S.F., et a! (1993 ) Field Testing of a Geotextile as a Manure
pulverization was effective in reducing the size of rice straw. Ong
Reservoir Liner. Geotext. and Geomemb., 12, 2, 95.
et al ( 1993) studied the use of a combined sawdust and bio Beltrame, P.L., et a! (1992 ) Fractionation and Bioconversion of Steam
product litter to reduce the generation of piggery manure. Odor exploded Wheat Straw. Bioresource Techno!, 39, 2, 165.
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performance in terms of weight gain was reduced. Robillard et duction of Ammonia Emissions During the Composting of Organic
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Technol, 40, 3, 225. Gas Technology, Chicago, IL, 1237.
Achkari-Begdouri, A., and Goodrich, P.R. (1992b) Rheological Properties Cuzin, N, et a! (1992) Methanogenic Fermentation of Cassava Peel
of Moroccan Dairy Cattle Manure. Bioresource Technol, 40, 2, Using a Pilot Plant Flow Digestor. Bioresource Techno!, 41, 3, 259.
149.
de Casabiance-Chassany, M.L., et a! (1992) Eichhornia Crassipes Sys
Adeloye, A. ( 1992) Efficiencies of Conversion of Some Lianocellulosic tems on Three Ammoniun Containing Industrial Effluents ( Pectin,
Waste Materials by Goats. Bioresource Technol, 40, 2, 167. Carcass-Treatment Wastes and Manure, Production and Purifica
Adhikary, R.K., et al. (1992) Influence of Microbial Pretreatment on tion). Bioresource Techno!, 42, 2, 95.
Degradation of Mushroom Nutrient Substrate. Int. Biodeterior.
Dean, D.M., and Foran, M.E. ( 1992) The Effect of Farm Liquid Waste
Biodegrad, 30, 4, 233.
Application on Tile Drainage. J. Soil Water Conserv., 47, 5, 368.
Ahring, B.K., et al. ( 1992) Anaerobic Treatment of Manure Together
Deans, E.A., and Svoboda, I.F. ( 1992) Aerobic Treatment of Silage Ef
with Industrial Waste. Water Sei. Technol, 25, 7, 311.
fluent. Laboratory Experiments. Bioresource Techno!, 40, 1, 23.
Akao, T., et al. ( 1992) Methane Fermaentation of Citrus Unshu Peel
Pretreated with Fungus Enzymes. Bioresource Technol, 41, 1, 35. Delves, T.R. (1992) Design Considerations for Slurry Injection Ma
Akhtar, M., and Alam, M.M. ( 1992) Effect of Crop Residues Amend chinery. National Conference Publication, 92, 143.
ments to Soil for the Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. Bio Dhanpal, D. (1992) Rural Energy and the Quality of Air?With Special
resource Technol, 41, 1, 81. Reference to a Tribal Area in Tamil Nadu. Energy Environ. Monitor,
Akinsoyinu, A.D. ( 1992) Grain Replacement Value of Cassava Peels 8, 1,7.
for Growing Goats. Bioresource Technol, 40, 2, 143. Douglas, C.L., and Rickman, R.W. (1992) Estimating Crop Residue
Amadi, A., and Ue Bari, Y. ( 1992) Use of Poultry Manure for Amend Decomposition from Air Temperature, Initial Nitrogen Content,
ment of Oil-Polluted Soils in Relation to Growth of Maize (Zea and Residue Placement. Soil Sei. Soc Am. J., 56, 1, 272.
Mays L.). Environ. Int., 18, 5, 521. Duarte, E.A., et a! (1992a) Removal of Salmonella, Streptococci and
Amadi, A., et al. (1993) Remediation of Oil Polluted Soils: 1. Effect of Coliforms in Pig Breeding Effluent by Anaerobic Mesophilic Diges
Organic and Inorganic Nutrient Supplements on the Performance tion. Water Sei. Techno!, 26, 9-11, 2169.
of Maize (Zea May L). Water Air Soil Pollut., 66, 1-2, 59. Duarte, E.A., et a! (1992b) Valorization of Solids Wastes from Bio
Andreadakis, A.D. ( 1992) Anaerobic Digestion of Piggery Wastes. Water methanisation of Pig Breeding Effluents. Water Sei. Techno!, 26,
Sei. TechoL, 25, 1, 9. 9-11,2097.
Anon. ( 1993 ) Effect of Different Binders on Properties of Particle Board Edwards, D.R., and Daniel, T.C (1992a) Environmental Impacts of
from Cotton Seed Hulls With Emphasis on Water Repellency. Bio On-Farm Poultry Waste Disposal. Bioresource Techno!, 41, 1, 9.
resource Technol, 43, 2, 177. Edwards, D.R., and Daniel, T.C. ( 1992b) Potential Runoff Quality Effects

June 1994 391

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 Industrial Wastes

of Poultry Manure Slurry Applied to Fescue Plots. Trans. ASAE, Kang, H., and Weiland, P. ( 1993) Ultimate Anaerobic Biodegradability
35, 1827. of Some Agro-industrial Residues. Bioresource Techno!, 43,2,107.
Eminov, F.A., et al. (1991) Active Silica in Porcelain Manufacturing. Kao, M.M. ( 1993) Evaluation of Sawdust Swine Waste Compost on the
Steklo i Keramika, 11, 26. Soil Ecosystem Pollution and Vegetable Production. Water Sei.
Engeli, H., et al. (1993) Survival of Plant Pathogens and Weed Seeds Techno!, 27, 1, 123.
During Anaerobic Digestion. Water Sei. Technol, 27, 2, 69. Kirchmann, H., and Witter, E. ( 1992) Composition of Fresh, Aerobic
Fowler, G.D., et al. (1992) Low Cost Adsorbents for Waste and Waste and Anaerobic Farm Animal Dungs. Bioresource Techno!, 40, 2,
water Treatment: A Review. Sei. Total Environ., 116, 1-2, May, 137.
31. Kobayashi, S., et a! (1992) Automatic Bench-Scale Unit for Clarification
Garcia, C, et al. ( 1992) Characterization of Humic Acids from Uncom of Animal Wastewater by Dual Means of Cohesion and Ultrafiltra
posted and Composted Sewage Sludge by Degradative and Non tion. J. Environ. Sei. Health., B, Food Contam., Agrie Wastes, 27,
degradative Techniques. Bioresource Technol, 41, 1, 53. 1037.
Garz?n, CG., and Hors, R.A. (1992) Citrus Waste. An Alternative Sub Koon, J.L., et a! ( 1992) Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Pine
strate for Pectinase Production in Solid-State Culture. Bioresource Shavings Poultry Litter. Trans. ASAE, 35, 1653.
Technol, 39, 1,93. Kristoferson, L.A., and Bokalders, V. ( 1991 ) Agricultural Residues and
Geiger, S.C., et al. ( 1992) Changes in a Sandy Sahelian Soil Following Organic Wastes. In Renewable Energy Technologies: Their Appli
Crop Residue and Fertilizer Additions. Soil Sei. Soc Am. J., 56, 1, cations in Developing Countries, 28.
Jan-Feb, 172. Laguee, C (1991) Design of a Semi-Liquid Dairy Cattle Manure
Gergova, K, et al. ( 1992) Investigation of the Porous Structure of Ac Spreader/Injector. Applied Eng. Agrie, 7, 655.
tivated Carbon Prepared by Pyrolysis of Agricultural by-products Lam, K.C, et a! ( 1993) Fate of Biological and Chemical Contaminants
in a Stream of Water Vapor. Carbon, 30, 5, 721. from On-Site Disposal of Liquid Piggery Wastes: Results from a
Ghaly, A.E., and Echiequ, E.A. (1992) Performance Evaluation of a Soil Column Study. Water Sei. Techno!, 27, 1, 63.
Continuous-Flow No-Mix Anaerobic Reactor Operating on Dairy Lau, A.K., et a! ( 1992) Aeration Experiments for Swine Waste Com
Manure. Energy Sources, 14, 2, Apr-Jun, 113. posting. Bioresource Techno!, 41, 2, 145.
Ghaly, A.E., and Singh, R.K. ( 1991 ) Laboratory Evaluation of the Pol Liao, P.H., and Lo, K.V. (1992) Treatment of Poultry Processing
lution Potential of Land Applied Dairy Manure. Waste Manage. Wastewater by an Extended Aeration Process. Can. Agrie Eng., 34,
11,4,307. 111.
Gnanamani, A., and Bai, R.K. (1992) Influence of Biodigested Slurry Lim, KO., and Vizhi, S.M. ( 1993) Carbonization of Cocoa Tree Prunings
on Rice-Oram Cultivation. Bioresource Technol, 41, 3, 217. at Moderate Temperatures. Bioresource Techno!, 44, 1, 85.
Gonzalez, J.L., et al. ( 1992) Pig-Slurry Composts as Wheat Fertilizers. Lober, U., and Eisengarten, H.J. ( 1992) Field Study of the Influence of
Bioresource Technol, 40, 2, 125. Urea on Microbial Decontamination and Digestibility of Broiler
Gupta, G, and Kelly, P. (1992) Poultry Litter Toxicity Comparison Litter. Bioresource Techno!, 41, 2, 135.
from Various Bioassays. J. Environ. Sei. Health, B, Food Contam., Lopez-Real, J.M., and Scott, K.M. ( 1993) Application of Natural Zeolites
Agrie. Wastes, 27, 1083. for the Reduction of Ammonia Emissions During the Composting
Gupta, R., et al. (1993) Nutritional Potential of Vegetable Waste Products of Organic Wastes in a Laboratory Composting Simulator. Biore
for Ruminants. Bioresource Technol, 44, 3, 263. source Techno!, 43, 1, 35.
Gupta, V.K., et al. ( 1992) Effect on An-Enriched Organic Manure on Ma, E., et a! ( 1993) Integrated Utilization of Orange Peel. Bioresource
Zn Nutrition of Wheat and Residual Effect on Soyabean. Bioresource Techno!, 44, 1, 61.
Technol, 42, 2, 155. Maranon, E., and Sastre, H. ( 1992a) Behaviour of Lignocellulosic Apple
Hayashi, S., et al. ( 1992) Utilisation of Soybean Residue for the Pro Residues in the Sorption of Trace Metals in Packed Beds. Reactive
duction of Beta-Fructofuranosidase. Bioresource Technol, 41, 3, Polymers, 18,2, 173.
231. Maranon, E., and Sastre, H. ( 1992b) Preconcentration and Removal of
Heatwole, CD., and Shanholtz, V.D. ( 1991 ) Targeting Animal Waste Trace Metals from Water by Apple Waste. Bioresource Techno!,
Pollution Potential Using a Geographic Information System. Applied 40, 1, 73.
Eng. Agrie, 7, 692. Marchaim, U., and Krause, C ( 1993) Propionic to Acetic Acid Ratios
Hill, D.T., and Boite, J.P. (1992) Bio-retentive Properties of Synthetic in Overloaded Anaerobic Digestion. Bioresource Techno!, 43, 3,
Media for Anaerobic Digestion of Animal Waste. Trans. ASAE, 35, 195.
711. Martin, A.M., et a! ( 1993) Comparative Effects of Peat and Sawdust
Jenkins, B.M., et al ( 1992) Atmospheric Emissions from Agricultural Employed as Bulking Agents in Composting. Bioresource Techno!,
Burning in California: Determination of Burn Fractions, Distribution 44, 1,65.
Factors, and Crop-Specific Contributions. Agrie Ecosystems Env., Martins, O., and Dewes, T. (1992) Loss of Nitrogenous Compounds
38,4,313. During Composting of Animal Wastes. Bioresource Techno!, 42,
Jokela, W.E. ( 1992) Nitrogen Fertilizer and Dairy Manure Effects on 2, 103.
Corn Yield and Soil Nitrate. Soil Sei. Soc. Am. J., 56, 1 Jan-Feb, Masters, B.K. ( 1993) Management of Dairy Waste: A Low Cost Treat
148. ment System Using Phosphorus-Adsorbing Materials. Water Sei.
Jones, G.M. ( 1992) Proposed Waste Management Plan for Dairy Farm Techno!, 27, 1, 159.
Wastes Polluting the Tangipahoa River and Lake Pontchartrain. Mbagwu, J.S.C ( 1992a) Improving the Productivity of a Degraded Ultisol
Nat. Conf Environ. Eng.-Water Forum '92, ASCE, 656. in Nigeria Using Organic and Inorganic Amendments. Part 1:
Jones, M., et al. (1992) Quantification of Odours from Agricultural Chemical Properties and Maize Yield. Bioresource Techno!, 42,2,
Wastes. 8th Conf. Eng. Agri.-Qual. Sols., Qual. Food, Qual. Environ., 149.
Nat. Conf. Pub.-Inst. Eng., Aust., 92, 11, 159. Mbagwu, J.S.C. ( 1992b) Improving the Productivity of a Degraded Ultisol
Joshi, B., et al. ( 1992) Decentralized Energy Planning Model for a Typical in Nigeria Using Organic and Inorganic Amendments. Part 2:
Village in India. Energy 17, 869. Changes in Physical Properties. Bioresource Techno!, 43, 3, 167.
Jwanny, E.W., et al ( 1993) Protein Production for Human Use From Megias, M.D., et a! ( 1993 ) Fermentative and Nutritive Changes During
Sugarbeet: byproducts. Bioresource Technol, 43, 1, 67. Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus 1.) By-product Ensilage. Bioresource
Kalia, V.C., et al. ( 1992) Biomethanation of Plant Materials. Bioresource Techno!, 43, 3, 237.
Technol, 41, 3, 209. Mercade, M.E., et a! (1993) Olive Oil Mill Effluent (OOME). New

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 _Industrial Wastes

Substrate for Biosurfactant Production. Bioresource Technol, 43, Safley, L.M., Jr., and Westerman, P.M. ( 1992a) Performance of a Low
1, 1. Temperature Lagoon Digester. Bioresource Techno!, 41, 2, 167.
Merchant, A.A., and Petrich, M.A. ( 1992) Preparation and Character Safley, L.M., Jr., and Westerman, P.W. ( 1992b) Performance of a Dairy
ization of Activated Carbons from Scrap Tires, Almond Shells and Manure Anaerobic Lagoon. Bioresource Techno!, 42, 1, 43.
Illinois Coal. Chem. Eng. Commun., 118, 251. Safley, L.M., et a! (1992) Corrosion of Galvanized Steel in Animal
Mir?n, J., and Ben-Ghedalia, D. (1992) Effect of Sulphur Dioxide Ap Waste Environments. Bioresource Techno!, 40, 1, 53.
plication Level on the Biodegradation of Wheat Straw Carbohydrates Said, O.B., et a! ( 1993) Note on the Binding of Nickel and Copper Ions
by Rumen Microorganisms and by Trichoderma Viride Cellulase. by Cellulosic Materials. Bioresource Techno!, 43, 1, 63.
Bioresource Technol, 41, 2, 139. Saikia, D.C, et a! ( 1992) Paper from Thysanolaena Maxima. Bioresource
Mohan, S., and Gopalan, M. ( 1992) Study on the Use of Biogas from Techno!, 40, 3, 245.
Cowdung for Storage Insect Control. Bioresource Technol, 39, 3, Sampathrajan, A., et a! ( 1992) Mechanical and Thermal Properties of
229. Particle Boards Made From Farm Residues. Bioresource Techno!,
Murphy, M.L. ( 1991 ) Fluidized Bed Combustion of Agricultural Wastes. 40, 3, 249.
A Review of the Design and Operation of Five Power Plants. Sym Sanchez, H.E., and Rodriguez, X. (1992) Treatment of Settled Cattle
posium?Energy from Biomass and Wastes, Inst. of Gas Technology, Wastewaters by Downflow Anaerobic Filter. Bioresource Techno!,
Chicago, IL. 40, 1, 77.
Murray, A.C. Jr., and Hinckley, L.S. (1992) Effect of the Earthworm Savoie, J.M., et a! ( 1992) Variability in Straw Quality and Mushroom
(Eisenia Foetida) on Salmonella Enteritidis in Horse Manure. Bio Production: Importance of Fungicide Schedules on Chemical Com
resource Technol, 41, 2, 97. position and Potential Degradability of Wheat Straw. Bioresource
Namasivayam, C, and Ranganathan, K. ( 1992) Waste Fe3+/Cr3+ Sludge Techno!, 41, 2, 161.
as Flocculant for the Treatment of Dairy Wastewater. Bioresource Schioerring, J.K., et a! ( 1992) Simple Passive Sampler for Measuring
Technol, 40, 3, 209. Ammonia Emission in the Field. Water Air Soil Pollut., 62, 1, 13.
Narayanan, R.M., et al. ( 1992) Crop Residue Cover Estimation Using Sehgal, H.S., et a! (1992) Zooplankton Response to Biogas Slurry in
Radar Techniques. Applied Eng. Agrie, 8, 863. Carp Ponds. Bioresource Techno!, 41, 2, 111.
Nielsen, C ( 1992) Conversion of Straw and Similar Agricultural Wastes. Shaikh, A.J., et a! (1992) Utilisation of Dual Purpose Linseed Stalk for
Biomass Bioenergy, 2, 1-6, 331. Extraction of Fibre (Flax) and Paper Making. Bioresource Techno!,
Nodar, R., et al. ( 1992) Poultry Slurry Microbial Population. Compo 40, 2, 95.
sition and Evolution During Storage. Bioresource Technol, 40, 1, Sharma, S., and Madam, M. ( 1992) Optimal Utilization of Ericulture
29. Waste. Resour. Conserv. Recycling, 7, 4, 295.
Odend'Hal, S. ( 1993 ) Carrying Capacity of Cattle Utilizing Agricultural Shu val, H., et a! ( 1991 ) Control of Enteric Micro-Organisms by Aerobic
Wastes in a Small Chinese Village. Bioresource Technol, 43, 1, 53. Thermophilic Co-Composting of Wastewater, Sludge and Aoro-In
Okhuova, J.A., and Etugo, J.E. (1993) Studies of the Cultivation of dustry Wastes. Water Sei. Techno!, 24, 2, 401.
Pleurotus Tuber-Reoium (Fr) Sino, an Edible Mushroom. Biore Sihag, R.C (1992) Utilization of Waste Stems of Sarkandas and Castor
source Technol, 44, 1, 1. as Nesting Tunnels or Culturing/Keeping Wild Bee Pollinators of
Ong, H.K., et al. ( 1993) Application of Bacterial Product for Zero-Liquid Some Crops. Bioresource Techno!, 42, 2, 159.
Discharge Pig Waste Management Under Tropical Conditions. Singh, B., and Narang, M.P. ( 1992) Studies on the Rumen Deoradation
Water Sei. Technol, 27, 1, 133. Kinetics and Utilization of Apple Pomace. Bioresource Techno!,
Orhon, O., et al. (1993) Biological Treatment of Dairy Wastewaters. 39, 3, 233.
Water Res., 27,625. Singh, S.K., et a! (1993) Methanogenesis of Water Hyacinth in the
Pandey, S.P., et al (1992) Nitrogen Leaching Losses from Pig Slurry Presence of Boron Compounds. Renewable Energy, 3, 1, 45.
Applied to a Shallow Soil. Bioresource Technol, 41, 3, 251. Skordilis, A.D. ( 1992) Combustion of Cotton Gin Residues in a Lime
Pandeya, S.B. ( 1992) Characterization of Fulvic Acids Extracted from Kiln Reactor. Bioresource Techno!, 40, 3, 241.
Some Organic Manures and Wastes by Potentiometric Titration. Subburamu, K, et a! (1992) Study on the Utilization of Jack Fruit
Bioresource Technol, 39, 1, 77. Waste. Bioresource Techno!, 40, 1, 85.
Parish, R.L. (1992) Distribution of Peanut Hull Granules with Com Termeer, W.C, and Warman, P.R. ( 1993 ) Use of Mineral Amendments
mercial Turf Applicator. Applied Eng. Agrie, 8, 1, 13. to Reduce Ammonia Losses from Dairy-Cattle and Chicken-Manure
Patel, V., et al. ( 1992) Effects of Adsorbents on Anaerobic Digestion of Slurries. Bioresource Techno!, 44, 3, 217.
Water Hyacith-Cattle Dung. Bioresource Technol, 40, 2, 179. Valenzuela, CG, et a! (1992) Use of Waste Matter After Olive Grove
Piccolo, A., et al. ( 1992) Chemical Characterization of Humic Substances Pruning for the Preparation of Charcoal. The Influence of the Type
Extracted From Organic-Waste-Amended Soils. Bioresource Tech of Matter, Particle Size and Pyrolysis Temperature. Bioresource
nol, 40, 3, 275. Techno!, 40, 1, 17'.
Polat, H, et al. (1992) Effect of Pretreatment on the Semicontinous Venkataraman, J., et a! ( 1992) Determination of Kinetic Constants for
Anaerobic Digestion of Sunflower Heads. Energy Sources, 14, 4, a Two-Stage Anaerobic Upflow Packed-Bed Reactor for Dairy
391. Wastewater. Bioresource Techno!, 40, 3, 253.
Polat, H, et al. (1993) Biogas Production from Agricultural Wastes: Viswanath, P., et a! ( 1992) Anaerobic Digestion of Fruit and Vegetable
Semicontinuous Anaerobic Digestion of Sunflower Heads. Energy Processing Wastes for Biogas Production. Bioresource Techno!, 40,
Sources, 15, 1, 67. 1,43.
Raj, R.G., et al. ( 1992) Studies on Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Vlasov, A.S., et a! ( 1991 ) Silicon Carbide Manufacture from By-Products
Organic Fiber Composites. I. Nut Shell Flour. /. Appl. Polymer Sei., of Rice Shell Processing. Ogneupory, 10, 15.
45, 1,91. Walch, E., et a! (1992) Enzymatic Saccharification of Hemicellulose
Rajagopal, R., and Chitra, N. (1992) Environmental Impacts of Bio Obtained from Hydrothermally Pretreated Sugar Cane Bagasse and
Energy. Energy Environ. Monitor, 8, 1, 1. Beech Bark. Bioresource Techno!, 39, 2, 173.
Ritter, William F. ( 1993) Organic Wastes as Fertilizers. Agrie. Eng., 43, Watts, P.J., et a! (1992) Phosphorous Balance for Cattle Feedlots. 8th
1, 13. Conf. Eng. Agri.-Qua! Soils, Qua! Food, Qua! Environ., Nat. Conf.
Robillard, P.D., and Walter, M.F. (1992) Winter Nutrient Losses to Pub.-Inst. Eng., Aust, 92, 11, 153.
Groundwater Associated with Various Tillage Manure Systems. Nat. Weiland, P. (1993) One- and Two-Step Anaerobic Digestion of Solid
Conf. Water Res. Plann. Manage.-Water Forum '92, ASCE, 567. Agroindustrial Residues. Water Sei. Techno!, 27, 2, 145.

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 Industrial Wastes_

Wellinger, A., et al. (1993a) New Systems for the Digestion of Solid taining wastewater from others. The degradation of phenolic
Wastes. Water Sei. Technol, 25, 7, 319. resins on cotton fabrics used in automobile parts was observed
Wellinger, A., et al. ( 1993b) KOMPOGAS?A New System for the An in a laboratory experiment using cultures of white or brown rot
aerobic Treatment of Source Separated Waste. Water Sei. Technol,
fungi (7% degradation in 12 weeks) (Kharazipour et a!, 1993).
27,2, 153.
Hudgens and Bustamante ( 1993) conducted a literature sur
Willers, H.C., et al. (1993) Temperature-Dependency of Nitrification
and Required Anoxic Volume for Denitrification in the Biological vey on the environmental, disposal, and toxicity issues sur
Treatment of Veal Calf Manure. Bioresource Technol, 43, 1, 47. rounding engine coolants and presented an acute lethal dose
Wrigley, R.J., and May, P.B. ( 1992 ) Potential Utility of Feedlot Manure study on coolants and additives. Leachate, produced by im
as a Soil Amendment and Promoter of Plant Growth. Nat. Conf. mersing used automobile tires in freshwater, was more toxic to
Publ.?Inst. Engrs, Aust., 92, 147. rainbow trout than that produced from new tires (Day et a!,
Wrigley, T.J., et al. (1992) Laboratory Study of Struvite Precipitation 1993). No toxicity to Daphnia magna or fatheaded minnows
after Anaerobic Digestion of Piggery Wastes. Bioresource Technol, was observed with the same leachates, however. Upshall et a!
41,2, 117. ( 1993 ) studied the toxicological effect of used engine oil on rain
Xin, L.Z., and Kumakura, M. ( 1993) Effect of Radiation Pretreatment
bow trout in terms of time-dose-response relationships for liver
on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Rice Straw with Low Concentration
and kidney by measuring the level of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-de
of Alkali Solution. Bioresource Technol, 43, 1,13.
ethylase induced.
Yang, P.Y., et al. (1993) Development of an On-Site Moderate Land
Limited Small Farm Wastewater Treatment Plant. Water Sei. Lawsuits against companies under the Superfund law were
Technol, 27, 1, 115. discussed with regard to the landfilling of scrap tires ( McCarron,
1993). Mang ( 1993) highlighted the present legislative frame
work, water pollution laws, hazardous substances in lubricants,
clean-up costs for disposal sites, and the development of "safe"
lubricants (biodegradable base oils, vegetable oils, and synthetic
esters) in Germany. Kim (1993) reviewed automobile wastes

Automotive wastes with regard to metal working, painting, surface cleaning, foundry,
and automobile scrap, and residues.
McCabe ( 1993) described the range of solid waste reduction
Byung R. Kim and recycling opportunities in automotive plants. Bayou and
Nachtman ( 1993 ) compared the analytic hierarchy process with
capital budgeting models with regard to investment decisions in
GENERAL manufacturing waste systems using an automotive plant as an
example. Purucker and Nachtman ( 1993) described the imple
Soil at a scrapyard site that was operated from 1952 to 1982 mentation of several recommendations made by a consultant
to recover metals from items including automobiles was found for waste reduction at a light duty truck plant with regard to
to contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and furans paint sludge and scrap pallets.
(Anon., 1993k). Perchloroethylene also was found in shallow
groundwater below the site. Lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, METAL WORKING
and nickel were measured at levels of human-health concern in
soils and groundwater at a National Priorities List (NPL) site, The results of laboratory shake flask experiments on the bio
where lead-acid batteries were reclaimed from 1961 to 1982 remediation of oil sludge, taken from a site contaminated with
(Anon., 1993i). Ton et al (1993) reported lead in sediment, lubricant-oil waste, showed limited effectiveness of biological
vegetation, and surface-water samples, which were collected from treatment at low (2%) sludge concentrations (degrading poly
an abandoned wetland ecosystem in Florida that had received aromatic compounds) and no apparent biological degradation
acid waters from a battery recycling facility, and observed bioac of material at high ( 30% ) sludge concentrations in Bushnell
cumulation in vegetation. A former battery recycling facility, a Haas medium (Prince and Sambasivam, 1993). The effect of
NPL site situated in Virginia, contained antimony, arsenic, cad pretreatment such as free-oil removal on the subsequent bio
mium, and lead at concentrations considered to be of concern logical oxidation was discussed (Capps et a!, 1993). Matsumoto
(Anon., 1993j ). Horakova and Nemec ( 1993 ) found a mixture et a! (1993) developed a method to determine biodegradable
of Pseudomonas putida and Geotrichum candidum to be suitable organics in oily wastewater using a culture solution containing
for cleaning soils and waters contaminated with petroleum nutrients and acclimated microorganisms. Sutton et a! (1993)
products such as lubricants, gasoline, and hydraulic fluids. An reported pilot-study results (involving three General Motors
8-month trial of a vapor-extraction method removed 19% of a plants) for treating oily wastewater (metal-working-fluid waste
paint thinner, consisting of a mixture of volatile aromatic hy water) with a system that consisted of an aerobic, suspended
drocarbons, from contaminated clay soil at an assembly plant growth reactor coupled to a membrane ultrafiltration unit. To
(Gibson et al, 1993). nelli and Canning ( 1993 ) also treated oily wastewater using a
Mirau ( 1993) discussed various types of wastewater treatment similar system which consisted of an aerobic reactor with solids
processes for the recycling of water in car wash systems. Bren retention time of greater than 30 days followed by an ultrafilter
necke and Stoerkel ( 1993) reviewed automobile wash-water re as a clarifier. Oellers (1993) reviewed the treatment of oily
cycling, including rainwater utilization. Clesceri et al, (1993) wastewater by ultrafiltration in the metal working industry, in
showed by conducting bench-scale experiments that the gener cluding ultrafiltration processes, performance, pretreatment re
ation of hazardous sludge could be reduced during the manu quirements, operating conditions, concentrate treatment, plant
facture of automobile radiators by separating chromium con description, and operating costs. Organic polymers were used

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