Design Manual for Roads and Bridges

Highway Structures & Bridges

Design

CD 358
Waterproofing and surfacing of concrete
bridge decks
(formerly BD 47/99, BA 47/99 & IAN 96/07)

Revision 0

Summary
This document gives the requirements for the design, materials and workmanship for the
waterproofing and surfacing of concrete bridge decks.

Application by Overseeing Organisations

Any specific requirements for Overseeing Organisations alternative or supplementary to those given in this document
are given in National Application Annexes to this document.

Feedback and Enquiries

Users of this document are encouraged to raise any enquiries and/or provide feedback on the content and usage
of this document to the dedicated Highways England team. The email address for all enquiries and feedback is:
[email protected]

This is a controlled document.

CD 358 Revision 0 Contents

Contents
Release notes 3

Foreword 4
Publishing information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Contractual and legal considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Introduction 5
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Assumptions made in the preparation of the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Mutual recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Abbreviations 6

Terms and definitions 7

1. Scope 8
Aspects covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Use of GG 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2. Drainage and water management 9

Water management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Surface water drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Sub-surface drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Service bays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Make-up material for footways, central reserves and verges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Drainage systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3. Detailing of bridge deck waterproofing 11

Deck movement joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Service bays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Top slabs of buried structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4. Concrete deck construction 13

Surface finish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5. Waterproofing systems 14

6. Installation and workmanship 15

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Bond of waterproofing system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Detailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Integrity of waterproofing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Sheet membrane systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Waterproofing systems applied to concrete less than 28 days old. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Lapping onto existing waterproofing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

7. Protection of waterproofing 17
Additional protective layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Service bays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

8. Surfacing on carriageways 18
Maintenance resurfacing on carriageways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Temperature for laying and compacting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Bridge deck expansion joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Bonding of APL or surfacing to the waterproofing system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1
CD 358 Revision 0 Contents

9. Surfacing on footways, central reserves and verges 21

10. Normative References 22

11. Informative References 24

Appendix A. The use of waterproofing systems in highway contracts 25

Appendix B. - Procedures for certification of waterproofing systems on concrete bridge decks 26

B1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
B2 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
B2.1 Application for assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
B2.2 Site trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
B3 Review of waterproofing system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
B3.1 Identification and quality control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
B3.2 Checks and tests on waterproofing system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
B3.3 Site trial checks and tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
B4 Test methods and performance requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
B4.1 Tests on unbonded sheets, boards and film of liquid applied membranes (where applicable) . . . 28
B4.2 Tests on waterproofing systems bonded to concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
B4.3 Site trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Appendix C. Procedures for site trials 33

C1 Preliminary requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
C1.1 Handling requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
C2 Procedures for waterproofing systems bonded to concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
C2.1 Resistance to pin/blow holing (principally liquid applied membranes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
C2.2 Setting of a liquid applied membrane on a concrete block with a high moisture content . . . . . . 34
C2.3 Nominal coverage rates of all liquid components of the system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
C2.4 Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
C2.5 Site trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Appendix D. Lapping onto existing waterproofing systems 38

D1 When the level of adhesion is similar (consent not required) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
D2 When the level of adhesion is significantly different (consent required) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

2
CD 358 Revision 0 Release notes

Release notes
Version Date Details of amendments
0 Jul 2019 CD 358 replaces BD 47/99. The full document has been re-written to make it
compliant with the new Highways England drafting rules. It also includes
relevant information from BA 47/99 and IAN 96/07, which are withdrawn.

3
CD 358 Revision 0 Foreword

Foreword
Publishing information
This document is published by Highways England.
This document supersedes BD 47/99, BA 47/99 and IAN 96/07, which are withdrawn.

Contractual and legal considerations

This document forms part of the works specification. It does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for applying all appropriate documents applicable to
their contract.

4
CD 358 Revision 0 Introduction

Introduction
Background
The risk of deterioration of concrete decks due to mechanisms such as freeze-thaw damage and
chloride induced corrosion of reinforcement is strongly influenced by contact with water and de-icing
salts. Effective water management in the form of adequate drainage and the application of
waterproofing to the upper surface of the deck have an important role in controlling this risk.
Such waterproofing has to be sufficiently robust to resist transient vehicular loading, maintain good
adhesion to the deck and the surfacing, be resistant to de-icing salts and possess long term durability.
Waterproofing is designed to be installed across the full extent of the upper surface of the deck after it
has been properly prepared and reached a suitable moisture content. The lapping of new
waterproofing onto existing waterproofing is to be avoided due to the high risk of failure.
Ventilating layers and additional protective layers (APL) (particularly in conjunction with thinner
surfacing and incorrect temperature during laying) have been a source of premature failure and
measures to overcome this are detailed within this document.

Assumptions made in the preparation of the document

The assumptions made in GG 101 [Ref 17.N] apply to this document.

Mutual recognition
Where there is a requirement in this document for compliance with any part of a "British Standard" or
other technical specification, that requirement may be met by compliance with the Mutual Recognition
clause in GG 101 [Ref 17.N].

5
CD 358 Revision 0 Abbreviations

Abbreviations

Abbreviations
Abbreviation Definition
APL Additional protective layer
COSHH Control of substances hazardous to health
NDT Non-destructive testing
PAS Product acceptance scheme
PWS Permitted waterproofing system
SHW Specification for Highway Works
TAA Technical approval authority
TRRL Transport Roads Research Laboratory

6
CD 358 Revision 0 Terms and definitions

Terms and definitions

Terms
Term Definition
Bituminous material laid on specified areas of the complete
Additional protective layer waterproofing system to protect it from damage during construction,
surfacing and resurfacing operations.
A body accredited in accordance with BS EN 45011 or BS EN
ISO/IEC 17065 by the United Kingdom Accreditation Service
(UKAS) or equivalent European accreditation organisation, which is
Certification body
party to a multi-lateral agreement (MLA) with UKAS or any
equivalent International Accreditation Forum (IAF) MLA signatory
with a scope which includes the relevant standard(s).
Permitted waterproofing A waterproofing system that meets the requirements set out within
system Appendix A.
Material, such as a board, forming part of a permitted waterproofing
Protective layer system laid on the waterproofing membrane to protect it from
damage during construction.
Sub-surface drainage A system for draining water from within the surfacing.
Road, footway, central reserve and verge wearing surface course or
Surfacing
combination of wearing surface course and base binder course.

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CD 358 Revision 0 1. Scope

1. Scope
Aspects covered
1.1 This document sets out the requirements for waterproofing and surfacing concrete decks of highway
bridges, including accommodation bridges, tunnels, box-type underpasses, culverts and cattle creeps.
It shall apply to new waterproofing works and, where appropriate, to the maintenance and repair of
existing waterproofing works.
1.2 This document shall not be used for waterproofing other parts of bridge structures (e.g. below ground
surfaces, piers and abutments and other salt spray susceptible areas).
1.3 This document shall not be used for waterproofing footbridges, steel decks and aqueducts.
NOTE This document contains the design performance and certification requirements for use of waterproofing
systems.
1.4 Where the bottom slab of tunnels and box-type underpasses carries traffic and where a ground slab is
used in a traffic underpass, the slab carrying traffic shall be waterproofed and surfaced as a bridge
deck.
1.5 Where the top of an aqueduct is over-slabbed and carries a highway, the top slab shall be considered
as a bridge deck.
1.6 The top slabs of concrete buried structures shall be waterproofed in accordance with the requirements
of this document.
1.7 Where the construction technique, e.g. thrust boring, means the external faces are inaccessible for the
application of waterproofing, proposals for mitigating the risk of water ingress shall be submitted to the
TAA of the Overseeing Organisation for approval as part of the BD 2 [Ref 24.N] technical approval
process.

Implementation
1.8 This document shall be implemented forthwith on all schemes involving waterproofing and surfacing
concrete bridge decks of highway bridges, including accommodation bridges, tunnels, box-type
underpasses, culverts and cattle creeps, on the Overseeing Organisations' motorway and all-purpose
trunk roads according to the implementation requirements of GG 101 [Ref 17.N].

Use of GG 101
1.9 The requirements contained in GG 101 [Ref 17.N] shall be followed in respect of activities covered by
this document.

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CD 358 Revision 0 2. Drainage and water management

2. Drainage and water management

Water management
2.1 Bridges and highways shall be designed to prevent the accumulation of water and allow for surface
water on concrete bridge decks to be effectively managed and removed through the:

1) application of waterproofing to the upper surface of the deck; and,

2) provision and use of appropriate drainage systems.

2.2 The design of drainage systems for the management of water from the highway shall be in accordance
with the requirements in DMRB 4 [Ref 4.N] Section 2 documents including HD 33 [Ref 5.N], HD 45 [Ref
21.N], and HD 49 [Ref 4.I].

Surface water drainage

2.3 Surface water shall be removed from the bridge deck by the provision of falls and suitable drainage
outlets and continuous drainage channels.
2.4 Longitudinal gradients shall be a minimum of 1 in 100.
2.5 Drainage outlets shall be designed to intercept surface water and positioned adjacent to the deck joints.
2.6 Where the requirements for drainage and water management are not possible to achieve for existing
bridge decks, detailed alternative proposals shall be submitted to the Overseeing Organisation for
consideration through the technical approval process.

Sub-surface drainage
2.7 Where the geometry of the deck or deck movement joints impedes water from draining naturally through
surface drainage, sub-surface drainage shall be provided at at locations where water can accumulate.
2.7.1 Horizontal perforated tubes or vertical pipe drains or other means may be provided at the level of the
waterproofing system.
2.8 Where pipe drains are used, these shall be a minimum of 40mm internal diameter to avoid blockage.
2.9 Edge drains shall be provided to drain the full depth of water permeable surface courses:
1) at the low points of the deck; and,
2) where the flow of sub-surface water through the surface course is impeded, e.g. at expansion joints
that are not the buried type.

2.10 The position of the outlets of sub-surface drainage pipes shall be such that any discharge, including
formation of icicles, will not harm other parts of the structure or provide a hazard to any road user group.
2.11 Where water is likely to be trapped at a deck movement joint, such as on a low section of deck, the
guidance in CD 357 [Ref 3.N] shall be followed to address this situation.

Service bays
2.12 Service bays shall have provision for drainage.
2.13 A 40 mm minimum internal diameter of pipe drains shall be used within service bays.
2.14 The position of drainage outlets in service bays shall be such that any discharge, including formation of
icicles, will not harm other parts of the structure or provide a hazard to road users.
2.15 Service bays shall be left unfilled.
2.16 If a statutory undertaker requires a filling to be used within a service bay, it shall be a free draining
material, such as no-fines concrete.

9
CD 358 Revision 0 2. Drainage and water management

2.17 Where surface or sub-surface water flows towards a bridge from the approaches, suitable upstands
and drainage outlets shall be provided to prevent water entering the service bays and leaking into
expansion joints.

Make-up material for footways, central reserves and verges

2.18 Make-up material of either no-fines concrete or other free-draining materials or concrete shall be used
over the waterproofing in footways, central reserves and verges on a concrete bridge deck.
2.18.1 Where loose filling is required in footways, central reserves and verges, it should be a material such as
10-mm nominal single size aggregate.
2.19 Sand shall not be used as a loose filling in footways, central reserves and verges.
2.20 Drainage shall be provided for removal of sub-surface water in footways, central reserves and verges.

Drainage systems
2.21 Systems for the drainage of water from bridges shall be detailed so that water is not allowed to fall
freely from the bridge deck.
2.22 Closed drainage systems with facilities for rodding and other maintenance shall be provided for the
drainage of water from bridges.
2.23 Drainage systems shall be sufficiently robust to withstand damage during cleaning, and resist all
commonly occurring chemical spillages.
2.24 Drainage systems shall not contain details that are integral with structural elements.
2.25 Drainage waters from bridge decks shall not discharge into the drainage layers behind abutments or
anywhere where the build up is likely to cause a threat to the stability of the highway or asset.

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CD 358 Revision 0 3. Detailing of bridge deck waterproofing

3. Detailing of bridge deck waterproofing

3.1 Bridge deck waterproofing shall be continuous and cover the entire deck between parapet upstands
including footways, central reserves, verges, service bays and under kerbs.
3.2 Typical details of waterproofing systems on concrete bridge decks shall be in accordance with:
1) Figure 3.2a; or,
2) the manufacturer details provided for the product.

Figure 3.2a Typical details of waterproofing systems

Figure 3.2b Typical chase/tuck details

NOTE Further information on detailing of bridge decks is given in CIRIA R155 [Ref 5.I] and CIRIA C543 [Ref
3.I].
3.2.1 When existing waterproofing is replaced, it should be complete rather than partial replacement (see
Appendix D for exceptional circumstances).
3.3 The waterproofing system shall provide a watertight seal at edges and around interruptions, such as
gulleys.

11
CD 358 Revision 0 3. Detailing of bridge deck waterproofing

NOTE Some waterproofing systems can have standard details for achieving a watertight seal around some
features.
3.4 The deck detailing shall be designed to assist in ensuring the effectiveness of the waterproofing.
3.5 Detailing shall enable the use of either prefabricated or liquid applied systems and ensure continuity of
waterproofing throughout, including central footways, central reserves, verges, service bays and under
kerbs.
3.6 Sharp arrises and internal angles shall be avoided in the deck surface to be waterproofed.
3.7 Arrises shall be chamfered or rounded and fillets formed in internal angles.
3.8 Chases into which the prefabricated waterproofing membranes are tucked shall have the lower face
splayed in accordance with Figure 3.2b.

Deck movement joints

3.9 At all movement joints in the deck, the waterproofing shall be detailed in such a way to prevent water
percolating beneath the waterproofing membrane.
3.10 At sealed joints, the waterproofing membrane, the relevant parts of the joint and any sealing material
shall form a continuous impervious barrier.
3.10.1 Impervious materials such as epoxy resin mortar may be bonded directly to the deck.
3.11 The detailing of waterproofing at deck movement joints including buried joints shall be in accordance
with CD 357 [Ref 3.N].
NOTE If a joint is made of impervious material, waterproofing is not required underneath it.

Service bays
3.12 Service bays shall be waterproofed on all sides and the floor.
3.13 The waterproofing system for service bays shall be the same as the system used for the deck, unless
otherwise agreed with the Overseeing Organisation.

Top slabs of buried structures

3.14 Where the structure is covered with fill, such as in the case of underpasses, culverts and cattle creeps,
a waterproofing system shall be specified for the buried top slab in accordance with this document
unless otherwise agreed with the Overseeing Organisation.
3.15 Where the top slab of the buried structure is continuous with the abutments, waterproofing on the top
surface shall be continued down the outside of the abutment to a level 200 mm below the soffit.

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CD 358 Revision 0 4. Concrete deck construction

4. Concrete deck construction

Surface finish
4.1 The finish to unformed surfaces of new or existing bridge decks, and top slabs of buried structures
receiving waterproofing, shall be specified as Class U4 in accordance with Series 1700 of the SHW
[Ref 18.N].
4.2 Where a new or existing concrete surface for waterproofing does not meet Class U4, repair work shall
be undertaken to achieve this class.
4.3 Concrete repair materials shall be specified in accordance with BA 35 [Ref 16.N] and be compatible
with the waterproofing system and deck concrete (similar strength, coefficient of thermal expansion and
elastic modulus).

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CD 358 Revision 0 5. Waterproofing systems

5. Waterproofing systems
5.1 The waterproofing systems specified for installation on concrete bridge decks and buried top slabs
constructed, improved, or maintained in accordance with SHW [Ref 18.N] shall be a PWS complying
with:
1) BS EN 14695:2010 [Ref 8.N] for sheet applied systems;
2) ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] for liquid applied systems; or,
3) PAS in Clause 104.16 of SHW [Ref 18.N].

NOTE 1 Procedures to enable the use of waterproofing systems in highway contracts are given in Appendix A.
NOTE 2 Test requirements for the certification of waterproofing systems for concrete bridge decks are given in
Appendix B.
NOTE 3 Procedures and requirements for certification site trials for are given in Appendix C.
NOTE 4 Procedures for lapping onto existing waterproofing systems are given in Appendix D.
5.2 A permitted waterproofing system (PWS) shall have a valid and current certification at the time of use.
5.3 The waterproofing systems specified for use on concrete bridge decks and buried top slabs shall have
an assumed intended minimum working life of 25 years.
5.4 The waterproofing system specified for use on concrete bridge decks and buried top slabs shall be
compatible with the concrete and the concrete surfacing.
5.5 Project specific trials shall be required where the concrete has been impregnated or received treatment
that might reduce the bond.
5.6 As-built, operational and maintenance records of the waterproofing system shall be provided in
accordance with the requirements in BD 62 [Ref 1.N].

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CD 358 Revision 0 6. Installation and workmanship

6. Installation and workmanship

General
6.1 Waterproofing systems shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's specified procedures.

Bond of waterproofing system

6.2 The adhesion and bond achieved for a waterproofing system shall be consistent with that expected for
the system.
6.3 The adhesion and bond at all interfaces of the waterproofing system shall be uniform in order ensure
the durability of the concrete deck, waterproofing system and surfacing.
6.4 The waterproofing system shall be capable of consistently attaining the minimum adhesion and bond
values in Table 6.4.

Table 6.4 Minimum adhesion and bond strengths for waterproofing systems when overlaid with
coarse mixtures
Testing Surfacing thickness (mm)
Test
temperature ≥120 90-<120 60 –<90
-10°C 0.3 MPa 0.5 MPa 0.7 MPa
(1) Tensile adhesion: waterproofing system to
23°C 0.3 MPa 0.5 MPa 0.7 MPa
concrete
40°C 0.2 MPa 0.3 MPa 0.3 MPa
-10°C 0.3 MPa 0.3 MPa 0.4 MPa
(2) Shear bond: surfacing to waterproofing
23°C 0.3 MPa 0.3 MPa 0.4 MPa
system
40°C 0.1 MPa 0.15 MPa 0.15 MPa
(3) Tensile bond: surfacing to waterproofing
23°C 0.4 MPa 0.45 MPa 0.5 MPa
system

Detailing
6.5 Ventilating layers, partial bonding or bond breakers shall not be used with the waterproofing system.
6.6 All waterproofing systems shall be terminated in a chase.
6.7 Where a prefabricated membrane is terminated in a chase, the rebate shall be filled with a compatible
sealant in accordance with Figure 3.2b.
6.8 Where a liquid applied membrane is terminated in a chase, the membrane shall be taken into the
chase, but a sealant is not required.

Integrity of waterproofing systems

6.9 Pinholes, blowholes or blisters shall not be permitted on the waterproofing system.
6.10 Any making good shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's method statement for the system.

Sheet membrane systems

6.11 Where they occur, laps on adjacent waterproofing sheets shall be staggered.
NOTE Overlapping of multiple sheets can create a thickened area of sheeting that can form a weak spot in the
bond.

Waterproofing systems applied to concrete less than 28 days old.

6.12 Waterproofing systems applied to early aged concrete (i.e. concrete aged 7 to 28 days), shall meet the
minimum performance requirements provided in Table 6.4.

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CD 358 Revision 0 6. Installation and workmanship

NOTE 1 A decrease in the age at which concrete is waterproofed can be beneficial as it can reduce congestion
on the road network and realise cost benefits from a reduced construction programme.
NOTE 2 Research has shown that the performance of waterproofing systems is not generally adversely affected
by application to concrete aged seven days or more, provided the requirements of Table 6.4 are met.
NOTE 3 The findings of the research and guidance on the application of waterproofing systems to concrete 7-28
days old are as follows:
1) The most significant differences in the performance of a waterproofing system applied to 28-day-old
and younger concrete are likely to be dependent on:
a) the resistance to blow/pin holing and blistering of the system;
b) the bond of the system to the concrete;
c) the effect of the moisture content of the concrete on the curing of components of the system; and,
d) shrinkage and load induced cracking.
2) The performance differences in point 1 above are dependent on:
a) the type of concrete;
b) the surface finish of the concrete;
c) the moisture content of the concrete when the waterproofing system is applied;
d) the temperature of the concrete when the waterproofing system is applied;
e) the type of the waterproofing system, in particular the type of primer; and,
f) the temperature history after the waterproofing system has been applied, including the
temperature of surfacing materials.
3) Shrinkage and load induced cracking can be significant in the hogged regions of continuous
multi-span decks.

NOTE 4 Further information on the research and guidance on the application of waterproofing systems to young
concrete ( i.e. 7-28 days) can be found in TRL Report PPR221 [Ref 6.I] and PPR 154 [Ref 1.I].
6.13 The ability of the waterproofing system to bridge cracks where it is applied on young concrete before
the onset of cracking shall be specified.
NOTE A waterproofing system and its overlaying structure can be subjected to larger tensile strains if they are
applied to the deck before the onset of cracking.

Lapping onto existing waterproofing systems

6.14 Lapping of a waterproofing system onto existing systems shall be agreed with the Overseeing
Organisation and used in accordance with the procedures in Appendix D.

16
CD 358 Revision 0 7. Protection of waterproofing

7. Protection of waterproofing
7.1 Damage to the waterproofing system shall be avoided after it has been applied and before it has been
overlaid with APL (where required) or asphalt.
7.2 Any damage to the waterproofing system shall be repaired in accordance with the method statement
agreed with the certification body for the system.
7.3 Waterproofing shall be protected from damage during construction through control of the construction
processes and plant, and use of temporary protection in accordance with Series 2000 of SHW [Ref
18.N].
7.4 Indicator mesh or similar products shall not be used.
7.5 Temporary protection against damage during construction shall be as for decks that are to be surfaced
in accordance with Series 2000 of SHW [Ref 18.N] .
7.6 Permanent protection to the waterproofing of buried top slabs shall be either a bituminous APL or ST1
concrete in accordance with Series 2000 of SHW [Ref 18.N].

Additional protective layer

7.7 APL shall not be used unless it is a specific requirement of the waterproofing system.
7.8 Where required, APL shall be installed in accordance with the product manufacturer's certification and
instructions.
7.9 Installation procedures for the APL shall be clearly identified, including the temperature requirements.
7.10 A waterproofing system requiring an APL shall not be used if the thickness of the surfacing material
overlaying the APL is restricted to less than 100 mm.
7.11 APL of sand asphalt shall not be laid by hand.
7.11.1 Black sand asphalt may be used as an APL in preference to asphalt with a red tint.
7.12 APL shall not exceed 20 mm nominal thickness in order to retain stability.
7.13 APL material shall not be used as a regulating course.
7.13.1 Where there is a restricted depth of surfacing, kerbs may be bedded directly onto the APL.

Service bays
7.14 Waterproofing on the floor of service bays shall receive permanent additional protection with one of the
following:

1) 20-mm sand asphalt protection;

2) 50 mm nominal thickness of ST1 concrete to Series 2000 of SHW [Ref 18.N]; or,
3) approved tiles hand set in bitumen.

17
CD 358 Revision 0 8. Surfacing on carriageways

8. Surfacing on carriageways
8.1 On both flexible and rigid pavement roads, the surfacing on bridge decks shall be surfaced with
bituminous materials complying with Series 900 of SHW [Ref 18.N].
8.1.1 Accommodation bridges may be treated similar to bridges on flexible or rigid pavement roads and their
decks surfaced with bituminous materials or surfaced with concrete.
8.2 For new works, the designed total minimum thickness of surfacing material shall be 120mm including
the waterproofing system, any protective layer and any APL.
NOTE 1 In the past where the thickness of surfacing has been reduced for practical and/or economic reasons
premature failure has occurred when the asphalt has broken up and potholes developed on the
carriageway.
NOTE 2 Premature failures of the waterproofing system have been attributed to several factors, including:
1) the accumulation of sub-surface water in the asphalt;
2) poor bond of the asphalt layers to the waterproofing system;
3) excessive thickness of the waterproofing membrane;
4) low compressive modulus of the waterproofing system; and,
5) low fatigue resistance of the asphalt layers..

NOTE 3 Research into premature failures has resulted in several changes including:
1) emphasis on the importance of sub-surface drainage;
2) strengthening bond requirements;
3) specifying deformation limits for all mixtures within 100mm of the surface; and,
4) specifying maximum air void contents for all asphalt mixtures.
NOTE 4 Further information about factors that affect performance of surfacing on bridge decks and causes of
premature failure can be obtained from TRL Report PPR221 [Ref 6.I], TRRL Research Report 317 [Ref
7.I] and TRL Report TRL655 [Ref 2.I].
8.3 The surfacing material laid over the waterproofing and APL (if present) shall consist of binder and
surface courses.
8.3.1 On flexible pavement roads the surface course on the bridge deck should be the same as for the road
and carried through over the bridge at the same thickness.
8.4 The deformation resistance of all binder course layers (and base if applicable) overlaying the
waterproofing system shall have a Class 2 deformation resistance measured using the wheel-tracking
test ( BS 598 - 110:1998 [Ref 22.N] to Table C3 in PD 6691:2015+A1:2016 [Ref 14.N]), all in
accordance with Series 900 of SHW [Ref 18.N].
8.5 The asphalt layer directly overlaying the waterproofing system shall have a design (not in-situ) air void
content of no more than 4% so that the amount of sub-surface water that enters the layer is low.
NOTE A thin surface course system with a suitable tack coat will help to seal the binder course and reduce the
flow of sub-surface water into the binder course(s) (and APL (if present)).
8.6 Provision shall be made to ensure good bond between the adjacent laid widths, but in a way that does
not allow water to accumulate in parts of the asphalt layers.
NOTE 1 A fully sealed joint will prevent the horizontal flow of water through the asphalt layers.
NOTE 2 The vertical faces of the joints between laid widths (rips) of asphalt are usually sealed with bitumen to
prevent water ingress.
8.7 The upper surface of a surface course joint shall never be coated with bitumen after it has been
compacted.

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CD 358 Revision 0 8. Surfacing on carriageways

8.8 Where the asphalt layer directly overlaying the waterproofing system contains coarse aggregates, the
voids at the base of the asphalt layer shall be prevented from interconnecting.
8.8.1 A suitable tack coat may help to fill the voids at the base of the asphalt layer and prevent them from
interconnecting.

Maintenance resurfacing on carriageways

8.9 For maintenance works, the total minimum thickness of surfacing material required shall allow for the
existing circumstances.
8.10 Where reduced surfacing thickness is used, the performance of the waterproofing system shall be in
accordance with the relevant requirements in Table 6.4.
8.10.1 Where the thickness of surfacing to be laid on the waterproofing system is required to be less than 120
mm (including any protective layer and APL), special surfacing material designed for thin layers may
need to be used.

Temperature for laying and compacting

8.11 Contractors shall give details of:
1) the minimum temperature at which the surfacing is to be laid and by which compaction is to be
essentially completed to ensure that the tack coat of the waterproofing system is activated; and,
2) how stripping of the tack coat by the paver and other vehicles is to be minimised and repaired before
and during surfacing.

8.12 The asphalt directly overlaying the waterproofing system shall be laid and compacted at temperatures
that are sufficiently high to:

1) form a dense layer; and,

2) activate the tack coat so the asphalt is uniformly and well bonded to the system.
8.13 The temperature at the level of the waterproofing system shall be measured immediately after the
asphalt has been laid, and when compaction is essentially completed.
8.14 Laying and compaction temperatures shall be chosen to take into account the requirements of the tack
coat to form a dense layer that is firmly bonded to the waterproofing system.
8.15 The measured temperature shall exceed the minimum temperatures required to activate the tack coat
by at least 10°C.
8.16 If necessary, a site trial shall be carried out to ensure that the minimum temperatures are always
achievable in both machine- and any hand-laid areas.
8.17 If recorded temperatures are below the required levels referred to in Clause 8.11, then the surfacing
shall be removed and the waterproofing prepared again.
8.18 Any damage to the waterproofing system shall be repaired.
8.19 If the surfacing is to be laid and compacted at temperatures that exceed those permitted by SHW [Ref
18.N] it shall be demonstrated before works commence on site that this will not damage the
waterproofing system.

Bridge deck expansion joints

8.20 The surfacing thickness at deck expansion joints shall be a minimum of 120 mm including any
protective layer and the waterproofing system and any APL, unless otherwise agreed with the
Overseeing Organisation.
NOTE 1 The risk of failure of waterproofing and surfacing at bridge deck expansion joints is high due to the
interfaces between different components.

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CD 358 Revision 0 8. Surfacing on carriageways

NOTE 2 Achieving the required laying and compaction temperatures at bridge deck expansion joints can also
be more difficult, especially where materials are hand laid.

Bonding of APL or surfacing to the waterproofing system

8.21 The specified tack coat shall be compatible with the APL or surfacing and the waterproofing system.
8.22 Where a tack coat for the APL or surfacing is not required as part of the waterproofing system, the
binder within the directly applied surfacing shall be capable of providing the bond required with the
waterproofing system.
NOTE Minimum bond values for different thicknesses of surfacing material are given in Table 6.4.

20
CD 358 Revision 0 9. Surfacing on footways, central reserves and v...

9. Surfacing on footways, central reserves and verges

9.1 The surfaces of footways, central reserves and verges shall be laid to falls so that surface water will be
shed into the drainage system.
9.1.1 Precast or stone flags should only be used as surfacing where the make-up material over the
waterproofing is concrete.
NOTE The joints between precast or stone flags can develop cracks, which will admit water.
9.2 Where the make-up material is loose, filling base course shall be used before the flexible surfacing is
applied.
9.2.1 The surfacing may be applied directly to a stable make-up material such as concrete or no-fines
concrete.
9.3 No-fines concrete make-up material shall first be sealed with sand-cement slurry before laying mastic
asphalt surfacing.
NOTE Mastic asphalt to BS 6925:1988 [Ref 23.N] type R988 and type T1097 are unsuitable for paving.

21
CD 358 Revision 0 10. Normative References

10. Normative References

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normative references for this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

Ref 1.N Highways England. BD 62, 'As Built, Operational and Maintenance Records for
Highway Structures '
Ref 2.N BSI. BS EN 13108-6, 'Bituminous mixtures. Material specifications. Mastic Asphalt'
Ref 3.N Highways England. CD 357, 'Bridge expansion joints '
Ref 4.N Highways England. DMRB 4, 'Design Manual for Roads and Bridges: Volume 4.
Geotechnics & Drainage'
Ref 5.N Highways England. HD 33, 'Design of Highway Drainage Systems'
Ref 6.N EOTA. TR 022, 'Determination of the resistance to the passage of chloride ions
through a waterproofing layer subjected to indentation by aggregate'
Ref 7.N BSI. BS EN 1297: 2004, 'Flexible sheets for waterproofing. Bitumen, plastic and
rubber sheets for roof waterproofing. Method of artificial ageing by long term
exposure to the combination of UV radiation, elevated temperature and water'
Ref 8.N BSI. BS EN 14695:2010, 'Flexible sheets for waterproofing. Reinforced bitumen
sheets for waterproofing of concrete bridge decks and other trafficked areas of
concrete. Definitions and characteristics'
Ref 9.N BSI. BS EN 13596:2004, 'Flexible sheets for waterproofing. Waterproofing of
concrete bridge decks and other concrete surfaces trafficable by vehicles.
Determination of bond strength'
Ref 10.N BSI. BS EN 14224:2010, 'Flexible sheets for waterproofing. Waterproofing of
concrete bridge decks and other concrete surfaces trafficable by vehicles.
Determination of crack bridging ability'
Ref 11.N BSI. BS EN 14694:2017, 'Flexible sheets for waterproofing. Waterproofing of concrete
bridge decks and other concrete surfaces trafficable by vehicles. Determination of
resistance to dynamic water pressure after damage by pre-treatment'
Ref 12.N BSI. BS EN 13653:2017, 'Flexible sheets for waterproofing. Waterproofing of
concrete bridge decks and other concrete surfaces trafficable by vehicles.
Determination of shear strength'
Ref 13.N BSI. BS EN 14692:2017, 'Flexible sheets for waterproofing. Waterproofing of
concrete bridge decks and other concrete surfaces trafficable by vehicles.
Determination of the resistance to compaction of an asphalt layer'
Ref 14.N BSI. PD 6691:2015+A1:2016, 'Guidance on the use of BS EN 13108, Bituminous
mixtures. Material specifications'
Ref 15.N EOTA. ETAG 033, 'Guideline for European Technical Approval of Liquid Applied
Bridge Deck Waterproofing Kits'
Ref 16.N Highways England. BA 35, 'Inspection And Repair of Concrete Highway Structures'
Ref 17.N Highways England. GG 101, 'Introduction to the Design Manual for Roads and
Bridges'
Ref 18.N Highways England. SHW, 'Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works,
Volume 1 Specification for Highway Works'

22
CD 358 Revision 0 10. Normative References

Ref 19.N BSI. BS EN 13578:2003, 'Products and systems for the protection and repair of
concrete structures. Test method. Compatibility on wet concrete'
Ref 20.N BSI. BS EN 1766:2017, 'Products and systems for the protection and repair of
concrete structures. Test methods. Reference concretes for testing'
Ref 21.N Highways England. HD 45, 'Road Drainage and the Water Environment'
Ref 22.N BSI. BS 598 - 110:1998, 'Sampling and examination of bituminous mixtures for roads
and other paved areas. Methods of test for the determination of wheel-tracking rate
and depth'
Ref 23.N BSI. BS 6925:1988, 'Specification for mastic asphalt for building and civil engineering
(limestone aggregate)'
Ref 24.N Highways England. BD 2, 'Technical Approval of Highway Structures'

23
CD 358 Revision 0 11. Informative References

11. Informative References

The following documents are informative references for this document and provide supporting
information.

Ref 1.I TRL. Calder AJJ, Evans MG, & Jordan RW. PPR 154, 'Application of bridge deck
waterproofing to concrete aged from 3 to 28 days'
Ref 2.I TRL. TRL Report TRL655, 'Asphalt surfacing to bridge decks'
Ref 3.I CIRIA. Soubry, MA. CIRIA C543, 'Bridge detailing guide '
Ref 4.I Highways England. HD 49, 'Highway Drainage Design Principal Requirements'
Ref 5.I CIRIA. Ray SS, Barr J, and Clark L. CIRIA R155, 'R155 Bridges - design for improved
buildability'
Ref 6.I TRL. TRL Report PPR221, 'The performance of surfacing overlaying bridge deck
waterproofing systems'
Ref 7.I TRRL. TRRL Research Report 317, 'Waterproofing of concrete bridge decks: Site
practice and failures'

24
CD 358 Revision 0 Appendix A. The use of waterproofing systems in highway ...

Appendix A. The use of waterproofing systems in highway contracts

Only a permitted waterproofing system (PWS) is to be specified for installation on concrete bridge
decks and buried top slabs constructed, improved, or maintained in accordance with SHW [Ref 18.N].
A PWS is a waterproofing system which is certificated by an appropriate certification body and falls
within any of the following four categories:
1) CE marked in accordance with the harmonised standard BS EN 14695:2010 [Ref 8.N] for
sheet-applied systems;
2) has ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] for liquid applied systems;
3) a historic system compliant with a PAS in Clause 104.16 of SHW [Ref 18.N]; or,
4) not in accordance with 1) or 2) but obtains certification from a PAS in Clause 104.16 of SHW [Ref
18.N] through compliance with the procedures and requirements in Appendix B and Appendix C of
this document.
Although systems in category 1) or 2) above are compliant products or systems, their use is subject to
satisfying other specific assessments in Appendix B and/or Appendix C of this document as agreed
with the Overseeing Organisation.
The specific assessments to be carried out exclude those characteristics and performance
requirements that have already been verified or satisfied in accordance with BS EN 14695:2010 [Ref
8.N] or ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N].
The main purpose of additional specific assessments for category 1) and 2) systems is to ensure that:

1) acceptance of their use is as rigorous as those required for the certification of category 3) or 4)
systems; and,
2) they can be installed safely and perform as expected in an environment with similar conditions to
those encountered on motorways and all purpose trunk roads.
For example a site trial is required by the Overseeing Organisation for category 1) and 2) systems.
However, this could be avoided where evidence is available to demonstrate that the system has been
previously used elsewhere on a bridge with installation and demand characteristics similar as those
likely to be encountered on motorways and all purpose trunk roads.
The certification of a PWS is to be reviewed and updated at intervals agreed with the certification body.
Where any PWS shows itself to be unsatisfactory by failing to maintain its certified or verified
performance levels, the Overseeing Organisation can suspend or remove permission for use of the
system in motorways and trunk road works, notwithstanding the validity of any certification, ETAG or
CE marking.

25
CD 358 Revision 0 Appendix B. - Procedures for certification of waterproof...

Appendix B. - Procedures for certification of waterproofing systems on

concrete bridge decks
B1 Introduction
This appendix gives a series of procedures for the certification of non-CE-marked waterproofing
systems for concrete bridge decks.
The Overseeing Organisation reserves the right to amend or supplement the tests required for
certification.
Certification will be given only if the waterproofing system meets the requirements and successfully
passes the site trial.

B2 Procedure
The procedure for certification is divided into the following stages:
1) application for assessment;
2) review of waterproofing system;
3) provision of a site trial on an actual bridge deck.
The manufacturer may withdraw from the remainder of the test programme at the completion of any of
these stages.

B2.1 Application for assessment

Manufacturers requiring a waterproofing system to be assessed submit the following basic details of
their waterproofing system to the certification body.
B2.1.1 For all systems:
1) system name;
2) description of materials;
3) storage requirements and shelf life;
4) installation method statement;
5) repair techniques;
6) on site integrity testing by NDT method(s);
7) expected working life
8) health and safety data sheets and COSHH assessments.
B2.1.2 Where applicable:
1) concrete surface preparation;
2) type of primer;
3) type of adhesive and application temperature;
4) number of layers/coats;
5) type of protection;
6) type of tack coat(s) for bituminous overlay(s);
7) minimum activation temperature(s) of system or tack coat(s);
8) other details.
B2.1.3 Additional details required for sheet and board systems:
1) dimensions;
2) weight;

26
CD 358 Revision 0 Appendix B. - Procedures for certification of waterproof...

3) handling temperatures.
B2.1.4 Additional details required for liquid applied systems:
1) mixing time of components;
2) pot life of mixed liquid materials;
3) nominal coverage rates;
4) setting time;
5) cured/dry density;
6) mix details;
7) dry film minimum/maximum thickness (see procedure for 2 mm minimum thickness in Appendix C,
C2.5).

B2.2 Site trial

Following the successful results of the review programme (see B3) the manufacturer or his
representative then undertakes a site trial (see Appendix C).

B3 Review of waterproofing system

The review programme for the waterproofing system is sub-divided as follows:

B3.1 Identification and quality control

Identification and quality control data and certification are to be reviewed by the certification body for
the purpose of checking the manufacturer's submitted data (see B2.1) against the requirements.
This initial review will not form part of the certification but the certification body will advise the
manufacturer on the suitability of the submitted system for continuing with the certification procedure.
The manufacturer may withdraw at this stage.
B3.1.1 Release of dangerous substances
Certification body is to review compliance of the declaration submitted by the manufacturer in relation
to relevant aspects of BS EN 14695:2010 [Ref 8.N] Clause 4.4 or ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] Clause 5.1.3.

B3.2 Checks and tests on waterproofing system

The submitted waterproofing system is to be checked and tested by the certification body for
compliance with the performance and other requirements given in this document.
The test methods and product performance requirements are given in B4.

B3.3 Site trial checks and tests.

Prior to installation of the waterproofing system, the certification body verifies:
1) the suitability and condition of the bridge deck for the site trial including any preparation necessary;
2) the quality assurance statement of all materials forming the waterproofing system.
During the installation of the waterproofing system and the asphalt surfacing, certification body records
the following as applicable:
1) age of concrete;
2) installation temperature of the system;
3) relative humidity;
4) weather conditions, including wind speed;
5) nominal coverage rates;

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CD 358 Revision 0 Appendix B. - Procedures for certification of waterproof...

6) setting time;
7) thickness applied;
8) pin/blow holing/blistering;
9) bond of the membrane to the concrete bridge deck;
10) in situ integrity NDT method(s);
11) repair procedure;
12) workmanship and supervision;
13) damage to system prior to asphalt surfacing;
14) temperature of asphalt when laid and when compaction essentially completed;
15) damage caused by asphalt surfacing;
16) bond of the asphalt surfacing to the system.

B4 Test methods and performance requirements

For all tests where the temperatures are (-10±2)°C, (+23±2)°C, and (40±2)°C respectively the relative
humidity (RH) at +23°C is to be (50±5)% and the actual RH at the other temperatures recorded.

B4.1 Tests on unbonded sheets, boards and film of liquid applied membranes (where applicable)
B4.1.1 Dimensional checks
1) straightness of sheets; the straightness of sheets is in accordance with BS EN 14695:2010 [Ref 8.N]
Clause 4.2.2.
2) width of sheets; width of sheets is in accordance with BS EN 14695:2010 [Ref 8.N] Clause 4.2.2 .
3) thickness;
a) the thickness of sheets is in accordance with BS EN 14695:2010 [Ref 8.N] Clause 4.2.2.; and,
b) for sheet and board samples submitted for examination and testing, the thickness measured at
any location is to be within ±10% of the intended nominal thickness.
B4.1.2 Mass per unit area
The mass per unit area of sheets is in accordance with BS EN 14695:2010 [Ref 8.N] Clause 4.2.2.
The mass per unit area of liquid applied membranes is declared in accordance with ETAG 033 [Ref
15.N] Clause 5.1.7.2.4.
B4.1.3 Water absorption
The water absorption of sheets is determined in accordance with BS EN 14695:2010 [Ref 8.N] Clause
4.2.5.
The water absorption of cured liquid applied membranes is determined in accordance with ETAG 033
[Ref 15.N] Clause 6.1.7.1.2.1.
The increase in weight can not exceed 7%.
Specimens which exceed this limit are subjected to freezing for 24 hours at (-10±2)°C.
After the freeze period the specimens are conditioned for at least four hours at (23±2)°C and then
observed under a minimum of x20 magnification for damage or thickness change.
When compared with a control specimen there is no damage and for sheets and boards, any change in
thickness is limited to ±10% of the control thickness.
B4.1.4 Resistance to water penetration
The resistance to water penetration of sheets is in accordance with Clause 4.3.8. of BS EN 14695:2010
[Ref 8.N] and for liquid applied systems in accordance with ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] Clause 6.1.1.8.

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CD 358 Revision 0 Appendix B. - Procedures for certification of waterproof...

The testing of both sheets and liquid applied membranes is to include specimens with the limiting
overlap specified by the manufacturer of the system, and where appropriate, butt joints.
No water penetration can be observed after 28 days.
B4.1.5 Resistance to chisel impact
Liquid applied membrane specimens are prepared and tested for impact resistance in accordance with
Clause 5.1.1.4.3 of ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] and then chloride ion penetration tests applied on specimens.
The chloride ion tests are carried out in accordance with ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] Clause 5.1.1.3.
The test is repeated on a further three specimens if any one of the three samples initially tested
indicates an unacceptable increase in chloride ion concentration or significantly high solution volume
loss. All the samples tested are required to pass the test.
B4.1.6 Resistance to aggregate indentation
The resistance of sheet systems to aggregate indentation is determined in accordance with BS EN
14695:2010 [Ref 8.N] Clause 4.3.6.
A 'resistant' result is required for visual inspection and for watertightness to BS EN 14692:2017 [Ref
13.N], using Method 2.
The resistance of cured liquid applied membranes to aggregate indentation is determined in
accordance with ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] Clause 5.1.1.4.1.
Test results are also required for watertightness and resistance to perforation in accordance with ETAG
033 [Ref 15.N] Clause 5.1.1.8 and Clause 5.1.1.6 respectively.
B4.1.7 Resistance to dynamic water pressure
The resistance to dynamic water pressure of sheet systems and liquid applied membranes after
damage by pre-treatment is to be assessed in accordance with BS EN 14694:2017 [Ref 11.N]. Test is
repeated on testing on separate samples at (-10±2)°C and (40±2)°C.

B4.2 Tests on waterproofing systems bonded to concrete

B4.2.1 Application to concrete with high moisture content or young concrete
Unless the manufacturer restricts the requirement for the application of the waterproofing system to the
age of concrete substrates of a minimum of 28 days, the procedures in this sub-section apply.
For young concrete (7 to 28 days old) the tests are carried out on concrete substrate cured to BS EN
1766:2017 [Ref 20.N] for seven days.
The ability to apply liquid applied waterproofing system to the concrete substrate with high moisture
content or young concrete is established in accordance with ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] Clause 5.1.7.2.6.1.
For sheet waterproofing systems the bond strength is determined in accordance with BS EN
14695:2010 [Ref 8.N] Clause 4.3.2.
Immediately prior to the application of the waterproofing system, the concrete can be either wet (with
the surfaces to be coated being dabbed with an absorbent paper towel, after BS EN 13578:2003 [Ref
19.N]Clause 7.3(a), or be surface dried in accordance with the manufacturer's normal site procedure.
The waterproofing membrane is bonded to the concrete between 7-9 days old.
The effects of thermal shock are simulated using the method given in ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] Clause
5.1.1.5(i) with hot sand, and Type 1 specimens, within three days of applying the waterproofing system.
The manufacturer of the waterproofing system specifies the maximum temperature and type of
bituminous mixtures that can be laid on the system in service.
The maximum temperature applies during the thermal shock and it is not less than 170°C.

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CD 358 Revision 0 Appendix B. - Procedures for certification of waterproof...

The bond strength of the waterproofing system to the concrete substrate is determined within five days
of applying the waterproofing system.
The bond strength to the support is assessed at the testing temperatures in Table 6.4 (Test 1) with two
tests at each temperature.
The tensile adhesion at failure for the interface between the waterproofing system and the concrete for
each individual sample is not less than the value shown in Table 6.4 (Test 1).
B4.2.2 Tensile adhesion test
The bond of sheets to the concrete substrate is determined in accordance with BS EN 14695:2010 [Ref
8.N] Clause 4.3.2.
The bond of cured liquid applied membranes to the concrete substrate is determined in accordance
with ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] Clause 5.1.1.1.
If the manufacturer's range for the concrete temperature at which the system can be applied lies outside
the range 5°C to 35°C, the waterproofing system is fully bonded to concrete base specimens while they
are maintained at the declared minimum and/or maximum temperature ±2°C, in combination with
maximum relative humidity ± 5% allowed by the manufacturer's installation instructions for its product.
The bond strength to the support is assessed at three temperatures.
The tensile adhesion at failure for the interface between the waterproofing system and the concrete for
each individual sample is not less than the value shown in Table 6.4 (Test 1).
B4.2.3 Resistance to chloride ion penetration
The resistance to chloride penetration of sheet and liquid applied systems are determined in
accordance with TR 022 [Ref 6.N].
The requirements for chloride ion penetration is met when, after 28 days:
1) the maximum increase in chloride ion is not more than 0.04%;
2) the maximum loss in volume of liquid in the test vessel is less than 20 ml;
3) there is no deterioration or debonding of the membrane from the substrate;
4) there is no inter-laminar salt penetration; and,
5) there is no significant surface sweating.
B4.2.4 Resistance to freeze-thaw
The resistance to freeze-thaw of sheet systems is determined in accordance with ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N]
Clause 5.1.7.1.3.2(a).
The resistance to freeze-thaw of cured liquid applied membranes is determined in accordance with
ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] Clause 5.1.7.1.3.2(a).
Following freeze-thaw cycling, three specimens are assessed for bond stress.
Three specimens are assessed for chloride ion penetration.
The bond strength to the support is assessed at three temperatures as follows:
1. the bond of sheet systems and liquid applied membranes to the concrete substrate is determined in
accordance with BS EN 13596:2004 [Ref 9.N];
2. the tensile adhesion at failure for the interface between the waterproofing system and the concrete
for each individual sample is not less than the value shown in Table 6.4 (Test 1); and,
3. the three other samples are subjected to the chloride ion test (B4.2.4) at (23±2)°C, after completion
of the freeze-thaw cycling, and conditioned for at least 24 hours at (23±2)°C.
B4.2.5 Thermal shock and heat ageing on bond
The effects of thermal shock are simulated using the method given in ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] Clause
5.1.1.5(i) with hot sand, and Type 1 specimens.

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CD 358 Revision 0 Appendix B. - Procedures for certification of waterproof...

The manufacturer of the waterproofing system specifies the maximum temperature and type of
bituminous mixtures that can be laid on the system in service.
This temperature applies during the thermal shock and it is not less than 170°C.
Heat ageing is then applied to the Type 1 sheet system and liquid applied membrane specimens which
have been subject to thermal shock.
The heat ageing is applied in accordance with ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] Clause 5.1.7.1.3.1(a).
Following heat ageing the bond strength to the support is assessed at two temperatures as follows:
1. The bond of sheet systems and liquid applied membranes to the concrete substrate is determined in
accordance with BS EN 13596:2004 [Ref 9.N]; and,
2. The tensile adhesion at failure for the interface between the waterproofing system and the concrete
for each individual sample are not less than the value shown in Table 6.4 (Test 1).
B4.2.6 Thermal shock, heat ageing and crack cycling
The effects of thermal shock on sheet systems and cured liquid applied membranes are assessed in
accordance with ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] Clause 6.1.1.5, as follows:

1) base specimens are (400 ±5) mm ×(200 ±2) mm × ≥ 40 mm in accordance with BS EN 14224:2010
[Ref 10.N] Clause 4.3.2;
2) the effects of thermal shock are assessed using the method given in ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] Clause
5.1.1.5(i) with hot sand, and Type 1 specimens. The manufacturer of the waterproofing system
specifies the maximum temperature and type of bituminous mixtures that can be laid on the system
in service; and,
3) this temperature applies during the thermal shock and it is not less than 170°C.
Heat ageing is carried out in accordance with ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] Clause 5.1.7.1.3.1(a).
The capacity to bridge cracks after thermal shock and heat ageing are determined in accordance with
ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] Clause 6.1.1.2 and Clause 5.1.1.2 (A), with Type 1 specimens, using the
procedure given in BS EN 14224:2010 [Ref 10.N].
The crack cycling temperature is no higher than (‑10 ±2)°C.
B4.2.7 Asphalt to waterproofing system interface shear adhesion test
The shear strength of sheet systems are determined in accordance with BS EN 14695:2010 [Ref 8.N]
Clause 4.3.3.
The shear strength of cured liquid applied membranes are determined in accordance with BS EN
13653:2017 [Ref 12.N] as referred to by ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] Clause 5.1.4.2, in conjunction with ETAG
033 [Ref 15.N] Clause 5.1.1.7, noting that the relevant failure strength could relate to slippage between
the waterproofing layer and the concrete support, slippage within the waterproofing layer, or slippage
between the asphalt and the waterproofing layer.
This test is conducted at (-10±2)°C, (23±2)°C and (40±2)°C respectively. Fifteen size (A) concrete
blocks, that is five blocks for each test temperature, are used with the system fully bonded together with
any tack coat specified for the system.
The test samples are pre-conditioned at (-10±2)°C, (23±2)°C and (40±2)°C for at least four hours.
The shear bond stress at failure for the interface between the surfacing and waterproofing system for
each individual sample are not less than the value shown in Table 6.4 (Test 2).
B4.2.8 Asphalt-to-waterproofing system interface tensile bond test
The asphalt-to-waterproofing system bond strength of sheet systems are determined in accordance
with BS EN 14695:2010 [Ref 8.N] Clause 4.3.2, using a Type 3 specimen to BS EN 13596:2004 [Ref
9.N] Clause 4.3.

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CD 358 Revision 0 Appendix B. - Procedures for certification of waterproof...

The asphalt-to-waterproofing system bond strength of cured liquid applied membranes is determined in
accordance with ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] Clause 5.1.4.1.
Tensile bond stress at failure for the interface between the waterproofing system and the sand asphalt
or hot rolled asphalt are not less than the value shown in Table 6.4 (Test 3).

B4.3 Site trial

Procedures and requirements for the site trial are given in Appendix C.
The site trial is formally assessed by the certification body.
The Overseeing Organisation reserves the right to attend any site trial.

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CD 358 Revision 0 Appendix C. Procedures for site trials

Appendix C. Procedures for site trials

Part of the procedure for establishing a PWS that is compliant with a PAS in Clause 104.16 of SHW
[Ref 18.N], is a successful site trial on an actual bridge deck.
This can only take place only after the laboratory tests and checks have been successfully completed
by the certification body for waterproofing systems that are non-CE-marked in accordance with BS EN
14695:2010 [Ref 8.N] or ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N], and have a declaration of performance that complies
with the requirements specified in this document.
It is then for the manufacturer or his representative to arrange for the system to be installed on a bridge
the Overseeing Organisation considers suitable for the trial.
In arranging the site trial, the manufacturer or his representative takes into account the following
procedures.

C1 Preliminary requirements
C1.1 Handling requirements
The following handling procedure are undertaken before proceeding with the site trial.
C1.1.1 Rolls of sheet membranes
1) Complying with the manufacturer's storage conditions, rolls of sheet membranes are conditioned at
(-10±2)°C, (23±2)°C and (40±2)°C respectively for 24 hours.
2) The manufacturer may declare a reduced temperature range for handling but this includes 4°C to
30°C and the range limits are tested and assessed.
3) The membranes are then unrolled immediately on removal from conditioning.
4) The following procedures apply:
a) no edge damage to roll during conditioning;
b) one-man operation to unroll;
c) minimal increase in stiffness of the sheet.
d) membrane lays flat without damage or rucking;
e) no cracking in the membrane on unrolling;
f) recoil not to exceed 2.5 m over a length of 10 m;
g) edge curl not to exceed a height of 50 mm in 150 mm; and,
h) deviation from the straight edge is limited to that specified in BS EN 14695:2010 [Ref 8.N]
Clause 4.2.2.
C1.1.2 Unrolling sheet membranes from a mandrel
1) Three longitudinal and three transverse specimens (450 ±50) mm are cut from the roll, wound onto a
25mm diameter mandrel and secured with tape.
2) These are then conditioned at (-10±2)°C, (23±2)°C and (40±2)°C respectively for 24 hours.
3) The manufacturer may declare a reduced temperature range for handling but this includes 4°C to
30°C, and the range limits are assessed.
4) The membranes are then unwound slowly at the stored temperature:
a) One end is bent through 90° and the other end is tapped gently to a 90° corner; and,
b) The ease of cutting is checked using a razor-edged knife.
5) The following procedures apply:
a) a minimal increase in the stiffness with no embrittlement;
b) no damage, cracking, permanent set or dimensional instability;
c) membrane easily cut to shape with minimal contamination of cutting blade; and,

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CD 358 Revision 0 Appendix C. Procedures for site trials

d) good resistance to tearing under normal handling.

C1.1.3 Board materials
1) Specimens and sizes are prepared similarly to those for unrolling sheet membranes from a mandrel
but laid flat under the same temperature conditions.
2) The flexibility, damage and tendency for dimensional instability are checked as above.
3) The tear and ease of cutting are checked for boards as above.

C2 Procedures for waterproofing systems bonded to concrete

The following procedures are undertaken before proceeding with the site trial.

C2.1 Resistance to pin/blow holing (principally liquid applied membranes)

Four size (B) 300 x 300 x 55 mm concrete blocks are used for this assessment.
Unless the manufacturer restricts the requirement for the application of the waterproofing system to the
age of concrete substrates of a minimum of 28 days, the waterproofing membrane is bonded to
concrete base specimens of between 7-9 days old, and the test is then carried out within five days.
Two size (B) of these blocks are immersed in water for a minimum of 24 hours, removed and the
surface allowed to dry in still air for up to two hours at (23±2)°C.
The sealer/primer and waterproofing membrane is applied according to the manufacturer's
requirements to all four blocks as one or two coats.
The samples are observed after two hours for pin/blow holes or blisters.
Temperature and relative humidity should be recorded during the test.
There should be no blisters and not more than four pin/blow holes continuous or non-continuous within
a central area of 250 x 250mm for both samples.
The size of any pin/blow hole present is recorded and no pin/blow hole should exceed 1mm in diameter.
The procedure for pin/blow holing applies to single-coat, two-coat or more- than-two-coat membranes.
Where single-coat membranes do not comply with the above procedures, the manufacturer is given the
opportunity of applying the membrane as two or more coats to the same total thickness.
If then acceptable, the system is used as a two-coat or more-than-two-coat membrane and the
remainder of the tests assessment are as for a two-coat or more-than-two-coat membrane.

C2.2 Setting of a liquid applied membrane on a concrete block with a high moisture content
During the pin/blow holing assessment, the setting time of the membrane on the four blocks is also
noted.
The nominal value for the membrane on the wetted blocks is within ±10% of the average setting time
on the dry blocks, unless the manufacturer specifies differently.
If the manufacturer specifies differently, then the time accords with the manufacturer's declared limits.

C2.3 Nominal coverage rates of all liquid components of the system

During preparation of the samples, nominal coverage rates will be confirmed by the manufacturer or his
representative.

C2.4 Joints
The following tests are undertaken to ascertain the performance of joints.

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CD 358 Revision 0 Appendix C. Procedures for site trials

C2.4.1 Day joints

This test is carried out to determine whether an adequate bond can be achieved between two layers of
the waterproofing membrane applied one over the other within a short period of time to simulate day
joints.
The bond strength is to be determined in accordance with ETAG 033 [Ref 15.N] Clause 5.1.1.1 or BS
EN 14695:2010 [Ref 8.N] except that the test specimen includes a second waterproofing layer applied
between 24 hours and 48 hours of the application of the first layer and include any pre-treatment
required by the manufacturer.
C2.4.2 Section joints
This test is carried out to determine whether acceptable adhesion can be achieved between two layers
of the waterproofing membrane applied one over the other between seven days and six months of the
application of the first layer.
The test simulates section joints that may occur between waterproofing different sections of a bridge or
where patch repairs may be required.
The bond strength between two layers of membranes is determined by preparing specimens in
accordance with the procedures referred to in B4.2.2.
After curing for seven days at 23 °C, the specimen is exposed to UV radiation, elevated temperature
and water according to BS EN 1297: 2004 [Ref 7.N] for 7 days.
After the exposure, a second waterproofing layer is applied according to the instructions of the
manufacturer.
Following the curing time specified by the manufacturer, the bond strength between the two layers of
waterproofing is determined in accordance with B4.2.2 and complies with the requirements of B4.2.2.

C2.5 Site trial

Where a bridge is being considered for the site trial, the bridge owner or highway authority considers
the importance of the bridge location (i.e. not on a strategic route), when giving agreement in principle
to the installation of a waterproofing system undergoing a certification site trial.
The certification body is sent a general arrangement drawing of the bridge showing the size and type of
deck including a cross-section showing details of the waterproofing system.
A minimum deck area of 150 square metres is necessary and the bridge includes some features such
as parapet upstands, service bays, chases and fillets.
Also required are details of:
1) bridge name, location and bridge owner/highway authority;
2) whether the bridge is of new construction or in the course of maintenance;
3) surfacing type, thickness and size and type of aggregate when not given on the drawing;
4) additional protective layer, i.e. sand asphalt to be applied to the system, if applicable;
5) make-up of deck concrete, i.e. proportion of cement replacements and other additives in the
concrete;
6) concrete curing method;
7) proposed dates of installation of the system and surfacing (when this is not known then the likely
dates, which can be confirmed as the programme progresses).

Where the certification body confirms that the bridge is acceptable for the site trial, the manufacturer or
his representative may pursue arrangements with the highway authority and the contractor, and advise
them that the site trial will be formally assessed by the certification body.
The Overseeing Organisation reserves the right to attend the site trial.

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CD 358 Revision 0 Appendix C. Procedures for site trials

The site trial is performed in a workman-like manner by trained operatives under competent supervision
and affords the level of quality of workmanship required for the certification.
In addition to the PAS requirements, the works comply with SHW [Ref 18.N].
The site trial includes observation of the preparation of the concrete deck, the installation of the
waterproofing system and the surfacing.
The performance of the system between its installation and prior to overlaying with the surfacing is also
monitored.
On arrival at the trial site the certification body inspects the condition of the concrete deck.
The deck is U4 finish in accordance with Series 1700 of the SHW [Ref 18.N] but the manufacturer or
his representative may opt to apply the system on a deck with a lesser finish in consultation with the
certification body.
Where the deck has a lesser finish, the system will be expected to perform as though the finish was U4.
The deck surface is clean, dry and free from ice, frost and laitance etc. as stated in Series 2000 of
SHW [Ref 18.N].
Before any part of the waterproofing system is installed, the certification body verifies that the system
has the specific characteristics in the declaration of performance and complies with the requirements
specified in this document.
Discrepancies that arise with respect to either site conditions or changes to the waterproofing system
are agreed with the certification body before the site trial can proceed.
On site, the concrete surface and air temperature are measured by the manufacturer or his
representative using thermocouples or similar.
The concrete surface and air temperature are checked frequently over the period of the site trial.
The relative humidity is also noted at the same time.
The nominal coverage rates and setting times of the liquid components of the system accord with the
manufacturer's specification.
Checks are made for ponding of primers and any ponding that has occurred is minimal.
During and after installation of the system the following procedures apply:
1) the hot bitumen adhesives for sheet systems are not greater than 240°C measured using a suitable
temperature probe by the manufacturer or his representative;
2) the thickness of liquid membranes is a minimum of 2 mm over peaks, arrises and irregularities in the
concrete deck;
3) the thickness of liquid membrane is checked with a wet-film thickness gauge or other appropriate
method by the manufacture or their representative;
4) there is an appropriate bond to the concrete substrate checked by the manufacturer or his
representative and it is virtually free from visible defects including pin/blow holes and blisters which
are made good by repair before being covered;
5) sheet and board systems are laid to follow the contours of the deck surface and are free from ripples
and rucks;
6) laps in sheet systems comply with Series 2000 of SHW [Ref 18.N] and butt joints in board systems
are formed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions;
7) the manufacturer or his representative laying the waterproofing system at the site trial demonstrate
to the certification body an acceptable repair method; and,
8) the manufacturer or his representative demonstrate the integrity of the waterproofing membrane,
including at section joints and laps, by an appropriate NDT method agreed with the certification body.

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CD 358 Revision 0 Appendix C. Procedures for site trials

The waterproofing system is checked for damage before applying the APL (if applicable) or the asphalt
surfacing.
Where damage has occurred, it is suitably repaired before the trial proceeds.
In order to dispense with the requirement of the APL for waterproofing systems which are less than 20
mm thick, for which the APL is not an integral part of the manufacturer's system, and which have
complied with the aggregate indentation requirements (B4.1.5), the following procedures 1 to 12 apply,
except that the APL is replaced with asphalt surfacing:

1) the placing temperature of the asphalt surfacing, measured with a suitable temperature probe by the
manufacturer or their representative does not exceed 145°C;
2) the minimum rolling temperature of the asphalt surfacing is not less than that specified in BS EN
13108-6 [Ref 2.N] or less than the minimum declared activation temperature for bond to the system,
whichever is greater;
3) prior to the completion of the asphalt surfacing laying on site, the compacted but still hot asphalt
surfacing is removed from a sample area of the system and any damage to the waterproofing
membrane is observed;
4) if damage has occurred restrictions on any further application of the surfacing may be imposed and
the damaged waterproofing membrane is repaired or replaced;
5) where no damage occurs the cut back areas are then filled with new replacement asphalt surfacing
and compacted;
6) throughout the site trial, workmanship, supervision and general site procedure will be observed by
the certification body;
7) where this workmanship, supervision or general site procedure is at an unacceptably low standard,
certification is not granted;
8) where the system is deemed to have failed the site trial, the contractor is instructed to remove the
failed system from the bridge and dispose off-site;
9) the bridge is then waterproofed with a registered system;
10) if during the site trial it is considered that the system is unlikely to proceed to a successful
conclusion, then the manufacturer or his representative may be given an opportunity to abort the site
trial and propose modifications to the system/procedures to be considered for a further trial;
11) the manufacturer or his representative provide a written report to the certification body with
proposed changes that would overcome identified deficiencies in the original submission; and,
12) if the proposed modifications are acceptable to the certification body, the manufacturer or his
representative will be allowed to make arrangements for a further site trial.

Notwithstanding 1 to 12 above, the bridge owner/highway authority reserves the right to have the
bridge waterproofed with a registered system.

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CD 358 Revision 0 Appendix D. Lapping onto existing waterproofing systems

Appendix D. Lapping onto existing waterproofing systems

Where the full replacement of an existing waterproofing system is impractical, any use of lapping onto
existing waterproofing systems is subject to very thorough justification due to the increased risk of
failure.
Pull-off tests on the existing waterproofing system are undertaken before breakout of concrete in order
to identify any significant difference in bond strength compared to the proposed waterproofing before
carrying out repairs to, or partially replacing, existing waterproofing systems.

D1 When the level of adhesion is similar (consent not required)

If the adhesion is of similar magnitude to the proposed waterproofing system, then the joint and overlap
is to be in accordance with the method statement agreed with the certification body.
The minimum overlap is specified by the waterproofing contractor.

D2 When the level of adhesion is significantly different (consent required)

Where the adhesion is significantly different (>20%), the procedures below are used, subject to the
agreement of the Overseeing Organisation.
Lapping onto existing waterproofing systems is only:
1) used as a temporary solution (not exceeding two years duration) before a more durable permanent
solution is made;
2) in place for over six months with the formal agreement of the Project Manager.
A record is made of the benefits/risks and consultations with relevant parties on the acceptability of the
potential maintenance liability.
The new certified waterproofing system is butted up to the existing waterproofing system.
A protective banding layer is provided that laps a minimum of 150 mm on to both the new and existing
waterproofing systems as shown below (Figure D.1).

Figure D.1 Overlapping other waterproofing systems

Where there is a significant difference in thickness between the new and existing waterproofing
systems, a 45° chamfer is formed in the existing system, as shown below (Figure D.2), to facilitate the
lapping of the protective banding layer.

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CD 358 Revision 0 Appendix D. Lapping onto existing waterproofing systems

Figure D.2 Overlapping thicker waterproofing layers

If this chamfer cannot be formed in the existing system due to either break-up of the existing system or
poor adhesion to the deck, it is formed in concrete (or other similar approved material).
The presence of a concrete chamfer is recorded on both the as-built record drawings and the
Overseeing Organisation's bridge management information system.

39
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